1
|
Rezaeerod K, Heinzmann H, Torrence AV, Patel J, Forsythe JG. Qualitative Monitoring of Proto-Peptide Condensation by Differential FTIR Spectroscopy. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:937-944. [PMID: 38774359 PMCID: PMC11103710 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Condensation processes such as wet-dry cycling are thought to have played significant roles in the emergence of proto-peptides. Here, we describe a simple and low-cost method, differential Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, for qualitative analysis of peptide condensation products in model primordial reactions. We optimize differential FTIR for depsipeptides and apply this method to investigate their polymerization in the presence of extraterrestrial dust simulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keon Rezaeerod
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Hanna Heinzmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
- Analytical
and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Aalen University, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Alexis V. Torrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Jui Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Jay G. Forsythe
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of
Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad M, Grayson SM. Understanding zwitterionic ring-expansion polymerization through mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38556789 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic ring-expansion polymerization (ZREP) is a polymerization method in which a cyclic monomer is converted into a cyclic polymer through a zwitterionic intermediate. In this review, we explored the ZREP of various cyclic polymers and how mass spectrometry assists in identifying the product architectures and understanding their intricate reaction mechanism. For the majority of polymers (from a few thousand to a few million Da) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is the most effective mass spectrometry technique to determine the true molecular weight (MW) of the resultant product, but only when the dispersity is low (approximately below 1.2). The key topics covered in this study were the ZREP of cyclic polyesters, cyclic polyamides, and cyclic ethers. In addition, this study also addresses a number of other preliminary topics, including the ZREP of cyclic polycarbonates, cyclic polysiloxanes, and cyclic poly(alkylene phosphates). The purity and efficiency of those syntheses largely depend on the catalyst. Among several catalysts, N-heterocyclic carbenes have exhibited high efficiency in the synthesis of cyclic polyesters and polyamides, whereas tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] is the most optimal catalyst for cyclic polyether synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chakraborty A, Dharmaraj S, Truong N, Pearson RM. Excipient-Free Ionizable Polyester Nanoparticles for Lung-Selective and Innate Immune Cell Plasmid DNA and mRNA Transfection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56440-56453. [PMID: 36525379 PMCID: PMC9872050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extrahepatic nucleic acid delivery using polymers typically requires the synthesis and purification of custom monomers, post-synthetic modifications, and incorporation of additional excipients to augment their stability, endosomal escape, and in vivo effectiveness. Here, we report the development of a single-component and excipient-free, polyester-based nucleic acid delivery nanoparticle platform comprising ionizable N-methyldiethanolamine (MDET) and various hydrophobic alkyl diols (Cp) that achieves lung-selective nucleic acid transfection in vivo. PolyMDET and polyMDET-Cp polyplexes displayed high serum and enzymatic stability, while delivering pDNA or mRNA to "hard-to-transfect" innate immune cells. PolyMDET-C4 and polyMDET-C6 mediated high protein expression in lung alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells without inducing tissue damage or systemic inflammatory responses. Improved strategies using readily available starting materials to produce a simple, excipient-free, non-viral nucleic acid delivery platform with lung-selective and innate immune cell tropism has the potential to expedite clinical deployment of polymer-based genetic medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaiffe G, Cole RB, Lacpatia S, Bridoux MC. Characterization of Fluorinated Polymers by Atmospheric-Solid-Analysis-Probe High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (ASAP/HRMS) Combined with Kendrick-Mass-Defect Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6035-6042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaiffe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- DAM, DIF, CEA, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Richard B. Cole
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sabrina Lacpatia
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Bottrill AR, Giannakopulos AE, Waterson C, Haddleton DM, Lee KS, Derrick PJ. Determination of end groups of synthetic polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization: high-energy collision-induced dissociation. Anal Chem 2012; 71:3637-41. [PMID: 21662872 DOI: 10.1021/ac990523t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization has been combined with high-energy collision-induced dissociation for the analysis of poly(ethylene glycols) with butanoyl, benzoyl and acetyl end groups, using novel technology comprising a magnetic-sector mass spectrometer and ion buncher with an in-line quadratic-field ion mirror. High-energy (>8 keV) collision-induced dissociation facilitated unambiguous end-group determination of these polymers, providing masses of end groups and structural information. The high-energy collision-induced dissociation also provided information regarding repeat units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bottrill
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dimzon IKD, Knepper TP. MALDI–TOF MS for Characterization of Synthetic Polymers in Aqueous Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
9
|
Habeych DI, Juhl PB, Pleiss J, Vanegas D, Eggink G, Boeriu CG. Biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters from sugar-based building blocks using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Assessing the MALDI-TOF MS sample preparation procedure to analyze the influence of thermo-oxidative ageing and thermo-mechanical degradation on poly (Lactide). Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Badía J, Strömberg E, Ribes-Greus A, Karlsson S. A statistical design of experiments for optimizing the MALDI-TOF-MS sample preparation of polymers. An application in the assessment of the thermo-mechanical degradation mechanisms of poly (ethylene terephthalate). Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Borisov RS, Zaikin VG. Derivatization of synthetic polymers in mass spectrometric studies. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810140017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
13
|
Jasinska L, Koning CE. Waterborne polyesters partially based on renewable resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Li Y, Hoskins JN, Sreerama SG, Grayson SM. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectral Characterization of Polymers Containing an Azide Group: Evidence of Metastable Ions. Macromolecules 2010; 43:6225-6228. [PMID: 21552377 DOI: 10.1021/ma100599n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Hoskins JN, Sreerama SG, Grayson MA, Grayson SM. The identification of synthetic homopolymer end groups and verification of their transformations using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:587-611. [PMID: 20527028 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the resolving power of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) enable the detailed characterization of linear homopolymers, and in particular provide invaluable data for the determination of their end-group functionalities. With the growing importance of macromolecular coupling reactions in building complex polymer architectures, the ability to accurately monitor end-group transformations is becoming increasingly important for synthetic polymer chemists. This tutorial demonstrates the application of MALDI-TOF MS in determining both end-group functionalities and their transformations for linear homopolymers. Examples of both polycaprolactone and polystyrene are examined, and the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to data analysis are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zaikin VG, Borisov RS, Polovkov NY, Filatov SN, Kireev VV. Preliminary silylation for structure determination of oligomeric silsesquioxanes by matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:231-238. [PMID: 19423908 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential of preliminary silylation for the determination of numbers of hydroxyl groups in separate molecules of oligomeric silsesquioxanes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry has been demonstrated for the first time. Derivatisations allowing the introduction of trimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl and pentafluorophenyldimethylsilyl groups were tested. It was shown that more reliable structure elucidation of individual oligomers can be achieved knowing the number of hydroxyl groups thus determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Influence of Silver Salt Types on Formation of Silver Cluster Ions in MALDI with DHB as Matrix. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.12.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Noordover BAJ, van Staalduinen VG, Duchateau R, Koning CE, van Benthem RATM, Mak M, Heise A, Frissen AE, van Haveren J. Co- and Terpolyesters Based on Isosorbide and Succinic Acid for Coating Applications: Synthesis and Characterization. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:3406-16. [PMID: 17154469 DOI: 10.1021/bm060713v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Co- and terpolyesters based on succinic acid and isosorbide in combination with other renewable monomers such as 2,3-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and citric acid were synthesized and characterized. Linear polyesters were obtained via melt polycondensation of nonactivated dicarboxylic acids with OH functional monomers. Polymer end functionality (i.e., hydroxyl or carboxylic acid) was controlled by adjusting the monomer stoichiometry. The glass transition temperatures of the resulting polyesters could be effectively adjusted by varying the polymer composition and molar mass. By adding polyfunctional monomers such as trimethylolpropane or citric acid, polyesters with enhanced functionality were obtained. These biobased polyesters displayed functionalities and Tg values in the appropriate range for (powder) coating applications. The polyesters were cross-linked using conventional curing agents. Coatings from branched polyesters--hydroxyl as well as acid functional--showed significantly improved mechanical and chemical resistance compared to those formulated from linear polymers. These renewable polyesters proved to be suitable materials for coating applications with respect to solvent resistance, impact resistance, and hardness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A J Noordover
- Laboratories of Polymer Chemistry and of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vergne MJ, Li H, Murgasova R, Hercules DM. Synthesis and Mass Spectral Characterization of Poly(amic methyl ester) Oligomers. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0521295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Vergne
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Renata Murgasova
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - David M. Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Soccio M, Finelli L, Lotti N, Gazzano M, Munari A. Poly(propylene isophthalate), poly(propylene succinate), and their random copolymers: Synthesis and thermal properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
21
|
Hu L, Xu S, Pan C, Yuan C, Zou H, Jiang G. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a matrix of carbon nanotubes for the analysis of low-mass compounds in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:8442-7. [PMID: 16294885 DOI: 10.1021/es0508572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for environmental analysis has been mainlyfocused on qualitative analysis of high-mass molecules, such as toxins, humic acid, and microorganisms. Herein,we describe a novel MALDI-TOF-MS method with a matrix of oxidized carbon nanotubes for analysis of low-mass compounds in environmental samples. A number of chemicals in the environment were qualitatively analyzed by the present method, and it was found that most of them, especiallythe highly polar chemicals, were measurable with high sensitivity. With the intrinsic ability to measure high-mass chemicals, this method can compensate for the current shortage of methods for environmental analysis for the measurement of highly polar or high-mass chemicals. For sample analysis, arsenic speciation in Chinese traditional medicines was qualified and diphenylolpropane in water samples was quantified. With the relatively high tolerance of the method to interfering molecules, a simple pretreatment or even no pretreatment could be employed before MS detection. Furthermore, this method can be employed in a high-throughput format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoteling AJ, Mourey TH, Owens KG. Importance of Solubility in the Sample Preparation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) for MALDI TOFMS. Anal Chem 2005; 77:750-6. [PMID: 15679340 DOI: 10.1021/ac048525n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of solubility in the sample preparation process for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is demonstrated for oligomeric and medium molar mass poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). For low molar mass oligomers (PET-1), minor discrimination effects were observed when the sample was not completely in solution. MALDI spectra of medium molar mass PET, representative of the entire molar mass distribution, were obtained only when a good solvent for PET was used, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (commonly referred to as HFIP), as the sample preparation solvent and dithranol as the matrix. The azeotropic composition of 70:30 CH(2)Cl(2)/HFIP better solubilizes the more nonpolar matrixes, which enables more latitude in selecting sample preparation conditions than pure HFIP. Segregation effects were observed when the azeotrope mixture was diluted with tetrahydrofuran, resulting in large molar mass distribution discrimination effects in the MALDI spectra. Dilution with CH(2)Cl(2) resulted in a significant decrease in the overall signal intensity for the entire polymer distribution. With each attempt to dilute the azeotrope, the sample after solvent evaporation was visibly heterogeneous, which resulted in shot-to-shot variability. Both examples demonstrate the importance of constant solvent composition during solvent evaporation. The compatibility of matrix and polymer was explored using relative HPLC retention times. Consistent with previous work in our laboratories, it was found that the matrix/polymer combination that has the closest match of retention time resulted in the best MALDI signal intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hoteling
- Research and Development Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY 14650-2132, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arnould MA, Buehner RW, Wesdemiotis C, Vargas R. Tandem mass spectrometry characteristics of polyester anions and cations formed by electrospray ionization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:243-56. [PMID: 16046809 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization of polyesters composed of isophthalic acid and neopentyl glycol produces carboxylate anions in negative mode and mainly sodium ion adducts in positive mode. A tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) study of these ions in a quadrupole ion trap shows that the collisionally activated dissociation pathways of the anions are simpler than those of the corresponding cations. Charge-remote fragmentations predominate in both cases, but the spectra obtained in negative mode are devoid of the complicating cation exchange observed in positive mode. MS/MS of the Na(+) adducts gives rise to a greater number of fragments but not necessarily more structural information. In either positive or negative mode, polyester oligomers with different end groups fragment by similar mechanisms. The observed fragments are consistent with rearrangements initiated by the end groups. Single-stage ESI mass spectra also are more complex in positive mode because of extensive H/Na substitutions; this is also true for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectra. Hence, formation and analysis of anions might be the method of choice for determining block length, end group structure and copolymer sequence, provided the polyester contains at least one carboxylic acid end group that is ionizable to anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Arnould
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Miller MD, Holder AJ, Guthrie JR, Pinzino CS, Chappelow CC, Eick JD. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis of the copolymerization reaction of an expanding monomer with a diepoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Dolan AR, Wood TD. Analysis of polyaniline oligomers by laser desorption ionization and solventless MALDI. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:893-899. [PMID: 15144979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While direct laser desorption ionization of soluble polyaniline dried onto metal sample plates results in mass spectra that are similar to previously shown electrospray ionization data of similar samples, laser desorption of unsolubilized solid polyaniline results in major fragmentation of the phenyl rings. Solventless MALDI, a recently developed technique for insoluble or slightly soluble species, involves the use of only solid analyte and matrix during sample preparation. Solventless MALDI of solid polyaniline results in mass spectra that are similar to the direct laser desorption ionization spectra of the soluble oligomers with some larger molecular weight oligomers also being detected. Based on the matrix used, different series of polyaniline with dissimilar end groups are detected. The matrix also affects the percentages of benzenoid and quinoid units in the oligomers. Thus, solventless MALDI appears to be a promising new technique for the mass spectrometric analysis of low solubility, but industrially important, polyanilines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Dolan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Williams JB, Chapman TM, Hercules DM. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of discrete mass poly(butylene glutarate) oligomers. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3092-100. [PMID: 12964756 DOI: 10.1021/ac030061q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mass dependency of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) response has been studied using equimolar mixtures of synthetic discrete mass poly(butylene glutarate) (PBG) oligomers of known structure having degrees of polymerization of 8, 16, 32, and 64. Mass discrimination observed was attributed to choice of matrix and detector saturation caused by higher laser intensity and inclusion of matrix ions in the MALDI spectra. Optimization of sample preparation and instrumental parameters provided uniform response over the mass ranged spanned by these four oligomers. The oligomer mixture was shown to serve as a model of more complex polymer distributions in the mass range 780-6000 Da, and application of the discrete mass oligomers as internal and calibration standards was demonstrated. Inclusion of PBG discrete mass oligomers as an internal standard in a quasi-equimolar mixture with polydispersed poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) indicated that some diminution of response occurred during the analysis of this mixture of materials. Reasons for differences in the corrected molecular weight averages of the polydispersed PBA obtained from measurements using MALDI and GPC were studied using individual discrete mass oligomers as calibration standards for GPC. The data indicated that differences in hydrodynamic volumes of PBG oligomers and PEG standards at similar masses resulted in an overestimation by GPC of the molecular weight averages of the PBA distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Williams JB, Chapman TM, Hercules DM. Synthesis of Discrete Mass Poly(butylene glutarate) Oligomers. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John B. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesseee 37235
| | - Toby M. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesseee 37235
| | - David M. Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesseee 37235
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maziarz EP, Liu XM, Baker GA. Post-gel permeation chromatography polymer blend analysis from a raster-deposited matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization target. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2450-2454. [PMID: 14587092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
29
|
Laine O, Laitinen T, Vainiotalo P. Characterization of polyesters prepared from three different phthalic acid isomers by CID-ESI-FT-ICR and PSD-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:4250-8. [PMID: 12199599 DOI: 10.1021/ac0112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyesters prepared from the same diol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, but different phthalic acid isomers, phthalic, isophthalic, and terephthalic acid, were characterized by collision-induced dissociation electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (CID-ESI-FT-ICR) and postsource-decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (PSD-MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Sodiated dihydroxyl-terminated polyester oligomers containing five repeating units at m/z 1634 were selected as precursor ions for dissociation studies. Two main mechanisms occurred in the fragmentation of all of the polyesters, since dissociation of the oligomers was initiated by hydrogen rearrangement or transesterification reactions. Polyesters prepared from different phthalic acid isomers could be distinguished by their fragmentation behavior. Polyester prepared from phthalic acid was easily identified by using both CID-ESI-FT-ICR and PSD-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. However, distinguishing between the polyesters prepared from isophthalic and terephthalic acid succeeded marginally only with CID-ESI-FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Molecular dynamics calculations were used to obtain an idea of the fragmentation behavior of the polyesters. The low-energy structures of the precursor ions were determined, and the coordination of the oxygen atoms of the polyester oligomers to the sodium cation was examined more closely. Both the experimental and the theoretical studies showed that the sodium ion affinity of polyester changed with the phthalic acid isomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olli Laine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cerda BA, Horn DM, Breuker K, McLafferty FW. Sequencing of specific copolymer oligomers by electron-capture-dissociation mass spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9287-91. [PMID: 12149036 DOI: 10.1021/ja0123756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although a poly(ethylene/propylene glycol) (PEG/PPG) copolymer mixture is far too complex (approximately 150 oligomeric formulas) for conventional purification, oligomer ion compositions of <1% abundance can be separated by Fourier transform mass spectrometry and dissociated into sequence-specific fragment ions. Using collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) or other conventional energetic methods, we found that misleading rearrangements are common; however, these are negligible with electron capture dissociation (ECD), consistent with its nonergodic mechanism. Despite the lack of reference compounds, ECD of five oligomers ranging from PEG(1)PPG(18) to PEG(9)PPG(15) shows that approximately 80% of their isomers have all PEG units at one end, while CAD gave lower values because of an approximately 21% rearrangement loss of internal monomer units. In contrast to the indicated triblock "PEG/PPG/PEG" sample designation of this commercial surfactant, all of these oligomers are found to consist primarily of diblock PEG/PPG structures, so that their termini differ significantly in hydrophobicity, as expected for a surfactant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blas A Cerda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trimpin S, Grimsdale AC, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Characterization of an insoluble poly(9,9-diphenyl-2,7-fluorene) by solvent-free sample preparation for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3777-82. [PMID: 12175166 DOI: 10.1021/ac0111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of solvent-free sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowed the characterization of an insoluble fraction of poly(9,9-diphenylfluorene) that was previously hindered by the lack of suitable characterization methods. The MALDI mass spectrometric analysis gives valuable mechanistic information about the heterogeneous polymerization process of the insoluble high molecular weight fraction of the polymer. The fragmentation appearing even under moderate desorption and ionization conditions of this rigid backbone analyte is identified as a multiple loss of the bulky phenyl side groups and can be avoided by applying the new MALDI matrix 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. A specialized fragmentation study by postsource decay MALDI-TOF MS reveals a molecular weight dependent change in fragmentation mechanism from an exclusive cleavage of side groups from long polymer chains to an additional cleavage of the polymer backbone of short polymer chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822 Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - David M. Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822 Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Polce MJ, Klein DJ, Harris FW, Modarelli DA, Wesdemiotis C. Structural Characterization of Quinoxaline Homopolymers and Quinoxaline/Ether Sulfone Copolymers by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1948-58. [PMID: 11354475 DOI: 10.1021/ac001247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQs) are prepared from self-polymerizable quinoxaline monomers that carry fluorine, hydroxyaryl (ArOH), and phenyl substituents. In basic media, these monomers self-polymerize via a series of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (SNAr), in which aromatic enolates (ArO- nucleophiles) attack the electrophilic carbons bearing F leaving groups to effect fluoride displacement. Polyphenylquinoxaline/polyether-sulfone (PPQ/PES) copolymers are synthesized similarly by combining self-polymerizable quinoxaline monomers with a 1:1 molar mixture of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and bisphenol A. The MALDI mass spectra of the polymers reveal that the major products up to approximately 15,000 Da molecular mass are homo- or copolymeric macrocycles. Linear byproducts are also observed, arising from nucleophilic ring opening of already formed macrocycles. Oligomers containing at least one PPQ unit readily protonate upon MALDI, whereas PES homopolymers require alkali metal ion addition to become detectable. Molecular orbital calculations point out that the nucleophilic and electrophilic reactivities of the PPQ monomer and the PPQ growing chains generated during propagation are comparable, allowing for continued condensations via SN-Ar, until cyclization terminates this process. The calculations also predict a significantly lower electrophilic reactivity for carbons substituted by chlorine instead of fluorine, justifying the discrimination against incorporation of PES units observed for the copolymers. The computationally optimized structures of PPQ and PPQ/PES macrocycles show a diverse array of cavity sizes and geometries which depend on the size of the macrocycle, the sequence of the repeat units, and the position of the substituents in the quinoxaline ring; quinoxaline pendants (phenyl groups) are found to favor helical arrangements in the prepared macrocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Polce
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vonk EC, Langeveld-Voss BM, van Dongen JL, Janssen RA, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Separation and characterization of oligomers by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a study on well-defined oligothiphenes. J Chromatogr A 2001; 911:13-26. [PMID: 11269591 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used for the separation of 3-hexylthiophene oligomers in the range of 3 to 30 monomeric units, while systematically varying stationary and mobile phases. A set of different columns was chosen, covering a broad range of silica types, pore sizes and bonding chemistry. Mobile phases of tetrahydrofuran (THF) combined with water, acetonitrile (ACN) or methanol (MeOH) were used. Although differences between columns were small, a higher selectivity correlated with a lower hydrophobicity parameter from the Galushko column test. The model of Jandera, based on the linear solvent strength model of Snyder, was used to describe the retention of the oligomers in gradient mode. This gave information about selectivities on different stationary phases similar to the hydrophobicity parameter. Contrary to the stationary phase, the mobile phase had a major influence on the selectivity. The THF-water combination gave much higher selectivities compared to THF combined with MeOH or ACN. Using the aqueous mobile phase even enabled separation of different isomers. Determination of thermodynamic parameters for the model compounds showed that retention of the different isomers was mainly determined by the orientation of the side chains at both ends of the chain. An additional repeating unit in the middle of the polymer backbone gave a similar contribution to retention, irrespective of the orientation of its side chain. Three model isomers were separated by preparative RP-HPLC and identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The combination of subsequent preparative size-exclusion chromatography, RP-HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry enabled the identification of the two major oligomeric series in the sample as the regioregular product with one bromine end group and, in smaller amounts, a regioirregular product with two bromine end groups. reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Vonk
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ming W, Lou X, van de Grampel RD, van Dongen JLJ, van der Linde R. Partial Fluorination of Hydroxyl End-Capped Oligoesters Revealed by MALDI−TOF Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma002016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Ming
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D. van de Grampel
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost L. J. van Dongen
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Linde
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- S D Hanton
- Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporated, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lou X, van Dongen JL, Meijer EW. Off-line size-exclusion chromatographic fractionation-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for polymer characterization. Theoretical and experimental study. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:19-30. [PMID: 11093636 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The parameters affecting the fractionation performance in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of broad polymer samples were investigated. Some equations were derived which enable the prediction of polydispersity (PD) in an SEC fraction. Good agreements were obtained between the calculated data and the experimental values. Based on these equations, SEC fractionation conditions were optimized. In the off-line SEC-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), two different modes can be employed, i.e., using MALDI-MS to provide an absolute calibration curve for SEC, or using SEC as a sample preparation step for MALDI-MS measurements. It was demonstrated that it is more reliable to use the latter combination, because most problems inherent in SEC can be circumvented. Some guidelines for the optimization of off-line SEC fractionation-MALDI-TOF-MS were given. It was found that under optimized conditions normally only a few SEC fractions are already sufficient to separate a highly polydisperse sample into portions of low PD that can accurately be measured by MALDI-TOF-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Lou
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu YH, Teo BK. Characterization of organometallic coordinative cluster compounds of silver by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:298-303. [PMID: 10669891 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000229)14:4<298::aid-rcm876>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was successfully applied to characterize the organosilver coordinative cluster compounds, silver phenylacetylide and three silver thiolates, namely, silver tertiary butylthiolate, silver 2,6-dimethylbenzenethiolate, and silver 2, 6-dichlorobenzenethiolate. Samples and dithranol matrix were finely dispersed in 1:1 tetrahydrofuran (THF)/chloroform (CHCl(3)) mixed solvent. In most cases the monomer units remained intact during ionization, and the oligomeric molecular ions were produced through silver cationization, with a general molecular ion formula [nM + Ag](+). This was further verified by the relative abundances of the isotopic peaks within the molecular ion clusters, which were in close agreement with those theoretically calculated for nM cationized with one silver ion. In the case of silver 2, 6-dichlorobenzenethiolate, in addition to the dominant [nM + Ag](+) peaks, weak peaks corresponding to the successive losses of hydrogen chloride molecules were observed. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YH Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60680, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Laine O, Osterholm H, Järvinen H, Wickström K, Vainiotalo P. Qualitative and quantitative end-group analysis of a small molecular weight polyester by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:482-495. [PMID: 10717660 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000331)14:6<482::aid-rcm900>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was used for qualitative and quantitative end-group analysis of a small molecular weight polyester, poly(2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propylene phthalate). The presence of carboxyl-terminated linear and cyclic polyester oligomers was confirmed with the help of simple sample preparation methods. The presence of carboxyl end-groups in the polyester chains was verified through their formation of carboxylate salts with alkali metal cations. Cyclic oligomers were identified through deuterium exchange of the exchangeable protons of the polyester. Various inorganic salts were tested for salt formation of the carboxyl end-groups, but only the alkali metal salts proved effective. The influence of the alkali metal salts on the results of the quantitative end-group analysis was also studied. The relative amounts of differently terminated and cyclic oligomers were calculated when the alkali metal salts were used with different matrices. The results showed that both the salts and the matrices used in sample preparation can have a marked effect on the quantitative results of the end-group analysis. The measurements were carried out using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 1,8, 9-trihydroxyanthracene (dithranol), and 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) as matrix compounds. Dithranol and HABA repeatably exhibited similar results, and these results differed from those obtained with DHB probably because of the different ionization mechanisms in the MALDI process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Laine
- University of Joensuu, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Córdova A, Iversen T, Hult K. Lipase-catalyzed formation of end-functionalized poly(ϵ-caprolactone) by initiation and termination reactions. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
41
|
Muscat D, Köhler W, Räder HJ, Martin K, Mullins S, Müller B, Müllen K, Geerts Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[2]-catenanes Containing Rigid Catenane Segments. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981077z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Muscat
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Köhler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Martin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Mullins
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Müller
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yves Geerts
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cabrita EJ, Candeias SX, Ramos AM, Afonso CA, Santos AG. Novel acid catalysed 1,4-addition-type ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic phosphorimidates. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)80040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
43
|
Córdova A, Iversen T, Hult K, Martinelle M. Lipase-catalysed formation of macrocycles by ring-opening polymerisation of ϵ-caprolactone. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|