1
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Lin CL, Lin WL, Rwei SP. Synthesis and characterization of poly(urethane-imide) derived from structural effect of diisocyanates. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Maiti TK, Singh J, Dixit P, Majhi J, Bhushan S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay S. Advances in perfluorosulfonic acid-based proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications: A review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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3
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Maiti TK, Singh J, Maiti SK, Majhi J, Ahuja A, Singh M, Bandyopadhyay A, Manik G, Chattopadhyay S. Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies of the perfluorosulfonic acid-based composite membranes containing sulfonated graphene oxide for fuel cell applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Yesaswi CS, Sreekanth PSR. Characterisation of Silver-coated Teflon fabric-reinforced Nafion ionic polymer metal composite with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoparticles. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-01015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Berg P, Nadon P. Random pore-network model for polymer electrolyte membranes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5907-5920. [PMID: 34038499 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A random pore-network model for polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) is presented that couples the flow of protons and water through cylindrical channels to the swelling of the membrane. While the flows are determined by closed-form solutions of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Stokes equations, the fluid-structure interaction is described by a pressure balance at the channel walls. Macroscopic membrane properties, such as the conductivity, permeability and electro-osmotic coefficient, are computed and compared to experimental data in the literature. In light of the model simplifications, the results compare favourably to data but they also point to the importance of describing proton diffusion in PEM nanopores accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Berg
- Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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6
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7
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Han W, Du H, Li S, Kang H, Fang Q. Mechanical properties and creep behavior of fluoroelastomer under hydrochloric acid environments. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Gustafson RD, McGaughey AL, Ding W, McVety SC, Childress AE. Morphological changes and creep recovery behavior of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes used for membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Pali-Casanova RDJ, Yam-Cervantes MA, Zavala-Loría JDC, Loría-Bastarrachea MI, Aguilar-Vega MDJ, Dzul-López LA, Sámano-Celorio ML, Crespo-Álvarez J, García-Villena E, Agudo-Toyos P, Méndez-Martínez F. Effect of Sulfonic Groups Concentration on IEC Properties in New Fluorinated Copolyamides. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071169. [PMID: 31324017 PMCID: PMC6680494 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven aromatic polyamides and copolyamides were synthesized from two different aromatic diamines: 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline (HFDA) and 2,4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (DABS). The synthesis was carried out by polycondensation using isophthaloyl dichloride (1SO). The effect of an increasing molar concentration of the sulfonated groups, from DABS, in the copolymer properties was evaluated. Inherent viscosity tests were carried out to estimate molecular weights. Mechanical tests were carried out under tension, maximum strength ( σ max), Young's modulus (E), and elongation at break (εmax) to determine their mechanical properties. Tests for water sorption and ion exchange capacity (IEC) were carried out. Proton conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that as the degree of sulfonation increase, the greater the proton conductivity. The results obtained showed conductivity values lower than the commercial membrane Nafion 115 of 0.0065 S cm-1. The membrane from copolyamide HFDA/DABS/1S0-70/30 with 30 mol DABS obtained the best IEC, with a value of 0.747 mmol g-1 that resulted in a conductivity of 2.7018 × 10-4 S cm-1, lower than the data reported for the commercial membrane Nafion 115. According to the results obtained, we can suggest that further developments increasing IEC will render membranes based on aromatic polyamides that are suitable for their use in PEM fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón de Jesús Pali-Casanova
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - Marcial Alfredo Yam-Cervantes
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - José Del Carmen Zavala-Loría
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Loría-Bastarrachea
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Materials Unit, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34 Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Manuel de Jesús Aguilar-Vega
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Materials Unit, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34 Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luis Alonso Dzul-López
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Sámano-Celorio
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Industrial de Cantabria (CITICAN), Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Crespo-Álvarez
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Villena
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Agudo-Toyos
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Francisco Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen. Calle 56 No. 4 Esq. Avenida Concordia Col. Benito Juárez, Cd. del Carmen C.P. 24180, Campeche, Mexico
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10
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Feng C, Li Y, Qu K, Zhang Z, He P. Mechanical behavior of a hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid membrane at meso and nano scales. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9594-9603. [PMID: 35520728 PMCID: PMC9062152 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) is widely used as the membrane material for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, and its mechanical properties directly affect the stability and the life of the internal structure of the proton exchange membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Kunnan Qu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Pengfei He
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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11
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Xia R, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Wu R, Wu WP. Effects of loading conditions on the nanoindentation creep behavior of nafion 117 membranes. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Re Xia
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education Wuhan; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education Wuhan; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education Wuhan; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Runni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education Wuhan; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen-Ping Wu
- Department of Engineering mechanics, School of Civil Engineering; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
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12
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Olivieri L, Aboukeila H, Giacinti Baschetti M, Pizzi D, Merlo L, Sarti GC. Humid permeation of CO2 and hydrocarbons in Aquivion® perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membranes, experimental and modeling. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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14
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Almomani A, Hong W, Hong W, Montazami R. Influence of Temperature on the Electromechanical Properties of Ionic Liquid-Doped Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9080358. [PMID: 30971036 PMCID: PMC6418685 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators have considerable potential for a wide range of applications. Although IPMC actuators are widely studied for their electromechanical properties, most studies have been conducted at the ambient conditions. The electromechanical performance of IPMC actuators at higher temperature is still far from understood. In this study, the effect of temperature on the electromechanical behavior (the rate of deformation and curvature) and electrochemical behavior (current flow) of ionic liquid doped IPMC actuators are examined and reported. Both electromechanical and electrochemical studies were conducted in air at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 90 °C. Electromechanically, the actuators showed lower cationic curvature with increasing temperature up to 70 °C and a slower rate of deformation with increasing temperature up to 50 °C. A faster rate of deformation was recorded at temperatures higher than 50 °C, with a maximum rate at 60 °C. The anionic response showed a lower rate of deformation and a higher anionic curvature with increasing temperatures up to 50 °C with an abrupt increase in the rate of deformation and decrease of curvature at 60 °C. In both cationic and anionic responses, actuators started to lose functionality and show unpredictable performance for temperatures greater than 60 °C, with considerable fluctuations at 70 °C. Electrochemically, the current flow across the actuators was increased gradually with increasing temperature up to 80 °C during the charging and discharging cycles. A sudden increase in current flow was recorded at 90 °C indicating a shorted circuit and actuator failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Almomani
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Wangyujue Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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15
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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16
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Strengthening of perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer with sulfonated hydrocarbon polyelectrolyte for application in medium-temperature fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Kim S, Kim JH, Oh JG, Jang KL, Jeong BH, Hong BK, Kim TS. Mechanical Behavior of Free-Standing Fuel Cell Electrodes on Water Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15391-15398. [PMID: 27183314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes as free-standing materials is essential to develop mechanically robust fuel cells. However, this has been a significant challenge due to critical difficulties, such as separating the pristine electrode from the substrate without damage and precisely measuring the mechanical properties of the very fragile and thin electrodes. We report the mechanical behavior of free-standing fuel cell electrodes on the water surface through adopting an innovative ice-assisted separation method to separate the electrode from decal transfer film. It is found that doubling the ionomer content in electrodes increases not only the tensile stress at the break and the Young's modulus (E) of the electrodes by approximately 2.1-3.5 and 1.7-2.4 times, respectively, but also the elongation at the break by approximately 1.5-1.7 times, which indicates that stronger, stiffer, and tougher electrodes are attained with increasing ionomer content, which have been of significant interest in materials research fields. The scaling law relationship between Young's modulus and density (ρ) has been unveiled as E ∼ ρ(1.6), and it is compared with other materials. These findings can be used to develop mechanically robust electrodes for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanwi Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Oh
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Heon Jeong
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ki Hong
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Narducci R, Chailan JF, Fahs A, Pasquini L, Di Vona ML, Knauth P. Mechanical properties of anion exchange membranes by combination of tensile stress-strain tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Narducci
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246), Campus St Jérôme; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
- Università Di Roma Tor Vergata, Dip. Ingegneria Industriale; Via del Politecnico Roma 00133 Italy
- International Associated Laboratory (L.I.A.): Ionomer Materials for Energy (AMU - URoma2 - CNRS)
| | - J.-F. Chailan
- Université De Toulon; MAPIEM (EA 4323), CS 60584 83041 Toulon Cedex 9 France
| | - A. Fahs
- Université De Toulon; MAPIEM (EA 4323), CS 60584 83041 Toulon Cedex 9 France
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246), Campus St Jérôme; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
- Università Di Roma Tor Vergata, Dip. Ingegneria Industriale; Via del Politecnico Roma 00133 Italy
- International Associated Laboratory (L.I.A.): Ionomer Materials for Energy (AMU - URoma2 - CNRS)
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Università Di Roma Tor Vergata, Dip. Ingegneria Industriale; Via del Politecnico Roma 00133 Italy
- International Associated Laboratory (L.I.A.): Ionomer Materials for Energy (AMU - URoma2 - CNRS)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246), Campus St Jérôme; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
- International Associated Laboratory (L.I.A.): Ionomer Materials for Energy (AMU - URoma2 - CNRS)
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19
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Melchior JP, Bräuniger T, Wohlfarth A, Portale G, Kreuer KD. About the Interactions Controlling Nafion’s Viscoelastic Properties and Morphology. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Melchior
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Bräuniger
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Wohlfarth
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- DUBBLE, BM26 at
ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus-Dieter Kreuer
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Nadermann NK, Davis EM, Page KA, Stafford CM, Chan EP. Using Indentation to Quantify Transport Properties of Nanophase-Segregated Polymer Thin Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4924-4930. [PMID: 26179206 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Indentation of hydrated Nafion thin films reveals that both the in-plane diffusivity of water and the intrinsic permeability of the phase-segregated network decrease dramatically with decreasing film thickness. Using pore-network theory, this decrease in diffusivity is attributed to both an increase in ionic-domain heterogeneity and a reduction in ionic-domain connectivity upon confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole K Nadermann
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Eric M Davis
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Kirt A Page
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Christopher M Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Edwin P Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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21
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Page KA, Shin JW, Eastman SA, Rowe BW, Kim S, Kusoglu A, Yager KG, Stafford GR. In Situ Method for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Nafion Thin Films during Hydration Cycles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:17874-17883. [PMID: 26258630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated ionomers, in particular Nafion, are an essential component in hydrogen fuel cells, as both the proton exchange membrane and the binder within the catalyst layer. During normal operation of a hydrogen fuel cell, the ionomer will progressively swell and deswell in response to the changes in hydration, resulting in mechanical fatigue and ultimately failure over time. In this study, we have developed and implemented a cantilever bending technique in order to investigate the swelling-induced stresses in biaxially constrained Nafion thin films. When the deflection of a cantilever beam coated with a polymer film is monitored as it is exposed to varying humidity environments, the swelling induced stress-thickness product of the polymer film is measured. By combining the stress-thickness results with a measurement of the swelling strain as a function of humidity, as measured by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray reflectivity (XR), the swelling stress can be determined. An estimate of the Young's modulus of thin Nafion films as a function of relative humidity is obtained. The Young's modulus values indicate orientation of the ionic domains within the polymer films, which were confirmed by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). This study represents a measurement platform that can be expanded to incorporate novel ionomer systems and fuel cell components to mimic the stress state of a working hydrogen fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt A Page
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jae Wook Shin
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Scott A Eastman
- ‡United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Brandon W Rowe
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sangcheol Kim
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- §Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- ∥Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gery R Stafford
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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22
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Chen X, Qian G, Molleo MA, Benicewicz BC, Ploehn HJ. High temperature creep behavior of phosphoric acid-polybenzimidazole gel membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Max A. Molleo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Brian C. Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Harry J. Ploehn
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
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23
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Differences in the oxygen permeation behavior of perfluorinated and hydrocarbon-type polymer electrolyte membranes at elevated temperatures. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Daly KB, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Debenedetti PG, Benziger JB. Viscosity of Nafion Oligomers as a Function of Hydration and Counterion Type: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13981-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509061z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Daly
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jay B. Benziger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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26
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Xie T, Li J, Zhao Q. Hidden Thermoreversible Actuation Behavior of Nafion and Its Morphological Origin. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402203q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Li
- Eaton Corporation Global Research & Technology, 26201 Northwestern Highway, Southfield, Michigan 48076, United States
| | - Qian Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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27
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Klein M, Perrin JC, Leclerc S, Guendouz L, Dillet J, Lottin O. Anisotropy of Water Self-Diffusion in a Nafion Membrane under Traction. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401511t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Klein
- Université
de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Perrin
- Université
de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Sébastien Leclerc
- Université
de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Laouès Guendouz
- Institut
Jean-Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F- 54500, France
| | - Jérôme Dillet
- Université
de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Olivier Lottin
- Université
de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR7563, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
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28
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Daly KB, Benziger JB, Debenedetti PG, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Molecular dynamics simulations of water sorption in a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12649-60. [PMID: 24053430 DOI: 10.1021/jp405440r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are reported over a wide range of water contents and temperatures to obtain a better understanding of the structural and transport aspects of water sorption in Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane, under equilibrium conditions. For the short Nafion chains studied, good agreement is found between the water sorption isotherms from simulations and experiments at intermediate hydration (2 ≲ λ ≲ 7, where λ is the number of water molecules per sulfonate group), suggesting that, in that range, the isotherm is insensitive to effects of polymer chain relaxation. If polymer chain relaxation were important for water sorption at these conditions, then the water uptake of experimental membranes, which contain very long chains, might be far from equilibrium, making it difficult to obtain agreement with equilibrated, short-chain simulations. At λ ≲ 7, strong water-sulfonate interactions, rather than chain relaxation, may control water sorption, despite the fact that chain relaxation time increases dramatically with decreasing hydration. Evidence for strong water-sulfonate interactions is found in the observation that sulfonate groups share water molecules in their first coordination shells at λ ≲ 7. Strong water-sulfonate interactions are also observed to influence transport properties like water diffusivity, and are as important for understanding these transport properties as larger-scale phenomena like morphology and percolation transitions. Finally, at low humidity (λ ≈ 1-2), rod-like hydrophilic clusters are observed, as well as a mechanism of water diffusion that differs qualitatively from that of water at high hydration (λ ≳ 7) and in the bulk, pure-component phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Daly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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29
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Shi S, Liu D, Liu D, Tae P, Gao CY, Yan L, An K, Chen X. Mechanical properties and microstructure changes of proton exchange membrane under immersed conditions. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Patrick Tae
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Carrie Y. Gao
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
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30
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Zhao Q, Benziger J. Mechanical properties of perfluoro sulfonated acids: The role of temperature and solute activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Jay Benziger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
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Simon S, Espuche E, Gouanvé F, Chauveau E, Marestin C, Mercier R. Influence of Chemical Structure on Hydration and Gas Transport Mechanisms of Sulfonated Poly(aryl ether ketone) Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12750-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305541y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Simon
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie
des Matériaux Polymères, Bât. POLYTECH, 15 Bd
A. Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Eliane Espuche
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie
des Matériaux Polymères, Bât. POLYTECH, 15 Bd
A. Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Gouanvé
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie
des Matériaux Polymères, Bât. POLYTECH, 15 Bd
A. Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Edouard Chauveau
- LEPMI - UMR 5279 - CNRS/INP
Grenoble/UJF/Université de Savoie, Chemin du Canal, 69 360 Solaize, France
| | - Catherine Marestin
- LEPMI - UMR 5279 - CNRS/INP
Grenoble/UJF/Université de Savoie, Chemin du Canal, 69 360 Solaize, France
| | - Régis Mercier
- LEPMI - UMR 5279 - CNRS/INP
Grenoble/UJF/Université de Savoie, Chemin du Canal, 69 360 Solaize, France
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33
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Arigonda M, Deshpande AP, Varughese S. Effect of PES on the morphology and properties of proton conducting blends with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Kanakasabai P, Deshpande AP, Varughese S. Novel polymer electrolyte membranes based on semi-interpenetrating blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Dishari SK, Hickner MA. Antiplasticization and Water Uptake of Nafion Thin Films. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:291-295. [PMID: 35578525 DOI: 10.1021/mz200169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence of 9-(2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)julolidine (CCVJ) was measured to probe the local motion within 70-600 nm thick Nafion films at controlled levels of hydration. Thinner films showed increased confinement under dry conditions as evidenced by their high fluorescence intensity values per unit thickness. Antiplasticization, or a stiffening of the film, was observed as an increase in fluorescence intensity when the sample was exposed to low water activity (≤30% RH) and the extent of antiplasticization changed with film thickness. At higher relative humidities, the films became plasticized with water and the fluorescence of CCVJ declined. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments revealed higher hydration numbers (λ = nH2O/nSO3H) in thinner films on SiO2 surfaces. The higher water uptake in thin films was explained by considering the polymer order at the Nafion-SiO2 interface and the influence of this interfacial layer on the swelling properties of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudipto K. Dishari
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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38
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Delhorbe V, Thiry X, Cailleteau C, Mourier E, Bathfield M, Chikh L, Fichet O, Ameduri B, Mercier R, Vidal S, Augier L, Espuche E, Gouanvé F, Gebel G, Morin A. Fluorohexane network and sulfonated PEEK based semi-IPNs for fuel cell membranes. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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39
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Kusoglu A, Weber AZ. Water Transport and Sorption in Nafion Membrane. POLYMERS FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND DELIVERY: POLYELECTROLYTES FOR BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1096.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Wu X, Wang X, He G, Benziger J. Differences in water sorption and proton conductivity between Nafion and SPEEK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Hwang GS, Kaviany M, Gostick JT, Kientiz B, Weber AZ, Kim MH. Role of water states on water uptake and proton transport in Nafion using molecular simulations and bimodal network. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Benziger J, Bocarsly A, Cheah MJ, Majsztrik P, Satterfield B, Zhao Q. Mechanical and Transport Properties of Nafion: Effects of Temperature and Water Activity. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2011_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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44
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Zhao Q, Majsztrik P, Benziger J. Diffusion and interfacial transport of water in Nafion. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2717-27. [PMID: 21370837 DOI: 10.1021/jp1112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water absorption, membrane swelling, and self-diffusivity of water in 1100 equivalent weight Nafion were measured as functions of temperature and water activity. Free volume per water at 80 °C, determined from water uptake and volume expansion data, decreases with water content in the membrane from 12 cm(3)/mol at λ = 0.5 H(2)O/SO(3) to 1.5 cm(3)/mol at λ = 4. The change in free volume with water content displays a transition at λ = 4. Limiting water self-diffusivity in Nafion was determined by pulsed gradient spin echo NMR at long delay times. The limiting self-diffusivity increases exponentially with water activity; the rate of increase of diffusivity with water content shows a transition at λ = 4. The tortuosity of the hydrophilic domains in Nafion decreased from 20 at low membrane water activity to 3 at λ = 4. It suggested a change in the connectivity of the hydrophilic domains absorbed water occurs at λ ∼ 4. The diffusivity results were employed to separate the contributions of diffusional and interfacial resistance for water transport across Nafion membranes, which enabled the determination of the interfacial mass transport coefficients. A diffusion model was developed which incorporated activity-dependent diffusivity, volume expansion, and the interfacial resistance, and was used to resolve the water activity profiles in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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45
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Zhengbang W, Tang H, Mu P. Self-assembly of durable Nafion/TiO2 nanowire electrolyte membranes for elevated-temperature PEM fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Mueller F, Heuwers B, Katzenberg F, Tiller JC, Sadowski G. Tensile Creep Measurements of Glassy VOC-Loaded Polymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mueller
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Heuwers
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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47
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Benziger J. Fan the flame with water: Current ignition, front propagation and multiple steady states in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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