1
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Chen J, Li L, Luo J, Meng L, Zhao X, Song S, Demchuk Z, Li P, He Y, Sokolov AP, Cao PF. Covalent adaptable polymer networks with CO 2-facilitated recyclability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6605. [PMID: 39098918 PMCID: PMC11298553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-linked polymers with covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can be reprocessed under external stimuli owing to the exchangeability of dynamic covalent bonds. Optimization of reprocessing conditions is critical since increasing the reprocessing temperature costs more energy and even deteriorates the materials, while reducing the reprocessing temperature via molecular design usually narrows the service temperature range. Exploiting CO2 gas as an external trigger for lowering the reprocessing barrier shows great promise in low sample contamination and environmental friendliness. Herein, we develop a type of CANs incorporated with ionic clusters that achieve CO2-facilitated recyclability without sacrificing performance. The presence of CO2 can facilitate the rearrangement of ionic clusters, thus promoting the exchange of dynamic bonds. The effective stress relaxation and network rearrangement enable the system with rapid recycling under CO2 while retaining excellent mechanical performance in working conditions. This work opens avenues to design recyclable polymer materials with tunable dynamics and responsive recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Lingyao Meng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- GCP Applied Technologies, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA
| | - Shenghan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Zoriana Demchuk
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Stevens MJ, Rempe SLB. Binding of Li + to Negatively Charged and Neutral Ligands in Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10200-10207. [PMID: 37930189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Conceptually, single-ion polymer electrolytes (SIPE) with the anion bound to the polymer could solve major issues in Li-ion batteries, but their conductivity is too low. Experimentally, weakly interacting anionic groups have the best conductivity. To provide a theoretical basis for this result, density functional theory calculations of the optimized geometries and energies are performed for charged ligands used in SIPE. Comparison is made to neutral ligands found in dual-ion conductors, which demonstrate higher conductivity. The free energy differences between adding and subtracting a ligand are small enough for the neutral ligands to have the conductivity seen experimentally. However, charged ligands have large barriers, implying that lithium transport will coincide with the slow polymer diffusion, as observed in experiments. Overall, SIPE will require additional solvent to achieve a sufficiently high conductivity. Additionally, the binding of mono- and bidentate geometries varies, providing a simple and clear reason that polarizable force fields are required for detailed interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Susan L B Rempe
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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3
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Liu J, Schaefer JL. Li + Conduction in Glass-Forming Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes with and without Ion Clusters. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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4
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Huo H, Zhao W, Duan X, Sun ZY. Control of Diblock Copolyelectrolyte Morphology through Electric Field Application. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Huo
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
| | - Wanchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining835000, China
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5
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Jones S, Bamford J, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Decoupling Ion Transport and Matrix Dynamics to Make High Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:430-448. [PMID: 36561285 PMCID: PMC9761859 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transport of ions through solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) involves a complicated interplay of ion solvation, ion-ion interactions, ion-polymer interactions, and free volume. Nonetheless, prevailing viewpoints on the subject promote a significantly simplified picture, likening ion transport in a polymer to that in an unstructured fluid at low solute concentrations. Although this idealized liquid transport model has been successful in guiding the design of homogeneous electrolytes, structured electrolytes provide a promising alternate route to achieve high ionic conductivity and selectivity. In this perspective, we begin by describing the physical origins of the idealized liquid transport mechanism and then proceed to examine known cases of decoupling between the matrix dynamics and ionic transport in SPEs. Specifically we discuss conditions for "decoupled" mobility that include a highly polar electrolyte environment, a percolated path of free volume elements (either through structured or unstructured channels), high ion concentrations, and labile ion-electrolyte interactions. Finally, we proceed to reflect on the potential of these mechanisms to promote multivalent ion conductivity and the need for research into the interfacial properties of solid polymer electrolytes as well as their performance at elevated potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus
D. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James Bamford
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,
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6
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Balzer C, Frischknecht AL. Explicit Polarization in Coarse-Grained Simulations of Ionomer Melts. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Balzer
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800
MS 1303, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185-1303, United States
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7
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Liu J, Yang L, Pickett PD, Park B, Schaefer JL. Li + Transport in Single-Ion Conducting Side-Chain Polymer Electrolytes with Nanoscale Self-Assembly of Ordered Ionic Domains. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lingyu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Phillip D. Pickett
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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8
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Karatrantos AV, Khantaveramongkol J, Kröger M. Structure and Diffusion of Ionic PDMS Melts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3070. [PMID: 35956584 PMCID: PMC9370667 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic polymers exhibit mechanical properties that can be widely tuned upon selectively charging them. However, the correlated structural and dynamical properties underlying the microscopic mechanism remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate, for the first time, the structure and diffusion of randomly and end-functionalized ionic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) melts with negatively charged bromide counterions, by means of atomistic molecular dynamics using a united atom model. In particular, we find that the density of the ionic PDMS melts exceeds the one of their neutral counterpart and increases as the charge density increases. The counterions are condensed to the cationic part of end-functionalized cationic PDMS chains, especially for the higher molecular weights, leading to a slow diffusion inside the melt; the counterions are also correlated more strongly to each other for the end-functionalized PDMS. Temperature has a weak effect on the counterion structure and leads to an Arrhenius type of behavior for the counterion diffusion coefficient. In addition, the charge density of PDMS chains enhances the diffusion of counterions especially at higher temperatures, but hinders PDMS chain dynamics. Neutral PDMS chains are shown to exhibit faster dynamics (diffusion) than ionic PDMS chains. These findings contribute to the theoretical description of the correlations between structure and dynamical properties of ion-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Jettawat Khantaveramongkol
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Lin C, Wei H, Li H, Duan X. Structures of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions: the sign effect. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1603-1616. [PMID: 35080232 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01700d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we use molecular dynamics simulation to explore the structures of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. We first confirm the significantly stronger solvation effects of single anions compared to cations in water at the fixed ion radii, due to the reversal orientations of asymmetric dipolar H2O molecules around the ions. Based on this, we demonstrate that the solvation discrepancy of cations/anions and electrostatic correlations of ionic species can synergistically cause the nontrivial structural difference between single anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes. The cationic polyelectrolyte shows an extended structure whereas the anionic polyelectrolyte exhibits a collapsed structure, and their structural differences decline with increasing the counterion size. Furthermore, we corroborate that multiple cationic polyelectrolytes or multiple anionic polyelectrolytes can exhibit largely differential molecular architectures in aqueous solutions. In the solvation dominant regime, the polyelectrolyte solutions exhibit uniform structures; whereas, in the electrostatic correlation dominant regime, the polyelectrolyte solutions exhibit heterogeneous structures, in which the likely charged chains microscopically aggregate through counterion condensations. Increasing the intrinsic chain rigidity causes polyelectrolyte extension and hence moderately weakens the inter-chain clustering. Our work highlights the various, unique structures and molecular architectures of polyelectrolytes in solutions caused by the multi-body correlations between polyelectrolytes, counterions and asymmetric dipolar solvent molecules, which provides insights into the fundamental understanding of ion-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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10
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Mohottalalage SS, Aryal D, Thurston BA, Grest GS, Perahia D. Effects of Ionic Group Distribution on the Structure and Dynamics of Amorphous Polymer Melts. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supun S. Mohottalalage
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Dipak Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bryce A. Thurston
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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11
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Lindenmeyer KM, Miller KM. Thiol‐yne photoclick polymerization as a method for preparing
imidazolium‐containing
ionene networks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry Murray State University Murray Kentucky USA
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12
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Yang Z, Xu X, Xu WS. Influence of Ionic Interaction Strength on Glass Formation of an Ion-Containing Polymer Melt. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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13
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Li W, Olvera de la Cruz M. Glass transition of ion-containing polymer melts in bulk and thin films. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8420-8433. [PMID: 34542131 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers often are good glass formers, and the glass transition temperature is an important parameter to consider for practical applications, which prescribes the working temperature range for different mechanical and dynamic properties. In this work, we present a systematic molecular dynamics simulation study on the coupling of ionic correlations with the glass transition, based on a generic coarse-grained model of ionic polymers. The variation of the glass transition temperature is examined concerning the influence of the electrostatic interaction strength, charge fraction, and charge sequence. The interplay with the film thickness effect is also discussed. Our results reveal a few typical features about the glass transition process that are in qualitative agreement with previous studies, further highlighting the effects of counterion entropy at weak ionic correlations and physical crosslinking of ionic aggregates at strong ionic correlations. Detailed parametric dependencies are displayed, which demonstrate that introducing strong ionic correlations promotes vitrification while adopting a precise charge sequence and applying strong confinement with weak surface affinity reduce the glass transition temperature. Overall, our investigation provides an improved picture towards a comprehensive understanding of the glass transition in ion-containing polymeric systems from a molecular simulation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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15
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Abstract
We present a general theory of ionic conductivity in polymeric materials consisting of percolated ionic pathways. Identifying two key length scales corresponding to inter-path permeation distance ξ and one-dimensional hopping conduction path length mλ, we have derived closed-form formulas in terms of the energy U required to unbind a conductive ion from its bound state and the partition ratio ξ/mλ between the three-dimensional permeation and one-dimensional hopping pathways. The results provide design strategies to significantly enhance ionic conductivity in single-ion conductors. For large barriers to dissociate an ion, corrections to the Arrhenius law are presented. The predicted dependence of ionic conductivity on the unbinding time is in agreement with results in the literature based on simulations and experiments. This theory is generally applicable to conductive systems where the two mechanisms of permeation and hopping occur concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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16
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Influence of counteranion and humidity on the thermal, mechanical and conductive properties of covalently crosslinked ionenes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Ma B, Olvera de la Cruz M. A Perspective on the Design of Ion-Containing Polymers for Polymer Electrolyte Applications. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3015-3022. [PMID: 33635658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers have numerous potential applications as energy storage and conversion devices, water purification membranes, and gas separation membranes, to name a few. Given the low dielectric constant of the media, ions and charges on polymers in a molten state interact strongly producing large effects on chain statistics, thermodynamics, and diffusion properties. Here, we discuss recent research accomplishments on the effects of ionic correlation and dielectric heterogeneity on the phase behavior of ion-containing polymers. Progress made in studying ion transport properties in these material systems is also highlighted. Charged block copolymers (BCPs), among all kinds of ion-containing polymers, have a particular advantage owing to their robust mechanical support and ion conducting paths provided by the segregation of the neutral and charged blocks. Coulombic interactions among the charges play a critical role in determining the phase segregation in charged BCPs and the domain size of charge-rich regions. We show that strongly charged BCPs display ordered phases as a result of electrostatic interactions alone. In addition, bulky charge-containing side groups attached to the charged block lead to the formation of morphologies that provide continuous channels and better dissociation for ion conduction purposes. Finally, a few avenues for designing ion-containing polymers for energy applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Correlations and Their Impact on Transport in Polymer-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Senanayake M, Perahia D, Grest GS. Effects of interaction strength of associating groups on linear and star polymer dynamics. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074903. [PMID: 33607879 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of associating groups incorporated onto a polymer backbone have dramatic effects on the mobility and viscoelastic response of the macromolecules in melts. These associating groups assemble, driving the formation of clusters, whose lifetime affects the properties of the polymers. Here, we probe the effects of the interaction strength on the structure and dynamics of two topologies, linear and star polymer melts, and further investigate blends of associative and non-associating polymers using molecular dynamics simulations. Polymer chains of approximately one entanglement length are described by a bead-spring model, and the associating groups are incorporated in the form of interacting beads with an interaction strength between them that is varied from 1 to 20 kBT. We find that, for all melts and blends, interaction of a few kBT between the associating groups drives cluster formation, where the size of the clusters increases with increasing interaction strength. These clusters act as physical crosslinkers, which slow the chain mobility. Blends of chains with and without associating groups macroscopically phase separate for interaction strength between the associating groups of a few kBT and above. For weakly interacting associating groups, the static structure function S(q) is well fit by functional form predicted by the random phase approximation where a clear deviation occurs as phase segregation takes place, providing a quantitative assessment of phase segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Senanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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20
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Shen KH, Fan M, Hall LM. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion-Containing Polymers Using Generic Coarse-Grained Models. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsuan Shen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mengdi Fan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Onsager Transport Coefficients and Transference Numbers in Polyelectrolyte Solutions and Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
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22
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Paren BA, Thurston BA, Neary WJ, Kendrick A, Kennemur JG, Stevens MJ, Frischknecht AL, Winey KI. Percolated Ionic Aggregate Morphologies and Decoupled Ion Transport in Precise Sulfonated Polymers Synthesized by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Paren
- Dept. Of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
| | - Bryce A. Thurston
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - William J. Neary
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Aaron Kendrick
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Mark J. Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Dept. Of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
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23
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Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes and high-concentration liquid electrolytes, such as water-in-salt electrolytes and ionic liquids, are emerging materials to replace the flammable organic electrolytes widely used in industrial lithium-ion batteries. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the ion transport mechanisms and optimize the ion transport properties. This perspective reviews the current understanding of the ion transport and polymer dynamics in liquid and polymer electrolytes, comparing the similarities and differences in the two types of electrolytes. Combining recent experimental and theoretical findings, we attempt to connect and explain ion transport mechanisms in different types of small-molecule and polymer electrolytes from a theoretical perspective, linking the macroscopic transport coefficients to the microscopic, molecular properties such as the solvation environment of the ions, salt concentration, solvent/polymer molecular weight, ion pairing, and correlated ion motion. We emphasize universal features in the ion transport and polymer dynamics by highlighting the relevant time and length scales. Several outstanding questions and anticipated developments for electrolyte design are discussed, including the negative transference number, control of ion transport through precision synthesis, and development of predictive multiscale modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yun Son
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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24
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Bollinger JA, Stevens MJ, Frischknecht AL. Quantifying Single-Ion Transport in Percolated Ionic Aggregates of Polymer Melts. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:583-587. [PMID: 35648490 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-ion conducting polymers such as ionomers are promising battery electrolyte materials, but it is critical to understand how rates and mechanisms of free cation transport depend on the nanoscale aggregation of cations and polymer-bound anions. We perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of ionomer melts to understand cation mobility as a function of polymer architecture, background relative permittivity, and corresponding ionic aggregate morphology. In systems exhibiting percolated ionic aggregates, cations diffuse via stepping motions along the ionic aggregates. These diffusivities can be quantitatively predicted by calculating the lifetimes of continuous association between oppositely charged ions, which equal the time scales of the stepping (diffusive) motions. In contrast, predicting cation diffusivity for systems with isolated ionic aggregates requires another time scale. Our results suggest that to improve conductivity the Coulombic interaction strength should be strong enough to favor percolated aggregates but weak enough to facilitate ion dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Bollinger
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mark J. Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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25
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Chu W, Webb MA, Deng C, Colón YJ, Kambe Y, Krishnan S, Nealey PF, de Pablo JJ. Understanding Ion Mobility in P2VP/NMP+I– Polymer Electrolytes: A Combined Simulation and Experimental Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael A. Webb
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chuting Deng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yamil J. Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yu Kambe
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 70439, United States
| | - Satya Krishnan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 70439, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 70439, United States
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26
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Yan L, Hoang L, Winey KI. Ionomers from Step-Growth Polymerization: Highly Ordered Ionic Aggregates and Ion Conduction. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
| | - Lauren Hoang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
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27
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Perry SL, Sing CE. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Opportunities in the Physics of Sequence-Defined Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:216-225. [PMID: 35638672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer science has been driven by ever-increasing molecular complexity, as polymer synthesis expands an already-vast palette of chemical and architectural parameter space. Copolymers represent a key example, where simple homopolymers have given rise to random, alternating, gradient, and block copolymers. Polymer physics has provided the insight needed to explore this monomer sequence parameter space. The future of polymer science, however, must contend with further increases in monomer precision, as this class of macromolecules moves ever closer to the sequence-monodisperse polymers that are the workhorses of biology. The advent of sequence-defined polymers gives rise to opportunities for material design, with increasing levels of chemical information being incorporated into long-chain molecules; however, this also raises questions that polymer physics must address. What properties uniquely emerge from sequence-definition? Is this circumstance-dependent? How do we define and think about sequence dispersity? How do we think about a hierarchy of sequence effects? Are more sophisticated characterization methods, as well as theoretical and computational tools, needed to understand this class of macromolecules? The answers to these questions touch on many difficult scientific challenges, setting the stage for a rich future for sequence-defined polymers in polymer physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts−Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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28
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Shakya A, Girard M, King JT, Olvera de la Cruz M. Role of Chain Flexibility in Asymmetric Polyelectrolyte Complexation in Salt Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Shakya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, S. Korea
| | - Martin Girard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John T. King
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, S. Korea
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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29
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Ma B, Nguyen TD, Olvera de la Cruz M. Control of Ionic Mobility via Charge Size Asymmetry in Random Ionomers. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:43-49. [PMID: 31769988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes are considered a promising alternative to traditional liquid electrolytes in energy storage applications because of their good mechanical properties, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. A gap, however, still exists in understanding ion transport mechanisms and improving ion transport in solid polymer electrolytes. Therefore, it is crucial to bridge composition-structure and structure-property relationships. Here, we demonstrate that size asymmetry, λ, represented by the ratio of counterion to charged monomer size, plays a key role both in the nanostructure and in the ionic dynamics. More specifically, when the nanostructure is modified by an external electric field such that the mobility cannot be described by linear response theory, two situations arise. The ionic mobility increases as λ decreases (small counterions) in the weak electrostatics (high dielectric constant) regime, whereas in systems with strong electrostatic interactions, ionomers with higher size symmetry (λ ≈ 1) display higher ionic mobility. Moreover, ion transport is found to be dominated by the hopping of the ions and not by moving ionic clusters (also known as "vehicular" charge transport). These results serve as a guide for designing ion-containing polymers for ion transport related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Trung Dac Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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30
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Liu J, Pickett PD, Park B, Upadhyay SP, Orski SV, Schaefer JL. Non-solvating, side-chain polymer electrolytes as lithium single-ion conductors: synthesis and ion transport characterization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-solvating, side-chain polymer electrolytes with more dissociable pendent anion chemistries exhibit a dielectric relaxation dominated lithium ion transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Phillip D. Pickett
- Materials Science and Engineering Division
- Material Measurement Laboratory
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Sunil P. Upadhyay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Sara V. Orski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division
- Material Measurement Laboratory
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
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31
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Seo Y, Shen KH, Brown JR, Hall LM. Role of Solvation on Diffusion of Ions in Diblock Copolymers: Understanding the Molecular Weight Effect through Modeling. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18455-18466. [PMID: 31674178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Seo
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Shen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Brown
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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32
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Frischknecht AL, Paren BA, Middleton LR, Koski JP, Tarver JD, Tyagi M, Soles CL, Winey KI. Chain and Ion Dynamics in Precise Polyethylene Ionomers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason P. Koski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jacob D. Tarver
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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33
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Keith JR, Ganesan V. Ion transport in backbone-embedded polymerized ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124902. [PMID: 31575176 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We use atomistic computer simulations to examine ion-transport phenomena for backbone polymerized cationic liquids with bistrifluoromethylesulfonylimide (TFSI-) counterions. We consider a system in which the polymerized cation moiety is the imidazolium ring and study the structural characteristics and ion mobilities for cases in which the cations are separated by four, six, and eight methylene units on the backbone. A pendant polymerized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium, is compared to the backbone series across ion coordination and hopping features. The anion diffusivity in backbone polymerized cationic liquids is found to decrease with increasing spacer length, which is shown to result from a decrease in intramolecular and intermolecular hopping frequencies due to an increasing distance separating imidazolium moieties. In comparison with pendant polymerized ionic liquids, we observe that the participation rates of intermolecular hopping events in the backbone polymers far exceed that of the pendant, and the intrapolymeric ionic coordination profile shows the TFSI- of the pendant polymer with a high propensity for coordination by multiple imidazolium, compared with one monomer from a given polymer for the backbone series. Despite these differences, backbone polymerized ionic liquids are seen to possess correlated diffusivity and ion-association relaxation times, in a manner similar to the results observed in past studies for pendant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Keith
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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34
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Abbott LJ, Lawson JW. Effects of Side Chain Length on Ionic Aggregation and Dynamics in Polymer Single-Ion Conductors. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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35
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Franco AA, Rucci A, Brandell D, Frayret C, Gaberscek M, Jankowski P, Johansson P. Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality? Chem Rev 2019; 119:4569-4627. [PMID: 30859816 PMCID: PMC6460402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses concepts, approaches, tools, and outcomes of multiscale modeling used to design and optimize the current and next generation rechargeable battery cells. Different kinds of multiscale models are discussed and demystified with a particular emphasis on methodological aspects. The outcome is compared both to results of other modeling strategies as well as to the vast pool of experimental data available. Finally, the main challenges remaining and future developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Franco
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Rucci
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Daniel Brandell
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström
Laboratory, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Frayret
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Miran Gaberscek
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
for Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrik Johansson
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Frischknecht AL, Winey KI. The evolution of acidic and ionic aggregates in ionomers during microsecond simulations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:064901. [PMID: 30769997 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed microsecond-long, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on a series of precise poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) ionomers neutralized with lithium, with three different spacer lengths between acid groups on the ionomers and at two temperatures. Ionic aggregates form in these systems with a variety of shapes ranging from isolated aggregates to percolated aggregates. At the lower temperature of 423 K, the ionic aggregate morphologies do not reach a steady-state distribution over the course of the simulations. At the higher temperature of 600 K, the aggregates are sufficiently mobile that they rearrange and reach steady state after hundreds of nanoseconds. For systems that are 100% neutralized with lithium, the ions form percolated aggregates that span the simulation box in three directions, for all three spacer lengths (9, 15, and 21). In the partially neutralized systems, the morphology includes lithium ion aggregates that may also include some unneutralized acid groups, along with a coexisting population of acid group aggregates that form through hydrogen bonding. In the lithium ion aggregates, unneutralized acid groups tend to be found on the ends or sides of the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie L Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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37
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Hermans JJ, Keune K, Van Loon A, Iedema PD. Toward a Complete Molecular Model for the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paints. METAL SOAPS IN ART 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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38
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Zhang Y, Li H, Li C, Chen X, Lesser A. Investigation of “Zn2+
salt-bondings” cross linked ENR with shape memory effect via ionic interactions. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yake Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; China
| | - Caili Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; China
| | - Xian Chen
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; China
| | - Alan Lesser
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; China
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39
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Bratton AF, Kim SS, Ellison CJ, Miller KM. Thermomechanical and Conductive Properties of Thiol–Ene Poly(ionic liquid) Networks Containing Backbone and Pendant Imidazolium Groups. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail F. Bratton
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
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40
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Tracy C, Adler AM, Nguyen A, Johnson RD, Miller KM. Covalently Crosslinked 1,2,3-Triazolium-Containing Polyester Networks: Thermal, Mechanical, and Conductive Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13442-13453. [PMID: 31458056 PMCID: PMC6644408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Azide-alkyne "click" cyclization was used to prepare a series of polymerizable acetoacetate monomers containing a 1,2,3-trizolium ionic liquid group. The monomers were subsequently polymerized using base-catalyzed Michael addition chemistry, producing a series of covalently crosslinked 1,2,3-triazolium poly(ionic liquid) (TPIL) networks. Structure-activity relationships were conducted to gauge how synthetic variables, such as counteranion ([Br], [NO3], [BF4], [OTf], and [NTf2]), and crosslink density (acrylate/acetoacetate ratio) effected thermal, mechanical, and conductive properties. TPIL networks were found to exhibit ionic conductivities in the range of 10-6-10-9 S/cm (30 °C, 30% relative humidity), as determined from dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, despite their highly crosslinked nature. Temperature-dependent conductivities demonstrate a dependence on polymer glass transition, with free-ion concentrations impacted by various ions' Lewis acidity/basicity and ion mobilities impacted by freely mobile anion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton
A. Tracy
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United
States
| | - Abagail M. Adler
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United
States
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United
States
| | - R. Daniel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United
States
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United
States
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41
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Impact of ion content and electric field on mechanical properties of coarse-grained ionomers. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5029260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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42
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Enokida JS, Tanna VA, Winter HH, Coughlin EB. Progression of the Morphology in Random Ionomers Containing Bulky Ammonium Counterions. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Influence of a nanoparticle on the structure and dynamics of model ionomer melts. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4621-4632. [PMID: 29786724 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00665b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We simulate a single spherical nanoparticle (NP) surrounded by partially neutralized ionomers. The coarse-grained ionomers consist of a linear backbone of neutral monomer beads with charged pendant beads and counterions, along with pendant 'sticker' beads that represent unneutralized acid groups. Two different NP interactions are considered; one in which the NP interacts uniformly with all beads in the system (neutral NP) and another in which the NP has higher cohesive interactions with ions and stickers (sticky NP). Ions are depleted around the neutral NP relative to the bulk, but are denser around the surface of the sticky NP. The bond vector autocorrelation function was computed as a function of distance from the NP. For the neutral NP, due to the absence of ions, there is an increase in bond rotational dynamics near the surface relative to the bulk, while the reverse trend is observed in the case of the sticky NP. These analyses were done systematically for differing mole content of pendants, levels of neutralization, and NP sizes; lower pendant content causes a significantly larger difference in the bond dynamics near and far from the NP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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44
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Weyman A, Bier M, Holm C, Smiatek J. Microphase separation and the formation of ion conductivity channels in poly(ionic liquid)s: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193824. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weyman
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Bier
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Muenster (HIMS-IEK 12), Forschungszentrum Juelich, Corrensstrasse 46, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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45
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Middleton LR, Trigg EB, Yan L, Winey KI. Deformation-induced morphology evolution of precise polyethylene ionomers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Ma B, Nguyen TD, Pryamitsyn VA, Olvera de la Cruz M. Ionic Correlations in Random Ionomers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2311-2318. [PMID: 29493221 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the electrostatic interactions in ion-containing polymers is crucial to better design shape memory polymers and ion-conducting membranes for multiple energy storage and conversion applications. In molten polymers, the dielectric permittivity is low, generating strong ionic correlations that lead to clustering of the charges. Here, we investigate the influence of electrostatic interactions on the nanostructure of randomly charged polymers (ionomers) using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Densely packed branched structures rich in charged species are found as the strength of the electrostatic interactions increases. Polydispersity in charge fraction and composition combined with ion correlations leads to percolated nanostructures with long-range fluctuations. We identify the percolation point at which the ionic branched nanostructures percolate and offer a rigorous investigation of the statistics of the shape of the aggregates. The extra degree of freedom introduced by the charge polydispersity leads to bicontinuous structures with a broad range of compositions, similar to neutral A-B random copolymers, as well as to desirable percolated ionic structure in randomly charged-neutral diblock copolymers. These findings provide insight into the design of conducting and robust nanostructures in ion-containing polymers.
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47
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Effect of Neutralization on the Structure and Dynamics of Model Ionomer Melts. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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48
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Rojas AA, Thakker K, McEntush KD, Inceoglu S, Stone GM, Balsara NP. Dependence of Morphology, Shear Modulus, and Conductivity on the Composition of Lithiated and Magnesiated Single-Ion-Conducting Block Copolymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A. Rojas
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kanav Thakker
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle D. McEntush
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Gregory M. Stone
- Malvern
Instruments
Inc., 117 Flanders Road, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Impact of ionic aggregate structure on ionomer mechanical properties from coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:134901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210,
USA
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210,
USA
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50
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Aryal D, Agrawal A, Perahia D, Grest GS. Structure and Dynamics of Ionic Block Copolymer Melts: Computational Study. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Aryal
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Anupriya Agrawal
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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