1
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Olejarczyk M, Gruber P, Gazińska M, Krokos A, Ziółkowski G, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Grochowska E, Kurzynowski T. New powder reuse schema in laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:11-21. [PMID: 38968860 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P) process often utilizes a blend of powders with varying degrees of degradation. Specifically, for polyamide 12, the traditional reuse schema involves mixing post-processed powder with virgin powder at a predetermined ratio before reintroducing it to the process. Given that only about 15% of the powder is utilized in part production, and powders are refreshed in equal proportions, there arises a challenge with the incremental accumulation of material across build cycles. To mitigate the consumption of fresh powder relative to the actual material usage, this study introduces the incorporation of recycled material into the PBF-LB/P process. This new powder reuse schema is presented for the first time, focusing on the laser sintering process. The characteristics of the recycled powder were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, and dynamic powder flowability assessments. The findings reveal that waste powders can be effectively reused in PBF-LB/P to produce components with satisfactory mechanical properties, porosity levels, dimensional accuracy, and surface quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Olejarczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruber
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gazińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Engineering and Technology of Polymers, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Krokos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Engineering and Technology of Polymers, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ziółkowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Emilia Grochowska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kurzynowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Organization, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Jin X, Chen W. A Numerical simulation method for analyzing 1H spin diffusion NMR for Multicomponent and multiphase polymer systems. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2024; 132:101946. [PMID: 38943921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2024.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
A numerical simulation method, namely, SDNMR-WEBFIT, is reported for simulating proton spin diffusion NMR based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and a pseudo-2D diffusion model. This method is used for the precise quantification of dynamics heterogeneity of the interphase within multiphase polymer systems. The numerical simulation method provides measurements of spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), proton density (ρH), lamellar thickness (d), and spin diffusion coefficient (D) for each component. The pseudo-2D diffusion model is employed to simulate the proton spin diffusion build-up/decay curves, simultaneously calculating the lateral fraction of island-like structures (x-ratio). Such approach was successfully applied to various polymer systems, such as semi-crystalline polymer (Poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL), block copolymers (Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer, SBS), and plasticized semi-polymers (Polvinyl alcohol, PVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Jin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Department of Accelerator Science and Engineering Physics, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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3
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Sattler R, Zhang R, Gupta G, Du M, Runge PM, Altenbach H, Androsch R, Beiner M. Influence of Crystallization Kinetics and Flow Behavior on Structural Inhomogeneities in 3D-Printed Parts Made from Semi-Crystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2024; 57:3066-3080. [PMID: 38616808 PMCID: PMC11008537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We report the results of a study focusing on the influence of crystallization kinetics and flow behavior on structural inhomogeneities in 3D-printed parts made from polyamide 12 (PA12) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fast scanning calorimetry (FSC), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Temperature-dependent WAXD measurements on the neat PLA filament reveal that PLA forms a single orthorhombic α phase during slow cooling and subsequent 2nd heating. The PA12 filament shows a well pronounced polymorphism with a reversible solid-solid phase transition between the (pseudo)hexagonal γ phase near room temperature and the monoclinic α' phase above the Brill transition temperature TB = 140 °C. The influence of the print bed temperature Tb on structure formation, polymorphic state, and degree of crystallinity χc of the 3D-printed parts is investigated by height and depth-dependent WAXD scans and compared with that of 3D-printed single layers, used as a reference. It is found that the heat transferred from successive layers has a strong influence on the polymorphic state of PA12 since a superimposed mixture of γ and α phases is present in the 3D-printed parts. In the case of PLA, a single α phase is formed. The print bed temperature has, in comparison to PA12, a major influence on the degree of crystallinity χc and thus the homogeneity of the 3D-printed parts, especially close to the print bed. By comparing the obtained results from WAXD, DMA, DSC, and FSC measurements with relevant printing times, guidelines for 3D-printed parts with a homogeneous structure are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Sattler
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.
4, D-06120 Halle
(Saale), Germany
| | - Rui Zhang
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.
4, D-06120 Halle
(Saale), Germany
| | - Mengxue Du
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul-Maximilian Runge
- Institute
of Mechanics, Otto-von-Guericke-University
Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz
2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holm Altenbach
- Institute
of Mechanics, Otto-von-Guericke-University
Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz
2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mario Beiner
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.
4, D-06120 Halle
(Saale), Germany
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4
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Teo HWB, Tran VT, Chen K, Le KQ, Du H, Zeng J, Zhou K. Investigation of polyamide 12 isothermal crystallization through the application of phase field model. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- How Wei Benjamin Teo
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Van Thai Tran
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Kaijuan Chen
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Kim Quy Le
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Hejun Du
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Jun Zeng
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- 3D Lab HP Labs Palo Alto California USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
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5
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de Almeida Santos da Silva G, d'Almeida JRM, Letichevsky S, de Avillez RR. Crystallinity and rheology of
HDPE
/
PA12
blends compatibilized with
HDPE‐alt‐MAH. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Roberto Moraes d'Almeida
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Sonia Letichevsky
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Roberto Ribeiro de Avillez
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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6
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El Magri A, Bencaid SE, Vanaei HR, Vaudreuil S. Effects of Laser Power and Hatch Orientation on Final Properties of PA12 Parts Produced by Selective Laser Sintering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173674. [PMID: 36080749 PMCID: PMC9460888 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(dodecano-12-lactam) (commercially known as polyamide “PA12”) is one of the most resourceful materials used in the selective laser sintering (SLS) process due to its chemical and physical properties. The present work examined the influence of two SLS parameters, namely, laser power and hatch orientation, on the tensile, structural, thermal, and morphological properties of the fabricated PA12 parts. The main objective was to evaluate the suitable laser power and hatching orientation with respect to obtaining better final properties. PA12 powders and SLS-printed parts were assessed through their particle size distributions, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their tensile properties. The results showed that the significant impact of the laser power while hatching is almost unnoticeable when using a high laser power. A more significant condition of the mechanical properties is the uniformity of the powder bed temperature. Optimum factor levels were achieved at 95% laser power and parallel/perpendicular hatching. Parts produced with the optimized SLS parameters were then subjected to an annealing treatment to induce a relaxation of the residual stress and to enhance the crystallinity. The results showed that annealing the SLS parts at 170 °C for 6 h significantly improved the thermal, structural, and tensile properties of 3D-printed PA12 parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar El Magri
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed University of Fes, Route de Meknès (Rond point Bensouda), Fes 30 000, Morocco
- Correspondence:
| | - Salah Eddine Bencaid
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed University of Fes, Route de Meknès (Rond point Bensouda), Fes 30 000, Morocco
| | - Hamid Reza Vanaei
- Léonard de Vinci Pôle Universitaire, Research Center, 92916 Paris La Défense, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Vaudreuil
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed University of Fes, Route de Meknès (Rond point Bensouda), Fes 30 000, Morocco
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7
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Wang Y, Shao J, Zhu P, Wang L, Wang D, Dong X. Brill Transition in Polyamide 1012 Multiblock Poly(tetramethylene oxide) Copolymers: The Effect of Composition on Hydrogen-Bonding Organization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianming Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Sanders B, Cant E, Amel H, Jenkins M. The Effect of Physical Aging and Degradation on the Re-Use of Polyamide 12 in Powder Bed Fusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132682. [PMID: 35808725 PMCID: PMC9268834 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder bed fusion (PBF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique which offers efficient part-production, light-weighting, and the ability to create complex geometries. However, during a build cycle, multiple aging and degradation processes occur which may affect the reusability of the Polyamide 12 (PA-12) powder. Limited understanding of these phenomena can result in discarding re-usable powder unnecessarily, or the production of parts with insufficient properties, both of which lead to significant amounts of waste. This paper examines the thermal, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of PA-12 via an oven storage experiment that simulates multi jet fusion (MJF) conditions. Changes in the properties of PA-12 powder during oven storage showed two separate, time-dependent trends. Initially, differential scanning calorimetry showed a 4.2 °C increase in melting temperature (Tm) and a rise in crystallinity (Xc). This suggests that secondary crystallisation is occurring instead of, or in addition to, the more commonly reported further polycondensation process. However, with extended storage time, there were substantial reductions in Tm and Xc, whilst an 11.6 °C decrease in crystallisation temperature was observed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a technique rarely used in PBF literature, shows an increased presence of imide bonds—a key marker of thermo-oxidative degradation. Discolouration of samples, an 81% reduction in strength and severe material embrittlement provided further evidence that thermo-oxidative degradation becomes the dominant process following extended storage times beyond 100 h. An additional pre-drying experiment showed how moisture present within PA-12 can also accelerate degradation via hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sanders
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Elms Road, Birmingham B15 2SE, UK;
| | - Edward Cant
- The Manufacturing Technology Centre, Ansty Park, Coventry CV7 9JU, UK; (E.C.); (H.A.)
| | - Hoda Amel
- The Manufacturing Technology Centre, Ansty Park, Coventry CV7 9JU, UK; (E.C.); (H.A.)
| | - Michael Jenkins
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Elms Road, Birmingham B15 2SE, UK;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Hong JH, Mokudai H, Masaki T, Matsuno H, Tanaka K. Water-Induced Crystal Transition and Accelerated Relaxation Process of Polyamide 4 Chains in Microfibers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3458-3468. [PMID: 35749630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics have recently been identified as one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. To design and control the biodegradability of polymer materials, it is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the aggregation states and thermal molecular motion of polymer chains in aqueous environments. Here, we focus on melt-spun microfibers of a promising biodegradable plastic, polyamide 4 (PA4), with a relatively greater number density of hydrolyzable amide groups, which is regarded as an alternative to polyamide 6. Aggregation states and thermal molecular motion of PA4 microfibers without/with a post-heating drawing treatment under dry and wet conditions were examined by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis in conjunction with dynamic mechanical analysis. Sorbed water molecules in the microfibers induced the crystal transition from a meta-stable γ-form to a thermodynamically stable α-form via activation of the molecular motion of PA4 chains. Also, the post-drawing treatment caused a partial structural change of PA4 chains, from an amorphous phase to a crystalline phase. These findings should be useful for designing PA4-based structural materials applicable for use in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeok Hong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruki Mokudai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kureha Corporation, Fukushima 974-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Central Research Laboratories, Kureha Corporation, Fukushima 974-8686, Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Dencheva N, Braz JFB, Denchev ZZ. Synthesis and properties of neat, hybrid, and copolymeric polyamide 12 microparticles and composites on their basis. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Dencheva
- IPC‐Institute for Polymers and Composites University of Minho, Campus of Azurem Guimarães Portugal
| | - Joana Filipa Barros Braz
- IPC‐Institute for Polymers and Composites University of Minho, Campus of Azurem Guimarães Portugal
| | - Zlatan Zlatev Denchev
- IPC‐Institute for Polymers and Composites University of Minho, Campus of Azurem Guimarães Portugal
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11
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Zhang R, Jariyavidyanont K, Du M, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Androsch R. Nucleation and crystallization kinetics of polyamide 12 investigated by fast scanning calorimetry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Mengxue Du
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Evgeny Zhuravlev
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR University of Rostock Rostock Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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12
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Non-isothermal crystallization behaviour of polyamide 12 analogous to multi-jet fusion additive manufacturing process. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MA. Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3553. [PMID: 34685311 PMCID: PMC8537549 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically speaking, polyamide 11 (PA11) and polyamide 12 (PA12) have a similar backbone, differing only in one carbon. From an origin point of view, PA11 is considered a bioplastic polyamide composed from renewable resources, compared to oil-based PA12. Each of them has a number of advantages over the other, which makes their selection a challenging issue. Depending on the target application, diverse assessments and comparisons are needed to fulfill this mission. The current study addresses this research gap to characterize and compare PA11 and PA12 manufactured by the hot press technique in terms of their mechanical, thermal and durability properties for the first time, demonstrating their potential for future works as matrices in composite materials. In this regard, different characterization techniques are applied to the hot-pressed polymer sheets, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical performance of the PA11 and PA12 sheets is compared based on tensile tests and shore hardness measurement. The durability behavior of these two polyamides is evaluated in water and relative humidity conditions at different aging times. The experimental results show the ductile behavior of PA12 with respect to the quasi-brittle PA11. Both have a relatively small water and moisture gain: 1.5 wt% and 0.8 wt%, respectively. The higher crystallinity of PA12 (2.1 times more than PA11) with γ-phase is one of the leading parameters to achieve better mechanical and durability properties. The FTIR spectra displayed slight acid hydrolysis. Accordingly, absorbed water or moisture does not cause plasticization; thus, neither hardness nor dimension changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Juana Abenojar
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.A.M.)
- Mechanical Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martínez
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.A.M.)
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14
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Wang Y, Zhu P, Qian C, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang D, Dong X. The Brill Transition in Long-Chain Aliphatic Polyamide 1012: The Role of Hydrogen-Bonding Organization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengao Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineer Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Simha Martynková G, Slíva A, Kratošová G, Čech Barabaszová K, Študentová S, Klusák J, Brožová S, Dokoupil T, Holešová S. Polyamide 12 Materials Study of Morpho-Structural Changes during Laser Sintering of 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050810. [PMID: 33800854 PMCID: PMC7961997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamide (PA)-12 material used for additive manufacturing was studied in aspects of morphology and their structural properties for basic stages received during 3D laser printing. Samples were real, big-scale production powders. The structure of polymer was evaluated from the crystallinity point of view using XRD, FTIR, and DSC methods and from the surface properties using specific surface evaluation and porosity. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe morphology of the surface and evaluate the particle size and shape via image analysis. Results were confronted with laser diffraction particles size measurement along with an evaluation of the specific surface area. Fresh PA12 powder was found as inhomogeneous in particle size of material with defective particles, relatively high specific surface, high lamellar crystallite size, and low crystallinity. The scrap PA12 crystallinity was about 2% higher than values for fresh PA12 powder. Particles had a very low, below 1 m2/g, specific surface area; particles sintered as twin particles and often in polyhedral shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gražyna Simha Martynková
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (G.K.); (K.Č.B.); (S.H.)
- IT4 Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleš Slíva
- Institute of Transport, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Gabriela Kratošová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (G.K.); (K.Č.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Karla Čech Barabaszová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (G.K.); (K.Č.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Soňa Študentová
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (S.Š.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Klusák
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (S.Š.); (J.K.)
| | - Silvie Brožová
- Department of Non-Ferrous Metals, Refining and Recycling, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Dokoupil
- One3D s.r.o., Jižní 1443/29, 78985 Mohelnice, Czech Republic;
| | - Sylva Holešová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (G.K.); (K.Č.B.); (S.H.)
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16
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Guenoun G, Schmitt N, Roux S, Régnier G. Crystalline orientation assessment in transversely isotropic semicrystalline polymer: Application to oedometric compaction of
PTFE. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guenoun
- LMT, ENS‐Paris‐Saclay/CNRS Université Paris‐Saclay Cachan France
- PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS, CNAM HESAM Université Paris France
- Saint‐Gobain Research Paris Aubervilliers France
| | - Nicolas Schmitt
- LMT, ENS‐Paris‐Saclay/CNRS Université Paris‐Saclay Cachan France
- INSPE Université Paris‐Est Créteil Val‐de‐Marne Saint‐Denis France
| | - Stéphane Roux
- LMT, ENS‐Paris‐Saclay/CNRS Université Paris‐Saclay Cachan France
| | - Gilles Régnier
- PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS, CNAM HESAM Université Paris France
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17
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Correlation between welding behavior and mechanical anisotropy of long chain polyamide 12 manufactured with fused filament fabrication. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Ma N, Liu W, Ma L, He S, Liu H, Zhang Z, Sun A, Huang M, Zhu C. Crystal transition and thermal behavior of Nylon 12. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe polyamide 12 (PA12) with different crystal forms is prepared with three crystallization paths. The crystal structures and corresponding thermal properties are systematically investigated. The results reveal that an α-form and a mixed (α + γ)-form of PA12 can be obtained by casting at 30°C and (40–80°C), respectively. Meanwhile, the γ-form of PA12 can be obtained by both casting at 90°C and slow melt cooling. However, the γ′-form is obtained only by melt quenching. Both the γ and γ′ forms of PA12 exhibit a single melting peak, whereas the α-form exhibits two melting peaks. The higher peak is attributed to the melting of γ-PA12, which originates from the melting–recrystallization of the α-PA12. It is found that the tensile properties of PA12 depend on the crystal forms. Both the γ and γ′-PA12 are strong and tough polymer materials, while α-PA12 is a strong but brittle polymer material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Suqin He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University), No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Isotope Institute Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450015, China
| | - Aihua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Material of Zhejiang Province, Department of Functional Materials and Nano-Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Miaoming Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chengshen Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
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19
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Numerical Model and Experimental Validation for Laser Sinterable Semi-Crystalline Polymer: Shrinkage and Warping. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061373. [PMID: 32570984 PMCID: PMC7361694 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrinkage and warping of additive manufacturing (AM) parts are two critical issues that adversely influence the dimensional accuracy especially in powder bed fusion processes such as selective laser sintering (SLS). Powder fusion, material solidification, and recrystallization are the key stages causing volumetric changes of polymeric materials during the abrupt heating-cooling process. In this work, the mechanisms of shrinkage and warping of semi-crystalline polyamide (PA) 12 in SLS are well investigated. Heat-transfer and thermo-mechanical models are established to predict the process-dependent shrinkage and warping. The influence of raw material- and laser-related parameters are considered in the heat-transfer and thermo-mechanical models. Such models are established considering the natural thermal gradient and dynamic recrystallization, which induce internal strain and volumetric change. Moreover, an experimental design via orthogonal approach is introduced to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed models. Finally, the quantitative relationships of process parameters with product shrinkage and warping are established; the dimensional accuracy in part-scale can be well predicted and validated with printed parts in a real experiment.
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20
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Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Analysis of Nylon-12 Crystallisation Variation Depending on 3D Printing Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051169. [PMID: 32443677 PMCID: PMC7285354 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nylon-12 is an important structural polymer in wide use in the form of fibres and bulk structures. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) method for rapid prototyping and final product manufacturing of thermoplastic polymer objects. The resultant microstructure of FFF-produced samples is strongly affected by the cooling rates and thermal gradients experienced across the part. The crystallisation behaviour during cooling and solidification influences the micro- and nano-structure, and deserves detailed investigation. A commercial Nylon-12 filament and FFF-produced Nylon-12 parts were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to examine the effect of cooling rates under non-isothermal crystallisation conditions on the microstructure and properties. Slower cooling rates caused more perfect crystallite formation, as well as alteration to the thermal properties.
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21
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Paolucci F, Peters GWM, Govaert LE. Plasticity‐controlled failure of sintered and molded polyamide 12: Influence of temperature and water absorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Paolucci
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMaterials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology Manitoba 5600 P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) Maryland 6160 P.O. Box 18 Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W. M. Peters
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMaterials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology Manitoba 5600 P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) Maryland 6160 P.O. Box 18 Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Govaert
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMaterials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology Manitoba 5600 P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) Maryland 6160 P.O. Box 18 Geleen The Netherlands
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22
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Badini C, Padovano E, De Camillis R, Lambertini VG, Pietroluongo M. Preferred orientation of chopped fibers in polymer‐based composites processed by selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling: Effects on mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Badini
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Elisa Padovano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Rosario De Camillis
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | | | - Mario Pietroluongo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
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23
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Yanaka A, Sakai W, Kinashi K, Tsutsumi N. Ferroelectric switching in spin‐coated nylons 11 and 12. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yanaka
- Doctor's Program of Materials ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606‐8585 Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606‐8585 Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606‐8585 Japan
| | - Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606‐8585 Japan
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24
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Hejmady P, Cleven LC, van Breemen LCA, Anderson PD, Cardinaels R. A novel experimental setup for in situ optical and X-ray imaging of laser sintering of polymer particles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083905. [PMID: 31472607 DOI: 10.1063/1.5106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a unique laser sintering setup that allows real time studies of the structural evolution during laser sintering of polymer particles. The device incorporates the main features of classical selective laser sintering machines for 3D printing of polymers and at the same time allows in situ visualization of the sintering dynamics with optical microscopy as well as X-ray scattering. A main feature of the setup is the fact that it provides local access to one particle-particle bridge during sintering. In addition, due to the small scale of the device and the specific laser arrangement process, parameters such as the temperature, laser energy, laser pulse duration, and spot size can be precisely controlled. The sample chamber provides heating up to 360 °C, which allows for sintering of commodity as well as high performance polymers. The latter parameters are controlled by the use of a visible light laser combined with an acousto-optic modulator for pulsing, which allows small and precise spot sizes and pulse times and pulse energies as low as 500 μs and 17 μJ. The macrostructural evolution of the particle bridge during sintering is followed via optical imaging at high speed and resolution. Placing the setup in high flux synchrotron radiation with a fast detector simultaneously allows in situ time-resolved X-ray characterizations. To demonstrate the capabilities of the device, we studied the laser sintering of two spherical PA12 particles. The setup provides crucial real-time information concerning the sintering dynamics as well as crystallization kinetics, which was not accessible up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhyat Hejmady
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucien C Cleven
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lambèrt C A van Breemen
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick D Anderson
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Mohammadi M, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi I, Rahnama M. Anionic copolymerization of nylon 6/12: A comprehensive review. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | - Shervin Ahmadi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | - Ismail Ghasemi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
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26
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Paolucci F, Govaert L, Peters G. In Situ WAXD and SAXS during Tensile Deformation Of Moulded and Sintered Polyamide 12. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1001. [PMID: 31195665 PMCID: PMC6630226 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide knowledge to improve the mechanical performance of Polyamide 12 (PA12) sintered products, we have studied experimentally the mechanical response and structure development under constant strain rate of compression moulded and laser sintered PA12 by means of in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) experiments. It is found that at low temperatures, i.e., below the glass transition temperature, the brittle failure of laser sintered samples is determined by the fast formation of voids that originate at the beginning of the macroscopic plastic deformation. This effect appears to be faster at temperatures below room temperature and it is less effective at higher temperatures. When tested at 120 ∘ C, sintered PA12 shows a better mechanical response in terms of yield stress and a comparable strain at break with respect to moulded PA12. This can be explained by considering that sintered samples have slightly thicker crystals that can sustain higher stress at high temperature. However, this also leads to the formation of a larger number of voids at low testing temperatures. This work does not attempt to quantify the micromechanics behind crystals deformation and disruption, but it provides a deeper insight in the difference between the mechanical response of moulded and sintered PA12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Paolucci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC), P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leon Govaert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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27
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Influence of post-condensation on the crystallization kinetics of PA12: From virgin to reused powder. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Song L, Zhu T, Yuan L, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Tang C. Ultra-strong long-chain polyamide elastomers with programmable supramolecular interactions and oriented crystalline microstructures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1315. [PMID: 30899014 PMCID: PMC6428834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamides are one of the most important polymers. Long-chain aliphatic polyamides could bridge the gap between traditional polyamides and polyethylenes. Here we report an approach to preparing sustainable ultra-strong elastomers from biomass-derived long-chain polyamides by thiol-ene addition copolymerization with diamide diene monomers. The pendant polar hydroxyl and non-polar butyrate groups between amides allow controlled programming of supramolecular hydrogen bonding and facile tuning of crystallization of polymer chains. The presence of thioether groups on the main chain can further induce metal-ligand coordination (cuprous-thioether). Unidirectional step-cycle tensile deformation has been applied to these polyamides and significantly enhances tensile strength to over 210 MPa while maintaining elasticity. Uniaxial deformation leads to a rearrangement and alignment of crystalline microstructures, which is responsible for the mechanical enhancement. These chromophore-free polyamides are observed with strong luminescence ascribed to the effect of aggregation-induced emission (AIE), originating from the formation of amide clusters with restricted molecular motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Song
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jiangjun Zhou
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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29
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Bain ED, Garboczi EJ, Seppala JE, Parker TC, Migler KB. AMB2018-04: Benchmark Physical Property Measurements for Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Polyamide 12. INTEGRATING MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING INNOVATION 2019; 8:10.1007/s40192-019-00146-3. [PMID: 38495437 PMCID: PMC10941264 DOI: 10.1007/s40192-019-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Laser sintering (LS) of polyamide 12 (PA12) is increasingly being adopted for industrial production of end-use parts, yet the complexity of this process coupled with the lack of organized, rigorous, publicly available process-structure-physical property datasets exposes manufacturers and customers to risks of unacceptably poor part quality and high costs. Although an extensive scientific literature has been developed to address some of these concerns, results are distributed among numerous reports based on different machines, materials, process parameters, and users. In this study, a single commercially important LS PA12 feedstock has been processed along four build dimensions of a modern production LS machine, characterized by a wide range of physical techniques, and compared to the same material formed by conventional melt processing. Results are discussed in the context of the literature, offering novel insights including distributions of particle size and shape, localization of semicrystalline phase changes due to LS processing, effect of chemical aging on melt viscosity, porosity orientation relative to LS build axes, and microstructural effects on tensile properties and failure mechanisms. The resulting datasets will be made publicly available to modelers and practitioners for the purpose of improving certifiability and repeatability of end-use parts manufactured by LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich D. Bain
- Materials and Manufacturing Sciences Division, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21005, USA
| | - Edward J. Garboczi
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Seppala
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Thomas C. Parker
- Materials and Manufacturing Sciences Division, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21005, USA
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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30
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Nguyen NA, Barnes SH, Bowland CC, Meek KM, Littrell KC, Keum JK, Naskar AK. A path for lignin valorization via additive manufacturing of high-performance sustainable composites with enhanced 3D printability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat4967. [PMID: 30555914 PMCID: PMC6294600 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the manufacture of printable, sustainable polymer systems to address global challenges associated with high-volume utilization of lignin, an industrial waste from biomass feedstock. By analyzing a common three-dimensional printing process-fused-deposition modeling-and correlating the printing-process features to properties of materials such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and nylon, we devised a first-of-its-kind, high-performance class of printable renewable composites containing 40 to 60 weight % (wt %) lignin. An ABS analog made by integrating lignin into nitrile-butadiene rubber needs the presence of a styrenic polymer to avoid filament buckling during printing. However, lignin-modified nylon composites containing 40 to 60 wt % sinapyl alcohol-rich, melt-stable lignin exhibit enhanced stiffness and tensile strength at room temperature, while-unexpectedly-demonstrating a reduced viscosity in the melt. Further, incorporation of 4 to 16 wt % discontinuous carbon fibers enhances mechanical stiffness and printing speed, as the thermal conductivity of the carbon fibers facilitates heat transfer and thinning of the melt. We found that the presence of lignin and carbon fibers retards nylon crystallization, leading to low-melting imperfect crystals that allow good printability at lower temperatures without lignin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc A. Nguyen
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.A.N); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sietske H. Barnes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Christopher C. Bowland
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kelly M. Meek
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Littrell
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jong K. Keum
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Amit K. Naskar
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.A.N); (A.K.N.)
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31
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Quantification of isothermal crystallization of polyamide 12: Modelling of crystallization kinetics and phase composition. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Hernández JLM, d'Almeida JRM. Aging of polyamide 12 in oil at different temperatures and pressures. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Leonardo Monroy Hernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro; PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro 22451-900 Brazil
| | - José Roberto Moraes d'Almeida
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro; PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro 22451-900 Brazil
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Trigg EB, Middleton LR, Moed DE, Winey KI. Transverse Orientation of Acid Layers in the Crystallites of a Precise Polymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Demi E. Moed
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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35
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Dadbakhsh S, Verbelen L, Verkinderen O, Strobbe D, Van Puyvelde P, Kruth JP. Effect of PA12 powder reuse on coalescence behaviour and microstructure of SLS parts. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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de Jeu WH, Markkula T, Albrecht K, Ivanov DA, Möller M, Mourran A. Complexing P2VP and P2VP-b-PEO with Wedge-Shaped Amphiphiles. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim H. de Jeu
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tommi Markkula
- FOM Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Krystyna Albrecht
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- CNRS
UMR 7361, Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), 15,
rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
- Faculty
of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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37
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The structure evolution of polyamide 1212 after stretched at different temperatures and its correlation with mechanical properties. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Structure evolution of polyamide (11)’s crystalline phase under uniaxial stretching and increasing temperature. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Barzegari MR, Hossieny N, Jahani D, Park CB. Characterization of hard-segment crystalline phase of poly(ether- block -amide) (PEBAX ® ) thermoplastic elastomers in the presence of supercritical CO 2 and its impact on foams. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Meyer T, Harland A, Haworth B, Holmes C, Lucas T, Sherratt P. The Influence of Different Melt Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded PA-12 and the Post Process Detection by Thermal Analysis. INT POLYM PROC 2017. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyamide 12 (PA-12) test plates were injection molded using different melt temperatures and the influence on mechanical properties was investigated using quasi-static tensile and instrumented impact behavior in two conditioned states: dried, and following accelerated moisture intake. Energy absorption in tension is strongly dependent on process temperature (variations up to 99%) and additional variation (around 18%) was evident when testing at different conditioning states. Under high-velocity loading, the total impact energy varied by up to 8.70% and 9.05%, when systematic changes were made to process melt temperature and at moisture content, respectively, with all samples failing ductile. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterise the unique endothermic melting behavior of molded PA-12 samples, by linking different process histories to the respective mechanical properties. With focus on the first heating curve progression, significant changes within the endothermic melting region were pointed out and quantified by using MatLab (software), proving DSC as a reliable testing tool for post-production analysis with increased practical implications regarding quality control as well as failure analysis. Findings for the initial heating curve progression were explained by studying the re-crystallisation peak values during cooling phase and obtained data for the second heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Meyer
- Sport Technology Institute , Loughborough University, Loughborough , UK
| | - A. Harland
- Sport Technology Institute , Loughborough University, Loughborough , UK
| | - B. Haworth
- Department of Materials , Loughborough University, Loughborough , UK
| | - C. Holmes
- Adidas Future Team , Adidas AG, Herzogenaurach , Germany
| | - T. Lucas
- Adidas Future Team , Adidas AG, Herzogenaurach , Germany
| | - P. Sherratt
- Sport Technology Institute , Loughborough University, Loughborough , UK
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41
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Yoshiba K, Satomi T, Ishii T, Dobashi T. Thermal properties and dielectric relaxation of a multi-component poly(ether- co
-amide) based on polyamide-12. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshiba
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Satomi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Dobashi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
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42
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Saengthaveep S, Jana SC, Magaraphan R. Correlation of viscosity ratio, morphology, and mechanical properties of polyamide 12/natural rubber blends via reactive compatibilization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Telen L, Van Puyvelde P, Goderis B. Random Copolymers from Polyamide 11 and Polyamide 12 by Reactive Extrusion: Synthesis, Eutectic Phase Behavior, and Polymorphism. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Telen
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials Division,
Chemistry Department, ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Applied Rheology and Polymer Processing,
and §Leuven Material Research
Centre (Leuven-MRC), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials Division,
Chemistry Department, ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Applied Rheology and Polymer Processing,
and §Leuven Material Research
Centre (Leuven-MRC), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Goderis
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials Division,
Chemistry Department, ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Applied Rheology and Polymer Processing,
and §Leuven Material Research
Centre (Leuven-MRC), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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44
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Cao Y, Wu H, Higaki Y, Jinnai H, Takahara A. Molecular self-assembly of nylon-12 nanorods cylindrically confined to nanoporous alumina. IUCRJ 2014; 1:439-45. [PMID: 25485124 PMCID: PMC4224462 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly of nylon-12 rods in self-organized nanoporous alumina cylinders with two different diameters (65 and 300 nm) is studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) in symmetrical reflection mode. In a rod with a 300 nm diameter, the tendency of the hydrogen-bonding direction of a γ-form crystal parallel to the long axis of the rod is not clear because of weak two-dimensional confinement. In a rod with a diameter of 65 nm, the tendency of the hydrogen-bonding direction of a γ-form crystal parallel to the long axis of the rod is more distinct because of strong two-dimensional confinement. For the first time, selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) is applied in a transmission electron microscope to a polymer nanorod in order to determine the hydrogen-bond sheet and lamellar orientations. Results of TEM-SAED and WAXD showed that the crystals within the rod possess the γ-form of nylon-12 and that the b axis (stem axis) of the γ-form crystals is perpendicular to the long axis of the rod. These results revealed that only lamellae with 〈h0l〉 directions are able to grow inside the nanopores and the growth of lamellae with 〈hkl〉 (k ≠ 0) directions is stopped owing to impingements against the cylinder walls. The dominant crystal growth direction of the 65 nm rod in stronger two-dimensional confinement is in between the [-201] and [001] directions due to the development of a hydrogen-bonded sheet restricted along the long axis of the rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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45
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Chen L, Chen W, Zhou W, Li J, Liu Y, Qi Z, Li L. In Situmicroscopic infrared imaging study on deformation-induced spatial orientation and phase transition distributions of PA12. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Yanping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Zeming Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Liangbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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46
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Liu TX, Chen D, Phang IY, Wei C. Studies on crystal transition of polyamide 11 nanocomposites by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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48
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Structural evolution of poly(ether-b-amide12) elastomers during the uniaxial stretching: An in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering study. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-012-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Bai L, Hong Z, Wang D, Li J, Wang X, Pan G, Li L, Li X. Deformation-induced phase transitions of polyamide 12 in its elastomer segmented copolymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Wang D, Shao C, Zhao B, Bai L, Wang X, Yan T, Li J, Pan G, Li L. Deformation-Induced Phase Transitions of Polyamide 12 at Different Temperatures: An in Situ Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chunguang Shao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baijin Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liangui Bai
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tingzi Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junjun Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guoqiang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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