1
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Abdallah AE. Review on anti-alzheimer drug development: approaches, challenges and perspectives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11057-11088. [PMID: 38586442 PMCID: PMC10995770 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes failure of cerebral neurons and disability of the affected person to practice normal daily life activities. There is no concrete evidence to identify the exact reason behind the disease, so several relevant hypotheses emerged, highlighting many possible therapeutic targets, such as acetylcholinesterase, cholinergic receptors, N-methyl d-aspartate receptors, phosphodiesterase, amyloid β protein, protein phosphatase 2A, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, β-secretase, γ-secretase, α-secretase, serotonergic receptors, glutaminyl cyclase, tumor necrosis factor-α, γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and mitochondria. All of these targets have been involved in the design of new potential drugs. An extensive number of these drugs have been studied in clinical trials. However, only galantamine, donepezil, and rivastigmine (ChEIs), memantine (NMDA antagonist), and aducanumab and lecanemab (selective anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies) have been approved for AD treatment. Many drugs failed in the clinical trials to such an extent that questions have been posed about the significance of some of the aforementioned targets. On the contrary, the data of other drugs were promising and shed light on the significance of their targets for the development of new potent anti-alzheimer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah E Abdallah
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University 11884 Cairo Egypt
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2
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Nordvall G, Lundkvist J, Sandin J. Gamma-secretase modulators: a promising route for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1279740. [PMID: 37908487 PMCID: PMC10613654 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1279740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical data with three therapeutic anti-Aβ antibodies have demonstrated that removal of Aβ-amyloid plaques in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) can attenuate disease progression. This ground-breaking progress in AD medicine has validated both the amyloid cascade hypothesis and Aβ-amyloid as therapeutic targets. These results also strongly support therapeutic approaches that aim to reduce the production of amyloidogenic Aβ to prevent the formation of Aβ-pathology. One such strategy, so-called gamma-secretase modulators (GSM), has been thoroughly explored in preclinical settings but has yet to be fully tested in clinical trials. Recent scientific progress has shed new light on the role of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease and suggests that GSMs exhibit specific pharmacological features that hold great promise for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In this short review, we discuss the data that support why it is important to continue to progress in this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Nordvall
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundkvist
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sinfonia Biotherapeutics AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Sandin
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Mandal M, Buevich A, Caldwell JP, Hyde L, Huang X, Liu X, McKittrick B, Mazzola RD, Pissarnitski D, Palani A, Zhang L, Parker E, Xiao L, Rindgen D, Zhu Z. Generation of Leads for γ-Secretase Modulation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8216-8230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department of NMR Structure Elucidation, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian McKittrick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Rindgen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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4
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Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Herbal Small-Molecule Drugs for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041327. [PMID: 32079110 PMCID: PMC7072986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the β-amyloid peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and associates with progressive declines in memory and cognition. Several genes play important roles and regulate enzymes that produce a pathological accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain, such as gamma secretase (γ-secretase). Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with Alzheimer’s disease with different underlying genetic mechanisms may help model different phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease and facilitate personalized drug screening platforms for the identification of small molecules. We also discuss recent developments by γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators in the treatment of AD. In addition, small-molecule drugs isolated from Chinese herbal medicines have been shown effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease. We propose a mechanism of small-molecule drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Combining therapy with different small-molecule drugs may increase the chance of symptomatic treatment. A customized strategy tailored to individuals and in combination with therapy may be a more suitable treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease in the future.
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5
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Wu P, Givskov M, Nielsen TE. Reactivity and Synthetic Applications of Multicomponent Petasis Reactions. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11245-11290. [PMID: 31454230 PMCID: PMC6813545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Petasis boron-Mannich reaction, simply referred to as the Petasis reaction, is a powerful multicomponent coupling reaction of a boronic acid, an amine, and a carbonyl derivative. Highly functionalized amines with multiple stereogenic centers can be efficiently accessed via the Petasis reaction with high levels of both diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. By drawing attention to examples reported in the past 8 years, this Review demonstrates the breadth of the reactivity and synthetic applications of Petasis reactions in several frontiers: the expansion of the substrate scope in the classic three-component process; nonclassic Petasis reactions with additional components; Petasis-type reactions with noncanonical substrates, mechanism, and products; new asymmetric versions assisted by chiral catalysts; combinations with a secondary or tertiary transformation in a cascade- or sequence-specific manner to access structurally complex, natural-product-like heterocycles; and the synthesis of polyhydroxy alkaloids and biologically interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Chemical
Genomics Center of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Medicine and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton
Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Costerton
Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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6
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Dandia A, Bansal S, Sharma R, Rathore KS, Parewa V. Microwave-assisted nanocatalysis: A CuO NPs/rGO composite as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the Petasis-borono-Mannich reaction. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30280-30288. [PMID: 35546842 PMCID: PMC9085516 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A CuO NP decorated reduced graphene oxide (CuO NPs/rGO) composite was synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques viz. XRD, TEM, SEM, UV-Vis, FT-IR, EDX, XPS and CV. The activity of the catalyst was probed for the Petasis-Borono-Mannich (PBM) reaction of boronic acids, salicylaldehydes, and amines under microwave irradiation (MW). The CuO NPs/rGO composite works as a catalyst as well as a susceptor and augments the overall ability of the reaction mixture to absorb MW. The synergistic effect of MW and CuO NPs/rGO resulted in an excellent outcome of the reaction as indicated by the high TOF value (3.64 × 10-3 mol g-1 min-1). The catalytic activity of the CuO NPs/rGO composite was about 12-fold higher under MW compared to the conventional method. The catalyst was recovered by simple filtration and recycled 8 times without significant loss in activity. This atom-economical protocol includes a much milder procedure, and a catalyst benign in nature, does not involve any tedious work-up for purification, and avoids hazardous reagents/byproducts and the target molecules were obtained in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dandia
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Sarika Bansal
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Kuldeep S Rathore
- Department of Physics, Arya College of Engineering and IT Jaipur India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India
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7
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Johnson DS, Li YM, Pettersson M, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural and Chemical Biology of Presenilin Complexes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024067. [PMID: 28320827 PMCID: PMC5710098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a tetrameric complex containing presenilin 1 or 2, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), nicastrin, and PEN-2. Other components such as TMP21 may exist in a subset of specialized complexes. The presenilin complex is the founding member of a unique class of aspartyl proteases that catalyze the γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage of the transmembrane domains of Type I membrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Here, we detail the structural and chemical biology of this unusual enzyme. Taken together, these studies suggest that the complex exists in several conformations, and subtle long-range (allosteric) shifts in the conformation of the complex underpin substrate access to the catalytic site and the mechanism of action for allosteric inhibitors and modulators. Understanding the mechanics of these shifts will facilitate the design of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) compounds that modulate the relative efficiency of γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage and/or substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter H. St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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8
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γ-Secretase Modulators as Aβ42-Lowering Pharmacological Agents to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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BIIB042, a novel γ-secretase modulator, reduces amyloidogenic Aβ isoforms in primates and rodents and plaque pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Potent benzoazepinone γ-secretase modulators with improved bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Guedes IA, Freitas RHCN, Cordeiro NM, Nascimento TSD, Valerio TS, Fernandes PD, Dardenne LE, Fraga CAM. LASSBio-1829 Hydrochloride: Development of a New Orally ActiveN-Acylhydrazone IKK2 Inhibitor with Anti-inflammatory Properties. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:234-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A. Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC/MCTI); Petrópolis RJ Brazil
| | - Rosana H. C. N. Freitas
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Natália M. Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação; ICB; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Tayna S. Valerio
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação; ICB; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Patrícia D. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação; ICB; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Laurent E. Dardenne
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC/MCTI); Petrópolis RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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12
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Marques CS, Locati A, Prates Ramalho J, Burke AJ. Palladium catalysed sequential imine arylation/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling: synthesis of α-(biarylyl)benzylamines. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Toyn JH, Thompson LA, Lentz KA, Meredith JE, Burton CR, Sankaranararyanan S, Guss V, Hall T, Iben LG, Krause CM, Krause R, Lin XA, Pierdomenico M, Polson C, Robertson AS, Denton RR, Grace JE, Morrison J, Raybon J, Zhuo X, Snow K, Padmanabha R, Agler M, Esposito K, Harden D, Prack M, Varma S, Wong V, Zhu Y, Zvyaga T, Gerritz S, Marcin LR, Higgins MA, Shi J, Wei C, Cantone JL, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Olson RE, Ahlijanian MK, Albright CF. Identification and Preclinical Pharmacology of the γ-Secretase Modulator BMS-869780. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:431858. [PMID: 25097793 PMCID: PMC4109680 DOI: 10.1155/2014/431858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent cause of dementia and is associated with accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), particularly the 42-amino acid Aβ1-42, in the brain. Aβ1-42 levels can be decreased by γ-secretase modulators (GSM), which are small molecules that modulate γ-secretase, an enzyme essential for Aβ production. BMS-869780 is a potent GSM that decreased Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and increased Aβ1-37 and Aβ1-38, without inhibiting overall levels of Aβ peptides or other APP processing intermediates. BMS-869780 also did not inhibit Notch processing by γ-secretase and lowered brain Aβ1-42 without evidence of Notch-related side effects in rats. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were predicted through allometric scaling of PK in rat, dog, and monkey and were combined with the rat pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters to predict the relationship between BMS-869780 dose, exposure and Aβ1-42 levels in human. Off-target and safety margins were then based on comparisons to the predicted exposure required for robust Aβ1-42 lowering. Because of insufficient safety predictions and the relatively high predicted human daily dose of 700 mg, further evaluation of BMS-869780 as a potential clinical candidate was discontinued. Nevertheless, BMS-869780 demonstrates the potential of the GSM approach for robust lowering of brain Aβ1-42 without Notch-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Toyn
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lorin A. Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberley A. Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jere E. Meredith
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Catherine R. Burton
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sethu Sankaranararyanan
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Valerie Guss
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tracey Hall
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Preclinical Sciences, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, CT 06410, USA
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Carol M. Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Rudy Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xu-Alan Lin
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Craig Polson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alan S. Robertson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - R. Rex Denton
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James E. Grace
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberly Snow
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michele Agler
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- High Throughput Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Kim Esposito
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - David Harden
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Margaret Prack
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sam Varma
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Stratford High School, 45 North Parade, Stratford, CT 06615, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- External Research Solutions, WWMC, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Arvinas Inc, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Samuel Gerritz
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lawrence R. Marcin
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mendi A. Higgins
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Joseph L. Cantone
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dieter M. Drexler
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E. Macor
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Richard E. Olson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michael K. Ahlijanian
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Charles F. Albright
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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14
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Hall A, Patel TR. γ-Secretase modulators: current status and future directions. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 53:101-45. [PMID: 24418609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63380-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current status of γ-secretase modulators, highlighting key compounds by each company involved in the area. The review focuses on the three main chemotypes: acids, imidazoles and related derivatives and natural products. A section on chemical biology and ligand-binding site elucidation studies is also included. The primary source of information is drawn from peer reviewed literature as this permits analysis of PK-PD relationships and subsequent comment. Discussion of the patent literature is included for completeness. From this analysis, the key issues and challenges in the area are highlighted. The review concludes with a summary of the clinical development status and comment on future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Toshal R Patel
- Department of BioPharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Chen JJ, Qian W, Biswas K, Yuan C, Amegadzie A, Liu Q, Nixey T, Zhu J, Ncube M, Rzasa RM, Chavez F, Chen N, DeMorin F, Rumfelt S, Tegley CM, Allen JR, Hitchcock S, Hungate R, Bartberger MD, Zalameda L, Liu Y, McCarter JD, Zhang J, Zhu L, Babu-Khan S, Luo Y, Bradley J, Wen PH, Reid DL, Koegler F, Dean C, Hickman D, Correll TL, Williamson T, Wood S. Discovery of 2-methylpyridine-based biaryl amides as γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6447-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pettersson M, Stepan AF, Kauffman GW, Johnson DS. Novel γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a review focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1349-66. [PMID: 23875696 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.821465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION γ-Secretase is the enzyme responsible for the final step of amyloid precursor protein proteolysis to generate Aβ peptides including Aβ42 which is believed to be a toxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) have been shown to selectively lower Aβ42 production without affecting total Aβ levels or the formation of γ-secretase substrate intracellular domains such as APP intracellular domain and Notch intracellular domain. Therefore, GSMs have emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. AREAS COVERED The literature covering novel GSMs will be reviewed focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. EXPERT OPINION During the last review period (2008 - 2010) considerable progress was made developing GSMs with improved potency for lowering Aβ42 levels, but most of the compounds resided in unfavorable central nervous system (CNS) drug space. In this review period (2010 - 2012), there is a higher percentage of potent GSM chemical matter that resides in favorable CNS drug space. It is anticipated that clinical candidates will emerge out of this cohort that will be able to test the GSM mechanism of action in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139 , USA
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17
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Crump CJ, Johnson DS, Li YM. Development and mechanism of γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3197-216. [PMID: 23614767 DOI: 10.1021/bi400377p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl intramembranal protease composed of presenilin, Nicastrin, Aph1, and Pen2 with 19 transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase cleaves the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) to release Aβ peptides that likely play a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, γ-secretase cleaves Notch and other type I membrane proteins. γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and used for clinical studies. However, clinical trials have shown adverse effects of GSIs that are potentially linked with nondiscriminatory inhibition of Notch signaling, overall APP processing, and other substrate cleavages. Therefore, these findings call for the development of disease-modifying agents that target γ-secretase activity to lower levels of Aβ42 production without blocking the overall processing of γ-secretase substrates. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) originally derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display such characteristics and are the focus of this review. However, first-generation GSMs have limited potential because of the low potency and undesired neuropharmacokinetic properties. This generation of GSMs has been suggested to interact with the APP substrate, γ-secretase, or both. To improve the potency and brain availability, second-generation GSMs, including NSAID-derived carboxylic acid and non-NSAID-derived heterocyclic chemotypes, as well as natural product-derived GSMs have been developed. Animal studies of this generation of GSMs have shown encouraging preclinical profiles. Moreover, using potent GSM photoaffinity probes, multiple studies unambiguously have showed that both carboxylic acid and heterocyclic GSMs specifically target presenilin, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. In addition, two types of GSMs have distinct binding sites within the γ-secretase complex and exhibit different Aβ profiles. GSMs induce a conformational change of γ-secretase to achieve modulation. Various models are proposed and discussed. Despite the progress of GSM research, many outstanding issues remain to be investigated to achieve the ultimate goal of developing GSMs as effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Crump
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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18
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Li H, Qin J, Dhondi P, Zhou W, Vicarel M, Bara T, Cole D, Josien H, Pissarnitski D, Zhu Z, Palani A, Aslanian R, Clader J, Czarniecki M, Greenlee W, Cohen-Williams M, Hyde L, Song L, Zhang L, Chu I, Huang X. The discovery of fused oxadiazepines as gamma secretase modulators for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:466-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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γ-Secretase Modulators: Can We Combine Potency with Safety? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:295207. [PMID: 23365783 PMCID: PMC3534213 DOI: 10.1155/2012/295207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase modulation has been proposed as a potential disease modifying anti-Alzheimer's approach. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) cause a product shift from the longer amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide isoforms to shorter, more soluble, and less amyloidogenic isoforms, without inhibiting APP or Notch proteolytic processing. As such, modulating γ-secretase may avoid some of the adverse effects observed with γ-secretase inhibitors. Since the termination of the GSM tarenfurbil in 2008 due to negative phase III trial results, a considerable progress has been made towards more potent and better brain penetrable compounds. However, an analysis of their lipophilic efficiency indices indicates that their increased potency can be largely attributed to their increased lipophilicity. The need for early and chronic dosing with GSMs will require high-safety margins. This will be a challenge to achieve with the current, highly lipophilic GSMs. We will demonstrate that by focusing on the drug-like properties of GSMs, a combination of high in vitro potency and reduced lipophilicity can be achieved and does result in better tolerated compounds. The next hurdle will be to translate this knowledge into GSMs which are highly efficacious and safe in vivo.
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Bischoff F, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Macdonald G, Minne G, Oehlrich D, Pieters S, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Van Brandt S, Velter I, Zaja M, Borghys H, Masungi C, Mercken M, Gijsen HJM. Design and Synthesis of a Novel Series of Bicyclic Heterocycles As Potent γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9089-106. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bischoff
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Garrett Minne
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Velter
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mirko Zaja
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Chantal Masungi
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators as a Disease-Modifying Approach Against Alzheimer's Disease. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Shi X, Hebrault D, Humora M, Kiesman WF, Peng H, Talreja T, Wang Z, Xin Z. Acceleration of Petasis reactions of salicylaldehyde derivatives with molecular sieves. J Org Chem 2011; 77:1154-60. [PMID: 22171661 DOI: 10.1021/jo202117u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mild reaction conditions for Petasis reactions of substituted salicylaldehydes with various amines and arylboronic acids in the presence of molecular sieves were developed. Molecular sieves (MS) significantly accelerated the reaction rates and drove the reactions to high conversions. The conditions were applied to the synthesis of the core structure of BIIB042, a γ-secretase modulator, without stereochemical erosion of a stereogenic center in the salicylaldehyde intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Shi
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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