1
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Yang L, Nickmilder P, Verhoogt H, Hoeks T, Leclère P. Probing Viscoelastic Properties and Interfaces in High-Density Polyethylene Vitrimers at the Nanoscale Using Dynamic Mode Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38501-38510. [PMID: 38993000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimers are a new class of heterogeneous polymers that combine the best features of thermosets with those of thermoplastics. The introduction of cross-links strongly changes the viscoelastic behavior of vitrimer materials. However, the characterization and understanding of the nanostructures and interfaces in vitrimers resulting from dynamic cross-linking formation remain a major challenge. Here, using dynamic modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM), namely intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) and AFM-based dynamic mechanical analysis (AFM-nDMA), local viscoelastic properties and interfaces at the nanoscale length of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) vitrimer materials are reported. ImAFM imaging in combination with the k-means clustering algorithm clearly reveals two distinct phases in the vitrimer system with highly different viscoelastic properties. AFM-nDMA further provides quantitative nanoviscoelastic properties at the nanoscale to confirm that there is a cross-linking-rich aggregation area forming a nanosize network structure in the cross-linking-poor matrix phase. The cross-linking-rich region shows a similar elastic modulus but much higher adhesion force measured by AFM compared to the cross-linking-poor HDPE matrix. Furthermore, the frequency influence on the local viscoelastic properties of HDPE vitrimer at the nanoscale was initially screened. The observed HDPE vitrimer nanostructures and viscoelastic properties at the nanoscale also provide explanations on the observed bulk HDPE vitrimer crystallinity decrease and dimensional stability increase compared to HDPE. Therefore, probing the viscoelastic properties and interfaces of HDPE vitrimer provides important insights into understanding of the correlations between the vitrimer nanostructure and the bulk mechanical and rheological behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanti Yang
- Analytical Science Europe, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Nickmilder
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henk Verhoogt
- High Performance Materials, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hoeks
- Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
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2
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Piacenti AR, Adam C, Hawkins N, Wagner R, Seifert J, Taniguchi Y, Proksch R, Contera S. Nanoscale Rheology: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis over a Broad and Continuous Frequency Range Using Photothermal Actuation Atomic Force Microscopy. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1118-1127. [PMID: 38370912 PMCID: PMC10867883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are widely used in industries ranging from automotive to biomedical. Their mechanical properties play a crucial role in their application and function and arise from the nanoscale structures and interactions of their constitutive polymer molecules. Polymeric materials behave viscoelastically, i.e., their mechanical responses depend on the time scale of the measurements; quantifying these time-dependent rheological properties at the nanoscale is relevant to develop, for example, accurate models and simulations of those materials, which are needed for advanced industrial applications. In this paper, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) method based on the photothermal actuation of an AFM cantilever is developed to quantify the nanoscale loss tangent, storage modulus, and loss modulus of polymeric materials. The method is then validated on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), demonstrating the method's ability to quantify nanoscale viscoelasticity over a continuous frequency range up to 5 orders of magnitude (0.2-20,200 Hz). Furthermore, this method is combined with AFM viscoelastic mapping obtained with amplitude modulation-frequency modulation (AM-FM) AFM, enabling the extension of viscoelastic quantification over an even broader frequency range and demonstrating that the novel technique synergizes with preexisting AFM techniques for quantitative measurement of viscoelastic properties. The method presented here introduces a way to characterize the viscoelasticity of polymeric materials and soft and biological matter in general at the nanoscale for any application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba R. Piacenti
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, U.K.
| | - Casey Adam
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, U.K.
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K.
| | - Nicholas Hawkins
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K.
| | - Ryan Wagner
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob Seifert
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, U.K.
| | | | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum
Research – An Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Sonia Contera
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, U.K.
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3
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Pittenger B, Osechinskiy S, Yablon D, Thornton J, Mueller T. Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites and Their Impact on Bulk Material Performance. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:572. [PMID: 37613145 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bede Pittenger
- Bruker Nano Surfaces & Metrology, AFM Unit, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | | | - John Thornton
- Bruker Nano Surfaces & Metrology, AFM Unit, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Bruker Nano Surfaces & Metrology, AFM Unit, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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4
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Nguyen HK, Nakajima K. Evidence of the Transition from a Flexible to Rigid Percolating Network in Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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5
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Umeda K, Kobayashi K, Yamada H. Nanomechanics of self-assembled surfactants revealed by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4626-4634. [PMID: 35262133 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00369d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants play a critical role in bottom-up nanotechnologies due to their peculiar nature of controlling the interfacial energy. Since their operational mechanism originates from the molecular-scale formation and disruption processes of molecular assemblies (i.e., micelles), conventional static-mode atomic force microscopy has made a significant contribution to unravel the detailed molecular pictures. Recently, we have successfully developed a local solvation measurement technique based on three-dimensional frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy, whose spatial resolution is not limited by jump-to-contact. Here, using this novel technique, we investigate molecular nanomechanics in the formation and disruption processes of micelles formed on a hydrophobic surface. Furthermore, an experiment employing a hetero-nanostructure reveals that the nanomechanics depends on the form of the molecular assembly. Namely, the hemifusion and disruption processes are peculiar to the micellar surface and cause a higher energy dissipation than the monolayer surface. The technique established in this study will be used as a generic technology for further development of bottom-up nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umeda
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
- PRESTO/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kei Kobayashi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Yamada
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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6
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Ito M, Liu H, Kumagai A, Liang X, Nakajima K, Jinnai H. Direct Visualization of Interfacial Regions between Fillers and Matrix in Rubber Composites Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanomechanics Assisted by Electron Tomography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:777-785. [PMID: 34955029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to explain or predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymer composites with complex nanostructures, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanics is one of the most appropriate tools because the local mechanical properties can be obtained by it. However, automatic force curve analysis based on contact mechanics would mislead us to the wrong conclusion. The purpose of this study is to elucidate this point by applying AFM nanomechanics on a carbon black (CB)-reinforced isoprene rubber (IR). The CB aggregates underneath the rubber surface prevent us from quantitatively evaluating the ratio of CB and interfacial polymer region (IPR), which is an important parameter to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, transmission electron microtomography was incorporated to investigate the 3D structure in the same field of view as AFM nanomechanics. As a result, it was found that there are buried structures that do not appear in the AFM topographic image. In addition, we were able to reveal the existence of a force curve with an inflection point, which is characteristic of such "false" IPRs. To put it another way, we evidenced the existence of true IPRs for the first time by combining these state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akemi Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Wang D, Zhang J, Ma G, Fang Y, Liu L, Wang J, Sun T, Zhang C, Meng X, Wang K, Han Z, Niu S, Ren L. A Selective-Response Bioinspired Strain Sensor Using Viscoelastic Material as Middle Layer. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19629-19639. [PMID: 34855345 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have an irreplaceable role in critical and emerging fields, such as electronic skins, flexible robots, and prosthetics. Although numerous efforts have been made to improve sensor sensitivity to meet specific application scenarios, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is an extremely critical and non-negligible indicator, which takes into account higher sensitivity, meaning that they can also detect the noise signals with high sensitivity. Coincidentally, scorpions with ultrasensitive vibration sensilla also face such a dilemma. Here, it is found that the scorpion ingeniously uses the viscoelastic material in front of its slit sensilla to realize efficient preprocessing of the signal. Its mechanism is that the loss factor of materials changes with frequency, affecting energy storage and transmission. Inspired by this ingenious strategy, a bioinspired strain sensor insensitive to a low strain rate was designed using a two-step template transfer method. As a result, its relative change in resistance reached 110% under the same strain (0.3197%) but with different strain rates (0.1 Hz and ∼20 Hz). The noncontact vibration experiments also show different responses to low-frequency vibration and high-frequency impact. Moreover, it can also be used as a typical flexible strain sensor. Under the tensile state, it has a gauge factor (GF) as high as 4596 upon 0.6% strain, and the response time is 140 ms. Therefore, it is expected that this strain sensor will be used in many important ultraprecision measurement fields, especially when the measured signal is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiancun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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8
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Gannoruwa A, Zhou Y, Kosugi K, Yamamoto Y, Kawahara S. ORIGIN OF ENERGETIC ELASTICITY AND ENTROPIC ELASTICITY OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH NANODIAMOND NANOMATRIX STRUCTURE. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The origin of energetic elasticity in conjunction with the entropic elasticity for natural rubber with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure was investigated in terms of bound rubber formed between nanodiamonds, based on the interaction between natural rubber and nanodiamonds inside the nanomatrix. The natural rubber with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure was prepared by reacting nanodiamonds with deproteinized natural rubber in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine at 30 °C in the latex stage followed by drying. Morphology of the products was observed by two-dimensional and three-dimensional transmission electron microscopies. The effect of bound rubber on the mechanical properties of the products was investigated by measurements of the dynamic mechanical properties and differential scanning calorimetry. The contribution of bound rubber was estimated by combining the Takayanagi equation and modified Guth–Gold equation. A significant increase in complex modulus was attributed to the effect of the bound rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asangi Gannoruwa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yuanbing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kosugi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Yamamoto
- National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College, 1220-2, Kunugida, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0997, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kawahara
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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10
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Liu S, Chambers TG, Cutts WD. Comparison of nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of cast and air sides of polyimide films from different manufacturers. Micron 2021; 145:103059. [PMID: 33751938 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide films are widely applied in harsh environments because of their outstanding performance. High-quality polyimide films are often manufactured through a two-step process. The complicated procedure results in different properties on the two sides, i.e., the air side and cast side of the films, and the quality of products from different manufacturers varies notably. In the present work, polyimide films with two thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) from four manufacturers were investigated. Atomic force microscope and FT-IR spectrometer were employed to monitor morphology, roughness, nanomechanical properties, and corresponding relative imidization degree on the two sides of each film. Statistical tools were applied to analyze the data. T-test suggests that the two sides of the same film were significantly different in roughness, DMT modulus, and relative imidization degree (p < 0.05). The roughness on the air side was consistently smaller than that of the cast side. ANOVA was used to compare differences among the manufacturers. Manufacturer B provided the smoothest films with the highest DMT moduli and imidization degrees. A positive correlation was found between the DMT modulus and imidization degree (r = 0.7330). Nanostructure and nanomechanical properties could affect the quality of the film. Striped morphology and adhesion were found on the cast side of the 2-mm film from manufacturer D, which compromised the film tension in the direction perpendicular to the strips. Investigations of morphology and mechanical properties of polyimide film at the nanoscale would help us better characterize the film, assure its quality, and select suitable film and side for proper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Liu
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA.
| | - Taylor G Chambers
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA
| | - William D Cutts
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA
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11
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Robles-Hernández B, Soccio M, Castrillo I, Guidotti G, Lotti N, Alegría Á, Martínez-Tong DE. Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s thin films: Morphology, crystallinity and nanomechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Garcia R. Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5850-5884. [PMID: 32662499 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Fast, high-resolution, non-destructive and quantitative characterization methods are needed to develop materials with tailored properties at the nanoscale or to understand the relationship between mechanical properties and cell physiology. This review introduces the state-of-the-art force microscope-based methods to map at high-spatial resolution the elastic and viscoelastic properties of soft materials. The experimental methods are explained in terms of the theories that enable the transformation of observables into material properties. Several applications in materials science, molecular biology and mechanobiology illustrate the scope, impact and potential of nanomechanical mapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Liang X, Nakajima K. Investigating the Dynamic Viscoelasticity of Single Polymer Chains using Atomic Force Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2‐12‐1, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2‐12‐1, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
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14
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Efremov YM, Shpichka AI, Kotova SL, Timashev PS. Viscoelastic mapping of cells based on fast force volume and PeakForce Tapping. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5455-5463. [PMID: 31231747 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00711c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of fast force volume (FFV), PeakForce Tapping (PFT), and related AFM techniques allow fast acquisition and mapping of a sample's mechanical properties. The methods are well-suited for studying soft biological samples like living cells in a liquid environment. However, the question remains how the measured mechanical properties are related to those acquired with the classical force volume (FV) technique conducted at low indentation rates. The difference is coming mostly from the pronounced viscoelastic behavior of cells, making apparent elastic parameters depending on the probing rate. Here, the viscoelastic analysis was applied directly to the force curves acquired with force volume or PeakForce Tapping by their post-processing based on the Ting's model. Maps from classical force volume, FFV and PFT obtained using special PFT cantilevers and cantilevers modified with microspheres were compared here. With the correct viscoelastic model, which was found to be the power-law rheology model, all the techniques have provided self-consistent results. The techniques were further modified for the mapping of the viscoelastic model-independent complex Young's modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A I Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - S L Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia. and N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia. and N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow, 119991, Russia and Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", 2 Pionerskaya St., Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia
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15
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Carbon-Based Aeronautical Epoxy Nanocomposites: Effectiveness of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Investigating the Dispersion of Different Carbonaceous Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050832. [PMID: 31072028 PMCID: PMC6572032 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to characterize composite material interfaces can help in the design of new carbon-based nanocomposites by providing useful information on the structure-property relationship. In this paper, the potentiality of AFM is explored to investigate the dispersion and the morphological features of aeronautical epoxy resins loaded with several carbon nanostructured fillers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal investigations of the formulated samples have also been performed. The FTIR results show that, among the examined nanoparticles, exfoliated graphite (EG) with a predominantly two-dimensional (2D) shape favors the hardening process of the epoxy matrix, increasing its reaction rate. As evidenced by the FTIR signal related to the epoxy stretching frequency (907 cm-1), the accelerating effect of the EG sample increases as the filler concentration increases. This effect, already observable for curing treatment of 60 min conducted at the low temperature of 125 °C, suggests a very fast opening of epoxy groups at the beginning of the cross-linking process. For all the analyzed samples, the percentage of the curing degree (DC) goes beyond 90%, reaching up to 100% for the EG-based nanocomposites. Besides, the addition of the exfoliated graphite enhances the thermostability of the samples up to about 370 °C, even in the case of very low EG percentages (0.05% by weight).
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16
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Ueda E, Liang X, Ito M, Nakajima K. Dynamic Moduli Mapping of Silica-Filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizate by Nanorheological Atomic Force Microscopy. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eijun Ueda
- Zeon Corporation, Kanagawa 210-9507, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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17
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Kolluru PV, Eaton MD, Collinson DW, Cheng X, Delgado DE, Shull KR, Brinson LC. AFM-based Dynamic Scanning Indentation (DSI) Method for Fast, High-resolution Spatial Mapping of Local Viscoelastic Properties in Soft Materials. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan V. Kolluru
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D. Eaton
- Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David W. Collinson
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xu Cheng
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David E. Delgado
- Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - L. Catherine Brinson
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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18
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Mizukami M, Ren HY, Furukawa H, Kurihara K. Deformation of contacting interface between polymer hydrogel and silica sphere studied by resonance shear measurement. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163327. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5037326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Huai-Yin Ren
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kazue Kurihara
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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19
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Zhu R, Diaz AJ, Shen Y, Qi F, Chang X, Durkin DP, Sun Y, Solares SD, Shuai D. Mechanism of humic acid fouling in a photocatalytic membrane system. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Nguyen HK, Liang X, Ito M, Nakajima K. Direct Mapping of Nanoscale Viscoelastic Dynamics at Nanofiller/Polymer Interfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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21
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Klat D, Kępas-Suwara A, Lacayo-Pineda J, Cook S. MORPHOLOGY AND NANOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NR/SBR BLENDS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct-18-82612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Tire tread materials are generally blends of two or more rubbers, fillers, and other materials, resulting in a rubber compound with complex multiphase morphology. The bulk properties of these blends are influenced by morphology and microphase characteristics, hence the desire for techniques that can both discriminate between phases in a blend and provide quantitative information about their physical properties. The effect of polymer ratio and microstructure of SBR on blend morphology and nanomechanical mapping of unfilled NR/SBR blends will be discussed. With nanoindentation techniques available through the use of atomic force microscopy, nanomechanical properties are determined and compared with macroscopic values obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Klat
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jaedekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Kępas-Suwara
- Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC), Malaysian Rubber Board, Brickendonbury, Hertford, SG13 8NL, UK
| | | | - Stuart Cook
- Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC), Malaysian Rubber Board, Brickendonbury, Hertford, SG13 8NL, UK
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22
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Wang D, Russell TP. Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Polymer Structure and Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Nakajima K, Ito M, Nguyen HK, Liang X. NANOMECHANICS OF THE RUBBER–FILLER INTERFACE. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.17.82642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Atomic force microscope (AFM)–based nanomechanics is one of the most promising tools for accessing the rubber–filler interface while providing not only structural information but also mechanical–property evaluation. An AFM-based static modulus map is used to close in on the understanding of the filler reinforcement effect. As an example, a famous Guth–Gold equation is verified by comparing tensile testing and AFM. Two different novel methods are also introduced to visualize viscoelastic quantities such as storage and loss moduli, loss tangent, relaxation modulus, and viscosity. The difference in segmental dynamics between a rubber matrix and an interfacial region will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hung Kim Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
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24
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López-Guerra EA, Eslami B, Solares SD. Calculation of standard viscoelastic responses with multiple retardation times through analysis of static force spectroscopy AFM data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A. López-Guerra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia 20052
| | - Babak Eslami
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia 20052
| | - Santiago D. Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia 20052
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25
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Visualization of Au Nanoparticles Buried in a Polymer Matrix by Scanning Thermal Noise Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42718. [PMID: 28210001 PMCID: PMC5314356 DOI: 10.1038/srep42718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several researchers have recently demonstrated visualization of subsurface features with a nanometer-scale resolution using various imaging schemes based on atomic force microscopy. Since all these subsurface imaging techniques require excitation of the oscillation of the cantilever and/or sample surface, it has been difficult to identify a key imaging mechanism. Here we demonstrate visualization of Au nanoparticles buried 300 nm into a polymer matrix by measurement of the thermal noise spectrum of a microcantilever with a tip in contact to the polymer surface. We show that the subsurface Au nanoparticles are detected as the variation in the contact stiffness and damping reflecting the viscoelastic properties of the polymer surface. The variation in the contact stiffness well agrees with the effective stiffness of a simple one-dimensional model, which is consistent with the fact that the maximum depth range of the technique is far beyond the extent of the contact stress field.
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26
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Wagner R, Killgore JP. Photothermally excited force modulation microscopy for broadband nanomechanical property measurements. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 107:203111. [PMID: 27746480 PMCID: PMC5057186 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate photothermally excited force modulation microscopy (PTE FMM) for mechanical property characterization across a broad frequency range with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Photothermal excitation allows for an AFM cantilever driving force that varies smoothly as a function of drive frequency, thus avoiding the problem of spurious resonant vibrations that hinder piezoelectric excitation schemes. A complication of PTE FMM is that the sub-resonance cantilever vibration shape is fundamentally different compared to piezoelectric excitation. By directly measuring the vibrational shape of the cantilever, we show that PTE FMM is an accurate nanomechanical characterization method. PTE FMM is a pathway towards the characterization of frequency sensitive specimens such as polymers and biomaterials with frequency range limited only by the resonance frequency of the cantilever and the low frequency limit of the AFM.
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27
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Nalam PC, Gosvami NN, Caporizzo MA, Composto RJ, Carpick RW. Nano-rheology of hydrogels using direct drive force modulation atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8165-78. [PMID: 26337502 PMCID: PMC4839974 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a magnetic force-based direct drive modulation method to measure local nano-rheological properties of soft materials across a broad frequency range (10 Hz to 2 kHz) using colloid-attached atomic force microscope (AFM) probes in liquid. The direct drive method enables artefact-free measurements over several decades of excitation frequency, and avoids the need to evaluate medium-induced hydrodynamic drag effects. The method was applied to measure the local mechanical properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The frequency-dependent storage stiffness, loss stiffness, and loss tangent (tan δ) were quantified for hydrogels having high and low crosslinking densities by measuring the amplitude and the phase response of the cantilever while the colloid was in contact with the hydrogel. The frequency bandwidth was further expanded to lower effective frequencies (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) by obtaining force-displacement (FD) curves. Slow FD measurements showed a recoverable but highly hysteretic response, with the contact mechanical behaviour dependent on the loading direction: approach curves showed Hertzian behaviour while retraction curves fit the JKR contact mechanics model well into the adhesive regime, after which multiple detachment instabilities occurred. Using small amplitude dynamic modulation to explore faster rates, the load dependence of the storage stiffness transitioned from Hertzian to a dynamic punch-type (constant contact area) model, indicating significant influence of material dissipation coupled with adhesion. Using the appropriate contact model across the full frequency range measured, the storage moduli were found to remain nearly constant until an increase began near ∼100 Hz. The softer gels' storage modulus increased from 7.9 ± 0.4 to 14.5 ± 2.1 kPa (∼85%), and the stiffer gels' storage modulus increased from 16.3 ± 1.1 to 31.7 ± 5.0 kPa (∼95%). This increase at high frequencies may be attributed to a contribution from solvent confinement in the hydrogel (poroelasticity). The storage moduli measured by both macro-rheometry and AFM FD curves were comparable to those measured using the modulation method at their overlapping frequencies (10-25 Hz). In all cases, care was taken to ensure the contact mechanics models were applied within the important limit of small relative deformations. This study thus highlights possible transitions in the probe-material contact mechanical behaviour for soft matter, especially when the applied strain rates and the material relaxation rates become comparable. In particular, at low frequencies, the modulus follows Hertzian contact mechanics, while at high frequencies adhesive contact is well represented by punch-like behaviour. More generally, use of the Hertz model on hydrogels at high loading rates, at high strains, or during the retraction portion of FD curves, leads to significant errors in the calculated moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima C Nalam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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28
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Sousa FDBD, Scuracchio CH. The use of atomic force microscopy as an important technique to analyze the dispersion of nanometric fillers and morphology in nanocomposites and polymer blends based on elastomers. POLIMEROS 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Nguyen HK, Ito M, Fujinami S, Nakajima K. Viscoelasticity of Inhomogeneous Polymers Characterized by Loss Tangent Measurements Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501562q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- WPI-Advanced Institute for
Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- WPI-Advanced Institute for
Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - So Fujinami
- WPI-Advanced Institute for
Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- WPI-Advanced Institute for
Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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30
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Chyasnavichyus M, Young SL, Tsukruk VV. Probing of polymer surfaces in the viscoelastic regime. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10566-82. [PMID: 24512573 DOI: 10.1021/la404925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we discussed the experimental and modeling methods and analyzed the limitations of the surface probing of nanomechanical properties of polymeric and biological materials in static and dynamic regimes with atomic force microscopy (AFM), which are widely utilized currently. To facilitate such measurements with minimized ambiguities, in this study we present a combined method to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of compliant polymeric materials. We collected force-distance data in the static regime for a benchmark polymer material (poly(n-butyl methacrylate)) with an easily accessible glass-transition temperature (about 25 °C) at different loading rates and different temperatures across the glassy state, glass-transition region, and rubbery state. For this analysis, we exploited a Johnson-modified Sneddon's approach in a combination with the standard linear solid model. Critical experimental steps suggested for robust probing are (i) the use of a tip with a well-characterized parabolic shape, (ii) probing in a liquid environment in order to reduce jump-in phenomenon, and (iii) minute indentations to ensure the absence of plastic deformation. Whereas the standard Sneddon's model generates quantitatively adequate elastic modulus values below and above the glass transition, this traditional approach can significantly underestimate actual modulus values in the vicinity of the glass-transition region (15 °C above or below Tg), with major deviations occurring at the loss tangent peak. The analysis of the experimental data with Sneddon's model for the elastic region (glassy and rubbery states) and Johnson's model for the viscoelastic region allowed for the restoration of the universal master curve and the evaluation of the storage modulus, loss modulus, loss tangent, relaxation times, and activation energies of the polymer surface across the glass-transition region and at relevant loading rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Chyasnavichyus
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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31
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Nakajima K, Ito M, Wang D, Liu H, Nguyen HK, Liang X, Kumagai A, Fujinami S. Nano-palpation AFM and its quantitative mechanical property mapping. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 63:193-208. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Braunsmann C, Proksch R, Revenko I, Schäffer TE. Creep compliance mapping by atomic force microscopy. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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