1
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Soutome H, Yamashita H, Shimizu Y, Takumi M, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. Convergent approach for direct cross-coupling enabled by flash irreversible generation of cationic and anionic species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4873. [PMID: 38871696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In biosynthesis multiple kinds of reactive intermediates are generated, transported, and reacted across different parts of organisms, enabling highly sophisticated synthetic reactions. Herein we report a convergent synthetic approach, which utilizes dual intermediates of cationic and carbanionic species in a single step, hinted at by the ideal reaction conditions. By reactions of unsaturated precursors, such as enamines, with a superacid in a flow microreactor, cationic species, such as iminium ions, are generated rapidly and irreversibly, and before decomposition, they are transported to react with rapidly and independently generated carbanions, enabling direct C-C bond formation. Taking advantage of the reactivity of these double reactive intermediates, the reaction take place within a few seconds, enabling synthetic reactions which are not applicable in conventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Soutome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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2
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Siragusa F, Crane L, Stiernet P, Habets T, Grignard B, Monbaliu JCM, Detrembleur C. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Functional Isocyanate-Free Poly(oxazolidone)s by Step-Growth Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:644-650. [PMID: 38717381 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Flow chemistry presents many advantages over batch processes for the fast and continuous production of polymers under more robust, safer, and easily scalable conditions. Although largely exploited for chain-growth polymerizations, it has rarely been applied to step-growth polymerizations (SGP) due to their inherent limitations. Here, we report the facile and fast preparation of an emerging class of nonisocyanate polyurethanes, i.e., CO2-based poly(oxazolidone)s, by SGP in continuous flow reactors. Importantly, we also demonstrate that functional poly(oxazolidone)s are easily prepared by telescoping a flow module where SGP occurs with reagents able to simultaneously promote two polymer derivatizations in a second module, i.e., dehydration followed by cationic thiol-ene to yield poly(N,S-acetal oxazolidone)s. The functional polymer is produced at a high rate and functionalization degree, without requiring the isolation of any intermediates. This work demonstrates the enormous potential of flow technology for the facile and fast continuous production of functional polymers by SGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Siragusa
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lionel Crane
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Stiernet
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- FRITCO2T Platform, CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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3
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Rapp J, Borden MA, Bhat V, Sarabia A, Leibfarth FA. Continuous Polymer Synthesis and Manufacturing of Polyurethane Elastomers Enabled by Automation. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:120-127. [PMID: 38618002 PMCID: PMC11010252 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Connecting polymer synthesis and processing is an important challenge for streamlining the manufacturing of polymeric materials. In this work, the automated synthesis of acrylate-capped polyurethane oligomers is integrated with vat photopolymerization 3D printing. This strategy enabled the rapid manufacturing of a library of polyurethane-based elastomeric materials with differentiated thermal and mechanical properties. The automated semicontinuous batch synthesis approach proved enabling for resins with otherwise short shelf lives because of the intimate connection between synthesis, formulation, and processing. Structure-property studies demonstrated the ability to tune properties through systematic alteration of cross-link density and chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann
L. Rapp
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Meredith A. Borden
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Vittal Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Alexis Sarabia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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4
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Rigoglioso VP, Boydston AJ. Flow Optimization of Photoredox-Mediated Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1479-1485. [PMID: 37870749 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox-mediated metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP) is a convenient metal-free method to produce a variety of ROMP polymers. Transitioning MF-ROMP from a batch to a continuous flow process has yet to be demonstrated and could potentially benefit the production efficiency, safety, and modularity of reaction conditions. We designed and evaluated continuous flow and droplet flow setups and compared the results for MF-ROMP across a short series of common monomers. By using the droplet flow reactor setup, we achieved flow conversions comparable to that of batch and circumvented issues with diffusion-limited mixing and air exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Rigoglioso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Sasaki K, Uchida Y, Nishiyama N. Bottom-up Synthesis of Nanosheets at Various Interfaces. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300255. [PMID: 37469138 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials with high aspect ratios have been widely studied for their unique properties. In particular, nanosheets have safety, dispersibility, and nanosized effects, and nanosheets with exceptionally small thicknesses exhibit unique properties. For non-exfoliable materials, the bottom-up nanosheet growth using various interfaces as templates have been investigated. This review article presents the synthesis of nanosheets at the interfaces and layered structure; it explains the features of each interface type, its advantages, and its uniqueness. The interfaces work as templates for nanosheet synthesis. We can easily use the liquid-liquid and gas-liquid interfaces as the templates; however, the thickness of nanosheets usually becomes thick because it allows materials to grow in thickness. The solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces can prevent nanosheets from growing in thickness. However, the removal of template solids is required after the synthesis. The layered structures of various materials provide two-dimensional reaction fields between the layers. These methods have high versatility, and the nanosheets synthesized by these methods are thin. Finally, this review examines the key challenges and opportunities associated with scalable nanosheet synthesis methods for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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6
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Bauer TA, Schramm J, Fenaroli F, Siemer S, Seidl CI, Rosenauer C, Bleul R, Stauber RH, Koynov K, Maskos M, Barz M. Complex Structures Made Simple - Continuous Flow Production of Core Cross-Linked Polymeric Micelles for Paclitaxel Pro-Drug-Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210704. [PMID: 36934295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Translating innovative nanomaterials to medical products requires efficient manufacturing techniques that enable large-scale high-throughput synthesis with high reproducibility. Drug carriers in medicine embrace a complex subset of tasks calling for multifunctionality. Here, the synthesisof pro-drug-loaded core cross-linked polymeric micelles (CCPMs) in a continuous flow processis reported, which combines the commonly separated steps of micelle formation, core cross-linking, functionalization, and purification into a single process. Redox-responsive CCPMs are formed from thiol-reactive polypept(o)ides of polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-cysteine) and functional cross-linkers based on dihydrolipoic acid hydrazide for pH-dependent release of paclitaxel. The precisely controlled microfluidic process allows the production of spherical micelles (Dh = 35 nm) with low polydispersity values (PDI < 0.1) while avoiding toxic organic solvents and additives with unfavorable safety profiles. Self-assembly and cross-linking via slit interdigital micromixers produces 350-700 mg of CCPMs/h per single system, while purification by online tangential flow filtration successfully removes impurities (unimer ≤ 0.5%). The formed paclitaxel-loaded CCPMs possess the desired pH-responsive release profile, display stable drug encapsulation, an improved toxicity profile compared to Abraxane (a trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb), and therapeutic efficiency in the B16F1-xenotransplanted zebrafish model. The combination of reactive polymers, functional cross-linkers, and microfluidics enables the continuous-flow synthesis of therapeutically active CCPMs in a single process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Bauer
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Schramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department for Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svenja Siemer
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/Nanobiomedicine, ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine I Seidl
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Rosenauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regina Bleul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/Nanobiomedicine, ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Maskos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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7
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de Oliveira Silva RR, Calvo PVC, Merfels CA, Lima MVR, Santana HS, Converti A, Palma MSA. Synthesis of Lobeglitazone intermediates seeking for continuous drug production in flow capillary microreactor. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Lin L, Xia Y, Wen H, Lu W, Li Z, Xu H, Zhou J. Green and continuous microflow synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots for bio‐imaging application. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Hongyu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Wentong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ziyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Hujun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Juan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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9
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Sho T, Kawashima H, Fujitani T, Choi JC, Kijima M. Preferential Formation of Squalene Monoepoxides via Microflow Reaction of Squalene and m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sho
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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10
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Xu W, Pan Y, Chen L, Su Y, Shang M, Lu X, Lu Q. Continuous microflow synthesis of dimethyl-substituted cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides and its application on polyimide films. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Phakoukaki YV, O'Shaughnessy P, Angeli P. Intensified liquid-liquid extraction of biomolecules using ionic liquids in small channels. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Residence time distribution in reactive and non-reactive flow systems in micro and millidevices. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Jin Z, Wang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao S, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor enable fast mixing, high-level control, and scale-up synthesis of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Huiyue Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yihuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yujing Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
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Yeo J, Woo J, Choi S, Kwon K, Lee JK, Kim M. Comprehensive studies of continuous flow reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization and its application for photoimaging materials. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thorough studies of RAFT copolymerization in a continuous flow to gain deeper insights into kinetics, reactivity, and applicability were conducted with monomers and solvents utilizable for chemically amplified resist systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Yeo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Woo
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kwon
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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15
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Den Haese M, Gemoets HPL, Van Aken K, Pitet LM. Fully biobased triblock copolymers generated using an unconventional oscillatory plug flow reactor. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00600f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Producing block polymers in continuous flow offers significant advantages in terms of versatility, efficiency and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Den Haese
- Advanced Functional Polymers Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Van Aken
- Creaflow B.V., Industrielaan 12, 9800 Deinze, Belgium
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Functional Polymers Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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16
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen M. Computer‐Aided
Living Polymerization Conducted under
Continuous‐Flow
Conditions
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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17
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Watanabe T, Karita K, Manabe M, Ono T. Preparation of Monodisperse Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Polystyrene Composite Particles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization Using a Sequential Flow Process. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.742447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a sequential flow process for the production of monodisperse poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) composite particles through a soap-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using the first water-in-oil (W/O) slug flow and a subsequent seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene (St) using the second W/O slug flow. In this process, monodisperse PMMA seed particles are first formed in the dispersed aqueous phase of the first W/O slug flow. Subsequently, removal of the oil phase from the slug flow is achieved through a porous hydrophobic tubing, resulting in a single flow of the aqueous phase containing the seed particles. The aqueous phase is then mixed with an oil phase containing St monomer to form the second W/O slug flow. Finally, monodisperse PMMA/PS composite particles are obtained by a seeded emulsion polymerization of St using the second W/O slug flow. We compared the reaction performance between the slug flow and the batch processes in terms of particle diameter, monomer conversion, particle size distribution, and the number of particles in the system. We found that internal circulation flow within the slugs can enhance mass transfer efficiency between them during polymerization, which results in monodisperse PMMA/PS composite particles with a large particle diameter and a high monomer conversion in a short reaction time, compared to those prepared using the batch process. We believe that this sequential microflow process can be a versatile strategy to continuously produce monodisperse composite particles or core-shell particles in a short reaction time.
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18
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Reis M, Gusev F, Taylor NG, Chung SH, Verber MD, Lee YZ, Isayev O, Leibfarth FA. Machine-Learning-Guided Discovery of 19F MRI Agents Enabled by Automated Copolymer Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17677-17689. [PMID: 34637304 PMCID: PMC10833148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymer science suffers from the curse of multidimensionality. The large chemical space imposed by including combinations of monomers into a statistical copolymer overwhelms polymer synthesis and characterization technology and limits the ability to systematically study structure-property relationships. To tackle this challenge in the context of 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, we pursued a computer-guided materials discovery approach that combines synergistic innovations in automated flow synthesis and machine learning (ML) method development. A software-controlled, continuous polymer synthesis platform was developed to enable iterative experimental-computational cycles that resulted in the synthesis of 397 unique copolymer compositions within a six-variable compositional space. The nonintuitive design criteria identified by ML, which were accomplished by exploring <0.9% of the overall compositional space, lead to the identification of >10 copolymer compositions that outperformed state-of-the-art materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Filipp Gusev
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicholas G Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sang Hun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew D Verber
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olexandr Isayev
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Kandelhard F, Schuldt K, Schymura J, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Model‐Assisted Optimization of RAFT Polymerization in Micro‐Scale Reactors—A Fast Screening Approach. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kandelhard
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Karina Schuldt
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Juliane Schymura
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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23
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Challenges and Recent Developments of Photoflow-Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Semsarilar M, Abetz V. Polymerizations by RAFT: Developments of the Technique and Its Application in the Synthesis of Tailored (Co)polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM (UMR5635) Université Montpellier CNRS ENSCM CC 047, Université Montpellie 2 place E. Bataillon Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Grindelallee 117 Universität Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany
- Zentrum für Material‐und Küstenforschung GmbH Institut für Polymerforschung Max‐Planck‐Straße 1 Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Geesthacht 21502 Germany
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25
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Glier TE, Vakili M, Trebbin M. Microfluidic synthesis of thermo-responsive block copolymer nano-objects via RAFT polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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El Achi N, Bakkour Y, Adhami W, Molina J, Penhoat M, Azaroual N, Chausset-Boissarie L, Rolando C. Metal-Free ATRP Catalyzed by Visible Light in Continuous Flow. Front Chem 2020; 8:740. [PMID: 33102428 PMCID: PMC7505802 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATRP of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by Eosin Y, an inexpensive and an environmental benign dye, was performed in a continuous flow reactor made of FEP tubing and irradiated by visible light green LEDs. The reaction under flow conditions was significantly more rapid and controlled compared to that in batch giving 90% of polymerization after only 3 h of irradiation. The formed polymers in flow have M n measured by GPC and DOSY NMR in accordance with the theoretical values and show low dispersities (Ð < 1.5). The livingness of the polymers has been confirmed by LED on and LED off experiments and by the synthesis of block copolymers. The protocol described herein serves as a "proof of concept" of using Eosin Y as a photocatalyst for controlled polymerization and of using 1D and 2D NMR for polymer characterization. The protocol could be replicated in the future for other reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim El Achi
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
| | - Youssef Bakkour
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Wissal Adhami
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Julien Molina
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
| | - Maël Penhoat
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Azaroual
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Application RMN, GRITA ‘Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées’, Université de Lille, EA 7365, Lille, France
| | - Laëtitia Chausset-Boissarie
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- MSAP ‘Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique’, Université de Lille, USR CNRS 3290, Lille, France
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27
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Di Filippo M, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Quinolines via a Scalable Tandem Photoisomerization‐Cyclization Process. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Filippo
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Belfield Dublin Ireland
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Walsh DJ, Schinski DA, Schneider RA, Guironnet D. General route to design polymer molecular weight distributions through flow chemistry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3094. [PMID: 32555179 PMCID: PMC7303143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of a polymer are known to be intrinsically related to its molecular weight distribution (MWD); however, previous methodologies of MWD control do not use a design and result in arbitrary shaped MWDs. Here we report a precise design to synthesis protocol for producing a targeted MWD design with a simple to use, and chemistry agnostic computer-controlled tubular flow reactor. To support the development of this protocol, we constructed general reactor design rules by combining fluid mechanical principles, polymerization kinetics, and experiments. The ring opening polymerization of lactide, the anionic polymerization of styrene, and the ring opening metathesis polymerization are used as model polymerizations to develop the reactor design rules and synthesize MWD profiles. The derivation of a mathematical model enables the quantitative prediction of the experimental results, and this model provides a tool to explore the limits of any MWD design protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Devin A Schinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Robert A Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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29
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Xie D, Lu Y. Precise synthesis of poly(IBVE-co-HBVE) with tunable thermo-response via fast flow polymerization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Continuous flow photoinduced phenothiazine derivatives catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Engler A, Kohl PA. Kinetic Investigation on the Cationic Polymerization of o-Phthalaldehyde: Understanding Ring-Expansion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Engler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul A. Kohl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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32
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Reis MH, Leibfarth FA, Pitet LM. Polymerizations in Continuous Flow: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diverse Polymeric Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:123-133. [PMID: 35638663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of reports using continuous flow technology in tubular reactors to perform precision polymerizations has grown enormously in recent years. Flow polymerizations allow highly efficient preparation of polymers exhibiting well-defined molecular characteristics, and has been applied to a slew of monomers and various polymerization mechanisms, including anionic, cationic, radical, and ring-opening. Polymerization conducted in continuous flow offers several distinct advantages, including improved efficiency, reproducibility, and enhanced safety for exothermic polymerizations using highly toxic components, high pressures, and high temperatures. The further development of this technology is thus of relevance for many industrial polymerization processes. While much progress has been demonstrated in recent years, opportunities remain for increasing the compositional and architectural complexity of polymeric materials synthesized in a continuous fashion. Extending the reactor processing principles that have heretofore been focused on optimizing homopolymerization to include multisegment block copolymers, particularly from monomers that propagate via incompatible mechanisms, represents a major challenge and coveted target for continuous flow polymerization. Likewise, the spatial and temporal control of reactivity afforded by flow chemistry has and will continue to enable the production of complex polymeric architectures. This Viewpoint offers a brief background of continuous flow polymerization focused primarily on tubular (micro)reactors and includes selected examples that are relevant to these specific developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Polymer Functionalization Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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33
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Judzewitsch PR, Corrigan N, Trujillo F, Xu J, Moad G, Hawker CJ, Wong EHH, Boyer C. High-Throughput Process for the Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymers and Their Upscaled Production via Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francisco Trujillo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Manufacturing, CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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34
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Fabricating a hydrophobic modified flocculant through UVC irradiation initiation for metalworking wastewater treatment. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Liu Y, Zhu N, Hu X, Huang W, Wu J, Bin X, Qiu J, Duan J, Fang Z, Guo K. Continuous flow rare earth phenolates catalyzed chemoselective ring-opening polymerization. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Rizkin BA, Hartman RL. Activation of homogenous polyolefin catalysis with a machine-assisted reactor laboratory-in-a-box (μAIR-LAB). REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis discovery is typically limited to specialized labs – this work demonstrates an Artificially Intelligent Microreactor Lab in a Box applied to investigate the chemistry of different co-catalysts for zirconocene-catalyzed olefin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Rizkin
- New York University
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Brooklyn NY
- USA
| | - Ryan L. Hartman
- New York University
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Brooklyn NY
- USA
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37
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Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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38
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Rubens M, Van Herck J, Junkers T. Automated Polymer Synthesis Platform for Integrated Conversion Targeting Based on Inline Benchtop NMR. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1437-1441. [PMID: 35651185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated polymer synthesis platform based on an inline low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is developed. Flow chemistry and automated inline analyses are an excellent combination for automated kinetic screening and for self-optimizing reactions with programmable conversion targeting. By monitoring monomer conversion over a continuous range of reactor residence times, the platform is able to construct kinetic profiles of polymerizations in an accurate and efficient way. The machine-assisted self-optimization routine allows the reaction to be stopped at any given preselected conversion, giving rise to unprecedented reproducibility in polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joren Van Herck
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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40
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Continuous and controllable preparation of polyaniline with different reaction media in microreactors for supercapacitor applications. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Xiaolin Shi, Jingyang Jiang. Anionic Polymerization of Acrylonitrile Using a Flow Microreactor System. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090419050166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Nagaki A, Yamashita H, Tsuchihashi Y, Hirose K, Takumi M, Yoshida JI. Generation and Reaction of Functional Alkyllithiums by Using Microreactors and Their Application to Heterotelechelic Polymer Synthesis. Chemistry 2019; 25:13719-13727. [PMID: 31400025 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors enabled the successful generation of various functional alkyllithiums containing electrophilic functional groups, as well as the use of these alkyllithiums in subsequent reactions. The high reactivity of these series of reactions could be achieved by the extremely accurate and selective control of residence time. Moreover, integrated flow microreactor systems could be used to successfully synthesize heterotelechelic polymers with two functionalities, one at each end, via a process involving controlled anionic polymerization initiated by functional alkyllithium compounds, followed by trapping reactions with difunctional electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hirose
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0294, Japan
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Buckinx A, Verstraete K, Baeten E, Tabor RF, Sokolova A, Zaquen N, Junkers T. Kinetic Control of Aggregation Shape in Micellar Self‐Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13799-13802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel‐Laurenz Buckinx
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
| | | | - Evelien Baeten
- Hasselt University Materlarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Rico F. Tabor
- School of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Center for Neutron ScatteringAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Neomy Zaquen
- Hasselt University Materlarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
- Hasselt University Materlarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
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44
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Penfold NJW, Yeow J, Boyer C, Armes SP. Emerging Trends in Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1029-1054. [PMID: 35619484 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) for the rational synthesis of block copolymer nanoparticles with various morphologies. Much of the PISA literature has been based on thermally initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Herein, we pay particular attention to alternative PISA protocols, which allow the preparation of nanoparticles with improved control over copolymer morphology and functionality. For example, initiation based on visible light, redox chemistry, or enzymes enables the incorporation of sensitive monomers and fragile biomolecules into block copolymer nanoparticles. Furthermore, PISA syntheses and postfunctionalization of the resulting nanoparticles (e.g., cross-linking) can be conducted sequentially without intermediate purification by using various external stimuli. Finally, PISA formulations have been optimized via high-throughput polymerization and recently evaluated within flow reactors for facile scale-up syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. W. Penfold
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2051, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2051, Australia
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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46
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Zaquen N, Haven JJ, Rubens M, Altintas O, Bohländer P, Offenloch JT, Barner‐Kowollik C, Junkers T. Exploring the Photochemical Reactivity of Multifunctional Photocaged Dienes in Continuous Flow. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neomy Zaquen
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
| | - Ozcan Altintas
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peggy Bohländer
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Janin T. Offenloch
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of ChemistryPhysics and Mechanical EngineeringQueensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
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47
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Nakahara Y, Furusawa M, Endo Y, Shimazaki T, Ohtsuka K, Takahashi Y, Jiang Y, Nagaki A. Practical Continuous‐Flow Controlled/Living Anionic Polymerization. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakahara
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc. New Frontiers Research Group, Frontier Research Labs., Institute for Innovation 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku 210-8681 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Mai Furusawa
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Oppama Research Laboratory 5-2931, Urago-cho, Yokosuka-shi 237-0062 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yuta Endo
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Isolation And Purification Group, Process Development Section, Process Development Labs, Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasakiku 210-8681 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshiya Shimazaki
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- Japan, Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku 541-0047 Osaka Japan
| | - Keita Ohtsuka
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- Sankoh Seiki Kougyou Co., Ltd. 2-7-2, Keihinjima, Ota-ku 143-0003 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Yiyuan Jiang
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
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48
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Zhou Y, Gu Y, Jiang K, Chen M. Droplet-Flow Photopolymerization Aided by Computer: Overcoming the Challenges of Viscosity and Facilitating the Generation of Copolymer Libraries. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kunming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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49
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Walsh DJ, Dutta S, Sing CE, Guironnet D. Engineering of Molecular Geometry in Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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50
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Lin B, Hedrick JL, Park NH, Waymouth RM. Programmable High-Throughput Platform for the Rapid and Scalable Synthesis of Polyester and Polycarbonate Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8921-8927. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binhong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Nathaniel H. Park
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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