1
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Chen L, Sheng X, Li G, Huang F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7046-7065. [PMID: 35852571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has continued to encourage researchers to design and construct a variety of high-performance materials. Introducing mechanically interlocked structures into polymers has led to novel polymeric materials, called mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs). Rotaxane-based MIPs are an important class, where the mechanically interlocked characteristic retains a high degree of structural freedom and mobility of their components, such as the rotation and sliding motions of rotaxane units. Therefore, these MIP materials are known to possess a unique set of properties, including mechanical robustness, adaptability and responsiveness, which endow them with potential applications in many emerging fields, such as protective materials, intelligent actuators, and mechanisorption. In this review, we outline the synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and application explorations of various polyrotaxanes, including linear polyrotaxanes, polyrotaxane networks, and rotaxane dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China. .,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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2
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Kwan CS, Ho WKW, Chen Y, Cai Z, Leung KCF. Synthesis of Functional Building Blocks for Type III-B Rotaxane Dendrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223909. [PMID: 34833208 PMCID: PMC8622516 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation type III-B rotaxane dendrons, equipped with succinimide and acetylene functional groups, were synthesized successfully and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A cell viability study of a dendron with a normal cell line of L929 fibroblast cells revealed no obvious cytotoxicity at a range of 5 to 100 μM. The nontoxic properties of the sophisticated rotaxane dendron building blocks provided a choice of bio-compatible macromolecular machines that could be potentially developed into polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Watson K.-W. Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Nikoofar K, Yielzoleh FM. High-component reactions (HCRs): An overview of MCRs containing seven or more components as versatile tools in organic synthesis. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:115-147. [PMID: 34515008 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210910111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, multi-component reactions (MCRs) have gained special attention due to their versatility for the synthesis of polycyclic heterocycles. Moreover, their applicability can become more widespread as they can be combined together as a union of MCRs. In this overview, the authors have tried to collect the MCRs containing more than seven components that can lead to effectual heterocycles in organic and/or pharmaceutical chemistry. The review contains papers published up to the end of 2020. The subject is classified based on the number of substrates, such as seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, and more components. The authors expect their report to be helpful for researchers to clarify their route to significant MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran. Iran
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4
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Jana S, Panda D, Saha P, Pantos̨ GD, Dash J. Dynamic Generation of G-Quadruplex DNA Ligands by Target-Guided Combinatorial Chemistry on a Magnetic Nanoplatform. J Med Chem 2018; 62:762-773. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Puja Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - G. Dan Pantos̨
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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6
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Fujino T, Naitoh H, Miyagawa S, Kimura M, Kawasaki T, Yoshida K, Inoue H, Takagawa H, Tokunaga Y. Formation of [2]- and [3]Rotaxanes through Bridging under Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control. Org Lett 2018; 20:369-372. [PMID: 29283267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a doubly stranded [3]rotaxane has been developed through bridging of a pseudo[3]rotaxane featuring two axle components. Reversible azine formation was effective as the bridging reaction. Kinetic and thermodynamic conditions provided the [2]- and [3]rotaxanes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Fujino
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotake Naitoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yoshida
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takagawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters , Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui , Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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7
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Shinozaki Y, Tsubomura T, Sugawa K, Otsuki J. Construction of dendrimers with a square-shaped core consisting of zinc chlorophyll assembly via intermolecular nitrogen–zinc coordination. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Plas J, Waghray D, Adisoejoso J, Ivasenko O, Dehaen W, De Feyter S. Insights into dynamic covalent chemistry at surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16338-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential of surface confined self-assembly to influence the chemical equilibrium of Schiff base formation and bias the yield and distribution of reaction products is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plas
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Deepali Waghray
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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9
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Zhang K, Qian H, Zhang L, Huang W. Influence of the Pendant Arm, Halide, and Solvent on High-Efficient-Tuning [1 + 1] and [2 + 2] Schiff-Base Macrocyclic Complexes via a Zinc-Ion Template. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:675-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502642q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huifen Qian
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, P. R. China
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10
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Lee SF, Wang Q, Chan DKL, Cheung PL, Wong KW, Yu JC, Ong BS, Leung KCF. Potassium ion-mediated synthesis of highly water-soluble dendritically functionalized melanins. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Matache M, Bogdan E, Hădade ND. Selective Host Molecules Obtained by Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:2106-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Liu G, Li Z, Wu D, Xue W, Li T, Liu SH, Yin J. Dendritic [2]Rotaxanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. J Org Chem 2014; 79:643-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402428y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xue
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute
of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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13
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Li Z, Hu F, Liu G, Xue W, Chen X, Liu SH, Yin J. Photo-responsive [2]catenanes: synthesis and properties. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7702-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel dithienylethene-based macrocycles containing ammonium moieties has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
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14
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Wong WY, Lee SF, Chan HS, Mak TCW, Wong CH, Huang LS, Stoddart JF, Cham-Fai Leung K. Recognition between V- and dumbbell-shaped molecules. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Schultz A, Li X, McCusker CE, Moorefield CN, Castellano FN, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. Dondorff Rings: Synthesis, Isolation, and Properties of 60°-Directed Bisterpyridine-Based Folded Tetramers. Chemistry 2012; 18:11569-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Yan J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu K, Li W, Wu P, Zhang A. Thermoresponsive Supramolecular Dendrimers via Host-Guest Interactions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Li Z, Liu W, Wu J, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of [2]Catenanes by Template-Directed Clipping Approach. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wenju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
Singapore, 117543
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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18
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Avestro AJ, Belowich ME, Stoddart JF. Cooperative self-assembly: producing synthetic polymers with precise and concise primary structures. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5881-95. [PMID: 22773163 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The quest to construct mechanically interlocked polymers, which present precise monodisperse primary structures that are produced both consistently and with high efficiencies, has been a daunting goal for synthetic chemists for many years. Our ability to realise this goal has been limited, until recently, by the need to develop synthetic strategies that can direct the formation of the desired covalent bonds in a precise and concise fashion while avoiding the formation of unwanted kinetic by-products. The challenge, however, is a timely and welcome one, as a consequence of, primarily, the potential for mechanically interlocked polymers to act as dynamic (noncovalent) yet robust (covalent) new materials for a wide array of applications. One such strategy which has been employed widely in recent years to address this issue, known as Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC), is a strategy in which reactions operate under equilibrium and so offer elements of "proof-reading" and "error-checking" to the bond forming and breaking processes such that the final product distribution always reflects the thermodynamically most favourable compound. By coupling DCC with template-directed protocols, which utilise multiple weak noncovalent interactions to pre-organise and self-assemble simpler small molecular precursors into their desired geometries prior to covalent bond formation, we are able to produce compounds with highly symmetric, robust and complex topologies that are otherwise simply unobtainable by more traditional methods. Harnessing these strategies in an iterative, step-wise fashion brings us ever so much closer towards perfecting the controlled synthesis of high order main-chain mechanically interlocked polymers. This tutorial review focuses (i) on the development of DCC-namely, the formation of dynamic imine bonds-used in conjunction with template-directed protocols to afford a variety of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and ultimately (ii) on the synthesis of highly ordered poly[n]rotaxanes with high conversion efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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19
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Dong S, Han C, Zheng B, Zhang M, Huang F. Preparation of two new [2]rotaxanes based on the pillar[5]arene/alkane recognition motif. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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21
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Zheng B, Wang F, Dong S, Huang F. Supramolecular polymers constructed by crown ether-based molecular recognition. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1621-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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23
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Su YS, Liu JW, Jiang Y, Chen CF. Assembly of a Self-Complementary Monomer: Formation of Supramolecular Polymer Networks and Responsive Gels. Chemistry 2011; 17:2435-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers and analogous dendrimeric structures and their biomedical applications. Amino Acids 2010; 40:301-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Rudzevich Y, Rudzevich V, Böhmer V. Fine-Tuning the Dimerization of Tetraureacalix[4]arenes. Chemistry 2010; 16:4541-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Wong WY, Leung KCF, Stoddart JF. Self-assembly, stability quantification, controlled molecular switching, and sensing properties of an anthracene-containing dynamic [2]rotaxane. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2332-43. [PMID: 20448890 DOI: 10.1039/b926568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a novel anthracene-containing dynamic [2]rotaxane by a templating self-assembly process between a diamine and a dialdehyde to form a [24]crown-8 macrocyclic diimine, in the presence of a dumbbell containing a secondary dialkylammonium ion center as the template, which has been exploited for its sensing properties. By appealing to the ability of the anthracene ring system--one of the two stoppers associated with the dumbbell--to act as a fluorescent probe, the fluorescence and fluorescence-quenching nature of the dynamic rotaxane in an equilibrium mixture has been investigated and quantified in the presence of external stimuli such as water, acids, salts, and an amine. The stability, as expressed by the hydrolysis of the dynamic rotaxane has been monitored by following: (i) the anthracene fluorescence and (ii) the movements of the signals in the (1)H NMR spectra. The rate of hydrolysis (t(1/2) = 6.9 min) of the dynamic rotaxane in the presence of a small amount (1 equiv.) of acid was found to be very much faster than when the hydrolysis was carried out with a large amount (>100 equiv.) of water, when t(1/2) > 140 min. Furthermore, it has been established that the anthracene fluorescence of the dynamic rotaxane rises with an increasing amount of acid. Two acid sensors have been identified with different operating modes-namely, logarithmic and linear. The combination of different inputs involving water, acids, salts and an amine leads to different fluorescence outputs from the dynamic rotaxane, hence, producing a prototype for expressing molecular logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Wong
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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27
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Yin J, Dasgupta S, Wu J. Synthesis of [n]Rotaxanes by Template-Directed Clipping: The Role of the Dialkylammonium Recognition Sites. Org Lett 2010; 12:1712-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100256w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Suvankar Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
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Gibson HW, Yamaguchi N, Niu Z, Jones JW, Slebodnick C, Rheingold AL, Zakharov LN. Self-assembly of daisy chain oligomers from heteroditopic molecules containing secondary ammonium ion and crown ether moieties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Leung KCF, Lau KN. Self-assembly and thermodynamic synthesis of rotaxane dendrimers and related structures. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Leung KCF, Wong WY, Aricó F, Haussmann PC, Stoddart JF. The stability of imine-containing dynamic [2]rotaxanes to hydrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:83-9. [PMID: 20024136 DOI: 10.1039/b915864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts (>100 mol equivalents) of water are required to effect by hydrolysis the partial disassembly of the rings from the dumbbell components of two dynamic [2]rotaxanes. The two dynamic [2]rotaxanes are comprised of [24]crown-8 rings-each of which incorporate two imine bonds-encircling a dumbbell component composed of a dibenzylammonium ion in which each of the two benzyl substituents carries two methoxyl groups attached to their 3- and 5-positions. A mechanism for the partial disassembly of the two dynamic [2]rotaxanes, involving the cleavage of the kinetically labile imine bonds by water molecules, is proposed. The most important experimental observation to be noted is the fact that the hydrolysis of the macrocyclic diimines, associated with the templating -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)-centres in the middle of their dumbbells, turns out to be an uphill task to perform in the face of the molecular recognition provided by strong [N(+)-HO] hydrogen bonds and weaker, yet not insignificant, [C-HO] interactions. The dynamic nature of the imine bond formation and hydrolysis is such that the acyclic components produced during hydrolysis of the imine bonds can be enticed to cyclise once again around the -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)-template, affording the [2]rotaxanes. The reluctance of imine bonds, present in substantial numbers in larger molecular and extended structures, is significant when it comes to exercising dynamic chemistry in compounds where multiple imine bonds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Fang L, Olson MA, Benítez D, Tkatchouk E, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Mechanically bonded macromolecules. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 39:17-29. [PMID: 20023833 DOI: 10.1039/b917901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically bonded macromolecules constitute a class of challenging synthetic targets in polymer science. The controllable intramolecular motions of mechanical bonds, in combination with the processability and useful physical and mechanical properties of macromolecules, ultimately ensure their potential for applications in materials science, nanotechnology and medicine. This tutorial review describes the syntheses and properties of a library of diverse mechanically bonded macromolecules, which covers (i) main-chain, side-chain, bridged, and pendant oligo/polycatenanes, (ii) main-chain oligo/polyrotaxanes, (iii) poly[c2]daisy chains, and finally (iv) mechanically interlocked dendrimers. A variety of highly efficient synthetic protocols--including template-directed assembly, step-growth polymerisation, quantitative conjugation, etc.--were employed in the construction of these mechanically interlocked architectures. Some of these structures, i.e., side-chain polycatenanes and poly[c2]daisy chains, undergo controllable molecular switching in a manner similar to their small molecular counterparts. The challenges posed by the syntheses of polycatenanes and polyrotaxanes with high molecular weights are contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Rosen BM, Wilson CJ, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Imam MR, Percec V. Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6275-540. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900157q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Leung KCF, Xuan S, Lo CM. Reversible switching between hydrophilic and hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide microspheres via one-step supramolecular dynamic dendronization: exploration of dynamic wettability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2005-2012. [PMID: 20355826 DOI: 10.1021/am900367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of hydrophobic poly(aryl ether) dendrons to peripherally functionalize hydrophilic amine-containing superparamagnetic iron oxide microspheres (SPIO-NH2) in one step via imine formation. The reversible formation of imine bonds in the absence/presence of water renders dynamic control of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the microspheres (SPIO-Gn). The dynamic nature of the imine-containing dendronized microspheres (SPIO-Gn) can be "fixed" by locking the reversible 2,6-diiminopyridyl moieties with metal cations (Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+) to afford kinetically stable dendronized microspheres (SPIO-Gn-M). Isolation of these microspheres is facilitated by convenient magnetic separation by an externally applied magnetic field. Characterization of these novel organic-inorganic hybrid microspheres has been performed by various techniques using UV/visible absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. We have demonstrated the stability and reversible switching of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity by contact-angle measurements. In particular, the hydrophilic SPIO-NH2 microspheres demonstrated a contact angle of 42 +/- 2 degrees when a drop of water was added to a SPIO-NH2-coated mica surface. On the other hand, the hydrophobic SPIO-Gn-M dendronized microspheres demonstrated a contact angle of 85 +/- 2 degrees , an observation that involves an increase of the contact angle of over 40 degrees . Furthermore, when a drop of water was placed on a dynamic SPIO-Gn-coated mica surface, the contact angle of the water droplet decreased in time. Comparatively, the rate of decrease of the contact angle is H2O > 1% Co(OAc)2/H2O > N,N'-dimethylformamide/H2O (1:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR.
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Leung KCF. Theoretical Postulation of Mass Spectral Quantity and Distribution in Competitive Dynamic Dendrimer Mixtures. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maeda T, Otsuka H, Takahara A. Dynamic covalent polymers: Reorganizable polymers with dynamic covalent bonds. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leung KCF, Chak CP, Lo CM, Wong WY, Xuan S, Cheng CHK. pH-Controllable Supramolecular Systems. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:364-81. [PMID: 19090526 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Ge Z, Hu J, Huang F, Liu S. Responsive Supramolecular Gels Constructed by Crown Ether Based Molecular Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1798-802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ge Z, Hu J, Huang F, Liu S. Responsive Supramolecular Gels Constructed by Crown Ether Based Molecular Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Umehara T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Entropy- and Hydrolytic-Driven Positional Switching of Macrocycle between Imine- and Hydrogen-Bonding Stations in Rotaxane-Based Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umehara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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West KR, Ludlow RF, Corbett PT, Besenius P, Mansfeld FM, Cormack PAG, Sherrington DC, Goodman JM, Stuart MCA, Otto S. Dynamic Combinatorial Discovery of a [2]-Catenane and its Guest-Induced Conversion into a Molecular Square Host. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10834-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801508q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. West
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Fred Ludlow
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter T. Corbett
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Besenius
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike M. Mansfeld
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. G. Cormack
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C. Sherrington
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands, and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Betancourt JE, Rivera JM. Hexadecameric self-assembled dendrimers built from 2'-deoxyguanosine derivatives. Org Lett 2008; 10:2287-90. [PMID: 18452304 PMCID: PMC2654094 DOI: 10.1021/ol800701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
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Herein we describe the construction of hexadecameric self-assembled dendrimers (SADs) using a series of dendronized 8-(m-acetylphenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine (mAG) subunits. The azido-substituted mAG subunits were covalently linked to alkynyl polyester dendrons using a copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Discrete SADs are formed with high fidelity and thermal stability even with the increased steric hindrance offered by the dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
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Meyer CD, Joiner CS, Stoddart JF. Template-directed synthesis employing reversible imine bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 36:1705-23. [PMID: 18213980 DOI: 10.1039/b513441m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The imine bond--formed by the reversible condensation of an amine and an aldehyde--and its applications as a dynamic covalent bond in the template-directed synthesis of molecular compounds, will be the focus of this tutorial review. Template-directed synthesis--or expressed another way, supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis--relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation to afford the thermodynamically preferred product. The use of this so-called dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) in templated reactions allows for an additional amount of reversibility, further eliminating potential kinetic products by allowing the covalent bonds that are formed during the template-directed reaction to be 'proofread for errors', thus making it possible for the reaction to search out its thermodynamic minimum. The marriage of template-directed synthesis with DCC has allowed chemists to construct an increasingly complex collection of compounds from relatively simple precursors. This new paradigm in organic synthesis requires that each individual piece in the molecular self-assembly process is preprogrammed so that the multiple recognition events expressed between the pieces are optimised in a highly cooperative manner in the desired product. It offers an extremely simple way of making complex mechanically interlocked compounds--e.g., catenanes, rotaxanes, suitanes, Borromean rings and Solomon knots--from relatively simple precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari D Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Wu J, Leung KCF, Stoddart JF. Efficient production of [n]rotaxanes by using template-directed clipping reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17266-71. [PMID: 17947382 PMCID: PMC2077244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705847104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report on the efficient synthesis of well defined, homogeneous [n]rotaxanes (n up to 11) by a template-directed thermodynamic clipping approach. By employing dynamic covalent chemistry in the form of reversible imine bond formation, [n]rotaxanes with dialkylammonium ion (-CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)-) recognition sites, encircled by [24]crown-8 rings, were prepared by a thermodynamically controlled, template-directed clipping procedure, that is, by mixing together a dumbbell compound containing a discrete number of CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)- ion centers with appropriate amounts of a dialdehyde and a diamine to facilitate the [n]rotaxane formation. A 21-component self-assembly process is operative during the formation of the [11]rotaxane. The oligomeric dumbbells containing CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)- ion recognition sites were prepared by a stepwise protocol. Several of the dynamic [n]rotaxanes were converted into their kinetically stable counterparts, first by reduction ("fixing") of imine bonds with the BH(3).THF complex, then by protonation of the complex by addition of acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Wu
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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