1
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Di Lorenzo ML. Crystallization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1975. [PMID: 39065291 PMCID: PMC11280767 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester with excellent thermal and mechanical properties, widely used in a variety of industrial fields. It is a semicrystalline polymer, and most of the industrial success of PET derives from its easily tunable crystallization kinetics, which allow users to produce the polymer with a high crystal fraction for applications that demand high thermomechanical resistance and barrier properties, or a fully amorphous polymer when high transparency of the product is needed. The main properties of the polymer are presented and discussed in this contribution, together with the literature data on the crystal structure and morphology of PET. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of its crystallization kinetics, including both primary crystal nucleation and crystal growth, as well as secondary crystallization. The effect of molar mass, catalyst residues, chain composition, and thermo-mechanical treatments on the crystallization kinetics, structure, and morphology of PET are also reviewed in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- National Research Council, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, CNR-IPCB, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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2
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López-Beceiro J, Díaz-Díaz AM, Fernández-Pérez E, Ferreira I, Focke WW, Artiaga R. A Relatively Simple Look at the Rather Complex Crystallization Kinetics of PLLA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081880. [PMID: 37112027 PMCID: PMC10143213 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates that, despite the existence of a significant number of works on PLA crystallization, there is still a relatively simple way, different from those already described, in which its complex kinetics can be observed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results presented here confirm that the PLLA under study crystallizes mostly in the α and α' forms. An interesting observation is that at any temperature in the studied range of the patterns, the X-ray reflections stabilize with a given shape and at a given angle, different for each temperature. That means that both α and α' forms coexist and are stable at the same temperatures so that the shape of each pattern results from both structures. However, the patterns obtained at each temperature are different because the predominance of one crystal form over the other depends on temperature. Thus, a two-component kinetic model is proposed to account for both crystal forms. The method involves the deconvolution of the exothermic DSC peaks using two logistic derivative functions. The existence of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in addition to the two crystal forms increases the complexity of the whole crystallization process. However, the results presented here show that a two-component kinetic model can reproduce the overall crystallization process fairly well over a broad range of temperatures. The method used here for PLLA may be useful for describing the isothermal crystallization processes of other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Beceiro
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Ana-María Díaz-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Enrique Fernández-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Ignatius Ferreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Walter W Focke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Ramón Artiaga
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
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3
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Lo CY, Wang C. Kinetics and morphologies of syndiotactic polystyrene crystallized isothermally over a wide temperature range. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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4
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Smith T, Gupta C, Siavoshani AY, Wang SQ. Building a phenomenological chain-level understanding of mechanics of semicrystalline polymers: 1. Experimental. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Jariyavidyanont K, Yu Q, Petzold A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Glüge R, Altenbach H, Androsch R. Young's modulus of the different crystalline phases of poly (l-lactic acid). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105546. [PMID: 36375274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Young's modulus of α'- and α-crystals of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA), more precisely, of aggregates of isotropically arranged lamellae, has been estimated based on dynamic-mechanical analysis of sets of isotropic film samples containing largely different though well-defined amounts of crystals. Evaluation of the modulus of elasticity of these film samples yielded the dependence of Young's modulus as a function of the enthalpy-based crystallinity, increasing with the crystal fraction in the assessed range, from zero to about 75% crystallinity. Extrapolation towards 100% crystallinity suggests values of Young's modulus of around 3.7 and 4.6 GPa for isotropic aggregates of α'- and α-crystals, respectively, being only slightly higher than the modulus of the unaged glassy amorphous phase of 3.0 GPa. Noting the inherent anisotropy of the crystal modulus, suggested in the literature, the average modulus determined in this work seems to be controlled by weaker interchain secondary bonding but not the modulus in chain direction. Great effort has been undertaken to minimize errors by keeping the lamellar thickness in samples of different crystallinity constant, and by providing evidence for independence of the moduli on the spherulitic superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Qiang Yu
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rainer Glüge
- DB Netz AG, Fachstelle Brückenmessung, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holm Altenbach
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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6
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Danilovic N, Janicijevic A, Miladinovic TB. Air Cooler for Crystal Growth in a Laboratory Tube Furnace. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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7
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D′Urso L, Acocella MR, De Santis F, Guerra G, Pantani R. Poly(l-lactic acid) nucleation by alkylated carbon black. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Glassy structure affected cold-crystallization behavior and structure of poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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He Y, Liu D, Xie K, Xu W, Pan P, Hu W. Glassy Alfa-Relaxation Promotes Surprising Homo-Crystal Nucleation in the Low-Molar-Mass Enantiomeric Poly(lactic acid) Blend. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kefeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Experimental and Data Fitting Guidelines for the Determination of Polymer Crystallization Kinetics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Xu S, Sun C, Yuan W, Zhou J, Xu W, Zheng Y, Yu C, Pan P. Evolution of thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructure in stereocomplexable poly(lactic acid) during physical ageing. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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13
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He Y, Liu D, Wang J, Pan P, Hu W. Tammann Analysis of the Molecular Weight Selection of Polymorphic Crystal Nucleation in Symmetric Racemic Poly(lactic acid) Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Jin F, Yuan S, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Hong YL, Miyoshi T. Polymer Chains Fold Prior to Crystallization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:284-288. [PMID: 35575358 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are long-standing debates in crystallization mechanism of polymer chains at the molecular levels: Which comes first, chain folding or lamellae formation during crystallization? In this study, we report the local chain trajectory of 13C-labeled semicrystalline polymer in an extreme case of rapidly quenched glassy state as well as thermodynamically stable crystals formed via different pathways from glass and melt. Magnetically dipole interactions do not require a long-range order of molecular objects and thus enable us to trace the local chain trajectory of polymer chains even in a glassy state. To accurately characterize the local chain trajectory of polymer glass, the natural abundance effect on 13C-13C double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal is re-examined using extended chain conformation. As results, it is found that glassy chains adopt the same adjacent re-entry structure (adjacent re-entry number, n = 1) with the melt- and cold-grown crystals. From these results, it is concluded that (i) folding occurs prior to crystallization and (ii) melt and cold crystallization do not induce additional folding but proceed with rearrangements of polymer chains in the existing templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jin
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Shichen Yuan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Shijun Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - You-lee Hong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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15
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Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation by Homogeneous Crystal Nuclei in Poly(
l
‐Lactic Acid) Foaming. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Wang J, Bao J, Zhou J, Li X, Zhang X, Chen W. Effects of physical aging on the self‐healing, shape memory, and crystallization behaviors of hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Jianna Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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17
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Androsch R, Toda A, Furushima Y, Schick C. Insertion‐Crystallization‐Induced Low‐Temperature Annealing Peaks in Melt‐Crystallized Poly(
l
‐Lactic Acid). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Saale Halle 06099 Germany
| | - Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Higashi Hiroshima 739‐8521 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Furushima
- Materials Characterization Laboratories Toray Research Center Inc. 3–7, Sonoyama 3‐chome Otsu Shiga 520‐8567 Japan
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR University of Rostock Rostock 18051 Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russia
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18
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Wang B, Mathew A, Napolitano S. Temperature and Thickness Dependence of the Time Scale of Crystallization of Polymers under 1D Confinement. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:476-480. [PMID: 35549220 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Confined in nanodomains, polymers crystallize much slower than in bulk due to both finite size and interfacial effects. These two factors are successfully disentangled in our phenomenological framework, which provides a measurement of the time scale of crystallization via a product of probabilities involving nucleation and of chain diffusion. In this Letter, we demonstrate that our model allows determining the Gibbs free energy of the formation of a critical size nucleus indicated by the classical nucleation theory for bulk polymer melts. In addition to that, by means of segmental mobility data and one single set of isothermal crystallization measurements at different confinement degrees, our model predicts the right temperature and thickness dependence of the crystallization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Allen Mathew
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels 1050, Belgium
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
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20
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Zheng Y, Pan P. Crystallization of biodegradable and biobased polyesters: Polymorphism, cocrystallization, and structure-property relationship. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Jariyavidyanont K, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Androsch R. Kinetics of homogeneous crystal nucleation of polyamide 11 near the glass transition temperature. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics University of Rostock Rostock Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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22
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Quattrosoldi S, Lotti N, Soccio M, Schick C, Androsch R. Stability of Crystal Nuclei of Poly (butylene isophthalate) Formed Near the Glass Transition Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051099. [PMID: 32403402 PMCID: PMC7285351 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tammann’s two-stage crystal-nuclei-development method is applied for analysis of the thermal stability of homogenously formed crystal nuclei of poly(butylene isophthalate) (PBI) as well as their possible reorganization on transferring them to the growth temperature, using fast scanning chip calorimetry. Crystal nuclei were formed at 50 °C, that is, at a temperature only slightly higher than the glass transition temperature, and developed to crystals within a pre-defined time at the growth temperature of 85 °C. The number of nuclei, overcritical at the growth temperature, was detected as a function of the transfer-conditions (maximum temperature, heating rate) by evaluation of the developed crystal fraction. For different size-distributions of crystal nuclei, as controlled by the nucleation time, there is detected distinct reduction of the nuclei number on heating to maximum temperatures higher than about 90 to 110 °C, with the latter value holding for longer nucleation time. Longer nucleation allows for both increasing the absolute nuclei number and generation of an increased fraction of larger nuclei. Heating at 1000 K/s to 140–150 °C causes “melting” of even the most stable nuclei. While direct transfer of crystal nuclei from the nucleation temperature (50 °C) to the growth temperature (85 °C) reveals negligible effect of the transfer-heating rate, in-between heating to higher temperatures is connected with distinct nuclei-reorganization above 85 °C on heating slower than 1000–10.000 K/s. The performed study not only provides specific valuable information about the thermal characteristics of crystal nuclei of PBI but also highlights the importance of proper design of Tammann’s nuclei development experiment for analysis of nuclei numbers. With the evaluation of critical rates of temperature-change for suppression of non-isothermal formation of both nuclei and crystals, the kinetics of crystallization of the slow crystallizing PBI is further quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (S.Q.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (S.Q.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (S.Q.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Christoph Schick
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Correspondence:
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23
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Andrianov RA, Androsch R, Zhang R, Mukhametzyanov TA, Abyzov AS, Schmelzer JW, Schick C. Growth and dissolution of crystal nuclei in poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) in Tammann's development method. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Monnier X, Delpouve N, Saiter-Fourcin A. Distinct dynamics of structural relaxation in the amorphous phase of poly(l-lactic acid) revealed by quiescent crystallization. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3224-3233. [PMID: 32162627 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) experiments were performed to investigate physical aging in amorphous and semi-crystalline poly(l-lactic acid)s (PLLAs) that were thermally crystallized under conditions leading to the α'- or α-crystalline form, and either favouring or inhibiting the development of a rigid amorphous fraction (RAF). The enthalpy of recovery was calculated after two procedures of rescaling to the content of the whole amorphous phase and also to the only content of the mobile amorphous fraction (MAF), which helped in clarifying the contribution of the RAF. From the dependence of the structural relaxation rate on the aging temperature, two regimes were evidenced for all samples. In the aging temperature domain situated close to the glass transition, the structural relaxation occurs significantly faster in the MAF. Its rate is independent of the aging temperature and is not influenced by the microstructure. However, the distance to equilibrium is higher in samples for which the coupling is strong between crystal and amorphous, implying that the time to reach equilibrium is also higher. In contrast, at low aging temperatures, for which the whole amorphous phase can be considered as solid, MAF and RAF exhibit the same structrural relaxation rate. This convergence in the relaxation kinetics by decreasing the temperature of physical aging was interpreted as the evolution of relaxation dynamics in the MAF from segmental to local. This change is highlighted by the comparison between MAF and RAF relaxation kinetics, but it occurs similarly in a pure amorphous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Allisson Saiter-Fourcin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France.
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25
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Quattrosoldi S, Androsch R, Janke A, Soccio M, Lotti N. Enthalpy Relaxation, Crystal Nucleation and Crystal Growth of Biobased Poly(butylene Isophthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010235. [PMID: 31963666 PMCID: PMC7023569 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of fully biobased poly(butylene isophthalate) (PBI) has been investigated using calorimetric and microscopic techniques. PBI is an extremely slow crystallizing polymer that leads, after melt-crystallization, to the formation of lamellar crystals and rather large spherulites, due to the low nuclei density. Based upon quantitative analysis of the crystal-nucleation behavior at low temperatures near the glass transition, using Tammann's two-stage nuclei development method, a nucleation pathway for an acceleration of the crystallization process and for tailoring the semicrystalline morphology is provided. Low-temperature annealing close to the glass transition temperature (Tg) leads to the formation of crystal nuclei, which grow to crystals at higher temperatures, and yield a much finer spherulitic superstructure, as obtained after direct melt-crystallization. Similarly to other slowly crystallizing polymers like poly(ethylene terephthalate) or poly(l-lactic acid), low-temperature crystal-nuclei formation at a timescale of hours/days is still too slow to allow non-spherulitic crystallization. The interplay between glass relaxation and crystal nucleation at temperatures slightly below Tg is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy (M.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy (M.S.)
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (N.L.)
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26
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Androsch R, Zhang R, Schick C. Melt-recrystallization of poly (l-lactic acid) initially containing α′-crystals. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Das A, El-Tawargy AS, Khechine E, Noack S, Schlaad H, Reiter G, Reiter R. Controlling Nucleation in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Langmuir Poly(l-lactide) Films through Variation of the Rate of Compression. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6129-6136. [PMID: 30998851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied morphological changes in a quasi-two-dimensional Langmuir film of low molar mass poly(l-lactide) upon increasing the surface density, starting from randomly distributed molecules to a homogeneous monolayer of closely packed molecules, followed by nucleation and growth of mesoscopic, three-dimensional clusters from an overcompressed monolayer. The corresponding nucleation density of mesoscopic clusters within the monolayer can be tailored through variation of the rate of compression. For a given surface density and temperature, the nucleation probability was found to increase linearly with the rate of compression, allowing to adjust the density of mesoscopic clusters over nearly 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijna Das
- Institute of Physics , University of Freiburg , Hermann-Herder-Str. 3 , Freiburg 79104 , Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Ahmed S El-Tawargy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science , Damietta University , El-Kafrawy Street , Damietta 34517 , Egypt
| | - Emna Khechine
- Institute of Physics , University of Freiburg , Hermann-Herder-Str. 3 , Freiburg 79104 , Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Sebastian Noack
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , Potsdam 14476 , Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , Potsdam 14476 , Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics , University of Freiburg , Hermann-Herder-Str. 3 , Freiburg 79104 , Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Renate Reiter
- Institute of Physics , University of Freiburg , Hermann-Herder-Str. 3 , Freiburg 79104 , Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
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28
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Sungkapreecha C, Iqbal N, Focke WW, Androsch R. Crystallization of poly(
l
‐lactic acid) in solution with the mosquito‐repellent
N
,
N
‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanita Sungkapreecha
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural SciencesMartin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Naeem Iqbal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural SciencesMartin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Walter W. Focke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of PretoriaInstitute of Sustainable Malaria Control Hatfield South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of PretoriaInstitute of Applied Materials Hatfield South Africa
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural SciencesMartin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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29
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Schick C, Androsch R. Nucleation‐controlled semicrystalline morphology of bulk polymers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schick
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR Rostock Germany
- Istitute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University Kazan Russian Federation
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐Oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN)Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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30
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Di Lorenzo ML, Androsch R. Influence of α′-/α-crystal polymorphism on properties of poly(l-lactic acid). POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
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31
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Quantification of isothermal crystallization of polyamide 12: Modelling of crystallization kinetics and phase composition. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Mileva D, Tranchida D, Gahleitner M. Designing polymer crystallinity: An industrial perspective. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
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33
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Syazwan M, Sasaki T. Rapid crystallization and mesophase formation of poly(L-lactic acid) during precipitation from a solution. E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVery rapid crystallization behaviors of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) are observed at room temperature when it is precipitated from a chloroform solution into a large amount of alcohols (non-solvents). The resulting crystalline phase contains both a highly ordered (α) and less ordered (α′) modifications, and the fraction of these phases depends on the alcohols used as the non-solvents: methanol tends to produce the highly ordered phase. The degree of crystallinity tends to be high for lower alcohols. When the precipitation occurs in n-hexane, almost no crystalline phase is formed, but a mesomorphic phase is formed as a precursor to the crystalline phase. The results suggest that the hydroxyl group of alcohols tends to promote the crystallization of PLLA. However, it is found that the precipitation in methanol at lower temperatures, such as 0°C, does not yield any crystalline phase. It is suggested that the present rapid crystallization during precipitation originates from the enhanced mobility of PLLA molecules in a metastable (non-equilibrium) liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Syazwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910 8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910 8507, Japan
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34
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De Neef A, Samuel C, Stoclet G, Rguiti M, Courtois C, Dubois P, Soulestin J, Raquez JM. Processing of PVDF-based electroactive/ferroelectric films: importance of PMMA and cooling rate from the melt state on the crystallization of PVDF beta-crystals. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4591-4602. [PMID: 29785441 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) displays attractive ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties and its polar β-crystals are specifically targeted for achieving electroactive applications. However, their direct crystallization from the melt state represents a challenging task that has never been addressed using melt-state processes. The use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is herein investigated to promote the PVDF polar β-phase using melt-blending and extrusion-calendering technologies. The presence of the β-phase is here confirmed by ATR-FTIR and WAXS experiments with blends at a PMMA content as low as 5 wt%. The key role of PMMA for the β-phase crystallization from the melt state was unambiguously highlighted with the help of Flash DSC experiments in non-isothermal cooling mode from the melt state. PMMA is able to efficiently shift the α-to-β crystal transition to lower cooling rates (>100-200 °C s-1), making the achievement of the PVDF polar β-phase for these blends compatible with conventional processing tools. A crystal phase diagram is proposed for the PVDF/PMMA blends to highlight the dual effects of both PMMA and cooling rate on the PVDF crystallization during melt-processing. Ferroelectric properties were even observed for the blends containing PMMA up to 10 wt% with the highest remanent polarization obtained at 5 wt% PMMA. After 10 wt% PMMA, a progressive transition from ferroelectric to pseudo-linear dielectric behavior is observed more likely due to the presence of PMMA in the interlamellar amorphous phase of the polar PVDF spherulites as shown by SAXS experiments. In this work, we successfully demonstrated that PMMA plays a key role in the crystallization of PVDF polar crystals from the melt state, enabling large-scale and continuous extrusion processing of PVDF-based materials with attractive dielectric properties for sensing and harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre De Neef
- University of Mons (UMons), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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35
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36
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37
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Zhong Q. Crystallization Behaviors and Regime Kinetics Analysis of Poly(L-lactide)-poly(butylene adipate)-poly(L-lactide) Based Multiblock Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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D'Urso L, Acocella MR, Guerra G, Iozzino V, De Santis F, Pantani R. PLA Melt Stabilization by High-Surface-Area Graphite and Carbon Black. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E139. [PMID: 30966175 PMCID: PMC6415102 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small amounts of carbon nanofillers, specifically high-surface-area graphite (HSAG) and more effectively carbon black (CB), are able to solve the well-known problem of degradation (molecular weight reduction) during melt processing, for the most relevant biodegradable polymer, namely poly(lactic acid), PLA. This behavior is shown by rheological measurements (melt viscosity during extrusion experiments and time sweep-complex viscosity) combined with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) experiments. PLA's molecular weight, which is heavily reduced during melt extrusion of the neat polymer, can remain essentially unaltered by simple compounding with only 0.1 wt % of CB. At temperatures close to polymer melting by compounding with graphitic fillers, the observed stabilization of PLA melt could be rationalized by scavenging traces of water, which reduces hydrolysis of polyester bonds. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) indicate that the same carbon fillers, on the contrary, slightly destabilize PLA toward decomposition reactions, leading to the loss of volatile byproducts, which occur at temperatures higher than 300 °C, i.e., far from melt processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D'Urso
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Acocella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Valentina Iozzino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Felice De Santis
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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39
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Lan Q, Yu J, Zhang J, He J. Nucleation Enhancement in Stereodefective Poly(l-lactide) by Free Volume Expansion Resulting from Low-Temperature Pressure CO₂ Preconditioning. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E120. [PMID: 30966156 PMCID: PMC6415141 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleation enhancement in a highly stereodefective poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) with an optical purity of 88% by low-temperature pressure (0 and 35 °C under 2 MPa) CO₂ preconditioning was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy (POM) as well as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Despite the preconditioning of the melt-quenched films for 2 h, IR results indicated that no trace of mesophase was generated and the samples remained in the glassy state. However, judging from the results of DSC, IR, and POM, when compared to the untreated sample, both the treated ones showed a significantly enhanced crystal nucleation effect, resulting in the corresponding greatly enhanced crystallization kinetics. Moreover, owing to the existence of the retrograde vitrification, the conditions of the previous low-pressure CO₂ conditioning affected the nucleation enhancement effect. When compared to the case of 35 °C, the much lower temperature of 0 °C was more effective for nucleation enhancement. The PALS results indicated that the enlarged free volume, which resulted from the CO₂ conditioning, largely accounted for the formation of locally ordered structures, providing many more potential nucleation sites for forming critical nuclei and thus the resulting enhanced crystallization kinetics in glassy PLLA. The present results have implications in understanding the nucleation enhancement effect, in particular in stereodefective PLLA systems, which possess extremely low crystallization ability and are thus probably too problematic to be evaluated by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Lan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiasong He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.
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40
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Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene carbonate)/poly(lactic acid) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Guigo N, Sbirrazzuoli N. Thermal Analysis of Biobased Polymers and Composites. RECENT ADVANCES, TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64062-8.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Androsch R, Di Lorenzo ML, Schick C. Optical Microscopy to Study Crystal Nucleation in Polymers Using a Fast Scanning Chip Calorimeter for Precise Control of the Nucleation Pathway. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 06099 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (CNR); Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA) Italy
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR; University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; 18 Kremlyovskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
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43
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Palacios JK, Zhao J, Hadjichristidis N, Müller AJ. How the Complex Interplay between Different Blocks Determines the Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Triple-Crystalline PEO-b-PCL-b-PLLA Triblock Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordana K. Palacios
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Schick C, Androsch R, Schmelzer JWP. Homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:453002. [PMID: 28708065 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7fe0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of crystal nucleation significantly influences the structure and properties of semi-crystalline polymers. Crystal nucleation is normally heterogeneous at low supercooling, and homogeneous at high supercooling, of the polymer melt. Homogeneous nucleation in bulk polymers has been, so far, hardly accessible experimentally, and was even doubted to occur at all. This topical review summarizes experimental findings on homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. Recently developed fast scanning calorimetry, with cooling and heating rates up to 106 K s-1, allows for detailed investigations of nucleation near and even below the glass transition temperature, including analysis of nuclei stability. As for other materials, the maximum homogeneous nucleation rate for polymers is located close to the glass transition temperature. In the experiments discussed here, it is shown that polymer nucleation is homogeneous at such temperatures. Homogeneous nucleation in polymers is discussed in the framework of the classical nucleation theory. The majority of our observations are consistent with the theory. The discrepancies may guide further research, particularly experiments to progress theoretical development. Progress in the understanding of homogeneous nucleation is much needed, since most of the modelling approaches dealing with polymer crystallization exclusively consider homogeneous nucleation. This is also the basis for advancing theoretical approaches to the much more complex phenomena governing heterogeneous nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
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45
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Gao Y, Yao SF, Ye HM, Guo BH, Xu J. Orientation of polymer chains in spherulites of poly(ethylene oxide)-urea inclusion compounds. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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47
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48
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Di Lorenzo ML, Androsch R, Righetti MC. Low-temperature crystallization of poly(butylene succinate). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Amorphous Fractions of Poly(lactic acid). SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2016_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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50
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Kinetics of Nucleation and Growth of Crystals of Poly(l-lactic acid). SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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