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Li S, Gao M, Zhou K, Li X, Xian K, Zhao W, Chen Y, He C, Ye L. Achieving Record-High Stretchability and Mechanical Stability in Organic Photovoltaic Blends with a Dilute-absorber Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307278. [PMID: 37865872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have potential for applications in wearable electronics. Except for high power conversion efficiency (PCE), excellent tensile properties and mechanical stability are required for achieving high-performance wearable OSCs, while the present metrics barely meet the stretchable requirements. Herein, this work proposes a facile and low-cost strategy for constructing intrinsically stretchable OSCs by introducing a readily accessible polymer elastomer as a diluent for all-polymer photovoltaic blends. Remarkably, record-high stretchability with a fracture strain of up to 1000% and mechanical stability with elastic recovery >90% under cyclic tensile tests are realized in the OSCs active layers for the first time. Specifically, the tensile properties of best-performing all-polymer photovoltaic blends are increased by up to 250 times after blending. Previously unattainable performance metrics (fracture strain >50% and PCE >10%) are achieved simultaneously for the resulting photovoltaic films. Furthermore, an overall evaluation parameter y is proposed for the efficiency-cost- stretchability balance of photovoltaic blend films. The y value of dilute-absorber system is two orders of magnitude greater than those of prior state-of-the-art systems. Additionally, intrinsically stretchable devices are prepared to showcase the mechanical stability. Overall, this work offers a new avenue for constructing and comprehensively evaluating intrinsically stretchable organic electronic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kangkang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kaihu Xian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyong He
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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2
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Lin Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Song Q, Li Y. CdTe magic-size cluster synthesis via a cation exchange method and conversion mechanism. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16049-16055. [PMID: 37728027 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The quasi-metallic nature of Te is not conducive to telluride formation and crystallization, which makes the synthesis of CdTe magic-size clusters (MSCs) in a single-ensemble form still challenging. CdTe MSCs are usually synthesized by direct synthesis, a method that must avoid the formation of quantum dots by selecting suitable active precursors and precisely controlling the reaction temperature. In addition, the organic Cd compounds and superhydrogenated precursors used are air-sensitive. Herein, CdTe MSC-448 in a single-ensemble form was synthesized for the first time via a cation exchange method using ZnTe MSC-389 as a template and Cd2+ as an exchange ion. In situ absorption spectroscopy characterization combined with the two-pathway model proposed by Yu's group reveals that the conversion of ZnTe MSC-389 into CdTe MSC-448 is assisted by their corresponding precursor compounds (PCs). After the addition of Cd precursors to ZnTe MSC-389 solution, ZnTe MSC-389 is transformed into ZnTe PC-389, which then undergoes a rapid cation exchange reaction with Cd2+ to yield CdTe PC-448, and CdTe PC-448 is finally converted into CdTe MSC-448. CdTe MSCs in single-ensemble form were obtained by cation exchange in air at room temperature, avoiding the formation of quantum dots (QDs) at high temperatures in the direct synthesis method conducted without the use of toxic and expensive active precursors, which provides a new route to the synthesis of CdTe MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qianqian Song
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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3
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He L, Luan C, Liu S, Chen M, Rowell N, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang C, Lu J, Zhang M, Liang B, Yu K. Transformations of Magic-Size Clusters via Precursor Compound Cation Exchange at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19060-19069. [PMID: 36215103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) from zinc to cadmium chalcogenide (ZnE to CdE) at low temperatures has received scant attention. Here, we report the first room-temperature evolution of CdE MSCs from ZnE samples and our interpretation of the transformation pathway. We show that when prenucleation stage samples of ZnE are mixed with cadmium oleate (Cd(OA)2), CdE MSCs evolve; without this mixing, ZnE MSCs develop. When ZnE MSCs and Cd(OA)2 are mixed, CdE MSCs also form. We propose that Cd(OA)2 reacts with the precursor compounds (PCs) of the ZnE MSCs but not directly with the ZnE MSCs. The cation exchange reaction transforms the ZnE PCs into CdE PCs, from which CdE MSCs develop. Our findings suggest that in reactions that lead to the production of binary ME quantum dots, the E precursor dominates the formation of binary ME PCs (M = Zn or Cd) to have similar stoichiometry. The present study provides a much more profound view of the formation and transformation mechanisms of the ME PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shangpu Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ze Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Lu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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4
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Lei D, Guo Y, Lu D. Study of the Chain Condensation Process from a Dilute to a Concentrated Solution and the Transformation of the Chain Conformation from a Solution to a Film for the Conjugated Polymer PFO. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8498-8505. [PMID: 35309444 PMCID: PMC8928514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chain behavior in a precursor solution and its condensation process are still key issues that have been paid close attention to but have not been solved yet for semirigid conjugated polymers. In this research, the chain condensation process from a dilute to a concentrated solution and the transformation of the chain conformation from a solution to a film for the conjugated polymer poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) were investigated by a scaling law method obtained from rheological measurements. By establishing a scaling relationship between specific viscosity and concentration, it was found that the motion of molecular chains conformed to the Zimm model in dilute solution, and the motion of molecular chains conformed to the Rouse model in semidilute unentangled solution as well as conformed to the Edwards tube model in semidilute entangled solution. Furthermore, it was also found that toluene is a θ solvent for PFO at 25 °C. Some important physical parameters in connection with PFO intrinsic properties were also obtained here, such as intrinsic viscosity [η] = 136.84 mL g-1, root-mean-square end-to-end distance R = 41.4 nm, and Kuhn segment length b = 6.28 nm. In particular, this was the first time that the effect of the film-forming process of spin coating on the transformation proces of the PFO chain conformation from the precursor solution to a film was studied, and the spin-coating time (t) was found to be several orders of magnitude longer than the PFO chain relaxation time (τ Z(τ R)). This research enriches knowledge and understanding of the chain behavior in the precursor solution for semirigid conjugated polymers and reveals the correlation of chain behaviors in solution with the film's condensed state structure in the process of chain dynamic evolution from a solution to a film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Lu
- . Phone: +86-130-8681-2739
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5
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Li QY, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Pei J. Multi-level aggregation of conjugated small molecules and polymers: from morphology control to physical insights. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:076601. [PMID: 33887704 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abfaad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of molecules is a multi-molecular phenomenon occurring when two or more molecules behave differently from discrete molecules due to their intermolecular interactions. Moving beyond single molecules, aggregation usually demonstrates evolutive or wholly emerging new functionalities relative to the molecular components. Conjugated small molecules and polymers interact with each other, resulting in complex solution-state aggregates and solid-state microstructures. Optoelectronic properties of conjugated small molecules and polymers are sensitively determined by their aggregation states across a broad range of spatial scales. This review focused on the aggregation ranging from molecular structure, intermolecular interactions, solution-state assemblies, and solid-state microstructures of conjugated small molecules and polymers. We addressed the importance of such aggregation in filling the gaps from the molecular level to device functions and highlighted the multi-scale structures and properties at different scales. From the view of multi-level aggregation behaviors, we divided the whole process from the molecule to devices into several parts: molecular design, solvation, solution-state aggregation, crystal engineering, and solid-state microstructures. We summarized the progress and challenges of relationships between optoelectronic properties and multi-level aggregation. We believe aggregation science will become an interdisciplinary research field and serves as a general platform to develop future materials with the desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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6
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Kurioka T, Shida N, Tomita I, Inagi S. Post-Functionalization of Aromatic C–H Bonds at the Main Chains of π-Conjugated Polymers via Anodic Chlorination Facilitated by Lewis Acids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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7
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Ma T, Song N, Qiu J, Zhang H, Lu D. Synergistic Effects of External Electric Field and Solvent Vapor Annealing with Different Polarities to Enhance β-Phase and Carrier Mobility of the Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Films. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Zheng T, Feng H, van den Broek JM, Rahimi K, Kuehne AJC, de Vries R, Sprakel J. Controlling the Hierarchical Assembly of π-Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800284. [PMID: 30027644 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Here, a means of controlling the assembly pathways of p-conjugated oligoelectrolytes into supramolecular fibers and microtubes is presented, and it is shown how the addition of small end-caps to well-defined and pH-responsive conjugated oligomers can alter the balance between repulsive and attractive supramolecular forces and enables control of the morphology of the hierarchical assembly process. The assembly stages from nuclei to protofibers are evidenced and a hypothesis on the mechanism of microtubes formation using a combination of analytical methods is provided, revealing different degrees of order at different scales along the structural hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M van den Broek
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Liu M, Wang K, Wang L, Han S, Fan H, Rowell N, Ripmeester JA, Renoud R, Bian F, Zeng J, Yu K. Probing intermediates of the induction period prior to nucleation and growth of semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15467. [PMID: 28580962 PMCID: PMC5494182 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the induction period before the nucleation and growth of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots. Here, we introduce an approach that allows us to probe intermediates present in the induction period. We show that this induction period itself exhibits distinct stages with the evolution of the intermediates, first without and then with the formation of covalent bonds between metal cations and chalcogenide anions. The intermediates are optically invisible in toluene, while the covalent-bonded intermediates become visible as magic-size clusters when a primary amine is added. Such evolution of magic-size clusters provides indirect but compelling evidence for the presence of the intermediates in the induction period and supports the multi-step nucleation model. Our study reveals that magic-size clusters could be readily engineered in a single-size form, and suggests that the existence of the intermediates during the growth of conventional quantum dots results in low product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Linxi Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | | | - Romain Renoud
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610065, China
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10
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Yang H, Bezugly V, Kunstmann J, Filoramo A, Cuniberti G. Diameter-Selective Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes via Polymers: A Competition between Adsorption and Bundling. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9012-9019. [PMID: 26270248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by polyfluorene polymers is studied in this paper. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, it is demonstrated that diameter selectivity is the result of a competition between bundling of CNTs and adsorption of polymers on CNT surfaces. The preference for certain diameters corresponds to local minima of the binding energy difference between these two processes. Such minima in the diameter dependence occur due to abrupt changes in the CNT's coverage with polymers, and their calculated positions are in quantitative agreement with preferred diameters reported experimentally. The presented approach defines a theoretical framework for the further understanding and improvement of dispersion/extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arianna Filoramo
- DSM/IRAMIS/NIMBE/LICSEN, CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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11
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Huang L, Li T, Liu B, Zhang L, Bai Z, Li X, Huang X, Lu D. A transformation process and mechanism between the α-conformation and β-conformation of conjugated polymer PFO in precursor solution. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2627-2638. [PMID: 25687173 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the solvent field and temperature are used to explore the mutual transformation dynamic process and mechanism between the α-conformation and β-conformation in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) precursor solution. The conformational transformation of the PFO chain is researched by UV-vis absorption spectra and the proportions of the β-conformation are quantitatively calculated. The corresponding variation trend of the aggregation structure is researched using a static and dynamic light scattering (SLS/DLS) method. It is found that the mutual transformation processes between the α-conformation and β-conformation are reversible in essence. Especially in the transformation processes, the complicated relationship between the β-conformation and the aggregation structure is understood, that is the aggregation structure promotes formation of the β-conformation under solvent field, then the conformational transformation of the β-conformation promotes the dissociation of the aggregation structure under temperature. The above results give an insight into the β-conformation and the aggregation structure of PFO in theory. Furthermore, under the temperature, we find that both two transformation steps have good linear correlations, which indicates that using temperature can be considered as a good method to accurately control the proportion of β-conformation in actual applications, and it will help us to get the desired proportion of the β-conformation in PFO precursor solution so as to make the charge carrier mobility of optoelectronic films increased and device performance better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China.
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12
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Xu L, Zhang J, Peng J, Qiu F. Formation of nanofibers in Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) toluene solutions during aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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13
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Tapia MJ, Monteserín M, Burrows HD, Almeida JAS, Pais AACC, Pina J, Seixas de Melo JS, Jarmelo S, Estelrich J. From molecular modelling to photophysics of neutral oligo- and polyfluorenes incorporated into phospholipid bilayers. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:303-317. [PMID: 25411076 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of various experimental techniques with theoretical simulations has allowed elucidation of the mode of incorporation of fluorene based derivatives into phospholipid bilayers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a fully hydrated 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer, with benzene (B), biphenyl (BP), fluorene (F) and tri-(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl), TF, have provided insights into the topography of these molecules when they are present in the phospholipid bilayer, and suggest marked differences between the behavior of the small molecules and the oligomer. Further information on the interaction of neutral fluorenes within the phospholipid bilayer was obtained by an infrared (IR) spectroscopic study of films of DMPC and of the phospholipid with PFO deuterated specifically on its alkyl chains (DMPC-PFO-d34). This was complemented by measurements of the effect of F, TF and two neutral polymers: polyfluorene poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl), PFO, and poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl), PFD, on the phospholipid phase transition temperature using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Changes in liposome size upon addition of F and PFO were followed by dynamic light scattering. In addition, the spectroscopic properties of F, TF, PFO and PFD solubilised in DMPC liposomes (absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence) were compared with those of the same probes in typical organic solvents (chloroform, cyclohexane and ethanol). Combining the insight from MD simulations with the results at the molecular level from the various experimental techniques suggests that while the small molecules have a tendency to be located in the phospholipid head group region, the polymers are incorporated within the lipid bilayers, with the backbone predominantly orthogonal to the phospholipid alkyl chains and with interdigitation of them and the PFO alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tapia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
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14
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Lin JY, Zhu WS, Liu F, Xie LH, Zhang L, Xia R, Xing GC, Huang W. A Rational Molecular Design of β-Phase Polydiarylfluorenes: Synthesis, Morphology, and Organic Lasers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402585n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Lin
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Sai Zhu
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu-Singapore Joint Research Center for Organic/Bio- Electronics & Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing-Tech. University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Hai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu-Singapore Joint Research Center for Organic/Bio- Electronics & Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing-Tech. University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ruidong Xia
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Chuan Xing
- Jiangsu-Singapore Joint Research Center for Organic/Bio- Electronics & Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing-Tech. University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu-Singapore Joint Research Center for Organic/Bio- Electronics & Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing-Tech. University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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15
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Huang L, Zhang L, Huang X, Li T, Liu B, Lu D. Study of the α-Conformation of the Conjugated Polymer Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in Dilute Solution. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:791-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406598x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
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16
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Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:1973-2129. [PMID: 24400783 DOI: 10.1021/cr400195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Trivandrum 695019, India
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17
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Tapia MJ, Monteserín M, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Estelrich J. Effect of the Phospholipid Chain Length and Head Group on Beta-Phase Formation of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Enclosed in Liposomes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1471-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Tapia
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | | | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Joan Estelrich
- Departament de Fisicoquímica; Facultat de Farmàcia; Universitat de Barcelona Avda; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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18
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Pina J, Seixas de Melo JS, Koenen N, Scherf U. Chain Length Dependent Excited-State Decay Processes of Diluted PF2/6 Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7370-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4017163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Pina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal
| | | | - Niels Koenen
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußtraße
20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ulli Scherf
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußtraße
20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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19
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Knaapila M, Monkman AP. Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1090-1108. [PMID: 23341026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the phase behavior of polyfluorene solutions and gels has expanded tremendously in recent years. The relationship between the structure formation and photophysics is known at the quantitative level. The factors which we understand control these relationships include virtually all important materials parameters such as solvent quality, side chain branching, side chain length, molecular weight, thermal history and myriad functionalizations. This review describes advances in controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. It discusses the demarcation lines between solutions, gels, and macrophase separation in conjugated polymers and reviews essential solid state properties needed for understanding of solutions. It gives an insight into polyfluorene and polyfluorene beta phase in solutions and gels and describes all the structural levels in solvent matrices, ranging from intramolecular structures to the diverse aggregate classes and network structures and agglomerates of these units. It goes on to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of these structures. It details the manifold molecular parameters used in their control and continues with the molecular confinement and touches on permanently cross-linked networks. Particular focus is placed on the experimental results of archetypical polyfluorenes and solvent matrices and connection between structure and photonics. A connection is also made to the mean field type theories of hairy-rod like polymers. This altogether allows generalizations and provides a guideline for materials scientists, synthetic chemists and device engineers as well, for this important class of semiconductor, luminescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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20
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Lin J, Yu Z, Zhu W, Xing G, Lin Z, Yang S, Xie L, Niu C, Huang W. A π-conjugated polymergelator from polyfluorene-based poly(tertiary alcohol) via the hydrogen-bonded supramolecular functionalization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Steyrleuthner R, Schubert M, Howard I, Klaumünzer B, Schilling K, Chen Z, Saalfrank P, Laquai F, Facchetti A, Neher D. Aggregation in a High-Mobility n-Type Low-Bandgap Copolymer with Implications on Semicrystalline Morphology. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18303-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Howard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Zhihua Chen
- Polyera Corporation, Skokie, Illinois
60077, United States
| | | | - Frédéric Laquai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
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22
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Nehls BS, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Schweins R, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Development of Intermolecular Structure and Beta-phase of Random Poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]-co-(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in Methylcyclohexane. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Daniel W. Bright
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England
| | | | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - László Almásy
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest-1525, Hungary
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS Group, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, DH1 3LE Durham, England
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23
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Gao J, Loi MA, de Carvalho EJF, Dos Santos MC. Selective wrapping and supramolecular structures of polyfluorene-carbon nanotube hybrids. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3993-3999. [PMID: 21526767 DOI: 10.1021/nn200564n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the photophysical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) suspensions in toluene solutions of poly[9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl](PFO). Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy in the near-infrared and visible spectral regions are used to study the interaction of the dispersed SWNTs with the wrapped polymer. Molecular dynamics simulations of the PFO-SWNT hybrids in toluene were carried out to evaluate the energetics of different wrapping geometries. The simulated fluorescence spectra in the visible region were obtained by the quantum chemical ZINDO-CI method, using a sampling of structures obtained from the dynamics trajectories. The tested schemes consider polymer chains aligned along the nanotube axis, where chirality has a minimal effect, or forming helical structures, where a preference for high chiral angles is evidenced. Moreover, toluene affects the polymer structure favoring the helical conformation. Simulations show that the most stable hybrid system is the PFO-wrapped (8,6) nanotube, in agreement with the experimentally observed selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Schweins R, Vainio U, Preis E, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Network structure of polyfluorene sheets as a function of alkyl side chain length. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:051803. [PMID: 21728563 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-organized structures in poly(9,9-di-n-alkylfluorene)s ∼1 vol % methylcyclohexane (MCH) and deuterated MCH (MCH-d(14)) solutions was studied at room temperature using neutron and x-ray scattering (with the overall q range of 0.00058-4.29 Å(-1)) and optical spectroscopy. The number of side chain carbons (N) ranged from 6 to 10. The phase behavior was rationalized in terms of polymer overlap, cross-link density, and blending rules. For N=6-9, the system contains isotropic areas and lyotropic areas where sheetlike assemblies (lateral size of >400 Å) and free polymer chains form ribbonlike agglomerates (characteristic dimension of >1500 Å) leading to a gel-like appearance of the solutions. The ribbons are largely packed together with surface fractal characteristics for N=6-7 but become open networklike structures with mass fractal characteristics for N=8-9, until the system goes through a transition to an isotropic phase of overlapping rodlike polymers for N=10. The polymer order within sheets varies allowing classification for loose membranes and ordered sheets, including the so-called β phase. The polymers within the ordered sheets have restricted motion for N=6-7 but more freedom to vibrate for N=8-9. The nodes in the ribbon network are suggested to contain ordered sheets cross-linking the ribbons together, while the nodes in the isotropic phase appear as weak density fluctuations cross-linking individual chains together. The tendencies for macrophase separation and the formation of non beta sheets decrease while the proportion of free chains increases with increasing N. The fraction of β phase varies nonlinearly, reaching its maximum at N = 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
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25
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Tapia MJ, Monteserín M, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Pina J, Castro RAE, García S, Estelrich J. β-Phase Formation of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Induced by Liposome Phospholipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5794-800. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2010666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María José Tapia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - María Monteserín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - João Pina
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Sonia García
- Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Estelrich
- Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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