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Tobin AB. A golden age of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulation in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-01007-1. [PMID: 39143241 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family, particularly the M1-receptor and M4-receptor subtypes, have emerged as validated targets for the symptomatic treatment of neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease. However, despite considerable effort and investment, no drugs have yet gained clinical approval. This is largely attributable to cholinergic adverse effects that have halted the majority of programmes and resulted in a waning of interest in these G-protein-coupled receptor targets. Recently, this trend has been reversed. Driven by advances in structure-based drug design and an appreciation of the optimal pharmacological properties necessary to deliver clinical efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, a new generation of M1-receptor and M4-receptor orthosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators are now entering the clinic. These agents offer the prospect of novel therapeutic solutions for 'hard to treat' neurological diseases, heralding a new era of muscarinic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, The Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Yu L, Shao R, Guo Q, Hong H, Zhu N. The methodology for preparing domperidone: strategies, routes and reaction processes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22869-22880. [PMID: 36105951 PMCID: PMC9377158 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domperidone is a powerful peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist; however, a systematic review of the synthetic methods and processes of this drug has not been reported so far. This review summarizes the synthetic strategies, synthetic routes and reaction processes of domperidone in detail. Domperidone can be synthesized from the coupling reaction of two benzimidazolone derivatives (intermediates 1 and 2). Intermediate 1 can be prepared by two synthetic routes: the cyclization of o-phenylenediamine with carbonyl reagents followed by coupling with 1,3-dihalopropane, and the coupling reaction of o-halo or o-amino substituted nitrobenzene with 1,3-disubstituted propane followed by reduction and cyclization. The latter route avoids the production of di-substituted by-products and has higher reaction selectivity. Intermediate 2 is synthesized by coupling substituted nitrobenzene with 4-aminopiperidine followed by reduction and cyclization, which is similar to the synthetic route of intermediate 1. Understanding the advantages and drawbacks of these synthetic methodologies would provide insights for the development of new strategies to prepare domperidone. Moreover, the methods used to synthesize domperidone can provide alternative approaches in the preparation of drugs or compounds with similar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China
- Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 010051 China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for CO2 Capture and Utilization Hohhot 010051 China
| | - Rixin Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China
- Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 010051 China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for CO2 Capture and Utilization Hohhot 010051 China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China
- Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 010051 China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for CO2 Capture and Utilization Hohhot 010051 China
| | - Hailong Hong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China
- Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 010051 China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for CO2 Capture and Utilization Hohhot 010051 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010051 China
- Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 010051 China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for CO2 Capture and Utilization Hohhot 010051 China
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Walker LC, Campbell EJ, Huckstep KL, Chen NA, Langmead CJ, Lawrence AJ. M 1 muscarinic receptor activation decreases alcohol consumption via a reduction in consummatory behavior. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 10:e00907. [PMID: 34962108 PMCID: PMC8929368 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been shown to mediate alcohol consumption and seeking. Both M4 and M5 mAChRs have been highlighted as potential novel treatment targets for alcohol use disorders (AUD). Similarly, M1 mAChRs are expressed throughout reward circuitry, and their signaling has been implicated in cocaine consumption. However, whether the same effects are seen for alcohol consumption, or whether natural reward intake is inadvertently impacted is still unknown. To determine the role of M1 mAChRs in alcohol consumption, we tested operant self-administration of alcohol under both fixed ratio (FR3) and progressive ratio (PR3-4) schedules. Enhancing M1 mAChR signaling (via the M1 PAM-Agonist PF-06767832, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced operant alcohol consumption on a fixed schedule but had no effect on motivation to acquire alcohol. To determine whether these actions were specific to alcohol, we examined the effects of M1 enhancement on natural reward (sucrose) self-administration. Systemic administration of PF-06767832 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) also reduced operant sucrose self-administration, suggesting the actions of the M1 receptor may be non-selective across drug and natural rewards. Finally, to understand whether this reduction extended to natural consummatory behaviors, we assessed home cage standard chow and water consumption. M1 enhancement via systemic PF-06767832 administration reduced food and water consumption. Together our results suggest the M1 PAM-agonist, PF-06767832, non-specifically reduces consummatory behaviors that are not associated with motivational strength for the reward. These data highlight the need to further characterize M1 agonists, PAMs, and PAM-agonists, which may have varying degrees of utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders including AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C. Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Erin J. Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Kate L. Huckstep
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Nicola A. Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
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Brown AJH, Bradley SJ, Marshall FH, Brown GA, Bennett KA, Brown J, Cansfield JE, Cross DM, de Graaf C, Hudson BD, Dwomoh L, Dias JM, Errey JC, Hurrell E, Liptrot J, Mattedi G, Molloy C, Nathan PJ, Okrasa K, Osborne G, Patel JC, Pickworth M, Robertson N, Shahabi S, Bundgaard C, Phillips K, Broad LM, Goonawardena AV, Morairty SR, Browning M, Perini F, Dawson GR, Deakin JFW, Smith RT, Sexton PM, Warneck J, Vinson M, Tasker T, Tehan BG, Teobald B, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ, Jazayeri A, Cooke RM, Rucktooa P, Congreve MS, Weir M, Tobin AB. From structure to clinic: Design of a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with potential to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cell 2021; 184:5886-5901.e22. [PMID: 34822784 PMCID: PMC7616177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease seek to correct for defective cholinergic transmission by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, these however have limited clinical efficacy. An alternative approach is to directly activate cholinergic receptors responsible for learning and memory. The M1-muscarinic acetylcholine (M1) receptor is the target of choice but has been hampered by adverse effects. Here we aimed to design the drug properties needed for a well-tolerated M1-agonist with the potential to alleviate cognitive loss by taking a stepwise translational approach from atomic structure, cell/tissue-based assays, evaluation in preclinical species, clinical safety testing, and finally establishing activity in memory centers in humans. Through this approach, we rationally designed the optimal properties, including selectivity and partial agonism, into HTL9936-a potential candidate for the treatment of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. More broadly, this demonstrates a strategy for targeting difficult GPCR targets from structure to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J H Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jason Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Julie E Cansfield
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - David M Cross
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Cross Pharma Consulting Ltd, 20-22 Wenlock Road, London, N17GU, UK
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - João M Dias
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - James C Errey
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Edward Hurrell
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jan Liptrot
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Giulio Mattedi
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB20SZ, UK
| | - Krzysztof Okrasa
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Greg Osborne
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jayesh C Patel
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Mark Pickworth
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK; H. Lundbeck A/S, Neuroscience Research, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith Phillips
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Anushka V Goonawardena
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stephen R Morairty
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael Browning
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX12JD, UK; P1vital, Manor house, Howbery Buisness Park, Wallingford, OX108BA, UK
| | - Francesca Perini
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience - Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX12JD, UK
| | - John F W Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, M139PT UK
| | - Robert T Smith
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Warneck
- Protogenia Consulting Ltd, PO-Box 289, Ely, CB79DR, UK
| | - Mary Vinson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Tim Tasker
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Barry Teobald
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Robert M Cooke
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Miles S Congreve
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Malcolm Weir
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK.
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Bolnykh V, Rossetti G, Rothlisberger U, Carloni P. Expanding the boundaries of ligand–target modeling by exascale calculations. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Bolnykh
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐9)/Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐9)/Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation University Hospital Aachen RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5/INM‐9) “Computational Biomedicine” Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- JARA‐Institute INM‐11 “Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging” Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
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Preparation of a First 18F-Labeled Agonist for M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122880. [PMID: 32585815 PMCID: PMC7355535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are abundant in postsynaptic nerve terminals of all forebrain regions and have been implicated in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease and other CNS pathologies. Consequently, major efforts have been spent in the development of subtype-selective positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for mAChRs resulting in the development of several 11C-labeled probes. However, protocols for the preparation of 18F-labeled mAChR-ligands have not been published so far. Here, we describe a straightforward procedure for the preparation of an 18F-labeled M1 mAChR agonist and its corresponding pinacol boronate radiolabeling precursor and the non-radioactive reference compound. The target compounds were prepared from commercially available aryl fluorides and Boc protected 4-aminopiperidine using a convergent reaction protocol. The radiolabeling precursor was prepared by a modification of the Miyaura reaction and labeled via the alcohol-enhanced Cu-mediated radiofluorination. The developed procedure afforded the radiotracer in a non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 17 ± 3% (n = 3) and in excellent radiochemical purity (>99%) on a preparative scale. Taken together, we developed a straightforward protocol for the preparation of an 18F-labeled M1 mAChR agonist that is amenable for automation and thus provides an important step towards the routine production of a 18F-labeled M1 selective PET tracer for experimental and diagnostic applications.
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Valuskova P, Dwomoh L, Scarpa M, Rossi M, Finlayson L, Svensson KA, Chernet E, Barth VN, Gherbi K, Sykes DA, Wilson CA, Mistry R, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Mogg AJ, Rosethorne EM, Sakata S, John Challiss RA, Broad LM, Tobin AB. Biased M1-muscarinic-receptor-mutant mice inform the design of next-generation drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:240-249. [PMID: 32080630 PMCID: PMC7616160 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors, the current frontline symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with low efficacy and adverse effects. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 mAChRs) represent a potential alternate therapeutic target; however, drug discovery programs focused on this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have failed, largely due to cholinergic adverse responses. Employing novel chemogenetic and phosphorylation-deficient, G protein-biased, mouse models, paired with a toolbox of probe molecules, we establish previously unappreciated pharmacologically targetable M1 mAChR neurological processes, including anxiety-like behaviors and hyper-locomotion. By mapping the upstream signaling pathways regulating these responses, we determine the importance of receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling in driving clinically relevant outcomes and in controlling adverse effects including 'epileptic-like' seizures. We conclude that M1 mAChR ligands that promote receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling would protect against cholinergic adverse effects in addition to driving beneficial responses such as learning and memory and anxiolytic behavior relevant for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina Valuskova
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Rossi
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Finlayson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eyassu Chernet
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karolina Gherbi
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Sykes
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Caroline A Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rajendra Mistry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rosethorne
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Scarpa M, Hesse S, Bradley SJ. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: A therapeutic strategy for symptomatic and disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease? ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 88:277-310. [PMID: 32416870 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) plays a crucial role in learning and memory processes and has long been identified as a promising therapeutic target for the improvement of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). As such, clinical trials with xanomeline, a mAChR orthosteric agonist, showed an improvement in cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with AD. Despite this, the clinical utility of xanomeline was hampered by a lack of M1 receptor selectivity and adverse cholinergic responses attributed to activation of peripheral M2 and M3 mAChRs. More recently, efforts have focused on developing more selective M1 compounds via targeting the less-conserved allosteric binding pockets. As such, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have emerged as an exciting strategy to achieve exquisite selectivity for the M1 mAChR in order to deliver improvements in cognitive function in AD. Furthermore, over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that M1 therapeutics may also offer disease-modifying effects in AD, due to the modulation of pathogenic amyloid processing. This article will review the progress made in the development of M1 selective ligands for the treatment of cognitive decline in AD, and will discuss the current evidence that selective targeting of the M1 mAChR could also have the potential to modify AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scarpa
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hesse
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Preto J, Gentile F. Assessing and improving the performance of consensus docking strategies using the DockBox package. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:817-829. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Schramm S, Agnetta L, Bermudez M, Gerwe H, Irmen M, Holze J, Littmann T, Wolber G, Tränkle C, Decker M. Novel BQCA- and TBPB-Derived M 1 Receptor Hybrid Ligands: Orthosteric Carbachol Differentially Regulates Partial Agonism. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1349-1358. [PMID: 31166078 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations of the complex mechanisms of allostery have led to a deeper understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling processes. In this context, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly relevant due to their exemplary role in the study of allosteric modulation. In this work, we compare and discuss two sets of putatively dualsteric ligands, which were designed to connect carbachol to different types of allosteric ligands. We chose derivatives of TBPB [1-(1'-(2-tolyl)-1,4'-bipiperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one] as M1 -selective putative bitopic ligands, and derivatives of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) as an M1 positive allosteric modulator, varying the distance between the allosteric and orthosteric building blocks. Luciferase protein complementation assays demonstrated that linker length must be carefully chosen to yield either agonist or antagonist behavior. These findings may help to design biased signaling and/or different extents of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Agnetta
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Irmen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tränkle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Duarte Y, Márquez-Miranda V, Miossec MJ, González-Nilo F. Integration of target discovery, drug discovery and drug delivery: A review on computational strategies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1554. [PMID: 30932351 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the computational tools involved in drug discovery developed during the 1980s were largely based on computational chemistry, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and cheminformatics. Subsequently, the advent of genomics in the 2000s gave rise to a huge number of databases and computational tools developed to analyze large quantities of data, through bioinformatics, to obtain valuable information about the genomic regulation of different organisms. Target identification and validation is a long process during which evidence for and against a target is accumulated in the pursuit of developing new drugs. Finally, the drug delivery system appears as a novel approach to improve drug targeting and releasing into the cells, leading to new opportunities to improve drug efficiency and avoid potential secondary effects. In each area: target discovery, drug discovery and drug delivery, different computational strategies are being developed to accelerate the process of selection and discovery of new tools to be applied to different scientific fields. Research on these three topics is growing rapidly, but still requires a global view of this landscape to detect the most challenging bottleneck and how computational tools could be integrated in each topic. This review describes the current state of the art in computational strategies for target discovery, drug discovery and drug delivery and how these fields could be integrated. Finally, we will discuss about the current needs in these fields and how the continuous development of databases and computational tools will impact on the improvement of those areas. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Márquez-Miranda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthieu J Miossec
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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13
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Designing Hybrids Targeting the Cholinergic System by Modulating the Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors: A Concept to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123230. [PMID: 30544533 PMCID: PMC6320942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis has been reported first being the cause of memory dysfunction in the Alzheimer's disease. Researchers around the globe have focused their attention on understanding the mechanisms of how this complicated system contributes to processes such as learning, memory, disorientation, linguistic problems, and behavioral issues in the indicated chronic neurodegenerative disease. The present review reports recent updates in hybrid molecule design as a strategy for selectively addressing multiple target proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the study of their therapeutic relevance. The rationale and the design of the bifunctional compounds will be discussed in order to understand their potential as tools to investigate the role of the cholinergic system in AD.
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14
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Kennedy NM, Schmid CL, Ross NC, Lovell KM, Yue Z, Chen YT, Cameron MD, Bohn LM, Bannister TD. Optimization of a Series of Mu Opioid Receptor (MOR) Agonists with High G Protein Signaling Bias. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8895-8907. [PMID: 30199635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are especially effective as broad-spectrum pain relievers, it has been exceptionally difficult to achieve a clear separation of analgesia from many problematic side effects. Recently, many groups have sought MOR agonists that induce minimal βarrestin-mediated signaling because MOR agonist-treated βarrestin2 knockout mice were found to display enhanced antinociceptive effects with significantly less respiratory depression and tachyphylaxis. Substantial data now exists to support the premise that G protein signaling biased MOR agonists can be effective analgesic agents. We recently showed that, within a chemical series, the degree of bias correlates linearly with the magnitude of the respiratory safety index. Herein we describe the synthesis and optimization of piperidine benzimidazolone MOR agonists that together display a wide range of bias (G/βarr2). We identify structural features affecting potency and maximizing bias and show that many compounds have desirable properties, such as long half-lives and high brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Cullen L Schmid
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Nicolette C Ross
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Zhizhou Yue
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Yen Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
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15
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Bundgaard C, Mogg AJ, Thompson KJ, Dwomoh L, Sanger HE, Crabtree MD, Brooke SM, Sexton PM, Felder CC, Christopoulos A, Broad LM, Tobin AB, Langmead CJ. Bitopic Binding Mode of an M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Associated with Adverse Clinical Trial Outcomes. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:645-656. [PMID: 29695609 PMCID: PMC5963591 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of the therapeutic potential of targeting the M1
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) for the treatment of cognitive decline in
Alzheimer’s disease has prompted the discovery of M1 mAChR ligands
showing efficacy in alleviating cognitive dysfunction in both rodents and humans.
Among these is GSK1034702
(7-fluoro-5-methyl-3-[1-(oxan-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one),
described previously as a potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist, which
showed procognitive effects in rodents and improved immediate memory in a clinical
nicotine withdrawal test but induced significant side effects. Here we provide
evidence using ligand binding, chemical biology and functional assays to establish
that rather than the allosteric mechanism claimed, GSK1034702 interacts in a bitopic
manner at the M1 mAChR such that it can concomitantly span both the
orthosteric and an allosteric binding site. The bitopic nature of GSK1034702,
together with the intrinsic agonist activity and a lack of muscarinic receptor
subtype selectivity reported here, all likely contribute to the adverse effects of
this molecule in clinical trials. Although they impart beneficial effects on learning
and memory, we conclude that these properties are undesirable in a clinical candidate
due to the likelihood of adverse side effects. Rather, our data support the notion
that “pure” positive allosteric modulators showing selectivity for the
M1 mAChR with low levels of intrinsic activity would be preferable to
provide clinical efficacy with low adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Karen J Thompson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Helen E Sanger
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Michael D Crabtree
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Simon M Brooke
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Lisa M Broad
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
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16
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Current status of muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors as drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:449-458. [PMID: 29374561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic signalling system has been an attractive pathway to seek targets for modulation of arousal, cognition, and attention which are compromised in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. The acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 subtypes which are highly expressed in the central nervous system, in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, key areas of cognitive and neuropsychiatric control, have received particular attention. Historical muscarinic drug development yielded first generation agonists with modest selectivity for these two receptor targets over M2 and M3 receptors, the major peripheral sub-types hypothesised to underlie the dose-limiting clinical side effects. More recent compound screening and medicinal chemistry optimization of orthosteric and allosteric agonists, and positive allosteric modulators binding to sites distinct from the highly homologous acetylcholine binding pocket have yielded a collection of highly selective tool compounds for preclinical validation studies. Several M1 selective ligands have progressed to early clinical development and in time will hopefully lead to useful therapeutics for treating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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17
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Schmid CL, Kennedy NM, Ross NC, Lovell KM, Yue Z, Morgenweck J, Cameron MD, Bannister TD, Bohn LM. Bias Factor and Therapeutic Window Correlate to Predict Safer Opioid Analgesics. Cell 2017; 171:1165-1175.e13. [PMID: 29149605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biased agonism has been proposed as a means to separate desirable and adverse drug responses downstream of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targets. Herein, we describe structural features of a series of mu-opioid-receptor (MOR)-selective agonists that preferentially activate receptors to couple to G proteins or to recruit βarrestin proteins. By comparing relative bias for MOR-mediated signaling in each pathway, we demonstrate a strong correlation between the respiratory suppression/antinociception therapeutic window in a series of compounds spanning a wide range of signaling bias. We find that βarrestin-biased compounds, such as fentanyl, are more likely to induce respiratory suppression at weak analgesic doses, while G protein signaling bias broadens the therapeutic window, allowing for antinociception in the absence of respiratory suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen L Schmid
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nicole M Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nicolette C Ross
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Zhizhou Yue
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jenny Morgenweck
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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18
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Thorn CA, Popiolek M, Stark E, Edgerton JR. Effects of M1 and M4 activation on excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1. Hippocampus 2017; 27:794-810. [PMID: 28422371 PMCID: PMC5573954 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal networks are particularly susceptible to dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and schizophrenia. CA1, a major output region of the hippocampus, receives glutamatergic input from both hippocampal CA3 and entorhinal cortex, via the Schaffer collateral (SC) and temporoammonic (TA) pathways, respectively. SC and TA inputs to CA1 are thought to be differentially involved in the retrieval of previously stored memories versus the encoding of novel information, and switching between these two crucial hippocampal functions is thought to critically depend on acetylcholine (ACh) acting at muscarinic receptors. In this study, we aimed to determine the roles of specific subtypes of muscarinic receptors in mediating the neuromodulatory effects of ACh on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the SC and TA pathways of CA1. Using selective pharmacological activation of M1 or M4 receptors along with extracellular and intracellular electrophysiology recordings from adult rat hippocampal slices, we demonstrate that activation of M1 receptors increases spontaneous spike rates of neuronal ensembles in CA1 and increases the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons and interneurons. Selective activation of M4 receptors inhibits glutamate release in the SC pathway, while leaving synaptic transmission in the TA pathway comparatively intact. These results suggest specific mechanisms by which M1 and M4 activation may normalize CA1 circuit activity following disruptions of signaling that accompany neurodegenerative dementias or neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings are of particular interest in light of clinical findings that xanomeline, an M1/M4 preferring agonist, was able to improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Popiolek
- Pfizer Internal Medicine Research UnitCambridgeMassachusetts02139
| | - Eda Stark
- Pfizer Internal Medicine Research UnitCambridgeMassachusetts02139
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Betterton RT, Broad LM, Tsaneva‐Atanasova K, Mellor JR. Acetylcholine modulates gamma frequency oscillations in the hippocampus by activation of muscarinic M1 receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1570-1585. [PMID: 28406538 PMCID: PMC5518221 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of gamma oscillations is important for the processing of information and the disruption of gamma oscillations is a prominent feature of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Gamma oscillations are generated by the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons where their precise frequency and amplitude are controlled by the balance of excitation and inhibition. Acetylcholine enhances the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons and suppresses both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, but the net modulatory effect on gamma oscillations is not known. Here, we find that the power, but not frequency, of optogenetically induced gamma oscillations in the CA3 region of mouse hippocampal slices is enhanced by low concentrations of the broad‐spectrum cholinergic agonist carbachol but reduced at higher concentrations. This bidirectional modulation of gamma oscillations is replicated within a mathematical model by neuronal depolarisation, but not by reducing synaptic conductances, mimicking the effects of muscarinic M1 receptor activation. The predicted role for M1 receptors was supported experimentally; bidirectional modulation of gamma oscillations by acetylcholine was replicated by a selective M1 receptor agonist and prevented by genetic deletion of M1 receptors. These results reveal that acetylcholine release in CA3 of the hippocampus modulates gamma oscillation power but not frequency in a bidirectional and dose‐dependent manner by acting primarily through muscarinic M1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth T. Betterton
- Centre for Synaptic PlasticitySchool of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Krasimira Tsaneva‐Atanasova
- Department of MathematicsCollege of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Jack R. Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic PlasticitySchool of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
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Smith DL, Davoren JE, Edgerton JR, Lazzaro JT, Lee CW, Neal S, Zhang L, Grimwood S. Characterization of a Novel M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator Radioligand, [3H]PT-1284. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:177-87. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel 5-Hydrosulfonyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:516. [PMID: 27104509 PMCID: PMC6273811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 5-hydrosulfonyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one derivatives bearing natural product substructures has been successfully synthesized and their antitumor activity studied. These newly synthesized derivatives were characterized by ¹H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and high resolution mass spectral data, then screened as antitumor agents against the A549, HCC1937, and MDA-MB-468 human tumor cell lines using MTT cell proliferation assays. The results show that some of these compounds can effectively inhibit the growth of these cancerous cells, with compound 5b being the best one (IC50 = 2.6 μM). Flow cytometry data revealed that compound 5b induced apoptosis of HCC1937 cells with increased solution concentration. The structure and activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds is summarized.
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Dennis SH, Pasqui F, Colvin EM, Sanger H, Mogg AJ, Felder CC, Broad LM, Fitzjohn SM, Isaac JTR, Mellor JR. Activation of Muscarinic M1 Acetylcholine Receptors Induces Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:414-26. [PMID: 26472558 PMCID: PMC4677984 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors (M1Rs) are highly expressed in the hippocampus, and their inhibition or ablation disrupts the encoding of spatial memory. It has been hypothesized that the principal mechanism by which M1Rs influence spatial memory is by the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Here, we use a combination of recently developed, well characterized, selective M1R agonists and M1R knock-out mice to define the roles of M1Rs in the regulation of hippocampal neuronal and synaptic function. We confirm that M1R activation increases input resistance and depolarizes hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and show that this profoundly increases excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike coupling. Consistent with a critical role for M1Rs in synaptic plasticity, we now show that M1R activation produces a robust potentiation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto CA1 pyramidal neurons that has all the hallmarks of long-term potentiation (LTP): The potentiation requires NMDA receptor activity and bi-directionally occludes with synaptically induced LTP. Thus, we describe synergistic mechanisms by which acetylcholine acting through M1Rs excites CA1 pyramidal neurons and induces LTP, to profoundly increase activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. These features are predicted to make a major contribution to the pro-cognitive effects of cholinergic transmission in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan H Dennis
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Francesca Pasqui
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Ellen M Colvin
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Helen Sanger
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | | | - Lisa M Broad
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Steve M Fitzjohn
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - John T R Isaac
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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23
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Gesto D, Oliveira EF, Santos-Martins D, Brás NF, Sousa SF, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Receptor-based virtual screening protocol for drug discovery. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 582:56-67. [PMID: 26045247 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Computational aided drug design (CADD) is presently a key component in the process of drug discovery and development as it offers great promise to drastically reduce cost and time requirements. In the pharmaceutical arena, virtual screening is normally regarded as the top CADD tool to screen large libraries of chemical structures and reduce them to a key set of likely drug candidates regarding a specific protein target. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the receptor-based virtual screening process and of its importance in the present drug discovery and development paradigm. Following a focused contextualization on the subject, the main stages of a virtual screening campaign, including its strengths and limitations, are the subject of particular attention in this review. In all of these stages special consideration will be given to practical issues that are normally the Achilles heel of the virtual screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Gesto
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F Oliveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F Brás
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Andreoli F, Kaid-Slimane R, Coppola F, Farran D, Roussel C, Vanthuyne N. Access to N-Thioalkenyl and N-(o-Thio)aryl-benzimidazol-2-ones by Ring Opening of Thiazolobenzimidazolium and Benzimidazobenzothiazolium Salts and C–O Bond Cleavage of an Alkoxide. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3233-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Andreoli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Radia Kaid-Slimane
- Laboratoire
de synthèse organique appliquée, Département
de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Oran (Es Sénia), B.P. 1524, El M’naouer
Oran, Algérie
| | - Fabien Coppola
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Farran
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Roussel
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
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25
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Ridler K, Cunningham V, Huiban M, Martarello L, Pampols-Maso S, Passchier J, Gunn RN, Searle G, Abi-Dargham A, Slifstein M, Watson J, Laruelle M, Rabiner EA. An evaluation of the brain distribution of [(11)C]GSK1034702, a muscarinic-1 (M 1) positive allosteric modulator in the living human brain using positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:66. [PMID: 26116126 PMCID: PMC4452589 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to quantify the capacity of a central nervous system (CNS) drug to cross the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides valuable information for de-risking drug development of new molecules. Here, we present a study, where a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) ligand was not available for the evaluation of a potent muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type-1 (M1) allosteric agonist (GSK1034702) in the primate and human brain. Hence, direct radiolabelling of the novel molecule was performed and PET measurements were obtained and combined with in vitro equilibrium dialysis assays to enable assessment of BBB transport and estimation of the free brain concentration of GSK1034702 in vivo. Methods GSK1034702 was radiolabelled with 11C, and the brain distribution of [11C]GSK1034702 was investigated in two anaesthetised baboons and four healthy male humans. In humans, PET scans were performed (following intravenous injection of [11C]GSK1034702) at baseline and after a single oral 5-mg dose of GSK1034702. The in vitro brain and plasma protein binding of GSK1034702 was determined across a range of species using equilibrium dialysis. Results The distribution of [11C]GSK1034702 in the primate brain was homogenous and the whole brain partition coefficient (VT) was 3.97. In contrast, there was mild regional heterogeneity for GSK1034702 in the human brain. Human whole brain VT estimates (4.9) were in broad agreement with primate VT and the fP/fND ratio (3.97 and 2.63, respectively), consistent with transport by passive diffusion across the BBB. Conclusion In primate and human PET studies designed to evaluate the transport of a novel M1 allosteric agonist (GSK1034702) across the BBB, we have demonstrated good brain uptake and BBB passage consistent with passive diffusion or active influx. These studies discharged some of the perceived development risks for GSK1034702 and provided information to progress the molecule into the next stage of clinical development. Trial registration Clinical trial details: ‘Brain Uptake of GSK1034702: a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Study.’; clinicaltrial.gov identifier: NCT00937846. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0066-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanum Ridler
- Clinical Imaging Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK,
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26
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Keov P, López L, Devine SM, Valant C, Lane JR, Scammells PJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Molecular mechanisms of bitopic ligand engagement with the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23817-37. [PMID: 25006252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TBPB and 77-LH-28-1 are selective agonists of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) that may gain their selectivity through a bitopic mechanism, interacting concomitantly with the orthosteric site and part of an allosteric site. The current study combined site-directed mutagenesis, analytical pharmacology,and molecular modeling to gain further insights into the structural basis underlying binding and signaling by these agonists. Mutations within the orthosteric binding site caused similar reductions in affinity and signaling efficacy for both selective and prototypical orthosteric ligands. In contrast, the mutation of residues within transmembrane helix (TM) 2 and the second extracellular loop (ECL2) discriminated between the different classes of ligand. In particular, ECL2 appears to be involved in the selective binding of bitopic ligands and in coordinating biased agonism between intracellular calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Molecular modeling of the interaction between TBPB and the M1 mAChR revealed a binding pose predicted to extend from the orthosteric site up toward a putative allosteric site bordered by TM2, TM3, and TM7, thus consistent with a bitopic mode of binding. Overall, these findings provide valuable structural and mechanistic insights into bitopic ligand actions and receptor activation and support a role for ECL2 in dictating the active states that can be adopted by a G protein-coupled receptor. This may enable greater selective ligand design and development for mAChRs and facilitate improved identification of bitopic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Keov
- From the Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Laura López
- From the Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Shane M Devine
- the Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- From the Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - J Robert Lane
- From the Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Peter J Scammells
- the Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- From the Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology and
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Abstract
Computer-aided drug discovery/design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over three decades. These methods are broadly classified as either structure-based or ligand-based methods. Structure-based methods are in principle analogous to high-throughput screening in that both target and ligand structure information is imperative. Structure-based approaches include ligand docking, pharmacophore, and ligand design methods. The article discusses theory behind the most important methods and recent successful applications. Ligand-based methods use only ligand information for predicting activity depending on its similarity/dissimilarity to previously known active ligands. We review widely used ligand-based methods such as ligand-based pharmacophores, molecular descriptors, and quantitative structure-activity relationships. In addition, important tools such as target/ligand data bases, homology modeling, ligand fingerprint methods, etc., necessary for successful implementation of various computer-aided drug discovery/design methods in a drug discovery campaign are discussed. Finally, computational methods for toxicity prediction and optimization for favorable physiologic properties are discussed with successful examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Jr., Center for Structural Biology, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Room 5144A, Nashville, TN 37232-8725.
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Melancon BJ, Tarr JC, Panarese JD, Wood MR, Lindsley CW. Allosteric modulation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: improving cognition and a potential treatment for schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1185-99. [PMID: 24051397 PMCID: PMC3876030 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of AMPA, NR2B, mGlu2, mGlu5 and M1, targeting glutamatergic dysfunction, represents a significant area of research for the treatment of schizophrenia. Of these targets, clinical promise has been demonstrated using muscarinic activators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. These diseases have inspired researchers to determine the effects of modulating cholinergic transmission in the forebrain, which is primarily regulated by one of five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Of these five subtypes, M1 is highly expressed in brain regions responsible for learning, cognition and memory. Xanomeline, an orthosteric muscarinic agonist with modest selectivity, was one of the first compounds that displayed improvements in behavioral disturbances in AD patients and efficacy in schizophrenics. Since these initial clinical results, many scientists, including those in our laboratories, have strived to elucidate the role of M1 with compounds that display improved selectivity for this receptor by targeting allosteric modes of receptor activation. A survey of selected compounds in this area will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Melancon
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1205 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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Davie BJ, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ. Development of M1 mAChR allosteric and bitopic ligands: prospective therapeutics for the treatment of cognitive deficits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1026-48. [PMID: 23659787 PMCID: PMC3715844 DOI: 10.1021/cn400086m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cholinergic hypothesis of memory dysfunction was first reported, extensive research efforts have focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which this intricate system contributes to the regulation of processes such as learning, memory, and higher executive function. Several cholinergic therapeutic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits, psychotic symptoms, and the underlying pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, have since emerged. Clinically approved drugs now exist for some of these targets; however, they all may be considered suboptimal therapeutics in that they produce undesirable off-target activity leading to side effects, fail to address the wide variety of symptoms and underlying pathophysiology that characterize these disorders, and/or afford little to no therapeutic effect in subsets of patient populations. A promising target for which there are presently no approved therapies is the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR). Despite avid investigation, development of agents that selectively activate this receptor via the orthosteric site has been hampered by the high sequence homology of the binding site between the five muscarinic receptor subtypes and the wide distribution of this receptor family in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Hence, a plethora of ligands targeting less structurally conserved allosteric sites of the M1 mAChR have been investigated. This Review aims to explain the rationale behind allosterically targeting the M1 mAChR, comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate the M1 mAChR allosteric ligand literature to date, highlight the challenges inherent in allosteric ligand investigation that are impeding their clinical advancement, and discuss potential methods for resolving these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana J. Davie
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
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Keov P, Valant C, Devine SM, Lane JR, Scammells PJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Reverse Engineering of the Selective Agonist TBPB Unveils Both Orthosteric and Allosteric Modes of Action at the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:425-37. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Zhu T, Cao S, Su PC, Patel R, Shah D, Chokshi HB, Szukala R, Johnson ME, Hevener KE. Hit identification and optimization in virtual screening: practical recommendations based on a critical literature analysis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6560-72. [PMID: 23688234 DOI: 10.1021/jm301916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of virtual screening results published between 2007 and 2011 was performed. The activity of reported hit compounds from over 400 studies was compared to their hit identification criteria. Hit rates and ligand efficiencies were calculated to assist in these analyses, and the results were compared with factors such as the size of the virtual library and the number of compounds tested. A series of promiscuity, druglike, and ADMET filters were applied to the reported hits to assess the quality of compounds reported, and a careful analysis of a subset of the studies that presented hit optimization was performed. These data allowed us to make several practical recommendations with respect to selection of compounds for experimental testing, definition of hit identification criteria, and general virtual screening hit criteria to allow for realistic hit optimization. A key recommendation is the use of size-targeted ligand efficiency values as hit identification criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago , 900 S. Ashland Avenue, Suite 3100, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7173, United States
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The potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist GSK1034702 improves episodic memory in humans in the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:721-31. [PMID: 22932339 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are a core feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Muscarinic M(1) receptors play a critical role in modulating learning and memory and are highly expressed in the hippocampus. We examined the effect of GSK1034702, a potent M(1) receptor allosteric agonist, on cognitive function, and in particular episodic memory, in healthy smokers using the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction. The study utilized a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in which 20 male nicotine abstained smokers were tested following single doses of placebo, 4 and 8 mg GSK1034702. Compared to the baseline (nicotine on-state), nicotine abstinence showed statistical significance in reducing immediate (p=0.019) and delayed (p=0.02) recall. GSK1034702 (8 mg) significantly attenuated (i.e. improved) immediate recall (p=0.014) but not delayed recall. None of the other cognitive domains was modulated by either nicotine abstinence or GSK1034702. These findings suggest that stimulating M(1) receptor mediated neurotransmission in humans with GSK1034702 improves memory encoding potentially by modulating hippocampal function. Hence, selective M(1) receptor allosteric agonists may have therapeutic benefits in disorders of impaired learning including Alzheimer's disease.
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Rasheed MA, Shaik NM, Nirogi R. Concise and Simple Synthesis of M1 Allosteric Agonist TBPB. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.670740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is substantial evidence from preclinical and early proof-of-concept studies suggesting that selective modulation of the M(1) muscarinic receptor is efficacious in cognitive models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and antipsychotic models of schizophrenia. For example, a number of nonselective M(1) muscarinic agonists have previously shown positive effects on cognitive function in AD patients, but were limited due to cholinergic adverse events thought to be mediated by pan activation of the M(2) to M(5) subtypes. Thus, there is a need to identify selective activators of the M(1) receptor to evaluate their potential in cognitive disorders. One strategy to confer selectivity for M(1) is the identification of allosteric agonists or positive allosteric modulators, which would target an allosteric site on the M(1) receptor rather than the highly conserved orthosteric acetylcholine binding site. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the M(1) muscarinic receptor and its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of CNS disorders such as AD and schizophrenia. Specifically, novel allosteric ligands that activate or positively modulate the M(1) receptor are examined and peer-reviewed articles associated with these patents publications are also described. EXPERT OPINION There is substantial evidence supporting activation of the M(1) receptor might be effective in treating symptoms of AD and schizophrenia, but therapeutic success has been elusive and is hypothesized to be due to the lack of selectivity among orthosteric agonists. During the past decade, allosteric modulation of GPCRs has evolved as a viable strategy toward generating subtype selective molecules. A number of novel, selective ligands in the form of allosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators of the M(1) receptor have been identified offering the potential for clinical evaluation of M(1)-specific receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Chen X, Zenger K, Lupp A, Kling B, Heilmann J, Fleck C, Kraus B, Decker M. Tacrine-Silibinin Codrug Shows Neuro- and Hepatoprotective Effects in Vitro and Pro-Cognitive and Hepatoprotective Effects in Vivo. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5231-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300246n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zenger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institut für Pharmakologie
und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Drackendorfer Straße 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Beata Kling
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fleck
- Institut für Pharmakologie
und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Drackendorfer Straße 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Kraus
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße
31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Decker M, Holzgrabe U. M1 muscarinic cetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators as potential therapeutic opportunities for treating Alzheimer's disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lebois EP, Digby GJ, Sheffler DJ, Melancon BJ, Tarr JC, Cho HP, Miller NR, Morrison R, Bridges TM, Xiang Z, Daniels JS, Wood MR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Development of a highly selective, orally bioavailable and CNS penetrant M1 agonist derived from the MLPCN probe ML071. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6451-5. [PMID: 21930376 PMCID: PMC3190051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery and SAR of a novel series of M(1) agonists based on the MLPCN probe, ML071. From this, VU0364572 emerged as a potent, orally bioavailable and CNS penetrant M(1) agonist with high selectivity, clean ancillary pharmacology and enantiospecific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Lebois
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregory J. Digby
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bruce J. Melancon
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James C. Tarr
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Ryan Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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The discovery of a series of N-substituted 3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazolinones and oxindoles as highly brain penetrant, selective muscarinic M1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5434-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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