1
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Liao Y, Le Roi B, Zhang H, Diesendruck CE, Grolman JM. Facile Mechanophore Integration in Heterogeneous Biologically Derived Materials via "Dip-Conjugation". J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17878-17886. [PMID: 38899486 PMCID: PMC11229001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes and diseases, yet measuring them directly at the molecular level remains one of the main challenges of mechanobiology. Here, we show a strategy to "Dip-conjugate" biologically derived materials at the chemical level to mechanophores, force-responsive molecular entities, using Click-chemistry. Contrary to classical prepolymerization mechanophore incorporation, this new protocol leads to detectable mechanochromic response with as low as 5% strain, finally making mechanophores relevant for many biological processes that have previously been inaccessible. Our results demonstrate the ubiquity of the technique with activation in synthetic polymers, carbohydrates, and proteins under mechanical force, with alpaca wool fibers as a key example. These results push the limits for mechanophore use in far more types of polymeric materials in applications ranging from molecular-level force damage detection to direct and quantitative 3D force measurements in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Baptiste Le Roi
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hang Zhang
- Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Joshua M Grolman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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2
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Ritter VC, McDonald SM, Dobrynin AV, Craig SL, Becker ML. Mechanochromism and Strain-Induced Crystallization in Thiol-yne-Derived Stereoelastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302163. [PMID: 37399511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Most elastomers undergo strain-induced crystallization (SIC) under tension; as individual chains are held rigidly in a fixed position by an applied strain, their alignment along the strain field results in a shift from strain-hardening (SH) to SIC. A similar degree of stretching is associated with the tension necessary to accelerate mechanically coupled, covalent chemical responses of mechanophores in overstretched chains, raising the possibility of an interplay between the macroscopic response of SIC and the molecular response of mechanophore activation. Here, thiol-yne-derived stereoelastomers doped covalently with a dipropiolate-derivatized spiropyran (SP) mechanophore (0.25-0.38 mol%) are reported. The material properties of SP-containing films are consistent with undoped controls, indicating that the SP is a reporter of the mechanical state of the polymer. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal correlations between mechanochromism and SIC, which are strain-rate-dependent. When mechanochromic films are stretched slowly to the point of mechanophore activation, the covalently tethered mechanophore remains trapped in a force-activated state, even after the applied stress is removed. Mechanophore reversion kinetics correlate with the applied strain rate, resulting in highly tunable decoloration rates. Because these polymers are not covalently crosslinked, they are recyclable by melt-pressing into new films, increasing their potential range of strain-sensing, morphology-sensing, and shape-memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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3
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Clough JM, Kilchoer C, Wilts BD, Weder C. Hierarchically Structured Deformation-Sensing Mechanochromic Pigments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206416. [PMID: 36935363 PMCID: PMC10161078 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic materials alter their color in response to mechanical force and are useful for both fundamental studies and practical applications. Several approaches are used to render polymers mechanochromic, but they generally suffer from limitations in sensing range, capacity to provide quantitative information, and their capability to enable broad and simple implementation. Here, is it reported that these problems can be overcome by combining photonic structures, which alter their reflection upon deformation, with covalent mechanophores, whose spectral properties change upon mechanically induced bond scission, in hierarchically structured mechanochromic pigments. This is achieved by synthesizing microspheres consisting of an elastic polymer with spiropyran-based cross-links and non-close-packed silica nanoparticles. A strain of less than 1% can be detected in a shift of the reflection band from the photonic structure, while the onset strain for the conversion of the spiropyran into fluorescent merocyanine ranges from 30% to 70%, creating a broad strain detection range. The two responses are tailorable and synergistic, permitting the activation strain for the mechanophore response to be tuned. The mechano-sensing photonic pigments are demonstrated to be readily incorporated into different polymeric materials of interest and quantitatively probe spatially heterogeneous deformations over a large strain range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Kilchoer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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4
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Huo Z, Arora S, Kong VA, Myrga BJ, Statt A, Laaser JE. Effect of Polymer Composition and Morphology on Mechanochemical Activation in Nanostructured Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1845-1854. [PMID: 36938512 PMCID: PMC10018773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of composition and morphology on mechanochemical activation in nanostructured block copolymers was investigated in a series of poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA) triblock copolymers containing a force-responsive spiropyran unit in the center of the rubbery PnBA midblock. Triblock copolymers with identical PnBA midblocks and varying lengths of PMMA end-blocks were synthesized from a spiropyran-containing macroinitiatior via atom transfer radical polymerization, yielding polymers with volume fractions of PMMA ranging from 0.21 to 0.50. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the polymers self-assembled into spherical and cylindrical nanostructures. Simultaneous tensile tests and optical measurements revealed that mechanochemical activation is strongly correlated to the chemical composition and morphologies of the triblock copolymers. As the glassy (PMMA) block content is increased, the overall activation increases, and the onset of activation occurs at lower strain but higher stress, which agrees with predictions from our previous computational work. These results suggest that the self-assembly of nanostructured morphologies can play an important role in controlling mechanochemical activation in polymeric materials and provide insights into how polymer composition and morphology impact molecular-scale force distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Swati Arora
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Victoria A. Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brandon J. Myrga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Antonia Statt
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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5
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Janissen R, Filonenko GA. Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23198-23204. [PMID: 36509594 PMCID: PMC9782785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanophores are powerful molecular tools used to track bond rupture and characterize mechanical damage in polymers. The majority of mechanophores are known to respond to external stresses, and we report in this study the first precedent of a mechanochemical response to internal, residual stresses that accumulate during polymer vitrification. While internal stress is intrinsic to polymers that can form solids, we demonstrate that it can dramatically affect the mechanochemistry of spiropyran probes and alter their intramolecular isomerization barriers by up to 70 kJ mol-1. This new behavior of spiropyrans (SPs) enables their application for analysis of internal stresses distribution and their mechanochemical characterization on the molecular level. Spectroscopy and imaging based on SP mechanochemistry showed high topological sensitivity and allowed us to discern different levels of internal stress impacting various locations along the polymer chain. The nature of the developed technique allows for wide-field imaging of stress heterogeneities in polymer samples of irregular shapes and dimensions, making it feasible to directly observe molecular-level manifestations of mechanical stresses that accompany the formation of a vast number of solid polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Janissen
- Single-Molecule
Biophysics, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Georgy A. Filonenko
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628
CD, The Netherlands,
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6
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Keyvan Rad J, Balzade Z, Mahdavian AR. Spiropyran-based advanced photoswitchable materials: A fascinating pathway to the future stimuli-responsive devices. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Raisch M, Reiter G, Sommer M. Determining Entanglement Molar Mass of Glassy Polyphenylenes Using Mechanochromic Molecular Springs. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:760-765. [PMID: 35612497 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force transduction in tough and glassy poly(meta,meta,para-phenylene) (PmmpP) was investigated as a function of Mn using covalently incorporated mechanochromic donor-acceptor torsional springs based on an ortho-substituted diphenyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (oDPP). Blending oDPP-PmmpP probe chains with long PmmpP matrix chains allowed us to investigate molar-mass-dependent mechanochromic properties for a series of specimens having mechanically identical properties. In the strain-hardening regime, the mechanochromic response (Δλmax,em) was found to be a linear function of the acting stress and fully reversible, making oDPP-PmmpP a real-time and quantitative stress sensor. For entangled and nonentangled probe chains, distinctly different values of Δλmax,em were observed, yielding a critical molar mass of Mc ≈ 11 kg mol-1 for PmmpP. Once physical cross-linking of oDPP in the network of PmmpP was ensured, Δλmax,em was found to be independent of Mn. The resulting value of Mc is in very good agreement with results from rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Raisch
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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8
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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9
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10
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Magrini T, Kiebala D, Grimm D, Nelson A, Schrettl S, Bouville F, Weder C, Studart AR. Tough Bioinspired Composites That Self-Report Damage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27481-27490. [PMID: 34076408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of lightweight composite materials in structural applications requires the development of new damage monitoring technologies to ensure their safe use and prevent accidents. Although several molecular strategies have been proposed to report damage in polymers through mechanochromic responses, these approaches have not yet been translated into lightweight bioinspired composites for load-bearing applications. Here, we report on the development of bioinspired laminates of alternating polymer and nacre-like layers that combine optical translucency, high fracture toughness, and damage-reporting capabilities. The composites signal damage via a fluorescence color change that arises from the force activation of mechanophore molecules embedded in the material's polymer phase. A quantitative correlation between the applied strain and the fluorescence intensity was successfully established. We demonstrate that optical imaging of mechanically loaded composites allows for the localized detection of damage prior to fracture. This fluorescence-based self-reporting mechanism offers a promising approach for the early detection of damage in lightweight structural composites and can serve as a useful tool for the analysis of fracture processes in bulk transparent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Magrini
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grimm
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Anna Nelson
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Florian Bouville
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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11
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Vaidya S, Sharma M, Brückner C, Kasi RM. Rhodamine-Installed Polynorbornenes: Molecular Design, Structure, and Stimuli-Responsive Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15017-15028. [PMID: 34151083 PMCID: PMC8210439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a number of tailored architectures of rhodamine dye-norbornene conjugate monomers and corresponding homopolymers derived from them is described. The impact of the monomer architecture on the mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties of rhodamine-modified polynorbornenes is reported. Color changes were caused by the reversible interconversion between the "open" and "closed" spirolactam form of the covalently attached dye. Monomers were synthesized in two principle architectures that varied on: (1) the number of polymerizable norbornene groups tethered to a bifunctional rhodamine dye; (2) the presence of flexible methylene spacers between the dye and the polymerizable norbornene groups. Introduction of norbornene groups on each of the two hydroxy groups of a bifunctional rhodamine resulted in a cross-linked polymer that exhibited better mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties compared to the corresponding polymer without cross-links, derived from the derivatization of bifunctional rhodamine with only one norbornene. The introduction of flexible methylene spacers between the two polymerizable norbornenes and the dye molecule resulted in a polymeric framework with rapidly reversible color-changing properties upon mechanical or photostimulation. The ideal monomer molecular structure, whereby (1) attaching norbornene on both sides of the rhodamine dye and (2) methylene spacers between the dye and norbornenes on both sides afforded the nonpareil polymer structure that was capable of thermoreversible mechanochromic and photochromic features, and irreversible thermochromic features. These new materials may find utility as multi-stimuli-responsive soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Vaidya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer
Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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12
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Photoswitchable surface wettability of ultrahydrophobic nanofibrous coatings composed of spiropyran-acrylic copolymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 593:67-78. [PMID: 33744553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Light-controlling of surface characteristics in polymeric coatings has been a significant research area because of its potential application in development of smart surfaces. Wettability of light-responsive polymeric coatings based on spiropyran photochromic compound could be tuned by light irradiation. This is mainly because of spiropyran isomerization between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic states. EXPERIMENTS Light-responsive latex nanoparticles containing spiropyran moieties were synthesized by semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of acrylate monomers, which have different chain flexibility depending on the copolymer composition. Photochromic properties of spiropyran in stimuli-responsive latex nanoparticles displayed dependence of photochromism intensity and its kinetics to flexibility of the polymer chains in addition to the polarity of media. Photoswitchable surface wettability of the spiropyran-containing acrylic copolymer coatings was investigated, where the photo-responsive coatings were prepared by solution casting and electrospinning methods. FINDINGS The photoswitchable coatings prepared by solution casting and electrospinning methods showed significant differences in their physical characteristics and especially surface wettability. The polymeric coatings displayed water droplet contact angles in the range of 60-93°, which could reversibly be switched to 55-86° upon UV light (365 nm) illumination as a result of isomerization of the hydrophobic spiro form to the zwitterionic merocyanine form. The nanofibrous coatings prepared by electrospinning method displayed higher contact angles in the range of 120-136°, which was switched to 78-105° upon UV light irradiation. The developed photo-responsive coatings displayed highly-efficient photoswitching between the two hydrophobic and hydrophilic states as a response to UV and visible light irradiation. The photoswitchable nanofibrous coatings displayed ultrahydrophobic characteristics, where the colored water droplets were stable on their surface and could easily be adsorbed by a cellulosic tissue. In summary, the photoswitchable nanofibrous coatings could be applied for design and development of ultrahydrophobic materials with the ability of photo-controlling of surface wettability by light irradiation with tunable intensity.
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13
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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14
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Development of spiropyran bonded bio-based waterborne polyurethanes for mechanical-responsive color-variable films. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Abdollahi A, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Razavi B, Salami-Kalajahi M. Photoluminescent and Chromic Nanomaterials for Anticounterfeiting Technologies: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14417-14492. [PMID: 33079535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeiting and inverse engineering of security and confidential documents, such as banknotes, passports, national cards, certificates, and valuable products, has significantly been increased, which is a major challenge for governments, companies, and customers. From recent global reports published in 2017, the counterfeiting market was evaluated to be $107.26 billion in 2016 and forecasted to reach $206.57 billion by 2021 at a compound annual growth rate of 14.0%. Development of anticounterfeiting and authentication technologies with multilevel securities is a powerful solution to overcome this challenge. Stimuli-chromic (photochromic, hydrochromic, and thermochromic) and photoluminescent (fluorescent and phosphorescent) compounds are the most significant and applicable materials for development of complex anticounterfeiting inks with a high-security level and fast authentication. Highly efficient anticounterfeiting and authentication technologies have been developed to reach high security and efficiency. Applicable materials for anticounterfeiting applications are generally based on photochromic and photoluminescent compounds, for which hydrochromic and thermochromic materials have extensively been used in recent decades. A wide range of materials, such as organic and inorganic metal complexes, polymer nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymer dots, carbon dots, upconverting nanoparticles, and supramolecular structures, could display all of these phenomena depending on their physical and chemical characteristics. The polymeric anticounterfeiting inks have recently received significant attention because of their high stability for printing on confidential documents. In addition, the printing technologies including hand-writing, stamping, inkjet printing, screen printing, and anticounterfeiting labels are discussed for introduction of the most efficient methods for application of different anticounterfeiting inks. This review would help scientists to design and develop the most applicable encryption, authentication, and anticounterfeiting technologies with high security, fast detection, and potential applications in security marking and information encryption on various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abdollahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Razavi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Kono H, Uno T, Tsujisaki H, Matsushima T, Tajima K. Nanofibrillated Bacterial Cellulose Modified with (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane under Aqueous Conditions: Applications to Poly(methyl methacrylate) Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29561-29569. [PMID: 33225187 PMCID: PMC7676300 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly fiber-reinforced composite resins is an important objective from an environmental perspective, and nanofibrillated bacterial cellulose (NFBC), with extremely long high-aspect-ratio fibers, is a filler material with high potential for use in such composite resins. In this study, we investigated chemical modification of the surfaces of NFBC fibers by coupling with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and fabricated nanocomposite materials using the prepared surface-modified NFBC. The product prepared by the one-pot reaction of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane with NFBC microfibrils dispersed in aqueous acid retained the same nanofibril structure as the intact NFBC. The degree of molar substitution and the silicon states on the surface of the product depended on the NFBC/(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane ratio. The thermal analysis revealed that the thermal degradation temperature of the products increases with an increase of degree of molar substitution. Highly transparent (78-89% at 600 nm) poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting; the nanocomposite containing 1.0 wt % (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilylated NFBC was only 8% less transparent than neat poly(methyl methacrylate) at 600 nm. In addition, the tensile strength of the nanocomposite was more than twice that of neat poly(methyl methacrylate) when 1 wt % of the surface-modified NFBC was added. The surface-modified NFBC is expected to be a reinforcing nanofiber material that imparts excellent physical properties to fiber-reinforced resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kono
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
- . Tel/Fax: +81 144 67 8036
| | - Taiki Uno
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
| | - Haruto Tsujisaki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
| | - Tokuo Matsushima
- Kusano
Sakko Inc., Nishimachi
16, Kamiebetsu, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 067 0063, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
8628, Japan
- .
Tel/Fax: +81 11 706 6603
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17
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Ishizuki K, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Mechanochromic Polymers That Recognize the Duration of the Mechanical Stimulation via Multiple Mechanochromism. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000429. [PMID: 32996205 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers can be used as stress- and damage-detecting sensors in polymeric materials, given that mechanical stimuli can be visualized by color changes. Although many types of mechanochromic polymers have been reported so far, there are only few examples on their further functionalization based on multiple color changes (multicolor mechanochromism). Herein, preliminary results are reported on the use of multicolor mechanochromism to detect the duration of the mechanical stimulation by simply mixing white powders of two mechanochromic polystyrene samples that contain a different radical-type mechanochromophore at the midpoint of each polymer chain and thus exhibit different colors in response to mechanical stimuli. The mechanosensitivity can be tuned via the polymer length and shape, and a combination of these two types of mechanochromic polymers allows detecting the duration with multicolor mechanochromism, i.e., a color change from white to blue upon short exposure to grinding and a color change from white to gray upon longer exposure to grinding. Electron paramagnetic resonance and solid-state UV-vis measurements support the mechanism proposed for this multiple mechanochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Ishizuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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18
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Kim DW, Medvedev GA, Caruthers JM, Jo JY, Won YY, Kim J. Enhancement of Mechano-Sensitivity for Spiropyran-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) via Solvent Swelling. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Kim
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jun Young Jo
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Yeon Won
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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19
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Sakai H, Aoki D, Seshimo K, Mayumi K, Nishitsuji S, Kurose T, Ito H, Otsuka H. Visualization and Quantitative Evaluation of Toughening Polymer Networks by a Sacrificial Dynamic Cross-Linker with Mechanochromic Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1108-1113. [PMID: 35653216 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A difluorenylsuccinonitrile-(DFSN)-based linker, whose central C-C bond is readily cleaved under mechanical stress to generate a relatively stable pink radical species, was introduced into polymer networks. DFSN-based cross-linked polymers exhibit improved mechanical properties as compared to those of the corresponding covalently cross-linked polymers owing to the energy dissipation induced by cleavage of the central DFSN bond. The toughening mechanism of DFSN-based elastomers is qualitatively visualized by the intensity of the pink color and can be quantitatively characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance. These results demonstrate that the extent of DFSN cleavage is the main factor improving the mechanical properties of the polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hio Sakai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Mayumi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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20
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Cao Z. Highly Stretchable Tough Elastomers Crosslinked by Spiropyran Mechanophores for Strain‐Induced Colorimetric Sensing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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21
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Grady ME, Birrenkott CM, May PA, White SR, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Localization of Spiropyran Activation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5847-5854. [PMID: 32396732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of planar and curved glass surfaces with spiropyran (SP) molecules and localized UV-induced activation of the mechanophore are demonstrated. Fluorescence spectra of UV-irradiated SP-functionalized surfaces reveal that increases in surface roughness or curvature produce more efficient conversion of the mechanophore to the open merocyanine (MC) form. Further, force-induced activation of the mechanophore is achieved at curved glass-polymer interfaces and not planar interfaces. Minimal fluorescence signal from UV-irradiated SP-functionalized planar glass surfaces precluded mechanical activation testing. Curved glass-polymer interfaces are prepared by SP functionalization of E-glass fibers, which are subsequently embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. Mechanical activation is induced through shear loading by a single fiber microbond testing protocol. In situ detection of SP activation at the interface is monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence increase during interfacial testing suggests that attachment of the interfacial SP molecule to both fiber surface and polymer matrix is present and able to achieve significant activation of SP at the fiber-polymer matrix interface. Unlike previous studies for bulk polymers, SP activation is detected at relatively low levels of applied shear stress. By linking SP at the glass-polymer interface and transferring load directly to that interface, a more efficient mechanism for eliciting the SP response is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 506 Administration Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Cassandra M Birrenkott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Preston A May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Stratigaki M, Göstl R. Methods for Exerting and Sensing Force in Polymer Materials Using Mechanophores. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1095-1103. [PMID: 31958366 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polymer mechanochemistry has evolved as a methodology to provide insights into the action-reaction relationships of polymers and polymer-based materials and composites in terms of macroscopic force application (stress) and subsequent deformation (strain) through a mechanophore-assisted coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena. The perplexity of the process, however, from the viewpoint of mechanophore activation via a molecular-scaled disruption of the structure that yields a macroscopically detectable optical signal, renders this otherwise rapidly evolving field challenging. Motivated by this, we highlight here recent advancements of polymer mechanochemistry with particular focus on the establishment of methodologies for the efficient activation and quantification of mechanophores and anticipate to aptly pinpoint unresolved matters and limitations of the respective approaches, thus highlighting possible developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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24
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Stratigaki M, Baumann C, van Breemen LCA, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP, Göstl R. Fractography of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel networks crosslinked with mechanofluorophores using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Employing mechanofluorophores in polymer fractography to obtain new information on force-induced events when analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Lambert C. A. van Breemen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Polymer Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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25
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Yenpech N, Intasanta V, Tashiro K, Chirachanchai S. Color and shape reversible, recoverable and repeatable mechanochromic shape memory polycaprolactone: a single material with dual functions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A polycaprolactone-based mechanochromic shape memory material exhibits reversible and repeatable shape and color as a result of its crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawat Yenpech
- Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A)
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Varol Intasanta
- Nano Functional Textile Laboratory
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC)
- National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
- Pathumthani 12120
- Thailand
| | - Kohji Tashiro
- Department of Future Industry-Oriented Basic Science and Materials
- Toyota Technological Institute
- Nagoya 468-8511
- Japan
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A)
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
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26
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Stimuli-chromism of photoswitches in smart polymers: Recent advances and applications as chemosensors. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Jo JY, Jang HG, Jung YC, Lee DC, Kim J. Revealing the Dependence of Molecular-Level Force Transfer and Distribution on Polymer Cross-Link Density via Mechanophores. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:882-887. [PMID: 35619494 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between polymer architecture and molecular-level forces has long been a challenging research subject. Herein, spiropyran, a mechanophore that exhibits fluorescence change under force, was incorporated as a cross-linker between PMMA backbone segments. Using an in situ opto-mechanical setup to probe the molecular-level forces, the mechano-response of SP-linked PMMA as a function of the cross-link density was monitored during deformation. The dependence of the molecular-level force on cross-link density was quantitatively examined and revealed. First, a higher cross-link density shifted the fluorescence onset, that is, the onset of the spiropyran-to-merocyanine transition, to lower strains, eventually shifting the onset long before yield, without requiring sufficient chain mobility, owing to the higher efficiency of the force transfer. Under the same energy, the increase in cross-link density allowed for faster force transfer, but only to a certain level. Finally, the overall amount of spiropyran-to-merocyanine conversion linearly decreased with increasing cross-link density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Jo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Han Gyeol Jang
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yong Chae Jung
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
| | - Doh C. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
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28
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Vidavsky Y, Yang SJ, Abel BA, Agami I, Diesendruck CE, Coates GW, Silberstein MN. Enabling Room-Temperature Mechanochromic Activation in a Glassy Polymer: Synthesis and Characterization of Spiropyran Polycarbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10060-10067. [PMID: 31244138 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iris Agami
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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29
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Qiu W, Gurr PA, da Silva G, Qiao GG. Insights into the mechanochromism of spiropyran elastomers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Colourless polymeric samples comprising mechanochromic spiropyrans (SPs) rapidly appear coloured under external pressure, due to their transition from ring closed SP to ring-opened merocyanine (MC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Paul A. Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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30
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Kim TA, Robb MJ, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Mechanical Reactivity of Two Different Spiropyran Mechanophores in Polydimethylsiloxane. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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31
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Raisch M, Genovese D, Zaccheroni N, Schmidt SB, Focarete ML, Sommer M, Gualandi C. Highly Sensitive, Anisotropic, and Reversible Stress/Strain-Sensors from Mechanochromic Nanofiber Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802813. [PMID: 30133005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymeric systems are intensively investigated for real-time stress detection applications. However, an effective stress-sensing material must respond to low deformation with a detectable color change that should be quickly reversible upon force unloading. In this work, mechanochromic nanofibers made by electrospinning are used to produce mechanochromic nanofiber/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composites with isotropic and anisoptropic response. Due to chain alignment of spiropyran copolymer chains within the nanofibers, only very small strains are required to yield a mechanochromic response. Composites with aligned and isotropic nanofibers show anisotropic and isotropic mechanochromic behavior, respectively. Due to the special substitution pattern of spiropyran in the copolymer, the mechanochromic response of these nanofiber/PDMS composites shows fast reversibility upon force unloading. The outstanding benefit of using highly sensitive mechanochromic nanofibers as filler in composite materials allows the detection of directional stress and strain, and it is a step forward in the development of smart, mechanically responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Raisch
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simon B Schmidt
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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32
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Ishizuki K, Aoki D, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Multicolor Mechanochromic Polymer Blends That Can Discriminate between Stretching and Grinding. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:556-560. [PMID: 35632930 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers, which react to mechanical force by changing color, are expected to find applications in smart materials such as damage sensors. Although numerous types of mechanochromic polymers have been reported so far, developing mechanochromic polymers that can recognize different mechanical stimuli remains a formidable challenge. Materials that not only change their color in response to a mechanical stimulus but also detect its nature should be of great importance for practical applications. In this paper, we report our preliminary findings on multicolor mechanochromic polymer blends that can discriminate between two different mechanical stimuli, i.e., stretching and grinding, by simply blending two mechanochromic polymers with different architectures. The rational design and blending of two mechanochromic polymers with radical-type mechanochromophores embedded separately in positions adjacent to soft or hard domains made it possible to achieve multicolor mechanochromism in response to different stimuli. Electron paramagnetic resonance and solid-state UV-vis measurements supported the mechanism proposed for this discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Ishizuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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33
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34
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Imato K, Kanehara T, Nojima S, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Repeatable mechanochemical activation of dynamic covalent bonds in thermoplastic elastomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10482-5. [PMID: 27424868 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repeated mechanical scission and recombination of dynamic covalent bonds incorporated in segmented polyurethane elastomers are demonstrated by utilizing a diarylbibenzofuranone-based mechanophore and by the design of the segmented polymer structures. The repeated mechanochemical reactions can accompany clear colouration and simultaneous fading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. and Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanehara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shiki Nojima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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Sharifian MH, Mahdavian AR, Salehi-Mobarakeh H. Effects of Chain Parameters on Kinetics of Photochromism in Acrylic–Spiropyran Copolymer Nanoparticles and Their Reversible Optical Data Storage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8023-8031. [PMID: 28735543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossain Sharifian
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Post Office Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Post Office Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Salehi-Mobarakeh
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Post Office Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Li M, Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Mechanical Force Sensitive Acrylic Latex Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15156-15163. [PMID: 28425282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We prepared force sensitive acrylic latex coatings by covalently incorporating spiropyran mechanophore. The acrylic latexes were obtained through emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) as interparticle cross-linker, and (1'-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-3',3'-dimethylspiro[chromene-2,2'-indolin]-6-yl)methyl methacrylate) (SP) as intraparticle cross-linker. The latexes of P(BA-co-MMA-co-SP-co-VTES) were subsequently cast onto Teflon-coated surface to form latex coatings. The condensation of hydrolyzed VTES provided interparticle cross-linking and improved mechanical properties of the formed thin films. Intraparticle cross-linker SP endowed the coatings with mechanoreponsiveness. The mechanoactivation of SP-containing latex films was demonstrated. Increasing the content of intra-cross-linker SP resulted in higher stress sensitivity and lower critical stress required for mechanoactivation. Increasing the content of interparticle cross-linker VTES resulted in higher critical stress for SP mechanoactivation but had little effect on the stress sensitivity. Tg and operation temperature also showed significant effect on mechanoactivation. Slower strain rate allowed for higher SP-to-MC conversion. This work represents the first example of mechanochromic acrylic latexes and provides insight into the design of force sensitive and self-reporting polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 510640
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China 310014
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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37
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Wang T, Zhang N, Dai J, Li Z, Bai W, Bai R. Novel Reversible Mechanochromic Elastomer with High Sensitivity: Bond Scission and Bending-Induced Multicolor Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11874-11881. [PMID: 28290662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the rational designed mechanochromic polymer (MCP) materials have evoked major interest and experienced significant progress recently, it is still a great challenge to develop a facile and effective strategy for preparation of reversible broad-spectrum MCPs with a combination of wide-range color switch ability and high sensitivity, which thus make it possible to mimic gorgeous color change as in nature. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel rhodamine-based mechanochromic elastomer. Our results demonstrated that the elastomer exhibited very promising and unique properties. Three primary fluorescence colors were presented during continuous uniaxial extension and relaxing process, and reversible broad-spectrum fluorescence color change could be achieved consequently. The fluorescence quantum yield of the opened zwitterion of this new mechanophore was as high as 0.67. In addition, the elastomer showed very high sensitivity to stress with a detectable activation strain of ∼0.24, which was much smaller than those reported in the previous literature reports. Meantime, the easy-to-obtain material, facile preparation, and good mechanical property also made it suitable for potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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38
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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39
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Li M, Liu W, Zhu S. Smart polyolefins feeling the force: Color changeable poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-octene) in response to mechanical force. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Heydaripour M, Nourmohammadian F, Saadatjoo N. Sensitivity and Resolution Development of Spiropyran-based Molecular Photoswitches. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farahnaz Nourmohammadian
- Department of Organic Colorants; Institute for Color Science and Technology, 1668836471; Tehran Iran
- Center of Excellence for Color Science and Technology, 1668836471; Tehran Iran
| | - Naghi Saadatjoo
- Department of Chemistry; Semnan University, 19111-35131; Semnan Iran
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41
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Khakzad F, Mahdavian AR, Salehi-Mobarakeh H, Rezaee Shirin-Abadi A, Cunningham M. Redispersible PMMA latex nanoparticles containing spiropyran with photo-, pH- and CO2- responsivity. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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42
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Kosuge T, Imato K, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Polymer–Inorganic Composites with Dynamic Covalent Mechanochromophore. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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43
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Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. π-extended anthracenes as sensitive probes for mechanical stress. Chem Sci 2016; 7:370-375. [PMID: 28791098 PMCID: PMC5518546 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular systems having the ability to report on mechanical strain or failure in polymers via alteration of their optical properties are of great interest in materials science. However, only limited attention has been devoted to targeted chromophore engineering to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of π-extended anthracenes that can be released from their respective maleimide Diels-Alder adducts through the application of mechanical stress in solution and in the solid state. We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield as well as the tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths while retaining their excellent mechanochemical properties laying the foundation for a new series of mechanophores whose spectral characteristics can be modularly adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Göstl
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
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