1
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Zhang Q, He XH. Phase Separation of Polymer Blends Induced by an External Static Electric Field. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Zhang S, Kumar R. Effects of Local Order Parameter Dependent Transport Coefficient in Diblock Copolymers Under Applied Electric Fields. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174903. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0089797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach for constructing thermodynamically consistent time-dependent models relevant to thin films of diblock copolymers in applied electric fields. The approach is based on the principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics and in this work, it is applied to study the effects of electric fields on thin films of incompressible diblock copolymers. Enforcement of local incompressibility constraint at all times leads to a local order parameter dependent transport coefficient in the model for the diblock copolymers. The dependence of transport coefficient on the local order parameter is used to relate it with diffusion constant of Rouse chains and leads to sensitivity of the model to initial conditions. Also, transient behavior is found to be a affected when compared with an ad hoc model assuming a constant transport coefficient. Numerical results such as electric field induced alignment of lamellae domains due to the field are found to be in qualitative agreements with experiments.This approach opens up a systematic way of developing kinetic models for simulating effects of electrolytes added to thin films containing diblock copolymers in the presence of applied electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States of America
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3
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Ma M, Fu Y. Electromechanical response of lamellar forming ionic diblock copolymer thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Li M, Zhuang B, Lu Y, An L, Wang ZG. Salt-Induced Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Water-Acetonitrile-Salt Mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:773-784. [PMID: 33416302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Salt-induced liquid-liquid phase separation in liquid mixtures is a common phenomenon in nature and in various applications, such as in separation and extraction of chemicals. Here, we present results of a systematic investigation of the phase behaviors in water-acetonitrile-salt mixtures using a combination of experiment and theory. We obtain complete ternary phase diagrams for nine representative salts in water-acetonitrile mixtures by cloud point and component analysis. We construct a thermodynamic free energy model by accounting for the nonideal mixing of the liquids, ion hydration, electrostatic interactions, and Born energy. Our theory yields phase diagrams in good agreement with the experimental data. By comparing the contributions due to the electrostatic interaction, Born energy, and hydration, we find that hydration is the main driving force for the liquid-liquid separation and is a major contributor to the specific ion effects. Our theory highlights the important role of entropy in the hydration driving force. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and make suggestions for selecting salt ions to optimize the separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Bilin Zhuang
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527.,Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Martin JM, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. Effect of an electric field on the stability of binary dielectric fluid mixtures. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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6
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Zheng B, Man X, Ou-Yang ZC, Schick M, Andelman D. Orienting Thin Films of Lamellar Block Copolymer: The Combined Effect of Mobile Ions and Electric Field. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingkun Man
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Applications, and School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhong-Can Ou-Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - M. Schick
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Dugger JW, Li W, Chen M, Long TE, Welbourn RJL, Skoda MWA, Browning JF, Kumar R, Lokitz BS. Nanoscale Resolution of Electric-field Induced Motion in Ionic Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32678-32687. [PMID: 30180545 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the responses of ionic block copolymers to applied electric fields is crucial when targeting applications in areas such as energy storage, microelectronics, and transducers. This work shows that the identity of counterions in ionic diblock copolymers substantially affects their responses to electric fields, demonstrating the importance of ionic species for materials design. In situ neutron reflectometry measurements revealed that thin films containing imidazolium based cationic diblock copolymers, tetrafluoroborate counteranions led to film contraction under applied electric fields, while bromide counteranions drove expansion under similar field strengths. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were used to develop a fundamental understanding of these responses, uncovering a nonmonotonic trend in thickness change as a function of field strength. This behavior was attributed to elastic responses of microphase separated diblock copolymer chains resulting from variations in interfacial tension of polymer-polymer interfaces due to the redistribution of counteranions in the presence of electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Dugger
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mingtao Chen
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Timothy E Long
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Rebecca J L Welbourn
- ISIS , Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot , OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- ISIS , Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot , OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - James F Browning
- Neutron Scattering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Bradley S Lokitz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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8
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Martin JM, Li W, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. SCFT Study of Diblock Copolymer Melts in Electric Fields: Selective Stabilization of Orthorhombic Fddd Network Phase. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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10
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Martin JM, Li W, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. Statistical field theory description of inhomogeneous polarizable soft matter. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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11
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Zhang Q, Xu R, Kan D, He X. Molecular dynamics simulation of electric-field-induced self-assembly of diblock copolymers. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:234901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4953689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Kan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuehao He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Kan D, He X. Tuning phase structures of a symmetrical diblock copolymer with a patterned electric field. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4449-4456. [PMID: 27102422 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm03154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields can induce the orientation of the phase interfaces of block copolymers and provide a potential method to tune polymer phase structures for nanomaterial manufacture. In this work, we applied self-consistent field theory to study the self-assembly of a diblock copolymer confined between two parallel neutral substrates on which a set of electrodes was imposed to form a patterned electric field. The results showed that an alternatively distributed electric field can induce the formation of a parallel lamellar phase structure, which exists stably only in the system with selective substrates. The phase structure was proved to be sensitive to the characteristics of the electric field distribution, such as the strength of the electric field, the size and position of the electrodes, and the corresponding phase diagram was calculated in detail. The transition pathway of the phase structure from the perpendicular layered phase to the parallel layered phase was further analysed using the minimum energy path method. It is shown that the path and the active energy barrier of the phase transition depend on the electric field strength. Compound electric field patterns that can be designed to control the formation of novel and complex microphase structures were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Kan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
| | - Xuehao He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
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13
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Orizaga S, Glasner K. Instability and reorientation of block copolymer microstructure by imposed electric fields. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:052504. [PMID: 27300942 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.052504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electric fields on lamellar block copolymer microstructure is studied in the context of a density functional model and its sharp interface limit. A free boundary problem for domain interfaces of strongly segregated polymers is derived, which includes coupling of interface and electric field orientation. The linearized dynamics of lamellar configurations is computed in this context, leading to quantitative criteria for instability as a function of pattern wavelength, field magnitude, and orientation. Numerical simulations of the full model in two and three dimensions are used to study the nonlinear development of instabilities. In three dimensions, sufficiently large electric field magnitude always leads to instability. In two dimensions, the field has either stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on the misorientation of the field and pattern. Even when linear instabilities are present, the dynamics can lead to stable corrugated domain interfaces which do not align with the electric field. Sufficiently high field strengths, on the other hand, produce topological rearrangement which may lead to alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Orizaga
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Karl Glasner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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14
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Wu J, Wang X, Ji Y, He L, Li S. Phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in electric fields: a self-consistent field theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10309-19. [PMID: 27020849 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in external electrostatic fields by using real-space self-consistent field theory. The lamella, cylinder, sphere, and ellipsoid structures were observed and analyzed by their segment distributions, which were arranged to two types of phase diagrams to examine the phase behavior in weak and strong electric fields. One type was constructed on the basis of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and volume fraction. We identified an ellipsoid structure with a body-centered cuboid arrangement as a stable phase and discussed the shift of phase boundaries in the electric fields. The other type of phase diagrams was established on the basis of the dielectric constants of two blocks in the electric fields. We then determined the regions of ellipsoid phase in the phase diagrams to examine the influence of dielectric constants on the phase transition between ellipsoidal and hexagonally packed cylinder phases. A general agreement was obtained by comparing our results with those described in previous experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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15
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Mukherjee A, Mukherjee R, Ankit K, Bhattacharya A, Nestler B. Influence of substrate interaction and confinement on electric-field-induced transition in symmetric block-copolymer thin films. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:032504. [PMID: 27078402 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.032504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we study morphologies arising due to competing substrate interaction, electric field, and confinement effects on a symmetric diblock copolymer. We employ a coarse-grained nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard phenomenological model taking into account the appropriate contributions of substrate interaction and electrostatic field. The proposed model couples the Ohta-Kawasaki functional with Maxwell equation of electrostatics, thus alleviating the need for any approximate solution used in previous studies. We calculate the phase diagram in electric-field-substrate strength space for different film thicknesses. In addition to identifying the presence of parallel, perpendicular, and mixed lamellae phases similar to analytical calculations, we also find a region in the phase diagram where hybrid morphologies (combination of two phases) coexist. These hybrid morphologies arise either solely due to substrate affinity and confinement or are induced due to the applied electric field. The dependence of the critical fields for transition between the various phases on substrate strength, film thickness, and dielectric contrast is discussed. Some preliminary 3D results are also presented to corroborate the presence of hybrid morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rajdip Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India
| | - Kumar Ankit
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Avisor Bhattacharya
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Ren CL, Nakamura I, Wang ZG. Effects of Ion-Induced Cross-Linking on the Phase Behavior in Salt-Doped Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lai Ren
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Issei Nakamura
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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17
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Dehghan A, Schick M, Shi AC. Effect of mobile ions on the electric field needed to orient charged diblock copolymer thin films. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:134902. [PMID: 26450329 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the behavior of lamellar phases of charged/neutral diblock copolymer thin films containing mobile ions in the presence of an external electric field. We employ self-consistent field theory and focus on the aligning effect of the electric field on the lamellae. Of particular interest are the effects of the mobile ions on the critical field, the value required to reorient the lamellae from the parallel configuration favored by the surface interaction to the perpendicular orientation favored by the field. We find that the critical field depends strongly on whether the neutral or charged species is favored by the substrates. In the case in which the neutral species is favored, the addition of charges decreases the critical electric field significantly. The effect is greater when the mobile ions are confined to the charged lamellae. In contrast, when the charged species is favored by the substrate, the addition of mobile ions stabilizes the parallel configuration and thus results in an increase in the critical electric field. The presence of ions in the system introduces a new mixed phase in addition to those reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Dehghan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - M Schick
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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18
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Donets S, Pershin A, Baeurle SA. Optimizing the fabrication process and interplay of device components of polymer solar cells using a field-based multiscale solar-cell algorithm. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:184902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4919649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Donets
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anton Pershin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Baeurle
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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20
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Ly DQ, Pinna M, Honda T, Kawakatsu T, Zvelindovsky AVM. Kinetic pathways of sphere-to-cylinder transition in diblock copolymer melt under electric field. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:074904. [PMID: 23445032 DOI: 10.1063/1.4791639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Q Ly
- Computational Physics Group and Institute of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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22
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McCulloch B, Portale G, Bras W, Segalman RA. Increased Order–Disorder Transition Temperature for a Rod–Coil Block Copolymer in the Presence of a Magnetic Field. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201093r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McCulloch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Wim Bras
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Abstract
Block copolymers (BCs) are well-known building blocks for the creation of a large variety of nanostructured materials or objects through a dynamic assembly stage which can be either autonomous or guided by an external force. Today's nanotechnologies require sharp control of the overall architecture from the nanoscale to the macroscale. BCs enable this dynamic assembly through all the scales, from few aggregated polymer chains to large bulk polymer materials. Since the discovery of controlled methods to polymerize monomers with different functionalities, a broad diversity of BCs exists, giving rise to many different nanoobjects and nanostructured materials. This chapter will explore the potentialities of block copolymer chains to be assembled through dynamic interactions either in solution or in bulk.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Man
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Henri Orland
- Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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25
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Giacomelli FC, da Silveira NP, Nallet F, Černoch P, Steinhart M, Štěpánek P. Cubic to Hexagonal Phase Transition Induced by Electric Field. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C. Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, 09210-170, Santo André - SP, Brazil
| | - Nádya P. da Silveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Nallet
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS, 115 Avenue du Docteur-Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Petr Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Steinhart
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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26
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Effects of Electric Fields on Block Copolymer Nanostructures. COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS I 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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27
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Schoberth HG, Schmidt K, Schindler KA, Böker A. Shifting the Order−Disorder Transition Temperature of Block Copolymer Systems with Electric Fields. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900166w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko G. Schoberth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien and Oberflächen and DWI an der RWTH e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristin Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien and Oberflächen and DWI an der RWTH e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin A. Schindler
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien and Oberflächen and DWI an der RWTH e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien and Oberflächen and DWI an der RWTH e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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28
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Jain S, Chapman WG. Effect of confinement on the ordering of symmetric diblock copolymers: application of interfacial statistical associating fluid theory. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802676040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Andelman D, Rosensweig RE. Modulated Phases: Review and Recent Results. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:3785-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807770n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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30
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Wang ZG. Effects of Ion Solvation on the Miscibility of Binary Polymer Blends. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16205-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806897t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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31
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Wang JY, Chen W, Russell TP. Influence of Interfacial Energy on Electric-Field-Induced Sphere-to-Cylinder Transition in Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800717v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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32
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Ly DQ, Honda T, Kawakatsu T, Zvelindovsky AV. Hexagonally Perforated Lamella-to-Cylinder Transition in a Diblock Copolymer Thin Film under an Electric Field. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0708850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dung Q. Ly
- Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; ZEON Corporation, 1-6-2, Marunouchi, Chioda-ku, Tokyo 100-8246, Japan; and Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; ZEON Corporation, 1-6-2, Marunouchi, Chioda-ku, Tokyo 100-8246, Japan; and Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawakatsu
- Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; ZEON Corporation, 1-6-2, Marunouchi, Chioda-ku, Tokyo 100-8246, Japan; and Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Andrei V. Zvelindovsky
- Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; ZEON Corporation, 1-6-2, Marunouchi, Chioda-ku, Tokyo 100-8246, Japan; and Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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33
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Wu XF, Dzenis YA. Phase-field modeling of the formation of lamellar nanostructures in diblock copolymer thin films under inplanar electric fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:031807. [PMID: 18517414 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.031807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments show that external inplanar electric field can be employed to guide the molecular self-assembly in diblock copolymer (BCP) thin films to form lamellar nanostructures with potential applications in nanotechnology. We study this self-assembly process through a detailed coarse-grained phase-separation modeling. During the process, the free energy of the BCP films is modeled as the Ginzburg-Landau free energy with nonlocal interaction and electrostatic coupling. The resulting Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equation is solved using an efficient semi-implicit Fourier-spectral algorithm. Numerical results show that the morphology of order parameter formed in either symmetric or asymmetric BCP thin films is strongly influenced by the electric field. For symmetrical BCPs, highly ordered lamellar nanostructures evolved along the direction of the electric field. Phase nucleation and dislocation climbing in the BCP films predicted by the numerical simulation are in a good agreement with those observed in recent BCP electronanolithography. For asymmetrical BCPs, numerical simulation shows that nanodots are guided to align to the electric field. Furthermore, in the case of high electric field, nanodots formed in asymmetrical BCPs may further convert into highly ordered lamellar nanostructures (sphere-to-cylinder transition) parallel to the electric field. Effects of the magnitude of electric field, BCP asymmetry, and molecular interaction of BCPs on the self-assembly process are examined in detail using the numerical scheme developed in this study. The present study can be used for the prediction of the formation of nanostructures in BCP thin films and the quality control of BCP-based nanomanufacturing through optimizing the external electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Fa Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, USA.
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34
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35
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Chen T, Lin S, Lin J, Zhang L. Effect of electrical field on polypeptide phase behavior involving a conformationally coupled anisotropic–isotropic transition. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Tsori Y. Lamellar Phases in Nonuniform Electric Fields: Breaking the In-Plane Rotation Symmetry and the Role of Dielectric Constant Mismatch. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0621268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tsori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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37
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Kyrylyuk AV, Fraaije JGEMH. Electric field versus surface alignment in confined films of a diblock copolymer melt. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:164716. [PMID: 17092129 DOI: 10.1063/1.2360947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of alignment of microstructure in confined films of diblock copolymer melts in the presence of an external electric field was studied numerically. We consider in detail a symmetric diblock copolymer melt, exhibiting a lamellar morphology. The method used is a dynamic mean-field density functional method, derived from the generalized time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory. The time evolution of concentration variables and therefore the alignment kinetics of the morphologies are described by a set of stochastic equations of a diffusion form with Gaussian noise. We investigated the effect of an electric field on block copolymers under the assumption that the long-range dipolar interaction induced by the fluctuations of composition pattern is a dominant mechanism of electric-field-induced domain alignment. The interactions with bounding electrode surfaces were taken into account as short-range interactions resulting in an additional term in the free energy of the sample. This term contributes only in the vicinity of the surfaces. The surfaces and the electric field compete with each other and align the microstructure in perpendicular directions. Depending on the ratio between electric field and interfacial interactions, parallel or perpendicular lamellar orientations were observed. The time scale of the electric-field-induced alignment is much larger than the time scale of the surface-induced alignment and microphase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy V Kyrylyuk
- Theoretical and Polymer Physics Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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38
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Pinna M, Zvelindovsky AV, Todd S, Goldbeck-Wood G. Cubic phases of block copolymers under shear and electric fields by cell dynamics simulation. I. Spherical phase. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:154905. [PMID: 17059291 DOI: 10.1063/1.2356468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell dynamics simulation is used to investigate pathways of sphere-to-cylinder transition in block copolymer melt under applied simple shear flow and electric field. Both fields can induce the transition when their strength is above some critical value. At weak fields the spherical phase is preserved, with spheres being deformed into ellipsoids. Weak shear flow is found to improve order in the spherical phase. Observed sliding of layers of spheres under shear is very similar to the experimental finding by Hamley et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 108, 6929 (1998)]. The kinetic pathways are sensitive to the degree of microphase separation in the system and hence affected by temperature. The details of the pathways are described by means of Minkowski functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pinna
- Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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39
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Lin CY, Schick M. Self-consistent field study of the alignment by an electric field of a cylindrical phase of block copolymer. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:34902. [PMID: 16863380 DOI: 10.1063/1.2214718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-consistent field theory is applied to a film of cylindrical-forming block copolymer subject to a surface field which tends to align the cylinders parallel to electrical plates, and to an external electric field tending to align them perpendicular to the plates. The Maxwell equations and self-consistent field equations are solved exactly, numerically, in real space. By comparing the free energies of different configurations, we show that for weak surface fields, the phase of cylinders parallel to the plates makes a direct transition to a phase in which the cylinders are aligned with the field throughout the sample. For stronger surface fields, there is an intermediate phase in which cylinders in the interior of the film, aligned with the field, terminate near the plates. For surface fields which favor the minority block, there is a boundary layer of hexagonal symmetry at the plates in which the monomers favored by the surface field occupy a larger area than they would if the cylinders extended to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yet Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Box 351560, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA.
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40
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Lyakhova KS, Zvelindovsky AV, Sevink GJA. Kinetic Pathways of Order-to-Order Phase Transitions in Block Copolymer Films under an Electric Field. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Lyakhova
- Polymer Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, a2.40, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. V. Zvelindovsky
- Polymer Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, a2.40, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. A. Sevink
- Polymer Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, a2.40, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Centre for Materials Science, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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41
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Matsen MW. Converting the nanodomains of a diblock-copolymer thin film from spheres to cylinders with an external electric field. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:74906. [PMID: 16497081 DOI: 10.1063/1.2170082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the ability of an applied electric field to convert the morphology of a diblock-copolymer thin film from a monolayer of spherical domains embedded in the matrix to cylindrical domains that penetrate through the matrix. As expected, the applied field increases the relative stability of cylindrical domains, while simultaneously reducing the energy barrier that impedes the transition to cylinders. The effectiveness of the field is enhanced by a large dielectric contrast between the two block-copolymer components, particularly when the low-dielectric contrast component forms the matrix. Furthermore, the energy barrier is minimized by selecting sphere-forming diblock copolymers that are as compositionally symmetric as possible. Our calculations, which are the most quantitatively reliable to date, are performed using a numerically precise spectral algorithm based on self-consistent-field theory supplemented with an exact treatment for linear dielectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Matsen
- Department of Physics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK.
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42
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Matsen MW. Stability of a block-copolymer lamella in a strong electric field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:258302. [PMID: 16384517 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.258302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Using self-consistent field theory, we examine the stability of a lamellar layer of diblock copolymer subject to strong orthogonal electric fields. Two competing instabilities are identified; one is a peristaltic mode that leads to perpendicular lamellae, and the other is an undulatory mode that results in the formation of an undesirable grain boundary. The former kinetic pathway is favored when the central domain is relatively thin and composed of the low-dielectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Matsen
- Department of Physics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AF, United Kingdom
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43
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Tsori Y, Andelman D, Lin CY, Schick M. Block Copolymers in Electric Fields: A Comparison of Single-Mode and Self-Consistent-Field Approximations. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051715v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Tsori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - David Andelman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chin-Yet Lin
- Physics Department, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - M. Schick
- Physics Department, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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