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Di Virgilio M, Basso Peressut A, Pontoglio A, Latorrata S, Dotelli G. Study of Innovative GO/PBI Composites as Possible Proton Conducting Membranes for Electrochemical Devices. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:428. [PMID: 37103855 PMCID: PMC10143660 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The appeal of combining polybenzimidazole (PBI) and graphene oxide (GO) for the manufacturing of membranes is increasingly growing, due to their versatility. Nevertheless, GO has always been used only as a filler in the PBI matrix. In such context, this work proposes the design of a simple, safe, and reproducible procedure to prepare self-assembling GO/PBI composite membranes characterized by GO-to-PBI (X:Y) mass ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. SEM and XRD suggested a homogenous reciprocal dispersion of GO and PBI, which established an alternated stacked structure by mutual π-π interactions among the benzimidazole rings of PBI and the aromatic domains of GO. TGA indicated a remarkable thermal stability of the composites. From mechanical tests, improved tensile strengths but worsened maximum strains were observed with respect to pure PBI. The preliminary evaluation of the suitability of the GO/PBI X:Y composites as proton exchange membranes was executed via IEC determination and EIS. GO/PBI 2:1 (IEC: 0.42 meq g-1; proton conductivity at 100 °C: 0.0464 S cm-1) and GO/PBI 3:1 (IEC: 0.80 meq g-1; proton conductivity at 100 °C: 0.0451 S cm-1) provided equivalent or superior performances with respect to similar PBI-based state-of-the-art materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saverio Latorrata
- Correspondence: (A.B.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +39-02-2399-3190 (A.B.P. & S.L.)
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2
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Giron Rodriguez C, Joensen BÓ, Moss AB, Larrazábal GO, Whelligan DK, Seger B, Varcoe JR, Willson TR. Influence of Headgroups in Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Based Radiation-Grafted Anion Exchange Membranes for CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:1508-1517. [PMID: 36743393 PMCID: PMC9890565 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The performance of zero-gap CO2 electrolysis (CO2E) is significantly influenced by the membrane's chemical structure and physical properties due to its effects on the local reaction environment and water/ion transport. Radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes (RG-AEM) have demonstrated high ionic conductivity and durability, making them a promising alternative for CO2E. These membranes were fabricated using two different thicknesses of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer substrates (25 and 50 μm) and three different headgroup chemistries: benzyl-trimethylammonium, benzyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and benzyl-N-methylpiperidinium (MPIP). Our membrane characterization and testing in zero-gap cells over Ag electrocatalysts under commercially relevant conditions showed correlations between the water uptake, ionic conductivity, hydration, and cationic-head groups with the CO2E efficiency. The thinner 25 μm-based AEM with the MPIP-headgroup (ion-exchange capacities of 2.1 ± 0.1 mmol g-1) provided balanced in situ test characteristics with lower cell potentials, high CO selectivity, reduced liquid product crossover, and enhanced water management while maintaining stable operation compared to the commercial AEMs. The CO2 electrolyzer with an MPIP-AEM operated for over 200 h at 150 mA cm-2 with CO selectivities up to 80% and low cell potentials (around 3.1 V) while also demonstrating high conductivities and chemical stability during performance at elevated temperatures (above 60 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
A. Giron Rodriguez
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørt Óladottir Joensen
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asger Barkholt Moss
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gastón O. Larrazábal
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel K. Whelligan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Brian Seger
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John R. Varcoe
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Terry R. Willson
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
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3
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Khan MI, Khraisheh M, AlMomani F. Innovative BPPO Anion Exchange Membranes Formulation Using Diffusion Dialysis-Enhanced Acid Regeneration System. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11050311. [PMID: 33922760 PMCID: PMC8146972 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of acid from aqueous waste streams is crucial not only from the environmental point of view but also for maturing the feasible method (diffusion dialysis). Anion exchange membrane (AEM)–based diffusion dialysis process is one of the beneficial ways to recover acid from aqueous waste streams. In this article, the synthesis of a series of brominated poly (2, 6–dimethyl-1, 4–phenylene oxide) (BPPO)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) through quaternization with triphenylphosphine (TPP) were reported for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis process. The successful synthesis of the prepared membranes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The as-synthesized anion exchange membranes represented water uptake (WR) of 44 to 66%, ion exchange capacity of (IEC) of 1.22 to 1.86 mmol/g, and linear swelling ratio (LSR) of 8 to 20%. They exhibited excellent thermal, mechanical, and acid stability. They showed homogeneous morphology. The acid recovery performance of the synthesized AEMs was investigated in a two compartment stack using simulated mixture of HCl and FeCl2 as feed solution at room temperature. For the synthesized anion exchange membranes TPP–43 to TPP–100, the diffusion dialysis coefficient of acid (UH+) was in the range of 6.7 to 26.3 (10−3 m/h) whereas separation factor (S) was in the range of 27 to 49 at 25 °C. Obtained results revealed that diffusion dialysis performance of the synthesized AEMs was higher than the commercial membrane DF–120B (UH+ = 0.004 m/h, S = 24.3) at room temperature. It showed that the prepared AEMs here could be excellent candidates for the diffusion dialysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Khan
- Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; or
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Correspondence
| | - Fares AlMomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Sutradhar SC, Yoon S, Ryu T, Jin L, Zhang W, Kim W, Jang H. Branched Sulfonimide-Based Proton Exchange Polymer Membranes from Poly(Phenylenebenzopheneone)s for Fuel Cell Applications. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:168. [PMID: 33673539 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improved proton conductivity and high durability are now a high concern for proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Therefore, highly proton conductive PEMs have been synthesized from branched sulfonimide-based poly(phenylenebenzophenone) (SI-branched PPBP) with excellent thermal and chemical stability. The branched polyphenylene-based carbon-carbon backbones of the SI-branched PPBP membranes were attained from the 1,4-dichloro-2,5-diphenylenebenzophenone (PBP) monomer using 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene as a branching agent (0.1%) via the Ni-Zn catalyzed C-C coupling reaction. The as-synthesized SI-branched PPBP membranes showed 1.00~1.86 meq./g ion exchange capacity (IEC) with unique dimensional stability. The sulfonimide groups of the SI-branched PPBP membranes had improved proton conductivity (75.9-121.88 mS/cm) compared to Nafion 117 (84.74 mS/cm). Oxidation stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fenton's test study confirmed the significant properties of the SI-branched PPBP membranes. Additionally, a very distinct microphase separation between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties was observed using atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis. The properties of the synthesized SI-branched PPBP membranes demonstrate their viability as an alternative PEM material.
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Khan MI, Shanableh A, Elboughdiri N, Kriaa K, Ghernaout D, Ghareba S, Khraisheh M, Lashari MH. Higher Acid Recovery Efficiency of Novel Functionalized Inorganic/Organic Composite Anion Exchange Membranes from Acidic Wastewater. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11020133. [PMID: 33672853 PMCID: PMC7918162 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of a series of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) was carried out by employing the varying amount of inorganic filler consist of N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMSP-TMA+Cl-) into the quaternized poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO) matrix for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis (DD) process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy clearly demonstrated the fabrication of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite AEMs and the subsequent membrane characteristic measurements such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), linear swelling ratio (LSR), and water uptake (WR) gave us the optimum loading condition of the filler without undesirable filler particle aggregation. These composite AEMs exhibited IEC of 2.18 to 2.29 meq/g, LSR of 13.33 to 18.52%, and WR of 46.11 to 81.66% with sufficient thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. The diffusion dialysis (DD) test for acid recovery from artificial acid wastewater of HCl/FeCl2 showed high acid DD coefficient (UH+) (0.022 to 0.025 m/h) and high separation factor (S) (139-260) compared with the commercial membrane. Furthermore, the developed AEMs was acceptably stable (weight loss < 20%) in the acid wastewater at 60 °C as an accelerated severe condition for 2 weeks. These results clearly indicated that the developed AEMs have sufficient potential for acid recovery application by DD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Khan
- Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-563-404-827
| | - Abdallah Shanableh
- Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineering Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia;
| | - Karim Kriaa
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineering Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia;
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Saad Ghareba
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, ElMergib University, Alkhums 40414, Libya
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Mao X, Xu M, Wu H, He X, Shi B, Cao L, Yang P, Qiu M, Geng H, Jiang Z. Supramolecular Calix[ n]arenes-Intercalated Graphene Oxide Membranes for Efficient Proton Conduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:42250-42260. [PMID: 31644869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) membranes with 2D interlaminar channels have triggered intensive interest as ion conductors. Incorporating abundant ion-conducting sites into GO interlayers is recognized as an effective strategy to facilitate ion conduction. Herein, we designed supramolecular compounds, para-sulphonato-calix[n]arenes (p-SC[n]As), as versatile intercalators to acquire highly conductive and robust GO membranes. The SC[n]A with ultrahigh ionic exchange capacity (IECw, 5.37 mmol g-1) imparts sufficient proton donors, and its rigid framework imparts strong support of adjacent nanosheets. We designed three kinds of SC[n]As with the same IECw but different sizes as intercalators, endowing the GO/SC[n]A membranes with increasing ion concentration and d-spacing in the order of GO/SC[4]A < GO/SC[6]A < GO/SC[8]A. Therefore, the interlayers of GO/SC[8]A membranes afforded higher density of proton donors and could accommodate more water molecules to construct more continuous H-bond networks for proton transfer. Accordingly, the proton conductivities exhibited the same increasing trend, up to 327.0 mS cm-1 of GO/SC[8]A-30% at 80 °C, 100% RH, which was 2.80 times higher than that of the GO membrane. Moreover, the GO/SC[n]A membranes remained stable in wet state, along with a 66% elevation in mechanical performance compared to the GO membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunli Mao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Mingzhao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Xueyi He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Benbing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Haobo Geng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
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Abstract
In recent decades, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted considerable interest in research laboratories worldwide, motivated by the gap between the growing interest in developing novel mixed matrix membranes by various research groups and the lack of large-scale implementation. This Special Issue contains six publications dealing with the current opportunities and challenges of mixed matrix membranes development and applications as solutions for the environmental and health challenges of 21st century society.
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Pali-Casanova RDJ, Yam-Cervantes MA, Zavala-Loría JDC, Loría-Bastarrachea MI, Aguilar-Vega MDJ, Dzul-López LA, Sámano-Celorio ML, Crespo-Álvarez J, García-Villena E, Agudo-Toyos P, Méndez-Martínez F. Effect of Sulfonic Groups Concentration on IEC Properties in New Fluorinated Copolyamides. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071169. [PMID: 31324017 PMCID: PMC6680494 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven aromatic polyamides and copolyamides were synthesized from two different aromatic diamines: 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline (HFDA) and 2,4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (DABS). The synthesis was carried out by polycondensation using isophthaloyl dichloride (1SO). The effect of an increasing molar concentration of the sulfonated groups, from DABS, in the copolymer properties was evaluated. Inherent viscosity tests were carried out to estimate molecular weights. Mechanical tests were carried out under tension, maximum strength ( σ max), Young's modulus (E), and elongation at break (εmax) to determine their mechanical properties. Tests for water sorption and ion exchange capacity (IEC) were carried out. Proton conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that as the degree of sulfonation increase, the greater the proton conductivity. The results obtained showed conductivity values lower than the commercial membrane Nafion 115 of 0.0065 S cm-1. The membrane from copolyamide HFDA/DABS/1S0-70/30 with 30 mol DABS obtained the best IEC, with a value of 0.747 mmol g-1 that resulted in a conductivity of 2.7018 × 10-4 S cm-1, lower than the data reported for the commercial membrane Nafion 115. According to the results obtained, we can suggest that further developments increasing IEC will render membranes based on aromatic polyamides that are suitable for their use in PEM fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón de Jesús Pali-Casanova
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - Marcial Alfredo Yam-Cervantes
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - José Del Carmen Zavala-Loría
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Loría-Bastarrachea
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Materials Unit, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34 Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Manuel de Jesús Aguilar-Vega
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Materials Unit, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34 Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luis Alonso Dzul-López
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Sámano-Celorio
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Industrial de Cantabria (CITICAN), Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Crespo-Álvarez
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Villena
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana A.C. Calle 15 No. 36 x 10 y 12. IMI III, Campeche C.P. 24560, Campeche, Mexico
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Agudo-Toyos
- Department of the Doctorate in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Calle Isabel Torres No. 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Francisco Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen. Calle 56 No. 4 Esq. Avenida Concordia Col. Benito Juárez, Cd. del Carmen C.P. 24180, Campeche, Mexico
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Jiang S, Ladewig BP. High Ion-Exchange Capacity Semihomogeneous Cation Exchange Membranes Prepared via a Novel Polymerization and Sulfonation Approach in Porous Polypropylene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:38612-38620. [PMID: 29028302 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semihomogeneous cation exchange membranes with superior ion exchange capacity (IEC) were synthesized via a novel polymerization and sulfonation approach in porous polypropylene support. The IEC of membranes could reach up to 3 mmol/g because of high mass ratio of functional polymer to membrane support. Especially, theoretical IEC threshold value agreed well with experimental threshold value, indicating that IEC could be specifically designed without carrying out extensive experiments. Also, sulfonate groups were distributed both on membrane surface and across the membranes, which corresponded well with high IEC of the synthesized membranes. In addition, the semifinished membrane showed hydrophobic property because of the formation of polystyrene. In contrast, the final membranes demonstrated super hydrophilic property, indicating the adequate sulfonation of polystyrene. Furthermore, when sulfonation reaction time increased, the conductivity of membranes also showed a tendency to increase, revealing the positive relationship between conductivity and IEC. Finally, the final membranes showed sufficient thermal stability for electrodialysis applications such as water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Jiang
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley P Ladewig
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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