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Perera K, Wu W, You L, Elman JF, Wang Z, Wang X, Ahmed M, Ke Z, Mei J. Absorption Coefficient and Optical Contrast Modulation through Side Chain Engineering of Electrochromic Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James F. Elman
- KLA Instruments Group − Filmetrics, Fairport, New York 14450, United States
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mustafa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhifan Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Drug-dendrimer complexes and conjugates: Detailed furtherance through theory and experiments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102639. [PMID: 35339862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic nanovectors-based drug delivery has gained significant attention in the past couple of decades. Dendrimers play a crucial role in deciding the solubility of sparingly soluble drug molecules and help in improving pharmacokinetics. A few important steps in drug delivery through dendrimers, such as drug encapsulation, formulation, and target-specific delivery, play an important role in deciding the fate of a drug molecule. It is also of prime importance to understand the interactions between a drug molecule and dendrimers at atomistic levels to decode the mechanism of action of drug-dendrimer complexes and their reliability in terms of drug delivery. Colossal progress in current experimental and computational approaches in the field has resulted in a vast amount of data that needs to be curated to be further implemented efficiently. Improved computational power has led to greater accuracy and prompt predictions of properties of drug-dendrimer complexes and their mechanism of action. The current review encapsulates the pioneering work in the field, experimental achievements in terms of drug delivery, and newer computational techniques employed in the advancement of the field.
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Wang S, Cheng M, Zhou L, Dai Y, Dang Y, Ji X. QSPR modelling for intrinsic viscosity in polymer-solvent combinations based on density functional theory. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:379-393. [PMID: 33823697 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1902387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models were developed based on a dataset with 65 polymer-solvent combinations. Seven quantum chemical descriptors, dipole moment, hardness, chemical potential, electrophilicity index, total energy, HOMO and LUMO orbital energies, were calculated with density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d) level for polymers and solvents. Considering the strong correlation between intrinsic viscosity and weight, size, shape as well as topological structure of polymers and solvents, topological descriptors were also applied in this work. Meanwhile, the most appropriate polymer structure representation was investigated by considering 1-5 monomeric repeating units. The molecular descriptors were first screened by using the genetic algorithms-multiple linear regression (GA-MLR), with coefficient of determinations (r2) of 0.78 and 0.83 for the training set and the prediction set, respectively. The support vector machine model (SVM) model based on the selected descriptors subset showed a r2 value of 0.95 for the training set and 0.93 for the prediction set. All statistical results suggest that the established QSPR models have good predictability. Furthermore, a new test set obtained from the literature was used for further validation. The r2 values were 0.81 for the MLR model and 0.90 for the SVM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - M Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Y Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - X Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Neha, Kant R. Static Structure Factor and Viscoelastic Properties of Dendrimer Grafted Nanoparticles in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1951-1959. [PMID: 33566606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The theory for the dynamics of multiscale branched polymeric structures is applied to understand the dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles in a dilute solution. The multiscale nature of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles arises due to larger beads for the nanoparticles and the smaller beads for the polymeric structure connected through the harmonic springs. The multiscale generalized Gaussian structure approach allows us to study several viscoelastic properties: (i) storage and loss moduli and (ii) intrinsic viscosity. The influence of nanoparticles in the dendrimer structure is reflected in low and intermediate frequency regimes of the viscoelastic relaxation moduli. The increase in the size and the number fraction of nanoparticle shows an anomalous enhancement in the relaxation moduli. The increase in number fraction of nanoparticle in dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles decreases the transition frequency between solid- and liquid-like viscoelastic region. The intrinsic viscosity of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles increases with increasing the size of nanoparticle. The inclusion of hydrodynamic interactions facilitates the dynamics of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles. The Kratky plot of the static structure factor of all conformation of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles is also analyzed as a function of number fraction and the size of the nanoparticles. At low wavenumbers, all conformations of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles show a universal behavior. The compactness of dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles increases with the increase in number fraction and the size of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Complex Systems Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rama Kant
- Complex Systems Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Hybrid Polycarbosilane-Siloxane Dendrimers: Synthesis and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040606. [PMID: 33671474 PMCID: PMC7922192 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of carbosilane dendrimers of the 4th, 6th, and 7th generations with a terminal trimethylsilylsiloxane layer was synthesized. Theoretical models of these dendrimers were developed, and equilibrium dendrimer conformations obtained via molecular dynamics simulations were in a good agreement with experimental small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data demonstrating molecule monodispersity and an almost spherical shape. It was confirmed that the glass transition temperature is independent of the dendrimer generation, but is greatly affected by the chemical nature of the dendrimer terminal groups. A sharp increase in the zero-shear viscosity of dendrimer melts was found between the 5th and the 7th dendrimer generations, which was qualitatively identical to that previously reported for polycarbosilane dendrimers with butyl terminal groups. The viscoelastic properties of high-generation dendrimers seem to follow some general trends with an increase in the generation number, which are determined by the regular branching structure of dendrimers.
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Ganazzoli F, Raffaini G. Dendrimer Dynamics: A Review of Analytical Theories and Molecular Simulation Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061387. [PMID: 32575767 PMCID: PMC7361973 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The theoretical study of dendrimers is reviewed, considering both analytical approaches and molecular simulation methods. We discuss the effect of molecular symmetry on the degeneracy of the relaxation times, and then the calculation of observable quantities, in particular the intrinsic viscosity, and then the viscoelastic complex modulus and the dynamic structure factor, in comparison with the available experimental data. In particular, the maximum intrinsic viscosity with increasing molar mass is analyzed in some detail. The approximations and/or assumptions of the adopted methods are also described in connection with analogous results for polymer of a different topology, in particular linear and star polymers.
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7
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Gupta S, Biswas P. Orientational Relaxation of Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimers at Different pH. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4193-4202. [PMID: 32319292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dilute solution dynamics of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers is investigated at three different solution pH through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The dynamics of PPI dendrimers is characterized by both global and local relaxations that occur at different time and length scales. While the global dynamics may be described in terms of rotational diffusion, the local motion may be characterized through orientational relaxation dynamics measured in terms of the time autocorrelation function (ACF), second-order orientational ACF, and the spin-lattice relaxation rate. The global motion of dendrimers decreases with an increase in the size from high pH to low pH with increasing generations of growth. The results reveal that the segments at low pH relax faster than those at high pH, and the local mobility of the segments near the periphery is higher than the core segments. This observation is also evident from the spectral density and spin-lattice relaxation rate. High values of the spectral density at higher frequencies imply higher segmental mobility of the dendrimer at low pH relative to that at high pH. A shift in the maximum of the spin-lattice relaxation rate toward lower frequencies with decreasing generations indicates the dependence of local mobility on the topological distance of the segment from the periphery at all pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Parbati Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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8
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Kurbatov AO, Balabaev NK, Mazo MA, Kramarenko EY. Effects of generation number, spacer length and temperature on the structure and intramolecular dynamics of siloxane dendrimer melts: molecular dynamics simulations. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3792-3805. [PMID: 32239060 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure and properties of polysiloxane dendrimer melts are studied by extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Two homologous series differing in the spacer length are considered. In the first series the dendrimer spacers are the shortest ones, comprising only one oxygen atom, while in the second series the spacers consist of two oxygen atoms with the silicon atom in between. Melts of the dendrimers from the 3rd up to the 6th generation number are modelled in a wide temperature range from 273 to 600 K. A comparative study of the macroscopic melt characteristics such as the melt density and thermal expansion coefficients is performed for the two series. Analysis of the dendrimer structure in melts and in the isolated state shows that intermolecular interactions and interpenetration of dendrimer molecules in melts hardly affect the dendrimer interior organization. However, the presence of neighboring molecules significantly slows down their intramolecular dynamics in melts in comparison with that of isolated dendrimers. An increasing generation number causes an increase of the radius of the dendrimer interior region unavailable for neighboring molecules, which starts to exceed the length of the peripheral interpenetration layer for high-generation dendrimers; this fact could lead to different mechanisms of melt dynamics for lower and higher generation dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O Kurbatov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay K Balabaev
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Mazo
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
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9
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Gupta S, Biswas P. Effect of pH on Size and Internal Structure of Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimers: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9250-9263. [PMID: 30199254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers at three different solution pH is investigated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit solvent. MD simulations provide an insight into the conformational properties of dendrimers via the evaluation of their size, shape, radial density distribution, static structure factor, and scattering intensity. The size of the dendrimer increases from high solution pH to low pH. The internal structure of the dendrimer is quantified in terms of the radial atomic density profile and the terminal amine group density distribution. While the radial atomic density distribution shifts away from the core of the dendrimer with decreasing pH, a significant degree of back-folding of the outer generations is observed at high pH for higher generations of growth. Results from the structure factor and scattering intensity indicate two types of conformational transitions: (i) as a function of the solution pH, where the dendrimer evolves from an expanded structure at low pH to a highly compact one at high pH (except for higher generations), and (ii) with increasing generations, where the open structure of the dendrimer at lower generations transforms to a compact structure at higher generations at both high and low pH, characterized by a change in the fractal dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Parbati Biswas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India
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10
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Kurbatov AO, Balabaev NK, Mazo MA, Kramarenko EY. A Comparative Study of Intramolecular Mobility of Single Siloxane and Carbosilane Dendrimers via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E838. [PMID: 30960763 PMCID: PMC6403907 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative analysis of intramolecular dynamics of four types of isolated dendrimers from the fourth to the seventh generations belonging to the siloxane and carbosilane families, differing in spacer length, core functionality, and the type of chemical bonds, has been performed via atomic molecular dynamics simulations. The average radial and angular positions of all Si branching atoms of various topological layers within the dendrimer interior, as well as their variations, have been calculated, and the distributions of the relaxation times of their radial and angular motions have been found. It has been shown that the dendrons of all the dendrimers elongate from the center and decrease in a solid angle with an increasing generation number. The characteristic relaxation times of both angular and radial motions of Si atoms are of the order of a few nanoseconds, and they increase with an increasing generation number and decrease with temperature, with the angular relaxation times being larger than the radial ones. The relaxation times in the carbosilanes are larger than those in the siloxanes. The rotational angle dynamics of the carbosilane dendrimers show that the chain bending is mainly realized via trans-gauche transitions in the Si branching bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O Kurbatov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Nikolay K Balabaev
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Mazo
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Elena Yu Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Effect of an asymmetry of branching on structural characteristics of dendrimers revealed by Brownian dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Vasil'ev VG, Kramarenko EY, Tatarinova EA, Milenin SA, Kalinina AA, Papkov VS, Muzafarov AM. An unprecedented jump in the viscosity of high-generation carbosilane dendrimer melts. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Kurbatov AO, Balabaev NK, Mazo MA, Kramarenko EY. Molecular dynamics simulations of single siloxane dendrimers: Molecular structure and intramolecular mobility of terminal groups. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:014902. [PMID: 29306281 DOI: 10.1063/1.5009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of two types of isolated siloxane dendrimers of various generations (from the 2nd to the 8th) have been performed for temperatures ranging from 150 K to 600 K. The first type of dendrimer molecules has short spacers consisting of a single oxygen atom. In the dendrimers of the second type, spacers are longer and comprised of two oxygen atoms separated by a single silicon atom. A comparative analysis of molecular macroscopic parameters such as the gyration radius and the shape factor as well as atom distributions within dendrimer interior has been performed for varying generation number, temperature, and spacer length. It has been found that the short-spacer dendrimers of the 7th and 8th generations have a stressed central part with elongated bonds and deformed valence angles. Investigation of the time evolution of radial displacements of the terminal Si atoms has shown that a fraction of the Si groups have a reduced mobility. Therefore, rather long time trajectories (of the order of tens of nanoseconds) are required to study dendrimer intramolecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Kurbatov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - N K Balabaev
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - M A Mazo
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E Yu Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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14
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Balabaev NK, Mazo MA, Kramarenko EY. Insight into the Structure of Polybutylcarbosilane Dendrimer Melts via Extensive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. K. Balabaev
- Institute
of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - M. A. Mazo
- Semenov Institute
of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E. Yu. Kramarenko
- Faculty
of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov
Institute for Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
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15
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Theoretical description of 2D-cluster formation of nonionic surfactants at the air/water interface. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Polińska P, Gillig C, Wittmer JP, Baschnagel J. Hyperbranched polymer stars with Gaussian chain statistics revisited. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2014; 37:12. [PMID: 24574057 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conformational properties of regular dendrimers and more general hyperbranched polymer stars with Gaussian statistics for the spacer chains between branching points are revisited numerically. We investigate the scaling for asymptotically long chains especially for fractal dimensions df = 3 (marginally compact) and df = 2.5 (diffusion limited aggregation). Power-law stars obtained by imposing the number of additional arms per generation are compared to truly self-similar stars. We discuss effects of weak excluded-volume interactions and sketch the regime where the Gaussian approximation should hold in dense solutions and melts for sufficiently large spacer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Polińska
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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19
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
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20
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Kłos JS, Sommer JU. Coarse grained simulations of neutral and charged dendrimers. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238213070023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Simanek EE, Enciso AE, Pavan GM. Computational design principles for the discovery of bioactive dendrimers: [s]-triazines and other examples. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1057-69. [PMID: 23826946 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.813479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemistry yields dendrimers of many classes and compositions. Translating this synthetic success to bioactivity is significantly aided by the use of computational modeling and our knowledge of the three-dimensional shapes of these macromolecules. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the lessons learned during the investigations of [s]-triazine dendrimers. Specifically, the article focuses on the evolving role that computational models have taken in the exploration of these macromolecules. These lessons, furthermore, can be generalized across many dendrimer classes. EXPERT OPINION Computational models and the resulting structural data from molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into: shape, solvent penetration, shielding of biolabile linkers, and the density of hydrophobic patches. These models have evolved from artistic representations, through bases for rationalization, to hypothesis-generating tools that drive synthesis. With further advances expected in both software and hardware the answer to the question, 'What does a specific dendrimer look like in solution?' is becoming increasingly clear. Moreover, the authors believe that answer to this question lies at the heart of the design of bioactive dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Simanek
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry , 2800 South University Drive, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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22
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Lu Y, An L, Wang ZG. Intrinsic Viscosity of Polymers: General Theory Based on a Partially Permeable Sphere Model. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400872s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R.China
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R.China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Kumar A, Biswas P. Conformational transitions in semiflexible dendrimers induced by bond orientations. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:124903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4754871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Albrecht K, Pernites R, Felipe MJ, Advincula RC, Yamamoto K. Patterning Carbazole–Phenylazomethine Dendrimer Films. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202485h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Albrecht
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midoriku,
Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Roderick Pernites
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Mary Jane Felipe
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midoriku,
Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Lyulin SV, Reshetnikov EV, Darinskii AA, Lyulin AV. Structural behavior of hyperbranched polymers in solvents of various qualities: Brownian dynamics simulation. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x11090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw T. Bosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - J. Ravi Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Parbati Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Yip J, Duhamel J, Bahun GJ, Adronov A. A Study of the Dynamics of the Branch Ends of a Series of Pyrene-Labeled Dendrimers Based on Pyrene Excimer Formation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10254-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Yip
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Greg J. Bahun
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christos N. Likos
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8/12, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Maiti PK, Bagchi B. Diffusion of flexible, charged, nanoscopic molecules in solution: Size and pH dependence for PAMAM dendrimer. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:214901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3266512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Tian WD, Ma YQ. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Charged Dendrimer in Multivalent Salt Solution. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13161-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-de Tian
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu-qiang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093, China
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Maiti PK, Li Y, Cagin T, Goddard WA. Structure of polyamidoamide dendrimers up to limiting generations: a mesoscale description. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:144902. [PMID: 19368466 DOI: 10.1063/1.3105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamidoamide (PAMAM) class of dendrimers was one of the first dendrimers synthesized by Tomalia and co-workers at Dow. Since its discovery the PAMAMs have stimulated many discussions on the structure and dynamics of such hyperbranched polymers. Many questions remain open because the huge conformation disorder combined with very similar local symmetries have made it difficult to characterize experimentally at the atomistic level the structure and dynamics of PAMAM dendrimers. The higher generation dendrimers have also been difficult to characterize computationally because of the large size (294,852 atoms for generation 11) and the huge number of conformations. To help provide a practical means of atomistic computational studies, we have developed an atomistically informed coarse-grained description for the PAMAM dendrimer. We find that a two-bead per monomer representation retains the accuracy of atomistic simulations for predicting size and conformational complexity, while reducing the degrees of freedom by tenfold. This mesoscale description has allowed us to study the structural properties of PAMAM dendrimer up to generation 11 for time scale of up to several nanoseconds. The gross properties such as the radius of gyration compare very well with those from full atomistic simulation and with available small angle x-ray experiment and small angle neutron scattering data. The radial monomer density shows very similar behavior with those obtained from the fully atomistic simulation. Our approach to deriving the coarse-grain model is general and straightforward to apply to other classes of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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34
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Echenique GDR, Schmidt RR, Freire JJ, Cifre JGH, Torre JGDL. A Multiscale Scheme for the Simulation of Conformational and Solution Properties of Different Dendrimer Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8548-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Del Río Echenique
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez Schmidt
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Freire
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José G. Hernández Cifre
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José García de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Kłos JS, Sommer JU. Properties of Dendrimers with Flexible Spacer-Chains: A Monte Carlo Study. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900479y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Kłos
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - J.-U. Sommer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Larin SV, Lyulin SV, Lyulin AV, Darinskii AA. Charge inversion of dendrimers in complexes with linear polyelectrolytes in the solutions with low pH. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x09040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Albrecht K, Yamamoto K. Dendritic Structure Having a Potential Gradient: New Synthesis and Properties of Carbazole Dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2244-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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38
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Markelov DA, Lyulin SV, Gotlib YY, Lyulin AV, Matveev VV, Lahderanta E, Darinskii AA. Orientational mobility and relaxation spectra of dendrimers: Theory and computer simulation. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:044907. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3063116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Lyulin SV, Darinskii AA, Lyulin AV. Energetic and conformational aspects of dendrimer overcharging by linear polyelectrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:041801. [PMID: 18999446 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.041801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensive Brownian dynamics simulations of conformational changes accompanying the overcharging of a dendrimer by an oppositely charged long linear polyelectrolyte (LPE) have been carried out. The simulated results have been compared with the predictions of the Nguen and Shklovskii correlation theory [Physica A 293, 324 (2001)] for impenetrable charged spherical macroion. Dendrimer overcharging is caused by the spatial correlations between the "excess" of the LPE charges adsorbed onto its surface. The simulated LPE-length dependence of the corresponding "correlation" energy is in agreement with the theoretical predictions. Maximum of the LPE adsorption occurs at some critical LPE length N{ch};{c} , and the first order phase transition from completely coiled conformation to the conformation with released tails takes place. The phase transition is accompanied by the drastic increase in the relative fluctuations of the polyelectrolyte size. Upon increasing the linear-chain length above N{ch};{c} , the one-long-tail conformation becomes energetically preferable; the exchange time between the long-tail conformation and the short-tail conformation is very large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj Prospect 31, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia.
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40
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Dalakoglou GK, Karatasos K, Lyulin SV, Lyulin AV. Shear-induced effects in hyperbranched-linear polyelectrolyte complexes. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:034901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2952518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Newkome GR, Shreiner CD. Poly(amidoamine), polypropylenimine, and related dendrimers and dendrons possessing different 1→2 branching motifs: An overview of the divergent procedures. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Jana C, Jayamurugan G, Ganapathy R, Maiti PK, Jayaraman N, Sood AK. Structure of poly(propyl ether imine) dendrimer from fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulation and by small angle x-ray scattering. J Chem Phys 2007; 124:204719. [PMID: 16774376 DOI: 10.1063/1.2194538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the structure of carboxylic acid terminated neutral poly(propyl ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimer from generations 1-6 (G1-G6) in a good solvent (water) by fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We determine as a function of generation the structural properties such as radius of gyration, shape tensor, asphericity, fractal dimension, monomer density distribution, and end-group distribution functions. The sizes obtained from the MD simulations have been validated by small angle x-ray scattering experiment on dendrimer of generations 2-4 (G2-G4). A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical value of radius of gyration has been observed. We find a linear increase in radius of gyration with the generation. In contrast, Rg scales as approximately Nx with the number of monomers. We find two distinct exponents depending on the generations, x=0.47 for G1-G3 and x=0.28 for G3-G6, which reveal their nonspace filling nature. In comparison with the amine terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, we find that Rg of Gth generation PETIM dendrimer is nearly equal to that of (G+1)th generation of PAMAM dendrimer as observed by Maiti et al. [Macromolecules 38, 979 (2005)]. We find substantial back folding of the outer subgenerations into the interior of the dendrimer. Due to their highly flexible nature of the repeating branch units, the shape of the PETIM dendrimer deviates significantly from the spherical shape and the molecules become more and more spherical as the generation increases. The interior of the dendrimer is quite open with internal cavities available for accommodating guest molecules, suggesting the use of PETIM dendrimer for guest-host applications. We also give a quantitative measure of the number of water molecules present inside the dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Jana
- Department Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
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Rodríguez E, Freire JJ, del Río Echenique G, Hernández Cifre J, García de la Torre J. Improved simulation method for the calculation of the intrinsic viscosity of some dendrimer molecules. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Adolf DB, Butler SN, Drew PM, Hotston S, Karatasos K. Computational polymer dynamics via DL_POLY. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020601096176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Abstract
In this review we present a summary of recent progress achieved in examining the equilibrium and dynamical properties of concentrated solutions of two novel kinds of soft matter systems: and starburst molecules known as . The two systems share a host of interesting properties. The both consist of highly branched polymers, they allow for tuning of their properties through modification of the macromolecular architecture and they are both representatives of a quite novel class of colloidal particles, termed . On the other hand there are also important differences, reflecting the fundamental difference in their architecture. It will be shown that a combination of scattering techniques and rheology with computer simulations and analytical methods from the realm of theoretical physics can shed light on the unusual properties of such systems. In this fashion, new ways appear for the manipulation of soft matter systems under external influences and promising perspectives for the fabrication of new materials are opened up and the versatility in manipulating soft matter is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Likos
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Fritzinger B, Appelhans D, Voit B, Scheler U. Core Functionality and Scaling Behavior of Lysine Dendrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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48
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Freire JJ, Rodríguez E, Rubio AM. Monte Carlo calculations for the intrinsic viscosity of several dendrimer molecules. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:154901. [PMID: 16252966 DOI: 10.1063/1.2056546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed Monte Carlo simulations to reproduce the intrinsic viscosity corresponding to different generation of several types of dendrite molecules: polyamidoamine dendrimers with an ethylendiamine core, polypropylene-imine with a diaminobutane core, and monodendrons and tridendrons of polybenzylether. With this end, we have employed coarse-grained idealizations of the molecules constituted by only two beads in each repeat unit (one in a branching or end unit and one intermediate along the repeat unit) and a simple hard-sphere potential between non-neighboring beads. Our goal is to investigate if this simple model is able to provide a reasonable description of some differences between these systems that have been observed experimentally, in particular, the location of the maximum in the intrinsic viscosity as a function of the generation number. Experimental radii of gyration in a given solvent are reproduced by a fit of the hard-sphere potential diameter. Subsequently, intrinsic viscosities are calculated by the variational approach of Fixman, which yields an accurate lower-bound value with an additional hydrodynamic interaction parameter (the friction radius of the beads). The results show a pronounced variation of the maximum location with the value of the friction radius and the structural details that cannot be mimicked with simpler models. The initial conformations for the Monte Carlo procedure are taken from atomistic configurations thermalized by means of a molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Freire
- Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas Fisicoquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Lyulin SV, Darinskii AA, Lyulin AV. Computer Simulation of Complexes of Dendrimers with Linear Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047403u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Group Polymer Physics, Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories and Dutch Polymer Institute, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anatolij A. Darinskii
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Group Polymer Physics, Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories and Dutch Polymer Institute, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Group Polymer Physics, Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories and Dutch Polymer Institute, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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50
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Maiti PK, Çaǧın T, Lin ST, Goddard WA. Effect of Solvent and pH on the Structure of PAMAM Dendrimers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049168l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K. Maiti
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Tahir Çaǧın
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Shiang-Tai Lin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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