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Bhowmik PK, Jo TS, Koh JJ, Park J, Biswas B, Principe RCG, Han H, Wacha AF, Knaapila M. Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing 2,7-Diamino-9,9'-Dioctylfluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061560. [PMID: 33809075 PMCID: PMC7998704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different critical concentrations. Small-angle X-ray scattering for one polymer example indicates lyotropic structure formation for 60–80% solvent fraction. A lyotropic smectic phase contains 10 nm polymer platelets connected by tie molecules. The structure also incorporates a square packing motif within platelets. Thermal properties of polymers were affected by the size of counterions as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Their ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra in different organic solvents were essentially identical, indicating that the closely spaced π-π* transitions occurred in their conjugated polymer structures. In contrast, the emission spectra of polymers exhibited a positive solvatochromism on changing the polarity of solvents. They emitted green lights in both polar and nonpolar organic solvents and showed blue light in the film-states, but their λem peaks were dependent on the size of the counterions. They formed aggregates in polar aprotic and protic solvents with the addition of water (v/v, 0–90%), and their λem peaks were blue shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-0885 or +1-702-895-4072
| | - Tae S. Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jung J. Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongwon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Bidyut Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Ronald Carlo G. Principe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - András F. Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
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Li Y, Wang H, Li X. Over one century after discovery: pyrylium salt chemistry emerging as a powerful approach for the construction of complex macrocycles and metallo-supramolecules. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12249-12268. [PMID: 34123226 PMCID: PMC8163312 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over one century after its discovery, pyrylium salt chemistry has been extensively applied in preparing light emitters, photocatalysts, and sensitizers. In most of these studies, pyrylium salts acted as versatile precursors for the preparation of small molecules (such as furan, pyridines, phosphines, pyridinium salts, thiopyryliums and betaine dyes) and poly(pyridinium salt)s. In recent decades, pyrylium salt chemistry has emerged as a powerful approach for constructing complex macrocycles and metallo-supramolecules. In this perspective, we attempt to summarize the representative efforts of synthesizing and self-assembling large, complex architectures using pyrylium salt chemistry. We believe that this perspective not only highlights the recent achievements in pyrylium salt chemistry, but also inspires us to revisit this chemistry to design and construct macrocycles and metallo-supramolecules with increasing complexity and desired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620 USA
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
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Phosphine Oxide Containing Poly(pyridinium salt)s as Fire Retardant Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071141. [PMID: 31277313 PMCID: PMC6680757 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new rugged, high-temperature tolerant phosphine oxide-containing poly(4,4′-(p-phenylene)-bis(2,6-diphenylpyridinium)) polymers P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4, P-5, and P-6 are synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Synthesis results in high yield and purity, as confirmed by elemental, proton (1H), and carbon 13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra analyses. High glass transition temperatures (Tg > 230 °C) and high char yields (>50% at 700 °C) are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. These new ionic polymers exhibit excellent processability, thin-film forming, high-temperature resistance, fire-resistance and retardation, coating, adhesion, mechanical and tensile strength, and n-type (electron transport) properties. The incorporation of phosphine oxide and bis(phenylpyridinium) moieties in the polymer backbones leads to high glass transition temperatures and excellent fire retardant properties, as determined by microcalorimetry measurements. The use of organic counterions allows these ionic polymers to be easily processable from several common organic solvents. A large variety of these polymers can be synthesized by utilizing structural variants of the bispyrylium salt, phosphine oxide containing diamine, and the counterion in a combinatorial fashion. These results make them very attractive for a number of applications, including as coating and structural component materials for automobiles, aircrafts, power and propulsion systems, firefighter garments, printed circuit boards, cabinets and housings for electronic and electrical components, construction materials, mattresses, carpets, upholstery and furniture, and paper-thin coatings for protecting important paper documents.
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Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties of Poly(pyridinium) Salts Containing Various Diamine Connectors and Hydrophilic Macrocounterions. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050851. [PMID: 31083364 PMCID: PMC6572631 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of poly(pyridinium) salts containing various diamine moieties, as molecular connectors, and poly(ethyleneglycol)-4-nonylphenyl-3-sulfopropyl ether, thereafter referred to as “Macroion”, as the hydrophilic counterion, were prepared by metathesis reaction from the respective precursory tosylated poly(pyridinium)s in methanol. The structure of these ionic polymers was established by spectroscopy and chromatography techniques. The shape-persistent ionic poly(pyridinium) materials, inserting rigid or semi-rigid diamine spacers, display thermotropic liquid-crystalline properties from room-temperature up to their isotropization (in the temperature range around 160–200 °C). The nature of the LC phases is lamellar in both cases as identified by the combination of various complementary experimental techniques including DSC, POM and variable-temperature SAXS. The other polymers, inserting bulky or flexible spacers, only form room temperature viscous liquids. These new macromolecular systems can then be referred to as polymeric ionic liquid crystals (PILCs) and or polymeric ionic liquids (PILs). All the ionic polymers show excellent thermal stability, in the 260–330 °C temperature range as determined by TGA measurements, and a good solubility in common organic solvents as well as in water. Their optical properties were characterized in both solution and solid states by UV−Vis and photoluminescent spectroscopies. They emit blue or green light in both the states and exhibit a positive solvatochromic effect.
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Samanta SK, Scherf U. Cationic Main-Chain Polyelectrolytes with Pyridinium-Basedp-Phenylenevinylene Units and Their Aggregation-Induced Gelation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology; Wuppertal University; Gauss-Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology; Wuppertal University; Gauss-Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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A new conjugated poly(pyridinium salt) derived from phenanthridine diamine: its synthesis, optical properties and interaction with calf thymus DNA. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from 3,3′-dimethylnaphthidine: thermal, liquid crystalline, and optical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chang Y, Jin L, Duan J, Zhang Q, Wang J, Lu Y. New conjugated poly(pyridinium salt) derivative: AIE characteristics, the interaction with DNA and selective fluorescence enhancement induced by dsDNA. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence turn-on DNA sensor with excellent sensitivity and selectivity is developed based on a new conjugated poly(pyridinium salt) with AIE characteristics. The probe is also successfully utilized to follow the DNA cleavage process by DNase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Lu Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Yan Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
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Wang L, Li Y, Sun J, Lu Y, Sun Y, Cheng D, Li C. Conjugated poly(pyridinium salt)s as fluorescence light-up probes for heparin sensing. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Yandong Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials; Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300191 China
| | - Jingfen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Dandan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials; Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300191 China
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Butschies M, Neidhardt MM, Mansueto M, Laschat S, Tussetschläger S. Synthesis of guanidinium-sulfonimide ion pairs: towards novel ionic liquid crystals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1093-101. [PMID: 23766823 PMCID: PMC3678594 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently introduced concept of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) with complementary ion pairs, consisting of both, mesogenic cation and anion, was extended from guanidinium sulfonates to guanidinium sulfonimides. In this preliminary study, the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of selected derivatives were described, which provide the first example of an ILC with the sulfonimide anion directly attached to the mesogenic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Butschies
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel M Neidhardt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Mansueto
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Tussetschläger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Sun J, Lu Y, Wang L, Cheng D, Sun Y, Zeng X. Fluorescence turn-on detection of DNA based on the aggregation-induced emission of conjugated poly(pyridinium salt)s. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jo TS, Nedeltchev AK, Biswas B, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from various aromatic diamines. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Han F, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Sun J, Zeng X, Li C. Homogeneous and sensitive DNA detection based on polyelectrolyte complexes of cationic conjugated poly(pyridinium salt)s and DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zhou J, Shangguan Y, Wu Q, Zheng Q. Solution properties of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes synthesized via solution and micellar copolymerization. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nedeltchev AK, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Solution, thermal and optical properties of novel poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from conjugated pyridine diamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nedeltchev AK, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Solution, thermal and optical properties of new poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from bisquinoline diamines. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK, Mandal HD, Jimenez-Hernandez JA, McGannon PM. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from an aromatic diamine containing oxyethylene unit exhibiting amphotropic liquid-crystalline and photoluminescence properties. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK, Mandal HD, Jimenez-Hernandez JA, Mcgannon PM. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from an aromatic diamine containing tetraoxyethylene units exhibiting amphotropic liquid-crystalline and photoluminescence properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lu Y, Xiao C, Yu Z, Zeng X, Ren Y, Li C. Poly(pyridinium) salts containing calix[4]arene segments in the main chain as potential biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b913874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gal YS, Jin SH, Park JW. Synthesis and properties of poly[N-(4-n-butoxybenzoyl)-2-ethynylpyridinium chloride]. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Kamatam S, Han H, Nedeltchev AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with oxyalkylene units exhibiting amphotropic liquid–crystalline and photoluminescence properties. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with anthracene moieties exhibiting both lyotropic liquid-crystalline and UV light-emitting properties. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Binnemans
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Synthesis and crystal structures of silver(I) bridged tetra-phenyl-pyrylium complexes from tetraphenyl-cyclopentadiene. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions exhibiting both thermotropic liquid-crystalline and light-emitting properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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