1
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. The development of conjugated polymers as the cornerstone of organic electronics. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Lee J, Lee SM, Chen S, Kumari T, Kang SH, Cho Y, Yang C. Organic Photovoltaics with Multiple Donor-Acceptor Pairs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804762. [PMID: 30444544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional organic solar cells (OSCs) based on single donor-acceptor pairs, terpolymer- and ternary-based OSCs featuring multiple donor-acceptor pairs are promising strategies for enhancing the performance while maintaining an easy and simple synthetic process. Using multiple donor-acceptor pairs in the active layer, the key photovoltaic parameters (i.e., short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor) governing the OSC characteristics can be simultaneously or individually improved by positive changes in light-harvesting ability, molecular energy levels, and blend morphology. Here, these three major contributions are discussed with the aim of offering in-depth insights in combined terpolymers and ternary systems. Recent exemplary cases of OSCs with multiple donor-acceptor pairs are summarized and more advanced research and perspectives for further developments in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Tanya Kumari
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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3
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Li C, Cai M, Bao X, Liu Y, Yang R, Wan X. N-Alkylation vs. O-alkylation: influence on the performance of the photovoltaic cells based on a tetracyclic lactam polymer donor. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12310-12318. [PMID: 35515838 PMCID: PMC9063523 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactam-containing acceptors, which could provide two potential alkylation positions (N-alkylation and O-alkylation), are important building blocks for polymeric donors in high performance polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the influence of alkylation positions on the PSC performance has seldom been studied. Herein, we investigated the influence of O-alkylation and N-alkylation on a novel bislactam acceptor, namely dibenzonaphthyridinedione (DBND), on the physical properties of the corresponding polymers and hence their PSC performance. Besides O-alkylated and N-alkylated DBND, half-N-alkylated-half-O-alkylated DBND (N,O-DBND) was also prepared and copolymerized with stannyl bithiophene (2T). It was found that by varying the alkylation positions, the optical, crystalline and aggregation properties of the corresponding polymers were greatly altered. In comparison with P(N-DBND-2T) and P(O-DBND-2T), P(N,O-DBND-2T) shows both better solubility and shorter π–π stacking distance. By blending with PC71BM, P(N,O-DBND-2T) forms better nano-fibrillar phase separation so that less charge recombination is observed, thus leading to a much better power conversion efficiency (PCE) around 5%, which is the highest value of the conjugated system based on N,O-alkylated acceptors. The results show that the asymmetric N,O-alkylation protocol is a promising way to adjust the properties of the bislactam-containing conjugated polymers. The alkylation positions (N-alkylation & O-alkylation) of a bis-lactam containing acceptor has a strong influence on the solar cell performance of the corresponding polymers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- Jianghan University
- Wuhan 430056
| | - Mian Cai
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- 266590 Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
| | - Xichang Bao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- Jianghan University
- Wuhan 430056
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4
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Van Den Eede MP, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Controlled Polymerization of a Cyclopentadithiophene–Phenylene Alternating Copolymer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, University of Mons-UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, University of Mons-UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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5
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Samal S, Thompson BC. Converging the Hole Mobility of Poly(2- N-carbazoylethyl acrylate) with Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Isotacticity. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1161-1167. [PMID: 35651268 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonconjugated electroactive polymers (also known as pendant or side-chain electroactive polymers) promise several potential advantages relative to conjugated polymers including enhanced mechanical durability, greater stability and synthesis via living polymerization techniques. However, most previous examples suffer from low charge carrier mobility. Here, using poly(2-N-carbazoylethyl acrylate) (PCzEA) as a model polymer, we investigate the ability of side-chain tacticity to influence hole mobility. Specifically, we investigated polymers with dyad isotacticity (m) ranging from ∼45 to ∼95% synthesized by several methods including free radical polymerization and anionic polymerization. We found that the hole mobility (μh) measured via the space charge limited current (SCLC) technique increased proportionally to the increasing isotacticity from 2.11 × 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1 (m = 45.5%) to 4.68 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 (m = 94.7%) in unannealed samples and that mobilities could be boosted as high as 2.74 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 (m = 94.7%) with thermal annealing, which rivaled the well-known conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (μh = 5.8 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1). As such, we report here clear experimental evidence that control of side chain tacticity can enhance charge carrier mobility in nonconjugated pendant electroactive polymers, converging with mobilities typically only observed in conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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6
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Melenbrink EL, Hilby KM, Alkhadra MA, Samal S, Lipomi DJ, Thompson BC. Influence of Systematic Incorporation of Conjugation-Break Spacers into Semi-Random Polymers on Mechanical and Electronic Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32426-32434. [PMID: 30180546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An extensive family of semi-random polymers was prepared via Stille polycondensation with varying contents of alkyl spacers incorporated into the polymer backbone to serve as a break in conjugation. This family was investigated to determine the effect of alkyl spacer length and percent incorporation on the optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. The optical bandgap was found to steadily increase from 1.53 to 1.70 eV as the amount of spacer was increased from 10 mol percent to 40 mol percent while the length of the spacer had little to no effect. In space charge limited current (SCLC) carrier mobility measurements, hole mobility was found to decrease as the amount of spacer increased but was found to steadily increase as the length of the spacer was increased from 6 to 10 carbons. Mechanical properties were observed by film-on-elastomer and film-on-water measurements, with low elastic moduli and high ductility attributed both to the break in conjugation as well as the semi-random structure of the polymer backbone. Measurements of the mechanical properties using the buckling method revealed elastic moduli between 0.14 and 1.3 GPa, and several polymers, when bonded to an elastomeric substrate, could be stretched beyond 80% strain. These polymers were further tested as free-standing films by obtaining a pull test on the surface of water, where we obtained tensile moduli between 0.13 and 0.75 GPa. These results indicate that semi-random polymers with conjugation-break spacers are promising candidates for further study in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Melenbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Kristan M Hilby
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Mohammad A Alkhadra
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
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7
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8
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Efficient benzodithiophene and thienopyrroledione containing random polymers as components for organic solar cells. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Ekiz S, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC. Exploring the influence of acceptor content on semi-random conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
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10
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11
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Pankow RM, Gobalasingham NS, Munteanu JD, Thompson BC. Preparation of semi‐alternating conjugated polymers using direct arylation polymerization (DArP) and improvement of photovoltaic device performance through structural variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - John D. Munteanu
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
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12
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Random multiacceptor poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives containing the pentacyclic lactam acceptor unit TPTI for bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Wan Z, Yang J, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhong Y, Li C, Zhang Z, Xing G, Huettner S, Tao Y, Li Y, Huang W. Cyclometalated Pt complex-based random terpolymers for efficient polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00924k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A terpolymer approach was introduced to increase the power conversion efficiency of solar cells by embedding small amounts of Pt-complex into PTB7-Th.
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14
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Gobalasingham NS, Ekiz S, Pankow RM, Livi F, Bundgaard E, Thompson BC. Carbazole-based copolymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP) for Suzuki-convergent polymer solar cell performance. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00859g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is used to synthesize a variety of carbazole-based copolymers for evaluation in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Francesco Livi
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
- DTU Energy
| | - Eva Bundgaard
- DTU Energy
- Technical University of Denmark
- Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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15
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Gobalasingham NS, Pankow RM, Thompson BC. Synthesis of random poly(hexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) copolymers via oxidative direct arylation polymerization (oxi-DArP). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxi-DArP is utilized for the simple, mild, and atom economical synthesis of two families of random P3HET copolymers without any preactivation of the monomers, demonstrating the compatibility of this emerging synthetic method with copolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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16
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Gobalasingham NS, Noh S, Howard JB, Thompson BC. Influence of Surface Energy on Organic Alloy Formation in Ternary Blend Solar Cells Based on Two Donor Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27931-27941. [PMID: 27660888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The compositional dependence of the open-circuit voltage (Voc) in ternary blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is correlated with the miscibility of polymers, which may be influenced by a number of attributes, including crystallinity, the random copolymer effect, or surface energy. Four ternary blend systems featuring poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene) (P3HT75-co-EHT25), poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-(hexyl-3-carboxylate)), herein referred to as poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-hexylesterthiophene) (P3HT50-co-3HET50), poly(3-hexylthiophene-thiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole) (P3HTT-DPP-10%), and an analog of P3HTT-DPP-10% with 40% of 3-hexylthiophene exchanged for 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylthiophen-2-yl (3MEO-T) (featuring an electronically decoupled oligoether side-chain), referred to as P3HTTDPP-MEO40%, are explored in this work. All four polymers are semicrystalline and rich in rr-P3HT content and perform well in binary devices with PC61BM. Except for P3HTTDPP-MEO40%, all polymers exhibit similar surface energies (∼21-22 mN/m). P3HTTDPP-MEO40% exhibits an elevated surface energy of around 26 mN/m. As a result, despite the similar optoelectronic properties and binary solar cell performance of P3HTTDPP-MEO40% compared to P3HTT-DPP-10%, the former exhibits a pinned Voc in two different sets of ternary blend devices. This is a stark contrast to previous rr-P3HT-based systems and demonstrates that surface energy, and its influence on miscibility, plays a critical role in the formation of organic alloys and can supersede the influence of crystallinity, the random copolymer effect, similar backbone structures, and HOMO/LUMO considerations. Therefore, we confirm surface energy compatibility as a figure-of-merit for predicting the compositional dependence of the Voc in ternary blend solar cells and highlight the importance of polymer miscibility in organic alloy formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Jenna B Howard
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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17
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Noh S, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC. Facile Enhancement of Open-Circuit Voltage in P3HT Analogues via Incorporation of Hexyl Thiophene-3-carboxylate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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18
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Howard JB, Ekiz S, Cuellar De Lucio AJ, Thompson BC. Investigation of Random Copolymer Analogues of a Semi-Random Conjugated Polymer Incorporating Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Cuellar De Lucio
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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19
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Howard JB, Ekiz S, Noh S, Thompson BC. Surface Energy Modification of Semi-Random P3HTT-DPP. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:977-981. [PMID: 35607215 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl solubilizing side chains on conjugated polymers can serve as a handle for modifying polymer properties. Recently, oligo-ether and semifluoro alkyl side chains were utilized to tune the surface energy of random P3HT-based polymers without changing the optical and electronic properties. Here, this method is applied to semi-random poly(3-hexylthiophene-thiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole) (P3HTT-DPP) and the subsequent polymer device, optical, electronic, structural, and thermal properties are characterized. P3HTMETT-DPP, bearing oligo-ether side chains, exhibited higher crystallinity, closer lamellar packing, and lower temperature thermal transitions. P3HTFHTT-DPP, featuring semifluoro alkyl side chains, presented reduced crystallinity, greater lamellar packing distances, and higher temperature thermal transitions. P3HTMETT-DPP performed similarly to P3HTT-DPP under identical processing conditions, whereas P3HTFHTT-DPP had greatly reduced JSC due to lower polymer concentration necessitated by solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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20
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Wang J, Kong L, Liang Z. Fine Control of Side Chains in Random π-Conjugated Terpolymers for Organic Photovoltaics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lingqiang Kong
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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21
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Kang TE, Choi J, Cho HH, Yoon SC, Kim BJ. Donor–Acceptor Random versus Alternating Copolymers for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells: Importance of Optimal Composition in Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eui Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Joonhyeong Choi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Han-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sung Cheol Yoon
- Advanced
Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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22
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Gao C, Jiang P, Shi K, Ma D, Li Y, Yu G, Li X, Wang H. Incorporation of Hexa-peri
-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) into Carbazole-Benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole Copolymers to Improve Hole Mobility and Photovoltaic Performance. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:766-74. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Pei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Keli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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23
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Hsiow CY, Lin YH, Raja R, Rwei SP, Chiu WY, Dai CA, Wang L. Modified structure of two-dimensional polythiophene derivatives by incorporating electron-deficient units into terthiophene-vinylene conjugated side chains and the polymer backbone: synthesis, optoelectronic and self-assembly properties, and photovoltaic application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular engineering on the conjugated side chains of two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers was conducted and its effect on the optical, electronic, self-assembly and photovoltaic properties was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yo Hsiow
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences
- National Taiwan University
- 10617 Taipei
- Taiwan
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Rathinam Raja
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences
- National Taiwan University
- 10617 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- 10617 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Chi-An Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- 10617 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Leeyih Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences
- National Taiwan University
- 10617 Taipei
- Taiwan
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24
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Jiang T, Yang J, Tao Y, Fan C, Xue L, Zhang Z, Li H, Li Y, Huang W. Random terpolymer with a cost-effective monomer and comparable efficiency to PTB7-Th for bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new random terpolymer PTB7-Th-T2 was designed and synthesized for high performance PSCs by incorporating a significantly lower-cost 2,2′-bithiophene monomer to the famous PTB7-Th skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Youtian Tao
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Cong Fan
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Lingwei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Hai Li
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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25
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Goker S, Hizalan G, Aktas E, Kutkan S, Cirpan A, Toppare L. 2,1,3-Benzooxadiazole, thiophene and benzodithiophene based random copolymers for organic photovoltaics: thiophene versus thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as π-conjugated linkers. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02469f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influence of spacers on the optoelectronic properties of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Goker
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Gonul Hizalan
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Ece Aktas
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Seda Kutkan
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
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26
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Rudenko AE, Khlyabich PP, Thompson BC. Random poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐
co
‐3‐cyanothiophene‐
co
‐3‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene) copolymers with high open‐circuit voltage in polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Petr P. Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
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27
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Andryszewski T, Czerwinski W, Fialkowski M. Tailoring Optical Properties of π-Conjugated Statistical Co-Oligomers Composed of 3-Pentylthiophene and 3-[(E
)-2-(1-Naphthyl)vinyl]thiophene through the Monomer Ratio in the Main Chain. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Andryszewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Czerwinski
- Department of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Gagarina 7 87-100 Torun Poland
| | - Marcin Fialkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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28
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Howard JB, Noh S, Beier AE, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning Surface Energy of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Heteroatom Modification of the Alkyl Side Chains. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:725-730. [PMID: 35596496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has pointed to polymer miscibility and surface energy as key figures of merit in the formation of organic alloys and synergistic behavior between components in ternary blend solar cells. Here, we present a simple model system and first report of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based random copolymers featuring either a semifluoroalkyl (P3HT-co-FHT) or oligoether (P3HT-co-MET) side chain, prepared via Stille polycondensation. Water drop contact angle measurements demonstrated that P3HT-co-FHT polymers reached a minimum surface energy of 14.2 mN/m at 50% composition of comonomers, while in contrast, P3HT-co-MET polymers increased as high as 27.0 mN/m at 50% composition, compared to P3HT at 19.9 mN/m. Importantly, the surface energy of the copolymers was found to vary regularly with comonomer composition and exhibited fine-tuning. Optical and electronic properties of the polymers are found to be composition independent as determined by UV-vis and CV measurements; HOMO energy levels ranged from 5.25 to 5.30 eV; and optical band gaps all measured 1.9 eV. Following this model, surface energy modification of state-of-the-art polymers, without altering desirable electronic and optical properties, is proposed as a useful tool in identifying and exploiting more alloying polymer pairs for ternary blend solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandra E. Beier
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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29
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Kuznetsov IE, Susarova DK, Inasaridze LN, Klyuev MV, Troshin PA. Synthesis of statistical carbazole–fluorene–thiophene–benzothiadiazole copolymers and their investigation in organic solar cells. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Khlyabich PP, Rudenko AE, Burkhart B, Thompson BC. Contrasting performance of donor-acceptor copolymer pairs in ternary blend solar cells and two-acceptor copolymers in binary blend solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2322-2330. [PMID: 25590225 DOI: 10.1021/am5066267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here two contrasting approaches to polymer-fullerene solar cells are compared. In the first approach, two distinct semi-random donor-acceptor copolymers are blended with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) to form ternary blend solar cells. The two poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based polymers contain either the acceptor thienopyrroledione (TPD) or diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP). In the second approach, semi-random donor-acceptor copolymers containing both TPD and DPP acceptors in the same polymer backbone, termed two-acceptor polymers, are blended with PC61BM to give binary blend solar cells. The two approaches result in bulk heterojunction solar cells that have the same molecular active-layer components but differ in the manner in which these molecular components are mixed, either by physical mixing (ternary blend) or chemical "mixing" in the two-acceptor (binary blend) case. Optical properties and photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies of the binary and ternary blends were found to have similar features and were described as a linear combination of the individual components. At the same time, significant differences were observed in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) behaviors of binary and ternary blend solar cells. While in case of two-acceptor polymers, the Voc was found to be in the range of 0.495-0.552 V, ternary blend solar cells showed behavior inherent to organic alloy formation, displaying an intermediate, composition-dependent and tunable Voc in the range from 0.582 to 0.684 V, significantly exceeding the values achieved in the two-acceptor containing binary blend solar cells. Despite the differences between the physical and chemical mixing approaches, both pathways provided solar cells with similar power conversion efficiencies, highlighting the advantages of both pathways toward highly efficient organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr P Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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31
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Andernach RE, Rossbauer S, Ashraf RS, Faber H, Anthopoulos TD, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Bronstein HA. Conjugated Polymer-Porphyrin Complexes for Organic Electronics. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1223-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Dai S, Cheng P, Lin Y, Wang Y, Ma L, Ling Q, Zhan X. Perylene and naphthalene diimide polymers for all-polymer solar cells: a comparative study of chemical copolymerization and physical blend. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00665a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five copolymers, having 4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]-dithiophene as a donor unit, and perylene diimide (PDI) and/or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as acceptor moieties, were synthesized, and used as electron acceptors in polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixing Dai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Pei Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Lanchao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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33
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Shaker M, Trinh CK, Kim W, Kim H, Lee K, Lee JS. Direct C–H arylation synthesis of (DD′AD′DA′)-constituted alternating polymers with low bandgaps and their photovoltaic performance. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alternating copolymers possess a planar backbone structure and high intramolecular charge transfer, and they contain a strong push–pull (D–A) system and gave a power conversion efficiency up to 2.36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaker
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Cuc Kim Trinh
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Wonbin Kim
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Heejoo Kim
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
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34
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Kuznetsov IE, Akkuratow AV, Susarova DK, Anokhin DV, Moskvin YL, Kluyev MV, Peregudov AS, Troshin PA. Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers as promising electron donor materials for organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7562-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers demonstrated tunable optoelectronic characteristics and solar cell performances approaching 6.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis V. Anokhin
- IPCP RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
- Moscow State University
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering
| | - Yuriy L. Moskvin
- The Branch of Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
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35
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Xu B, Noh S, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning of Polymer Properties by Incorporating Strongly Electron-Donating 3-Hexyloxythiophene Units into Random and Semi-random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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36
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Braunecker WA, Oosterhout SD, Owczarczyk ZR, Kopidakis N, Ratcliff EL, Ginley DS, Olson DC. Semi-random vs Well-Defined Alternating Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:622-627. [PMID: 35590757 DOI: 10.1021/mz5002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of backbone composition on the physical properties of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers composed of varying amounts of benzodithiophene (BDT) donor with the thienoisoindoledione (TID) acceptor is investigated. First, the synthesis of bis- and tris-BDT monomers is reported; these monomers are subsequently used in Stille copolymerizations to create well-defined alternating polymer structures with repeating (D-A), (D-D-A), and (D-D-D-A) units. For comparison, five semi-random D-A copolymers with a D:A ratio of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 7 were synthesized by reacting trimethyltin-functionalized BDT with various ratios of iodinated BDT and brominated TID. While the HOMO levels of all the resultant polymers are very similar, a systematic red shift in the absorbance spectra onset of the D-A copolymer films from 687 to 883 nm is observed with increasing acceptor content, suggesting the LUMO can be fine-tuned over a range of 0.4 eV. When the solid-state absorbance spectra of well-defined alternating copolymers are compared to those of semi-random copolymers with analogous D:A ratios, the spectra of the alternating copolymers are significantly more red-shifted. Organic photovoltaic device efficiencies show that the semi-random materials all outperform the well-defined alternating copolymers, and an optimal D:A ratio of 2 produces the highest efficiency. Additional considerations concerning fine-tuning the lifetimes of the photoconductance transients of copolymer:fullerene films measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity are discussed. Overall, the results of this work indicate that the semi-random approach is a powerful synthetic strategy for fine-tuning the optoelectronic and photophysical properties of D-A materials for a number of systematic studies, especially given the ease with which the D:A ratios in the semi-random copolymers can be tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade A. Braunecker
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stefan D. Oosterhout
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zbyslaw R. Owczarczyk
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Nikos Kopidakis
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - David S. Ginley
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dana C. Olson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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37
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Khlyabich PP, Rudenko AE, Street RA, Thompson BC. Influence of polymer compatibility on the open-circuit voltage in ternary blend bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:9913-9919. [PMID: 24955941 DOI: 10.1021/am502122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the open-circuit voltage (Voc) with composition in ternary blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is correlated with the miscibility of the polymers. Ternary blends based on poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-thiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole) (P3HTT-DPP-10%) with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) acceptor were investigated. The Voc is pinned to the lower value of the P3HTT-DPP-10%:PC61BM binary blend even up to 95% PCDTBT in the polymer fraction. This is in stark contrast to the previously investigated system based on P3HTT-DPP-10%, poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene) (P3HT75-co-EHT25), and PC61BM, where the Voc varied regularly across the full composition range, as explained by an organic alloy model, implying strong physical and electronic interaction between the polymers. Photocurrent spectral response (PSR) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements indicate that the present system does not exhibit the hallmarks of alloy formation. Measured values of the surface energies of the polymers support miscibility of P3HTT-DPP-10% with P3HT75-co-EHT25 but not with PCDTBT. Surface energy is proposed as a figure of merit for predicting alloy formation and compositional dependence of the Voc in ternary blend solar cells and miscibility between polymers is proposed as a necessary attribute for polymer pairs that will display alloy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr P Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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38
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Deng P, Xiong J, Li S, Wu Y, Yang J, Zhang Q. Random Copolymers Based on Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione and Isoindigo Building Blocks for Polymer Solar Cells. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Singh SP, Sharma GD. Near Infrared Organic Semiconducting Materials for Bulk Heterojunction and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2014; 14:419-81. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Singh
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technolog; Hyderabad 500607 India
| | - G. D. Sharma
- R & D center for Engineering and Science; JEC group of Colleges; Jaipur Engineering College Campus; Kukas Jaipur India
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40
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Lee GY, Moon BJ, Song S, Lee WH, Woo HY, Park T. Suppressing charge recombination by incorporating 3,6-carbazole into poly[9-(heptadecan-9-yl)-9H
-carbazole-2,7-diyl-alt-(5,6-bis-(octyloxy)-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2,5]-thiadiazole)-5,5-diyl]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Nam-gu; Pohang Kyoungbuk 790-780 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Nam-gu; Pohang Kyoungbuk 790-780 Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Nam-gu; Pohang Kyoungbuk 790-780 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ho Lee
- Department of Nanofusion Engineering; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Miryang Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Nanofusion Engineering; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Miryang Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Nam-gu; Pohang Kyoungbuk 790-780 Republic of Korea
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Rudenko AE, Latif AA, Thompson BC. Influence of β-linkages on the morphology and performance of DArP P3HT-PC61BM solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014005. [PMID: 24334441 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has emerged as a greener and more atom-efficient alternative to Stille polymerization. Despite the attractiveness of this method, DArP is known to produce β-linkages in polymers, which have β-protons available for activation. Here, we report the influence of the β-defect content in DArP poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells and the morphology of pristine polymers and their blends with PC61BM in thin films and compare with Stille P3HT containing 0% β-defects as a reference point. The optical and electrochemical properties as well as the hole mobilities of pristine polymers remain virtually the same when the amount of β-defects is limited to 0.75% or lower, as evidenced by UV-visible absorption spectra, cyclic voltammetry and space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mobility measurements. However, an increase of β-defect concentration to 1.41% significantly affects the oxidation onset, UV-visible absorption profile and hole mobility of P3HT. The key result of this study is that the photovoltaic performance of DArP P3HT with 0% β-defects is remarkably close to that of Stille P3HT, whereas the performance of DArP P3HT with 0-0.75% β-defects does not differ dramatically from that of Stille P3HT and could potentially be improved upon by individual optimization of the processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1661, USA
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42
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Paulsen BD, Speros JC, Claflin MS, Hillmyer MA, Frisbie CD. Tuning of HOMO energy levels and open circuit voltages in solar cells based on statistical copolymers prepared by ADMET polymerization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00832d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A donor–acceptor statistical copolymer series spanning the entire composition window was prepared and studied in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Megan S. Claflin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
- University of Colorado at Boulder
- Boulder, USA
| | | | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
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43
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Rudenko AE, Noh S, Thompson BC. Influence of selenophene on the properties of semi-random polymers and their blends with PC61BM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:484002. [PMID: 24196287 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/48/484002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to broaden the absorption of conjugated polymers, atomistic bandgap control was applied to the semi-random polymer architecture. Here, we report the physical properties of semi-random polyselenophenes as compared to analogous polythiophenes. In order to examine the effect of the selenium heteroatom on the optical properties of the polymers, UV-vis spectra were studied and it was found that all polyselenophenes exhibit lower bandgaps and higher absorption coefficients in thin films. Further, differential scanning calorimetry and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction results indicate that semi-random polyselenophenes are semicrystalline polymers and their (100) interchain distances are shorter than in the case of semi-random polythiophenes, which may be responsible for higher absorption coefficients. To probe the effect of the selenium heteroatom on the nano-organization of these polymers and their blends with PC61BM, thin films were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM images show a segregation between more densely packed areas from less densely packed areas in the pristine polymer films, which is more pronounced for polyselenophenes than for polythiophenes. The blends of polyselenophenes with PC61BM do not show the well-defined segregation observed for the polythiophene analogues. However, the broadened and extended absorption of semi-random polyselenophenes translates into an extended photocurrent response in the photovoltaic devices, as evidenced by external quantum efficiency measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1661, USA
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45
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Khlyabich PP, Burkhart B, Rudenko AE, Thompson BC. Optimization and simplification of polymer–fullerene solar cells through polymer and active layer design. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Naik MA, Patil S. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymers and small molecules for organic ambipolar transistors and solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallari A. Naik
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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47
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Hendriks KH, Heintges GHL, Gevaerts VS, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. High-Molecular-Weight Regular Alternating Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Terpolymers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8341-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Hendriks KH, Heintges GHL, Gevaerts VS, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. High-Molecular-Weight Regular Alternating Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Terpolymers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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50
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Zhou J, Xie S, Amond EF, Becker ML. Tuning Energy Levels of Low Bandgap Semi-Random Two Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400531v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Zhou
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Sibai Xie
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Emily F. Amond
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
- Center for Biomaterials
in Medicine, Austen Bioinnovation Institute in Akron, Akron, Ohio
44308, United States
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