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Liu R, Nie Y, Ming Y, Hao T, Zhou Z. Simulations on polymer nanocomposite crystallization. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Liu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Yijing Nie
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Yongqiang Ming
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Tongfan Hao
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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2
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Chu Z, Zhao R, Wang B, Liu L, Ma Z, Li Y. Effect of Ions on the Flow-Induced Crystallization of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhe Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Ruijun Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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3
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Chu Z, Liu L, Liao Y, Li W, Zhao R, Ma Z, Li Y. Effects of strain rate and temperature on polymorphism in flow-induced crystallization of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Sangroniz L, van Drongelen M, Cardinaels R, Santamaria A, Peters GW, Müller AJ. Effect of shear rate and pressure on the crystallization of PP nanocomposites and PP/PET polymer blend nanocomposites. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Jabbarzadeh A, Halfina B. Unravelling the effects of size, volume fraction and shape of nanoparticle additives on crystallization of nanocomposite polymers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4704-4721. [PMID: 36133133 PMCID: PMC9417632 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We conducted large scale molecular dynamics simulations to understand the effects of size, shape and volume fraction of additive nanoparticles on the crystallization of nanocomposite polymers. We used spherical and cubic gold nanoparticles of various sizes ranging from 2 to 8 nm to create hexacontane (C60H122)-gold nanocomposites at various volume fractions of 0.84-19.27%. We show that, regardless of the shape, decreasing the size of particles at the same volume fraction results in decreased final crystallinity. Similarly, for the same particle size, increasing the volume fraction causes a decrease in the crystal growth rate and final crystallinity. We demonstrate that this is a confinement induced phenomenon, and the free interparticle space captures the combined effects of particle size and volume fraction. If this free space is smaller than the extended length of the molecule or the characteristic size of the crystal lamella thickness of the polymer, significant slow-down in crystallinity will emerge. In this confinement limit, the interparticle free space controls the crystal growth rate and final crystallinity. We have developed the equations that predict the critical volume fraction (φ cr) for a given size or critical size (D cr) for a given volume fraction. For φ > φ cr or D < D cr, one would expect confinement induced retardation of crystallization. We also show that cubic particles result in a higher growth rate and crystallinity in comparison to spherical particles, purely due to their shape. Furthermore, cubic particles due to flat surfaces lead to distinct two-tier crystallisation kinetics manifested by enhanced crystallization at the early stage of crystallization, followed by slow crystallization due to confinement effects. This two-tier crystallization is more distinct at higher volume fractions. For spherical particles, however, this two-tier crystallization is almost absent and molecular crystallization near the particle is frustrated by the curved shape of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jabbarzadeh
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Beny Halfina
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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6
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7
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Li C, Tong C, Meng X, Xin Z, Shi Y. Effect of nucleating agent supported on zeolite via the impregnation on the crystallization ability of isotactic polypropylene and its mechanism. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Department of Production Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chuangchuang Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Department of Production Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Department of Production Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Department of Production Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yaoqi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Department of Production Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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8
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, de Kort GW, Saidi S, Roy M, Leoné N, Hermida-Merino D, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Thermal History and Shear on the Viscoelastic Response of iPP Containing an Oxalamide-Based Organic Compound. Macromolecules 2019; 52:2789-2802. [PMID: 30983633 PMCID: PMC6459004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the role of temperature and shear on the melt behavior
of iPP in the presence of the organic compound N1,N1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(N2-hexyloxalamide) (OXA3,6). It is demonstrated
that OXA3,6 facilitates a viscosity suppression when
it resides in the molten state. The viscosity suppression is attributed
to the interaction of iPP chains/subchains with molten OXA3,6 nanoclusters. The exact molecular mechanism has not
been identified; nevertheless, a tentative explanation is proposed.
The observed viscosity suppression appears similar to that encountered
in polymer melts filled with solid nanoparticles, with the difference
that the OXA3,6 compound reported in this study facilitates
the viscosity suppression in the molten state. Upon cooling, as crystal
growth of OXA3,6 progresses, the decrease in viscosity
is suppressed. Retrospectively, segmental absorption of iPP chains on the surface of micrometer-sized OXA3,6 crystallites
favors the formation of dangling arms, yielding OXA3,6 crystallites decorated with partially absorbed iPP chains. In other words, the resulting OXA3,6 particle
morphology resembles that of a hairy particle or a starlike polymer
chain. Such hairy particles effectively facilitate a viscosity enhancement,
similar to branched polymer chains. This hypothesis and its implications
for the shear behavior of iPP are discussed and supported
using plate–plate rheometry and slit-flow experiments combined
with small-angle X-ray scattering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, F-57070 Metz, France.,Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Manta Roy
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Liu Z, Fu M, Ling F, Sui G, Bai H, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Stereocomplex-type polylactide with bimodal melting temperature distribution: Toward desirable melt-processability and thermomechanical performance. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Chang B, Schneider K, Lu B, Vogel R, Zheng G, Heinrich G. Accelerating shear-induced crystallization and enhancing crystal orientation of isotactic-polypropylene via nucleating agent self-assembly. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Zhao S, Qin W, Xin Z, Zhou S, Gong H, Ni Y, Zhang K. In situ generation of a self-dispersed β-nucleating agent with increased nucleation efficiency in isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Sahebi Jouibari I, Haddadi-Asl V, Mirhosseini MM. Formulation of micro-phase separation kinetics of polyurethane nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Sahebi Jouibari
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
| | - Vahid Haddadi-Asl
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Masoud Mirhosseini
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
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13
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, Troisi EM, Hermida-Merino D, de Kort G, Leoné N, Saralidze K, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Self-Assembly of Oxalamide Based Organic Compounds on Melt Behavior, Nucleation, and Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2018; 51:4882-4895. [PMID: 30018462 PMCID: PMC6041772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report on the
effect of an aliphatic oxalamide based nucleating
agent (OXA3,6) on the melt and crystallization behavior
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) under defined shear
conditions. Through polarized optical microscopy, we demonstrate that OXA3,6 self-assembles from the iPP melt into
rhombic crystals whereas their size and distribution proved highly
dependent on the employed cooling rates. The presence of 0.5 wt %
of OXA3,6 in iPP results in a significant
suppression in iPP melt viscosity, which could not
be explained via molecular modeling. A possible cause for the drop
in viscosity in the presence of OXA3,6 is attributed
to the interaction (absorption) of high molecular weight iPP chains with the nucleating agent, thereby suppressing their contribution
to the viscoelastic response of the melt. This proposed mechanism
for the suppression in melt viscosity appears similar to that encountered
by the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles such as CNTs, graphene,
and silica. Shear experiments, performed using a slit flow device
combined with small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements, indicate
that crystallization is significantly enhanced in the presence of OXA3,6 at relatively low shear rates despite its lowered sensitivity
to shear. This enhancement in crystallization is attributed to the
shear alignment of the rhombic OXA3,6 crystals that provide
surface for iPP kebab growth upon cooling. Overall,
the suppression in melt viscosity in combination with enhanced nucleation
efficiency at low as well as high shear rates makes this self-assembling
oxalamide based nucleating agent a promising candidate for fast processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico M Troisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gijs de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ketie Saralidze
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Wang S, Ajji A, Guo S, Xiong C. Preparation of Microporous Polypropylene/Titanium Dioxide Composite Membranes with Enhanced Electrolyte Uptake Capability via Melt Extruding and Stretching. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9030110. [PMID: 30970788 PMCID: PMC6432145 DOI: 10.3390/polym9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a blending strategy based on compounding the hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles with the host polypropylene (PP) pellets, followed by the common membrane manufacture process of melt extruding/annealing/stretching, was used to improve the polarity and thus electrolyte uptake capability of the PP-based microporous membranes. The influence of the TiO₂ particles on the crystallinity and crystalline orientation of the PP matrix was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared dichroic methods. The results showed that the TiO₂ incorporation has little influence on the oriented lamellar structure of the PP-based composite films. Investigations of the deformation behavior indicated that both the lamellar separation and interfacial debonding occurred when the PP/TiO₂ composite films were subjected to uniaxial tensile stress. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations verified that two forms of micropores were generated in the stretched PP/TiO₂ composite membranes. Compared to the virgin PP membrane, the PP/TiO₂ composite membranes especially at high TiO₂ loadings showed significant improvements in terms of water vapor permeability, polarity, and electrolyte uptake capability. The electrolyte uptake of the PP/TiO₂ composite membrane with 40 wt % TiO₂ was 104%, which had almost doubled compared with that of the virgin PP membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Chuanxi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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15
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Han R, Nie M, Wang Q, Yan S. Self-Assembly β Nucleating Agent Induced Polymorphic Transition from α-Form Shish Kebab to β-Form Highly Ordered Lamella under Intense Shear Field. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Nie
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Lab of Process Equipment and Control, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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16
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Nie Y, Hao T, Gu Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Wei Y, Li S, Zhou Z. Relaxation and Crystallization of Oriented Polymer Melts with Anisotropic Filler Networks. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1426-1437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Nie
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tongfan Hao
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhouzhou Gu
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ya Wei
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Songjun Li
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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17
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Synergistic effects of shear flow and nucleating agents on the crystallization mechanisms of Poly (Lactic Acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-1179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Fan J, Zhang Q, Hu D, Ren Q, Feng J. Relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic polypropylene containing sorbitol-based nucleating agents with different nucleating abilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8926-37. [PMID: 26960681 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of shear-induced crystallization precursors, especially their relaxation behaviour, is an important issue in polymer chemical physics. In our work, relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic polypropylene containing various sorbitol-based nucleating agents (NAs) with different nucleating abilities was investigated by using both rheological and in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Rheological crystallization kinetics results showed that the amount of shear-induced precursors, calculated separately from the total nuclei, decayed exponentially with relaxation time in both pure and nucleated iPP. By fitting the decay of shear-induced precursors with relaxation time, the relaxation rate of precursors in nucleated iPP was found to be slower than that in pure iPP. Interestingly, it further decreased with the increase in the nucleating ability of sorbitol-based NAs. Meanwhile, the life-time of precursors was prolonged in nucleated iPP with increasing nucleating ability. Similar results were also testified by in situ SAXS measurements. By investigating the life-times at different temperatures, the activation energy for the relaxation of precursors was calculated and found to increase with stronger nucleating abilities. Our results demonstrated that sorbitol-based NAs could stabilize the iPP precursors and the effect of stabilization enhanced with the increase in nucleating ability. We believe that our work can not only help better reveal the relaxation behavior of shear-induced precursors but also provides a new perspective for understanding the role of NAs in real processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Dingding Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Qilin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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19
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20
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Wang J, Yang J, Deng L, Fang H, Zhang Y, Wang Z. More dominant shear flow effect assisted by added carbon nanotubes on crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene in nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1364-1375. [PMID: 25569561 DOI: 10.1021/am507938s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
More dominant shear flow effect with different shear rates and shear time with assistance of added carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of low amounts on the crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in CNT/iPP nanocomposites was investigated by applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and rheometer. CNTs were chemically modified to improve the dispersity in the iPP matrix. CNT/iPP nanocomposites with different CNT contents were prepared by solution blending method. The crystallization kinetics for CNT/iPP nanocomposites under the quiescent condition studied by DSC indicates that the addition of CNTs of low amounts significantly accelerates crystallization of iPP due to heterogeneous nucleating effect of CNTs, whereas a saturation effect exists at above a critical CNT content. The shear-induced crystallization behaviors for CNT/iPP nanocomposites studied by POM and rheometry demonstrate the continuously accelerated crystallization kinetics with assistance from added CNTs, with increasing CNT content, shear rate, and shear time, without any saturation effect. The changes of nucleation density for CNT/iPP nanocomposites under different shear conditions can be quantified by using a space-filling modeling from the rheological measurements, and the results illustrate that the combined effects of added CNTs and shear flow on the acceleration of crystallization kinetics are not additive, but synergetic. The mechanisms for the synergetic effect of added CNTs and shear flow are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
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21
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Li J, Xiao P, Li H, Zhang Y, Xue F, Luo B, Huang S, Shang Y, Wen H, de Claville Christiansen J, Yu D, Jiang S. Crystalline structures and crystallization behaviors of poly(l-lactide) in poly(l-lactide)/graphene nanosheet composites. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GNS existence in PLLA favors α′ crystal formation more than α crystal formation resulting in a shift of α′–α crystal formation transition toward high Tcs.
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22
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Cao L, Su D, Su Z, Chen X. Fabrication of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Conductive Fibrous Membranes by Melt Electrospinning. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403746p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Key Laboratory
of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dunfan Su
- Key Laboratory
of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaonong Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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23
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Tian N, Liu D, Meng L, Zhou W, Hu T, Li X, Li L. How flow affects crystallization in a heterogeneous polyethylene oxide melt. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Patil N, Invigorito C, Gahleitner M, Rastogi S. Influence of a particulate nucleating agent on the quiescent and flow-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Huang HD, Xu JZ, Fan Y, Xu L, Li ZM. Poly(l-lactic acid) Crystallization in a Confined Space Containing Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10641-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4055796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Dong Huang
- College
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ying Fan
- College
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- College
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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26
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Szkudlarek E, Piorkowska E, Boyer S, Haudin J, Gadzinowska K. Nonisothermal shear-induced crystallization of polypropylene-based composite materials with montmorillonite. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Naffakh M, Díez-Pascual AM, Marco C, Ellis GJ, Gómez-Fatou MA. Opportunities and challenges in the use of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles to produce advanced polymer nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Fasihi M, Garmabi H, Ghaffarian SR, Ohshima M. Preparation of highly dispersed expanded graphite/polypropylene nanocomposites via low temperature processing. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fasihi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran; 15875-4413; Iran
| | - Hamid Garmabi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran; 15875-4413; Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Ghaffarian
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran; 15875-4413; Iran
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto; 615-8510; Japan
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29
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D’Haese M, Langouche F, Van Puyvelde P. On the Effect of Particle Size, Shape, Concentration, and Aggregation on the Flow-Induced Crystallization of Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D’Haese
- Laboratory of Applied Rheology and Polymer Processing, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Leuven Material Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46 B-3001
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florentin Langouche
- R&I Centre Brussels, Solvay Central Laboratories, Neder Over Heembeek, Rue de Ransbeek 310 B-1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Laboratory of Applied Rheology and Polymer Processing, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Leuven Material Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46 B-3001
Leuven, Belgium
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30
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31
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Tang H, Chen JB, Wang Y, Xu JZ, Hsiao BS, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Shear Flow and Carbon Nanotubes Synergistically Induced Nonisothermal Crystallization of Poly(lactic acid) and Its Application in Injection Molding. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3858-67. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3013617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tang
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400,
United States
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
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32
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Xu JZ, Liang YY, Huang HD, Zhong GJ, Lei J, Chen C, Li ZM. Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene/graphene oxide nanosheet nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Cui K, Meng L, Tian N, Zhou W, Liu Y, Wang Z, He J, Li L. Self-Acceleration of Nucleation and Formation of Shish in Extension-Induced Crystallization with Strain Beyond Fracture. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Cui
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Nan Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Weiqing Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Yanping Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Jie He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear
Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
China
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34
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Pang H, Zhong GJ, Xu JZ, Yan DX, Ji X, Li ZM, Chen C. Non-isothermal crystallization of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing a high weight fraction of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-012-1170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Xu JZ, Liang YY, Zhong GJ, Li HL, Chen C, Li LB, Li ZM. Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Induced Intrachain Conformational Ordering in a Semicrystalline Polymer. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:530-535. [PMID: 26286059 DOI: 10.1021/jz300062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The physical origin of graphene oxide nanosheet (GONS)-driven polymer crystallization was studied from the perspective of intrachain conformational ordering. Time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that both conformational ordering and crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were obviously accelerated by the presence of GONSs, indicating their efficient nucleation activity for iPP crystallization. Furthermore, the ordering of long helical segments occurred prior to the crystallization of iPP, as revealed by two-dimensional correlation infrared analysis. Compared to pure bulk system, the presence of GONSs was in favor of the formation of long ordering segments, especially at the early stage, accompanied by considerable enhancement of the crystallization kinetics. GONS-driven iPP crystallization was suggested to be attributed to this GONS-induced intrachain conformational ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liang-Bin Li
- §National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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36
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Zhu PW, Phillips AW, Edward G. Effects of particles on stability of flow-induced precursors. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:054903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3681401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Tiang JS, Dealy JM. Shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene studied by simultaneous light intensity and rheological measurements. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Chen YH, Zhong GJ, Lei J, Li ZM, Hsiao BS. In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Study on Isotactic Polypropylene Crystallization under the Coexistence of Shear Flow and Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201688p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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39
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Phillips AW, Bhatia A, Zhu PW, Edward G. Shish Formation and Relaxation in Sheared Isotactic Polypropylene Containing Nucleating Particles. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200040s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Phillips
- Department of Materials Engineering, Co-operative Research Centre for Polymers, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Amita Bhatia
- Department of Materials Engineering, Co-operative Research Centre for Polymers, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peng-wei Zhu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Co-operative Research Centre for Polymers, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graham Edward
- Department of Materials Engineering, Co-operative Research Centre for Polymers, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
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40
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Xu JZ, Chen C, Wang Y, Tang H, Li ZM, Hsiao BS. Graphene Nanosheets and Shear Flow Induced Crystallization in Isotactic Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1028104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hu Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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41
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Patil N, Balzano L, Portale G, Rastogi S. A Study on the Chain−Particle Interaction and Aspect Ratio of Nanoparticles on Structure Development of a Linear Polymer. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100636v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Patil
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Luigi Balzano
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DUBBLE, CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF BP 220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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