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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Su P, Zhang W, Guo C, Liu H, Xiong C, Tang R, He C, Chen Z, Yu X, Wang H, Li X. Constructing Ultrastable Metallo-Cages via In Situ Deprotonation/Oxidation of Dynamic Supramolecular Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18607-18622. [PMID: 37566725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Coordination-driven self-assembly enables the spontaneous construction of metallo-supramolecules with high precision, facilitated by dynamic and reversible metal-ligand interactions. The dynamic nature of coordination, however, results in structural lability in many metallo-supramolecular assembly systems. Consequently, it remains a formidable challenge to achieve self-assembly reversibility and structural stability simultaneously in metallo-supramolecular systems. To tackle this issue, herein, we incorporate an acid-/base-responsive tridentate ligand into multitopic building blocks to precisely construct a series of metallo-supramolecular cages through coordination-driven self-assembly. These dynamic cagelike assemblies can be transformed to their static states through mild in situ deprotonation/oxidation, leading to ultrastable skeletons that can withstand high temperatures, metal ion chelators, and strong acid/base conditions. This in situ transformation provides a reliable and powerful approach to manipulate the kinetic features and stability of metallo-supramolecules and allows for modulation of encapsulation and release behaviors of metallo-cages when utilizing nanoscale quantum dots (QDs) as guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingru Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhong Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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Alawani N, Barrère-Mangote C, Wesdemiotis C. Analysis of Thermoplastic Copolymers by Mild Thermal Degradation Coupled to Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200306. [PMID: 35701837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption/degradation with an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) and ion mobility (IM) separation are coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation to characterize thermoplastic elastomers. The compounds investigated, which are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of packaging materials, are mainly composed of thermoplastic copolymers, but also contain additional chemicals ("additives"), like antioxidants and UV stabilizers, for enhancement of their properties or protection from degradation. The traditional method for analyzing such complex mixtures is vacuum pyrolysis followed by electron or chemical ionization mass spectrometry, often after gas chromatography separation. Here, an alternative, faster approach, involving mild degradation at atmospheric pressure (ASAP) and subsequent characterization of the desorbates and pyrolyzates by IM-MS, and if needed, MS/MS is presented. Such multidimensional dispersion considerably simplifies the resulting spectra, permitting the conclusive separation, characterization, and classification of the multicomponent materials examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadrah Alawani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | | | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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Muyizere T, Mukiza J. Progress on the development of a metal salt-assisted ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2803-2819. [PMID: 35848110 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric analysis of polymers has been addressed as a challenging research topic due to poor ionization and complicated analysis using conventional mass spectrometry. The ionization source has demonstrated a promising future in rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Soft ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are the most ionization sources appeared to be a powerful tools for polymer characterization when combined with MS. However, they always need metal salts to be introduced during the ionization protocol for polymers due to the crucial role played by their ions (cations and anions). The current review focuses on the progress in the development of metal ion-assisted-ionization sources for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. Different ionization systems are comprehensively reviewed. The application of metal ion-assisted ESI, nanoESI, PSI, and MALDI-MS for polymer sample analyses is systematically discussed. The future research trends and challenges in this cutting-edge research field are summarized. It also aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of metal salts as a platform for ionization systems for the mass spectrometric characterization of polymers and offers the current challenges and perspectives on the promising future to improve analytical performance in this field. Finally, this mini-review provides a comprehensive handbook to researchers from different research backgrounds wishing to work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, 100190 Beijing, China.
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Kigali 1948, Rwanda.
- School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P. O. BOX 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
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Omae M, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. End group analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s using the most abundant peak in electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-based noise filtering. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9176. [PMID: 34355832 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We recently developed the characterization method for synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry, in which the m/z value of the most abundant peak was used for characterization. However, the identification of the most abundant peak from the isotopic peaks was often difficult due to the background noise. METHODS Here, we employed a noise reduction method using Fourier transform (FT) filtering. In the power spectrum obtained using FT of the mass spectrum of the multiple charged analytes, the significant signals in the low-frequency region and at frequency z are observed for the analytes of z charges. When the signals in both regions were used for inversed FT (i.e., the signals in other regions were zero padded), a noise-filtered mass spectrum was obtained. RESULTS In the analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s weighing 13-17 kDa, mass spectra without noise filtering with relatively high-intensity noise (than signal) were complicated to identify the most abundant peak. On the contrary, the most abundant peak was clearly identified from the mass spectra after FT-based noise filtering, and end group composition was estimated successfully. CONCLUSIONS The proposed FT-based noise filtering for the mass spectrum is effective to characterize multiply charged synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Omae
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhang J, Zhu X, Tong G. Synthesis and self-assembly of photo-responsive polypeptoid-based copolymers containing azobenzene side chains. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photo-responsive polypeptoid-based copolymers containing azobenzene side chains have been well synthesized and they could self-assemble into tunable nanostructures with reversible light-switched behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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Liénard R, Duez Q, Grayson SM, Gerbaux P, Coulembier O, De Winter J. Limitations of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry for the relative quantification of architectural isomeric polymers: A case study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8660. [PMID: 31732989 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since their discovery, cyclic polymers have attracted great interest because of their unique properties. Today, the preparation of these macrocyclic structures still remains a challenge for polymer chemists, and most of the preparation pathways lead to an inescapable contamination by linear by-products. As the properties of the polymers are closely related to their structure, it is of prime importance to be able to assess the architectural purity of a sample. METHODS In this work, the suitability of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) for the quantification of two isomers was investigated. A cyclic poly(L-lactide) was prepared through photodimerization of its linear homologue. Since IMS-MS can be used to differentiate cyclic polymer ions from their linear analogues because of their more compact three-dimensional conformation, the present work envisaged the use of IMS-MS for the quantification of residual linear polymers within the cyclic polymer sample. RESULTS Using the standard addition method to plot calibration curves, the fraction of linear contaminants in the sample was determined. By doing so, unrealistically high values of contamination were measured. CONCLUSIONS These results were explained by an ionization efficiency issue. This work underlines some intrinsic limitations when using IMS-MS in the context of the relative quantification of isomers having different ionization efficiencies. Nevertheless, the linear-to-cyclic ratio can be roughly estimated by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Liénard
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, Belgium
| | - Quentin Duez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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9
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Haque FM, Grayson SM. The synthesis, properties and potential applications of cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2020; 12:433-444. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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11
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Hoyas S, Halin E, Lemaur V, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Cornil J. Helicity of Peptoid Ions in the Gas Phase. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:903-909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Hoyas
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Emilie Halin
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Department of General, Organic Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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Muyizere T, Zheng Y, Liu H, Zhao J, Li J, Lu X, Austin DE, Zhang Z. Metal salt assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the soft ionization of GAP polymers in negative ion mode. Analyst 2019; 145:34-45. [PMID: 31755893 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) are one of the most important energetic polymers, but it is still a challenge to elucidate their structures using mass spectrometry due to their fragility upon ionization. Herein we developed a soft metal salt assisted electrospray ionization (MSAESI) to characterize directly GAP polymers using mass spectrometry. This technique combines paper spray ionization and the complexing effect of anions from metal salts with GAP in the negative ion mode to softly ionize GAP polymers prior to mass spectrometry analysis. The effects of experimental parameters (e.g., ion mode, applied voltage, and type and concentration of metal salts) have been investigated in detail. In contrast to the positive ion mode, a softer ionization was observed for GAP polymers when the negative ion mode was applied. The radius and average charge of cations and anions in metal salts were found to play crucial roles in determining the performance of the MSAESI analysis of GAP. For a given charge number, a smaller radius of cations favored the soft ionization of GAP polymers (e.g., Na+ > K+ > Rb+), whereas a larger radius of anions led to a preferred performance (e.g., F- < Cl- < Br- < I-) due to variation in dissolution ability. For anions with multiple charges, the ones with fewer charges gave a more favorable ionization to the GAP sample because of their better complexing to GAP molecules than those with more charges in the structure of anions (e.g., NO3- > SO42- > PO43-). According to the experimental observation and evidence from mass spectrometry, we proposed the plausible electrospray mechanisms of MSAESI for GAP analysis with the involvement of metal salts. Moreover, the developed protocol has been applied successfully to the analysis of various GAP samples, and works for other types of sources such as nanoelectrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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Li H, Pan Y, Yang Z, Rao J, Chen B. Improving Antioxidant Activity of β-Lactoglobulin by Nature-Inspired Conjugation with Gentisic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11741-11751. [PMID: 31566971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phenolic compounds display strong antioxidant capabilities but face limited practical applications as a result of their poor biocompatibility (high immune resistance). Some food proteins possess mild antioxidant capabilities but are often not sufficient to maintain a reactive oxidative species balance. In this study, we overcome these barriers by covalently conjugating a natural phenolic antioxidant, gentisic acid (GA), onto an antioxidant protein, β-lactoglobulin (βLG). Upon optimization of conjugation conditions, we confirm the formation of βLG-GA conjugates with mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible absorption. Surface charge analysis revealed a saturation molar ratio of 150:1 (GA/βLG), while far-ultraviolet circular dichroism revealed substantial changes in the protein secondary structure upon conjugation. The antioxidant capability of resultant conjugates was probed by monitoring the decay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical content via time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, which suggested two possible pathways to scavenge radicals, i.e., the antioxidant GA on the protein surface and the protein conformational change that exposes more antioxidant amino acids. To our best knowledge, this work is the first report on the fabrication of a dual-effect antioxidant biopolymer using a nature-inspired template via covalent linking with the antioxidant mechanism probed. Our findings are essential for opening a new route to design functional materials with enhanced antioxidant activity and biocompatibility.
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Lidster BJ, Hirata S, Matsuda S, Yamamoto T, Komanduri V, Kumar DR, Tezuka Y, Vacha M, Turner ML. Macrocyclic poly( p-phenylenevinylene)s by ring expansion metathesis polymerisation and their characterisation by single-molecule spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2934-2941. [PMID: 29732077 PMCID: PMC5915795 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03945j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring expansion metathesis polymerisation (REMP) has proven to be a viable approach to prepare high purity macrocyclic phenylenevinylene polymers.
Ring expansion metathesis polymerisation (REMP) has proven to be a viable approach to prepare high purity cyclic polymers. Macrocyclic polymers with a fully conjugated defect free backbone are of particular interest as these polymers have no end groups that can act as charge traps. In this work soluble macrocyclic poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (cPPVs) have been prepared directly via the REMP of substituted paracyclophanedienes. Single-molecule spectroscopy of the two topological forms of PPV i.e., linear (lPPV) and cyclic (cPPV) revealed that lPPV exists in an extended conformation whereas the cPPV adopts a restricted ring-like conformation. Despite such large differences in the chain conformation, the spectral properties of the two compounds are unexpectedly very similar, and are dominated by torsional deformations in relatively short conjugated segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin John Lidster
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Shuzo Hirata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan .
| | - Shoki Matsuda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan .
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Venukrishnan Komanduri
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Dharam Raj Kumar
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan .
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan .
| | - Michael L Turner
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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15
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Sallam S, Dolog I, Paik BA, Jia X, Kiick KL, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence and Conformational Analysis of Peptide–Polymer Bioconjugates by Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1498-1507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sallam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Dolog
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bradford A. Paik
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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16
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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17
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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18
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Alalwiat A, Tang W, Gerişlioğlu S, Becker ML, Wesdemiotis C. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Characterization of Bioactive Peptide-Synthetic Polymer Conjugates. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1170-1177. [PMID: 27936608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioconjugate BMP2-(PEO-HA)2, composed of a dendron with two monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) branches terminated by a hydroxyapatite binding peptide (HA), and a focal point substituted with a bone growth stimulating peptide (BMP2), has been comprehensively characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) methods, encompassing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization (ESI), tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). MS2 experiments using different ion activation techniques validated the sequences of the synthetic, bioactive peptides HA and BMP2, which contained highly basic amino acid residues either at the N-terminus (BMP2) or C-terminus (HA). Application of MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and IM-MS to the polymer-peptide biomaterial confirmed its composition. Collision cross-section measurements and molecular modeling indicated that BMP2-(PEO-HA)2 exists in several folded and extended conformations, depending on the degree of protonation. Protonation of all basic sites of the hybrid material nearly doubles its conformational space and accessible surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alalwiat
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Wen Tang
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Selim Gerişlioğlu
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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19
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Polymer architectures via mass spectrometry and hyphenated techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Alalwiat A, Grieshaber SE, Paik BA, Kiick KL, Jia X, Wesdemiotis C. Top-down mass spectrometry of hybrid materials with hydrophobic peptide and hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer blocks. Analyst 2016; 140:7550-64. [PMID: 26460278 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS) methodology is introduced for the molecular level characterization of polymer-peptide (or polymer-protein) copolymers that cannot be crystallized or chromatographically purified. It encompasses electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) coupled with mass analysis, tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) and gas-phase separation by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). The entire analysis is performed in the mass spectrometer ("top-down" approach) within milliseconds and with high sensitivity, as demonstrated for hybrid materials composed of hydrophobic poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) or hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) blocks tethered to the hydrophobic decapeptide VPGVGVPGVG (VG2) via triazole linkages. The composition of the major products can be rapidly surveyed by MALDI-MS and MS(2). For a more comprehensive characterization, the ESI-IM-MS (and MS(2)) combination is more suitable, as it separates the hybrid materials based on their unique charges and shapes from unconjugated polymer and partially hydrolyzed products. Such separation is essential for reducing spectral congestion, deconvoluting overlapping compositions and enabling straightforward structural assignments, both for the hybrid copolymers as well as the polymer and peptide reactants. The IM dimension also permits the measurement of collision cross-sections (CCSs), which reveal molecular architecture. The MS and MS(2) spectra of the mobility separated ions conclusively showed that [PtBA-VG2]m and [PAA-VG2]m chains with the expected compositions and sequences were formed. Single and double copolymer blocks (m = 1-2) could be detected. Further, the CCSs of the hybrids, which were prepared via azide/alkyne cycloadditions, confirmed the formation of macrocyclic structures. The top-down methodology described would be particularly useful for the detection and identification of peptide/protein-polymer conjugates which are increasingly used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alalwiat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
| | - Sarah E Grieshaber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Bradford A Paik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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21
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Chendo C, Le D, Phan TNT, Gigmes D, Charles L. Multidimensional mass spectrometry to characterize degradation products generated during MALDI of polystyrenes prepared by controlled radical polymerization techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Dao Le
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
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22
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Bridoux MC, Schwarzenberg A, Schramm S, Cole RB. Combined use of direct analysis in real-time/Orbitrap mass spectrometry and micro-Raman spectroscopy for the comprehensive characterization of real explosive samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5677-5687. [PMID: 27318472 PMCID: PMC4958401 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) high-resolution Orbitrap™ mass spectrometry (HRMS) in combination with Raman microscopy was used for the detailed molecular level characterization of explosives including not only the charge but also the complex matrix of binders, plasticizers, polymers, and other possible organic additives. A total of 15 defused military weapons including grenades, mines, rockets, submunitions, and mortars were examined. Swabs and wipes were used to collect trace (residual) amounts of explosives and their organic constituents from the defused military weapons and micrometer-size explosive particles were transferred using a vacuum suction-impact collection device (vacuum impactor) from wipe and swap samples to an impaction plate made of carbon. The particles deposited on the carbon plate were then characterized using micro-Raman spectroscopy followed by DART-HRMS providing fingerprint signatures of orthogonal nature. The optical microscope of the micro-Raman spectrometer was first used to localize and characterize the explosive charge on the impaction plate which was then targeted for identification by DART-HRMS analysis in both the negative and positive modes. Raman spectra of the explosives TNT, RDX and PETN were acquired from micrometer size particles and characterized by the presence of their characteristic Raman bands obtained directly at the surface of the impaction plate nondestructively without further sample preparation. Negative mode DART-HRMS confirmed the types of charges contained in the weapons (mainly TNT, RDX, HMX, and PETN; either as individual components or as mixtures). These energetic compounds were mainly detected as deprotonated species [M–H]−, or as adduct [M + 35Cl]−, [M + 37Cl]−, or [M + NO3]− anions. Chloride adducts were promoted in the heated DART reagent gas by adding chloroform vapors to the helium stream using an “in-house” delivery method. When the polarity was switched to positive mode, DART-HRMS revealed a very complex distribution of polymeric binders (mainly polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols), plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl sebacate, tributyl phosphate), as well as wax-like compounds whose structural features could not be precisely assigned. In positive mode, compounds were identified either as protonated molecules or ammonium adduct species. These results clearly demonstrate the complementarity of micro-Raman microscopy combined with DART-MS. The former technique provides structural information on the type of explosives present at the surface of the sample, whereas the latter provides not only a confirmation of the nature of the explosive charge but also useful additional information regarding the nature of the complex organic matrix of binders, plasticizers, polymers, oils, and potentially other organic additives and contaminants present in the sample. Combining these two techniques provides a powerful tool for the screening, comprehensive characterization, and differentiation of particulate explosive samples for forensic sciences and homeland security applications. Comprehensive characterization of explosive particles collected from swipe samples by micro-Raman and DART™-HRMS ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard B Cole
- UPMC, IPCM/CSOB, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris cedex 05, France
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23
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Shi C, Gerişlioğlu S, Wesdemiotis C. Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Interfaced with Mass Spectrometry and Orthogonal Ion Mobility Separation for the Microstructure Characterization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Ren J, Tian Y, Hossain E, Connolly MD. Fragmentation Patterns and Mechanisms of Singly and Doubly Protonated Peptoids Studied by Collision Induced Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:646-661. [PMID: 26832347 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptoids are peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. The fragmentation patterns for six singly and doubly protonated model peptoids were studied via collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. The experiments were carried out on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source. Both singly and doubly protonated peptoids were found to fragment mainly at the backbone amide bonds to produce peptoid B-type N-terminal fragment ions and Y-type C-terminal fragment ions. However, the relative abundances of B- versus Y-ions were significantly different. The singly protonated peptoids fragmented by producing highly abundant Y-ions and lesser abundant B-ions. The Y-ion formation mechanism was studied through calculating the energetics of truncated peptoid fragment ions using density functional theory and by controlled experiments. The results indicated that Y-ions were likely formed by transferring a proton from the C-H bond of the N-terminal fragments to the secondary amine of the C-terminal fragments. This proton transfer is energetically favored, and is in accord with the observation of abundant Y-ions. The calculations also indicated that doubly protonated peptoids would fragment at an amide bond close to the N-terminus to yield a high abundance of low-mass B-ions and high-mass Y-ions. The results of this study provide further understanding of the mechanisms of peptoid fragmentation and, therefore, are a valuable guide for de novo sequencing of peptoid libraries synthesized via combinatorial chemistry. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Ekram Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Michael D Connolly
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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25
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Li A, Lu L, Li X, He L, Do C, Garno JC, Zhang D. Amidine-Mediated Zwitterionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Alkyl N-Carboxyanhydride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Architecture Elucidation. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - LiLin He
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Changwoo Do
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jayne C. Garno
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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26
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Qi Y, Volmer DA. Structural analysis of small to medium-sized molecules by mass spectrometry after electron-ion fragmentation (ExD) reactions. Analyst 2016; 141:794-806. [PMID: 26725919 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron capture dissociation (ECD) is a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method that utilizes the interaction of ions and electrons. Its unique ability to preserve labile bonds distinguishes it from conventional threshold-based MS/MS methods, the most important of which is collision-induced dissociation (CID). During the last decade, ECD has opened up several new venues in protein analyses, for example top-down sequencing, identification of post-translational modifications, and characterization of protein-protein interactions. In recent years, a number of related dissociation techniques, so-called ExD techniques, particularly electron transfer dissociation (ETD), electron detachment dissociation (EDD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), have emerged and have extended the application range of ion-electron dissociations further. Importantly, ExD techniques have been applied beyond protein analyses, which is the focus of the current paper. This short introduction describes the application of ExD to small and medium-sized molecules and reviews important applications to natural products, biomedical compounds, synthetic molecules, crude oils, and environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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27
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Katzenmeyer BC, Hague SF, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Separation by Polarity or Shape for the Characterization of Sugar-Based Nonionic Surfactants. Anal Chem 2015; 88:851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Katzenmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shayna F. Hague
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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28
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Zhang W, Quernheim M, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Collision-Induced Dissociation Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for the Elucidation of Unknown Structures in Strained Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Macrocycles. Anal Chem 2015; 88:952-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Quernheim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Fischer JL, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Siriwardena-Mahanama BN, Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Allen MJ, Trimpin S. Matrix-Assisted Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Selective Analysis of a Europium-PEG Complex in a Crude Mixture. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2086-2095. [PMID: 26453417 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analytical utility of a new and simple to use ionization method, matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize a 2-armed europium(III)-containing poly(ethylene glycol) (Eu-PEG) complex directly from a crude sample. MAI was used with the matrix 1,2-dicyanobenzene, which affords low chemical background relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). MAI provides high ion abundance of desired products in comparison to ESI and MALDI. Inductively coupled plasma-MS measurements were used to estimate a maximum of 10% of the crude sample by mass was the 2-arm Eu-PEG complex, supporting evidence of selective ionization of Eu-PEG complexes using the new MAI matrix, 1,2-dicyanobenzene. Multiply charged ions formed in MAI enhance the IMS gas-phase separation, especially relative to the singly charged ions observed with MALDI. Individual components are cleanly separated and readily identified, allowing characterization of the 2-arm Eu-PEG conjugate from a mixture of the 1-arm Eu-PEG complex and unreacted starting materials. Size-exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography at critical conditions, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and ESI-IMS-MS had difficulties with this analysis, or failed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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30
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Liu X, Cool LR, Lin K, Kasko AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers. Analyst 2015; 140:1182-91. [PMID: 25519163 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS(2) and MS(n) studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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31
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Foley CD, Zhang B, Alb AM, Trimpin S, Grayson SM. Use of Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry to Elucidate Architectural Dispersity within Star Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:778-782. [PMID: 35596476 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The power of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) as an analytical technology for differentiating macromolecular architecture is demonstrated. The presence of architectural dispersity within a sample is probed by sequentially measuring both the drift time and the mass-to-charge ratio for every component within a polymer sample. The utility of this technology is demonstrated by investigating three poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) architectures with closely related average molecular weights of about 9000 Da: a linear PEG, an unevenly branched miktoarm star PEG, and evenly branched homoarm star PEGs. The three architectures were readily distinguished when analyzed separately as "pure" architectures or when analyzed as mixtures. IMS-MS results are contrasted with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS and viscometry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey D. Foley
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | | | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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32
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Wei J, Bristow AWT, O'Connor PB. The Competitive influence of Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, and H+ on the fragmentation of a PEGylated polymeric excipient. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:166-173. [PMID: 25326058 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) of doubly charged tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) have been examined. Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ag(+), and H(+) were selected in the study, and the competitive influence of each ion was investigated by fragmenting TPGS attached with two different cations, [M + X1 + X2](2+) (X1 and X2 refer to Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ag(+), H(+)). For metallic adducts, CAD results show that the dissociation of ionic adducts from the precursor is most likely depending on the binding strength, where the affinity of each ion to the TPGS is in the order of Ag(+) ≈ Li(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+). Introducing more strongly bound adducts increases fragmentation. During ECD, however, the silver cation is lost most easily compared with the other alkali metal ions, but silver also shows a dominant role in producing fragmentations. Moreover, the charge carriers are lost in an order (Ag(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) ≥ Li(+) where the loss of Ag is most easily) that appears to correlate with the standard reduction potential of the metallic ions (Ag(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) ˃ Li(+)). The ECD results suggest that the reduction potential of the charge carrier could be an important factor influencing the fragmentation, where the ion with a high reduction potential is more effective in capturing electrons, but may also be lost easily before leading to any fragmentation. Finally, a proton has the weakest binding with the TPGS according to the CAD results, and its dissociation in ECD follows the order of the reduction potential (Ag(+) ˃ H(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) > Li(+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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33
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Peschko K, Schade A, Vollrath SBL, Schwarz U, Luy B, Muhle-Goll C, Weis P, Bräse S. Dendrimer-Type Peptoid-Decorated Hexaphenylxylenes and Tetraphenylmethanes: Synthesis and Structure in Solution and in the Gas Phase. Chemistry 2014; 20:16273-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Çelikbıçak Ö, Salih B, Wesdemiotis C. Strong ionic interactions in noncovalent complexes between poly(ethylene imine), a cationic electrolyte, and Cibacron Blue, a nucleotide mimic--implications for oligonucleotide vectors. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:597-607. [PMID: 25044844 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers can bind DNA to form polyplexes, which are noncovalent complexes used for gene delivery into the targeted cells. For more insight on such biologically relevant systems, the noncovalent complexes between the cationic polymer poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and the nucleotide mimicking dye Cibacron Blue F3G-A (CB) were investigated using mass spectrometry methods. Two PEIs of low molecular weight were utilized (Mn ≈ 423 and 600 Da). The different types of CB anions produced by Na(+)/H(+) exchanges on the three sulfonic acid groups of CB and their dehydrated counterparts were responsible for complex formation with PEI. The CB anions underwent noncovalent complex formation with protonated, but not with sodiated PEI. A higher proportion of cyclic oligomers were detected in PEI423 than PEI600, but both architectures formed association products with CB. Tandem mass spectrometry studies revealed a significantly stronger noncovalent interaction between PEI and dehydrated CB than between PEI and intact CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömür Çelikbıçak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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36
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El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Wang B, Trimpin S. Characterizing synthetic polymers and additives using new ionization methods for mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1175-1184. [PMID: 24760557 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New inlet and vacuum ionization methods provide advantages of specificity, simplicity and speed for the analysis of synthetic polymers and polymer additives directly from surfaces such as fibers using mass spectrometry (MS) on different commercial mass spectrometers (Waters SYNAPT G2, Thermo LTQ Velos). METHODS We compare inlet ionization methods with the recently discovered vacuum ionization method. This method, termed matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV), utilizes the matrix 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN) for the analysis of synthetic polymers and additives without additional energy input by simply exposing the matrix:analyte:salt to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. Matrix:analyte:salt samples can be introduced while dry (surfaces, e.g. glass slides, pipet tips) or slightly wet (e.g. filter paper, pipet tips). RESULTS Compounds ionized by these methods can be analyzed in both positive and negative detection modes through cationization or deprotonation, respectively. The dynamic range of the experiment can be enhanced, as well as structural analysis performed, by coupling the vacuum ionization method with ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of 3-NBN matrix to ionize small and large nonvolatile analyte molecules by MAIV makes this matrix a good choice for observing low-abundance additives in the presence of large amounts of synthetic polymer using MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Brown HA, Xiong S, Medvedev GA, Chang YA, Abu-Omar MM, Caruthers JM, Waymouth RM. Zwitterionic Ring-Opening Polymerization: Models for Kinetics of Cyclic Poly(caprolactone) Synthesis. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500395j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Silei Xiong
- Forney
Hall of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Forney
Hall of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Young A. Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Forney
Hall of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Brown
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval
Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Forney
Hall of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Forsythe JG, Stow SM, Nefzger H, Kwiecien NW, May JC, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Structural characterization of methylenedianiline regioisomers by ion mobility-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and computational strategies: I. Electrospray spectra of 2-ring isomers. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4362-70. [PMID: 24678803 PMCID: PMC4014176 DOI: 10.1021/ac5001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Purified methylenedianiline (MDA)
regioisomers were structurally
characterized and differentiated using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS),
ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and IM-MS/MS in conjunction
with computational methods. It was determined that protonation sites
on the isomers can vary depending on the position of amino groups,
and the resulting protonation sites play a role in the gas-phase stability
of the isomer. We also observed differences in the relative distributions
of protonated conformations depending on experimental conditions and
instrumentation, which is consistent with previous studies on aniline
in the gas phase. This work demonstrates the utility of a multifaceted
approach for the study of isobaric species and elucidates why previous
MDA studies may have been unable to detect and/or differentiate certain
isomers. Such analysis may prove useful in the characterization of
larger MDA multimeric species, industrial MDA mixtures, and methylene
diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) mixtures used in polyurethane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay G Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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39
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Solak Erdem N, Alawani N, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of polysorbate 85, a nonionic surfactant, by liquid chromatography vs. ion mobility separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tintaru A, Chendo C, Wang Q, Viel S, Quéléver G, Peng L, Posocco P, Pricl S, Charles L. Conformational sensitivity of conjugated poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(amidoamine) molecules to cations adducted upon electrospray ionization – A mass spectrometry, ion mobility and molecular modeling study. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:163-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Rizzarelli P, Carroccio S. Modern mass spectrometry in the characterization and degradation of biodegradable polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:18-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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42
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“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Brown HA, Waymouth RM. Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization for the synthesis of high molecular weight cyclic polymers. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2585-96. [PMID: 23789724 DOI: 10.1021/ar400072z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers are an intriguing class of macromolecules. Because of the constraints of the cyclic topology and the absence of chain ends, the properties of these molecules differ from those of linear polymers in ways that remain poorly understood. Cyclic polymers present formidable synthetic challenges because the entropic penalty of coupling the chain ends grows exponentially with increasing molecular weight. In this Account, we describe recent progress in the application of zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization (ZROP) as a strategy for the synthesis of high molecular weight, cyclic polymers. Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization involves the addition of neutral organic nucleophiles to strained heterocyclic monomers; under appropriate conditions, cyclization of the resultant macrozwitterions generates cyclic macromolecules. We discuss the mechanistic and kinetic features of these zwitterionic ring-opening reactions and the conditions that influence the efficiency of the initiation, propagation, and cyclization to generate high molecular weight cyclic polymers. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are potent nucleophiles and relatively poor leaving groups, two features that are important for the generation of high molecular weight polymers. Investigations of the nature of the monomer and nucleophile have helped researchers understand the factors that govern the reactivity of these systems and their impact on the molecular weight and molecular weight distributions of the resulting cyclic polymers. We focus primarily on ZROP mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene nucleophiles but also discuss zwitterionic polymerizations with amidine, pyridine, and imidazole nucleophiles. The ZROP of N-carboxyanhydrides with N-hetereocyclic carbenes generates a family of functionalized cyclic polypeptoids. We can synthesize gradient lactone copolymers by exploiting differences in relative reactivity present in ZROP that differ from those of traditional metal-mediated polymerizations. These new synthetic methods have allowed us to investigate the influence of topology on the crystallization behavior, stereocomplexation, and solution properties of cyclic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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44
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Taylor L, Chen X, Ayres N. Synthesis of a glycosaminoglycan polymer mimetic using an N
-alkyl-N
,N
-linked urea oligomer containing glucose pendant groups. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leeanne Taylor
- University of Cincinnati; Department of Chemistry; 301 Clifton Court, PO Box 210172 Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- University of Cincinnati; Department of Chemistry; 301 Clifton Court, PO Box 210172 Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Neil Ayres
- University of Cincinnati; Department of Chemistry; 301 Clifton Court, PO Box 210172 Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
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45
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Polypeptoids by Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Substituted N-Carboxyanhydrides from Solid Supports. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:997-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Luxenhofer R, Fetsch C, Grossmann A. Polypeptoids: A perfect match for molecular definition and macromolecular engineering? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials; Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilian, University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Corinna Fetsch
- Functional Polymer Materials; Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilian, University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Arlett Grossmann
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
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47
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Lou N, Wang Y, Li X, Li H, Wang P, Wesdemiotis C, Sokolov AP, Xiong H. Dielectric Relaxation and Rheological Behavior of Supramolecular Polymeric Liquid. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lou
- Department of Polymer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.
R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer
Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas State University, San
Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Polymer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.
R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Dow Chemicals Company Limited, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer
Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.
R. China
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48
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS, Polovkov NY, Zhilyaev DI, Vinogradov AA, Ivanyuk AV. Characterization of low-molecular weight iodine-terminated polyethylenes by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with the use of derivatization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:163-173. [PMID: 24308197 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry, in conjunction with various derivatization approaches, have been applied to structure determination of individual oligomers and molecular-mass distributions (MMD) in low-molecular mass polyethylene having an iodine terminus. Direct GC/MS analysis has shown that the samples under investigation composed of polyethyelene-iodides (major components) and n-alkanes. Exchange reaction with methanol in the presence of NaOH gave rise to methoxy-derivatives and n-alkenes. Electron ionization mass spectra have shown that the former contained terminal methoxy groups indicating the terminal position of the iodine atom in the initial oligomers. MMD parameters have been determined with the aid of MALDI mass spectrometry followed by preliminary derivatization-formation of covalently bonded charge through the reaction of iodides with triphenylphosphine, trialkylamines, pyridine or quinoline. The mass spectra revealed well-resolved peaks for cationic parts of derivatized oligomers allowing the determination of MMD. The latter values have been compared with those calculated from GC/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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50
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Guo L, Lahasky SH, Ghale K, Zhang D. N-Heterocyclic carbene-mediated zwitterionic polymerization of N-substituted N-carboxyanhydrides toward poly(α-peptoid)s: kinetic, mechanism, and architectural control. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9163-71. [PMID: 22568497 DOI: 10.1021/ja210842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated polymerizations of N-butyl N-carboxyanhydride (Bu-NCA) to produce cyclic poly(N-butyl glycine)s (c-NHC-PNBGs) have been investigated in various solvents with NHCs having differing steric and electronic properties. Control over the polymer molecular weight (MW) and polymerization rate is strongly dependent on the solvent and the NHC structure. Kinetic studies reveal that the propagating intermediates for the polymerization in low dielectric solvents (e.g., THF or toluene) maintain cyclic architectures with two chain ends in close contact through Coulombic interaction. The NHCs not only initiate the polymerization, but also mediate the chain propagation as intramolecular counterions. Side reactions are significantly suppressed in low dielectric solvents due to the reduced basicity and nucleophilicity of the negatively charged chain ends of the zwitterions, resulting in quasi-living polymerization behavior. By contrast, the two charged chain ends of the zwitterionic species are fully dissociated in high dielectric solvents. The chain propagation proceeds as in conventional anionic polymerizations, wherein side reactions (e.g., transamidation) compete with chain propagation, resulting in significantly diminished control over polymer MW. The cyclic zwitterionic propagating species can be converted into their linear polymeric analogues (l-NHC-PNBGs) by end-capping with electrophiles (e.g., acetyl chloride) or the NHC-free cyclic analogues (c-PNBGs) by treatment with NaN(TMS)(2), as evidenced by MALDI-TOF MS, NMR, and SEC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, United States
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