1
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Wright EB, Lannigan DA. Therapeutic targeting of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297292. [PMID: 38169775 PMCID: PMC10758423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are downstream effectors of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and are activated in response to tyrosine kinase receptor or G-protein coupled receptor signaling. RSK contains two distinct kinase domains, an N-terminal kinase (NTKD) and a C-terminal kinase (CTKD). The sole function of the CTKD is to aid in the activation of the NTKD, which is responsible for substrate phosphorylation. RSK regulates various homeostatic processes including those involved in transcription, translation and ribosome biogenesis, proliferation and survival, cytoskeleton, nutrient sensing, excitation and inflammation. RSK also acts as a major negative regulator of ERK1/2 signaling. RSK is associated with numerous cancers and has been primarily studied in the context of transformation and metastasis. The development of specific RSK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics has lagged behind that of other members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, a pan-RSK inhibitor, PMD-026, is currently in phase I/1b clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer. However, there are four members of the RSK family, which have overlapping and distinct functions that can vary in a tissue specific manner. Thus, a problem for transitioning a RSK inhibitor to the clinic may be the necessity to develop isoform specific inhibitors, which will be challenging as the NTKDs are very similar to each other. CTKD inhibitors have limited use as therapeutics as they are not able to inhibit the activity of the NTKD but could be used in the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wright
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Lannigan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Koutsougianni F, Alexopoulou D, Uvez A, Lamprianidou A, Sereti E, Tsimplouli C, Ilkay Armutak E, Dimas K. P90 ribosomal S6 kinases: A bona fide target for novel targeted anticancer therapies? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115488. [PMID: 36889445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of proteins is a group of highly conserved Ser/Thr kinases. They are downstream effectors of the Ras/ERK/MAPK signaling cascade. ERK1/2 activation directly results in the phosphorylation of RSKs, which further, through interaction with a variety of different downstream substrates, activate various signaling events. In this context, they have been shown to mediate diverse cellular processes like cell survival, growth, proliferation, EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Interestingly, increased expression of RSKs has also been demonstrated in various cancers, such as breast, prostate, and lung cancer. This review aims to present the most recent advances in the field of RSK signaling that have occurred, such as biological insights, function, and mechanisms associated with carcinogenesis. We additionally present and discuss the recent advances but also the limitations in the development of pharmacological inhibitors of RSKs, in the context of the use of these kinases as putative, more efficient targets for novel anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Koutsougianni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ayca Uvez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andromachi Lamprianidou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sereti
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University and Center for Molecular Pathology, Skäne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chrisiida Tsimplouli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elif Ilkay Armutak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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3
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Sun Y, Tang L, Wu C, Wang J, Wang C. RSK inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Discovery, optimization, and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115229. [PMID: 36898330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family is a group of serine/threonine kinases, including four isoforms (RSK1/2/3/4). As a downstream effector of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway, RSK participates in many physiological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, and migration, and is intimately involved in tumor occurrence and development. As a result, it is recognized as a potential target for anti-cancer and anti-resistance therapies. There have been several RSK inhibitors discovered or designed in recent decades, but only two have entered clinical trials. Low specificity, low selectivity, and poor pharmacokinetic properties in vivo limit their clinical translation. Published studies performed structure optimization by increasing interaction with RSK, avoiding hydrolysis of pharmacophores, eliminating chirality, adapting to binding site shape, and becoming prodrugs. Besides enhancing efficacy, the focus of further design will move towards selectivity since there are functional differences among RSK isoforms. This review summarized the types of cancers associated with RSK, along with the structural characteristics and optimization process of the reported RSK inhibitors. Furthermore, we addressed the importance of RSK inhibitors' selectivity and discussed future drug development directions. This review is expected to shed light on the emergence of RSK inhibitors with high potency, specificity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lichao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, United States
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Xu J, Jia Q, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Xu T, Yu K, Chai J, Wang K, Chen L, Xiao T, Li M. Prominent roles of ribosomal S6 kinase 4 (RSK4) in cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 219:153374. [PMID: 33621918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RSK4 refers to one Ser/Thr protein kinase functioning downstream pertaining to the signaling channel of protein kinase (MAPK) stimulated by Ras/mitogen. RSK4 can regulate numerous substrates impacting cells' surviving state, growing processes and proliferating process. Thus, dysregulated RSK4 active state display a relationship to several carcinoma categories, covering breast carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, and kidney carcinoma. Whether RSK4 is a tumor suppressor gene or one oncogene remains controversial. No specific inhibiting elements for RSK4 have been found. This review briefs the existing information regarding RSK4 activating process, the function and mechanism of RSK4 in different tumors, and the research progress and limitations of existing RSK inhibitors. RSK4 may be a potential target of molecular therapy medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingge Jia
- Xi'an International Medical Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Children's Heart Disease Center, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Lu Y, Zhu L, Cai R, Li Y, Zhao Y. 2, 4, 5-Trideoxyhexopyranosides Derivatives of 4'- Demethylepipodophyllotoxin: De novo Synthesis and Anticancer Activity. Med Chem 2020; 18:130-139. [PMID: 33222676 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666201120102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podophyllotoxin is a natural lignan which possesses anticancer and antiviral activities. Etoposide and teniposide are semisynthetic glycoside derivatives of podophyllotoxin and are increasingly used in cancer medicine. OBJECTIVE The present work was aimed to design and synthesize a series of 2, 4, 5-trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin as novel anticancer agents. METHODS A divergent de novo synthesis of 2, 4, 5-trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin has been established via palladium-catalyzed glycosylation. The abilities of synthesized glycosides to inhibit the growth of A549, HepG2, SH-SY5Y, KB/VCR and HeLa cancer cells were investigated by MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle with propidium iodide DNA staining was employed to observe the effect of compound 5b on cancer cell cycle. RESULTS Twelve D and L monosaccharides derivatives 5a-5l have been efficiently synthesized in three steps from various pyranone building blocks employing de novo glycosylation strategy. D-monosaccharide 5b showed highest cytotoxicity on five cancer cell lines with the IC50 values from 0.9 to 6.7 mM. It caused HepG2 cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The present work leads to the development of novel 2, 4, 5-trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of 4'- demethylepipodophyllotoxin. The biological results suggested that the replacement of the glucosyl moiety of etoposide with 2, 4, 5-trideoxyhexopyranosyl is favorable to their cytotoxicity. D-monosaccharide 5b caused HepG2 cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001. China
| | - Li Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001. China
| | - Rui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001. China
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6
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Franconetti A, López Ó, Fernandez-Bolanos JG. Carbohydrates: Potential Sweet Tools Against Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1206-1242. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180719114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
:Cancer, one of the most devastating degenerative diseases nowadays, is one of the main targets in Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical industry. Due to the significant increase in the incidence of cancer within world population, together with the complexity of such disease, featured with a multifactorial nature, access to new drugs targeting different biological targets connected to cancer is highly necessary.:Among the vast arsenal of compounds exhibiting antitumor activities, this review will cover the use of carbohydrate derivatives as privileged scaffolds. Their hydrophilic nature, together with their capacity of establishing selective interactions with biological receptors located on cell surface, involved in cell-to-cell communication processes, has allowed the development of an ample number of new templates useful in cancer treatment.:Their intrinsic water solubility has allowed their use as of pro-drug carriers for accessing more efficiently the pharmaceutical targets. The preparation of glycoconjugates in which the carbohydrate is tethered to a pharmacophore has also allowed a better permeation of the drug through cellular membranes, in which selective interactions with the carbohydrate motifs are involved. In this context, the design of multivalent structures (e.g. gold nanoparticles) has been demonstrated to enhance crucial interactions with biological receptors like lectins, glycoproteins that can be involved in cancer progression.:Moreover, the modification of the carbohydrate structural motif, by incorporation of metal complexes, or by replacing their endocyclic oxygen, or carbon atoms with heteroatoms has led to new antitumor agents.:Such diversity of sugar-based templates with relevant antitumor activity will be covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franconetti
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Kim S, Li Y, Lin L, Sayasith PR, Tarr AT, Wright EB, Yasmin S, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 4'-Substituted Kaempfer-3-ols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4279-4288. [PMID: 32056430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two series of five kaempfer-3-ols was described. The first set all have a C-3 hydroxyl group and the second has a carboxymethoxy ether at the C-3 position. Both series have variable substitution at the C-4' position (i.e., OH, Cl, F, H, OMe). Both kaempferols and carboxymethoxy ethers were evaluated for their ability to inhibit ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) activity and cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugyeom Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peyton R Sayasith
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ariel T Tarr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | | | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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8
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Li Y, Seber P, Wright EB, Yasmin S, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. The affinity of RSK for cylitol analogues of SL0101 is critically dependent on the B-ring C-4'-hydroxy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3058-3060. [PMID: 32048692 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Five cyclitol analogues of SL0101 with variable substitution at the C-4' position (i.e., OH, Cl, F, H, OMe) were synthesized. The series of analogues were evaluated for their ability to inhibit p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) activity. The study demonstrated the importance of the B-ring C-4' hydroxy group for RSK1/2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Pedro Seber
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | | | - Sharia Yasmin
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. and Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37232, USA and Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Li Y, Sandusky ZM, Vemula R, Zhang Q, Wu B, Fukuda S, Li M, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. Regioselective Synthesis of a C-4'' Carbamate, C-6'' n-Pr Substituted Cyclitol Analogue of SL0101. Org Lett 2020; 22:1448-1452. [PMID: 32009414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of two analogues of SL0101 (1) has been achieved. The effort is aimed at the discovery of inhibitors of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) with improved bioavailability. The route relies upon the use of the Taylor catalyst to regioselectively install C-3″ acetyl or carbamate functionality. This study led to the identification of a third-generation analogue of SL0101 with a C-4″ n-Pr-carbamate and a C-3″ acetate with improved RSK inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Rajender Vemula
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Bulan Wu
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural & Applied Sciences , University of Guam , Mangilao , Guam 96923
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime 791-0295 , Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon , Ehime 791-0295 , Japan
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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10
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Divergent de novo synthesis of 2,4,5-trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of podophyllotoxin as anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:3015-3027. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identification of new anticancer glycosidic derivatives of podophyllotoxin. Methods: 14 podophyllotoxin D- and L-monosaccharides have been synthesized in three steps employing de novo glycosylation strategy, and their abilities to inhibit the growth of HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were investigated by MTT assay. Molecular docking study of compound 5j with tubulin was performed. Immunofluorescence was applied for detecting the inhibitory effect of 5j on tubulin polymerization. Results & conclusion: Most of synthesized compounds showed strong cytotoxicity activity against five cancer cell lines. Compound 5j possessed the highest cytotoxicity with the IC50 values from 41.6 to 95.2 nM, and could concentration-dependently inhibit polymerization of the microtubule cytoskeleton of MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking disclosed that sugar moiety-dedicated hydrogen bond endowed 5j a higher binding affinity for tubulin.
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11
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Li M, Li Y, Ludwik KA, Sandusky ZM, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. Stereoselective Synthesis and Evaluation of C6″-Substituted 5a-Carbasugar Analogues of SL0101 as Inhibitors of RSK1/2. Org Lett 2017; 19:2410-2413. [PMID: 28441024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of 5a-carbasugar analogues of the n-Pr-variant of SL0101 is described. The analogues were synthesized in an effort to find compounds with potent in vivo efficacy in the inhibition of p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK1/2). The synthesis derived the desired C-4 L-rhamnose stereochemistry from quinic acid and used a highly selective cuprate addition, NaBH4 reduction, Mitsunobu inversion, and alkene dihydroxylation to install the remaining stereochemistry. A Pd-catalyzed cyclitolization stereoselectively installed the aglycon at the anomeric position. The analogues were evaluated as RSK1/2 inhibitors and found to have 3- to 6-fold improved activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzong Li
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Song W, Wang S, Tang W. De Novo Synthesis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides via Dihydropyran Intermediates. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1027-1042. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53705 USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, 116024 P.R. China
| | - Shuojin Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Hainan Medical University; Haikou 571199 P.R. China
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53705 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
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13
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Ludwik KA, Campbell JP, Li M, Li Y, Sandusky ZM, Pasic L, Sowder ME, Brenin DR, Pietenpol JA, O'Doherty GA, Lannigan DA. Development of a RSK Inhibitor as a Novel Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2598-2608. [PMID: 27528706 PMCID: PMC5807013 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is an incurable disease and identification of novel therapeutic opportunities is vital. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently metastasizes and high levels of activated p90RSK (RSK), a downstream MEK-ERK1/2 effector, are found in TNBC. We demonstrate, using direct pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of RSK1/2, that these kinases contribute to the TNBC metastatic process in vivo Kinase profiling showed that RSK1 and RSK2 are the predominant kinases targeted by the new inhibitor, which is based on the natural product SL0101. Further evidence for selectivity was provided by the observations that silencing RSK1 and RSK2 eliminated the ability of the analogue to further inhibit survival or proliferation of a TNBC cell line. In vivo, the new derivative was as effective as the FDA-approved MEK inhibitor trametinib in reducing the establishment of metastatic foci. Importantly, inhibition of RSK1/2 did not result in activation of AKT, which is known to limit the efficacy of MEK inhibitors in the clinic. Our results demonstrate that RSK is a major contributor to the TNBC metastatic program and provide preclinical proof-of-concept for the efficacy of the novel SL0101 analogue in vivo Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2598-608. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Preston Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lejla Pasic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Miranda E Sowder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Brenin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Utepbergenov D, Hennig PM, Derewenda U, Artamonov MV, Somlyo AV, Derewenda ZS. Bacterial Expression, Purification and In Vitro Phosphorylation of Full-Length Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164343. [PMID: 27732676 PMCID: PMC5061434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) play important roles in cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Each of the four RSK isoforms (RSK1-4) is a single polypeptide chain containing two kinase domains connected by a linker sequence with regulatory phosphorylation sites. Here, we demonstrate that full-length RSK2-which is implicated in several types of cancer, and which is linked to the genetic Coffin-Lowry syndrome-can be overexpressed with high yields in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP), and can be purified to homogeneity after proteolytic removal of MBP by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein can be fully activated in vitro by phosphorylation with protein kinases ERK2 and PDK1. Compared to full-length RSK2 purified from insect host cells, the bacterially expressed and phosphorylated murine RSK2 shows the same levels of catalytic activity after phosphorylation, and sensitivity to inhibition by RSK-specific inhibitor SL0101. Interestingly, we detect low levels of phosphorylation in the nascent RSK2 on Ser386, owing to autocatalysis by the C-terminal domain, independent of ERK. This observation has implications for in vivo signaling, as it suggests that full activation of RSK2 by PDK1 alone is possible, circumventing at least in some cases the requirement for ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darkhan Utepbergenov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paulina M Hennig
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mykhaylo V Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Avril V Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zygmunt S Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are downstream effectors of MEK1/2-ERK1/2. Increased RSK activation is implicated in the etiology of multiple pathologies, including numerous types of cancers, cardiovascular disease, liver and lung fibrosis, and infections. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes the patent and scientific literature on small molecule modulators of RSK and their potential use as therapeutics. The patents were identified using World Intellectual Property Organization and United States Patent and Trademark Office databases. The compounds described are predominantly RSK inhibitors, but a RSK activator is also described. The majority of the inhibitors are not RSK-specific. EXPERT OPINION Based on the overwhelming evidence that RSK is involved in a number of diseases that have high mortalities it seems surprising that there are no RSK modulators that have pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo use. MEK1/2 inhibitors are in the clinic, but the efficacy of these compounds appears to be limited by their side effects. We hypothesize that targeting the downstream effectors of MEK1/2, like RSK, are an untapped source of drug targets and that they will generate less side effects than MEK1/2 inhibitors because they regulate fewer effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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16
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Kubiak A, Kołodziuk R, Porwański S, Zawisza A. Palladium(0)-catalysed synthesis of 2,3- and 3,4-unsaturated aryl β-O-glycosides. Carbohydr Res 2015; 417:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Li M, Li Y, Mrozowski RM, Sandusky ZM, Shan M, Song X, Wu B, Zhang Q, Lannigan DA, O’Doherty GA. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of 5a-Carbasugar Analogues of SL0101. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:95-9. [PMID: 25589938 DOI: 10.1021/ml5004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ser/Thr protein kinase, RSK, is associated with oncogenesis, and therefore, there are ongoing efforts to develop RSK inhibitors that are suitable for use in vivo. SL0101 is a natural product that demonstrates selectivity for RSK inhibition. However, SL0101 has a short biological half-life in vivo. To address this issue we designed a set of eight cyclitol analogues, which should be resistant to acid catalyzed anomeric bond hydrolysis. The analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to selectively inhibit RSK in vitro and in cell-based assays. All the analogues were prepared using a stereodivergent palladium-catalyzed glycosylation/cyclitolization for installing the aglycon. The l-cyclitol analogues were found to inhibit RSK2 in in vitro kinase activity with a similar efficacy to that of SL0101, however, the analogues were not specific for RSK in cell-based assays. In contrast, the d-isomers showed no RSK inhibitory activity in in vitro kinase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzong Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Mingde Shan
- Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Xiwen Song
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bulan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - George A. O’Doherty
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Mrozowski RM, Sandusky ZM, Vemula R, Wu B, Zhang Q, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. De novo synthesis and biological evaluation of C6″-substituted C4″-amide analogues of SL0101. Org Lett 2014; 16:5996-9. [PMID: 25372628 PMCID: PMC4251525 DOI: 10.1021/ol503012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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In an effort to improve
upon the in vivo half-life
of the known ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) inhibitor SL0101, C4″-amide/C6″-alkyl
substituted analogues of SL0101 were synthesized and evaluated in
cell-based assays. The analogues were prepared using a de novo asymmetric
synthetic approach, which featured Pd-π-allylic catalyzed glycosylation
for the introduction of a C4″-azido group. Surprisingly replacement
of the C4″-acetate with a C4″-amide resulted in analogues
that were no longer specific for RSK in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Mrozowski
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology and ⊥Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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19
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Yu G, Lee YC, Cheng CJ, Wu CF, Song JH, Gallick GE, Yu-Lee LY, Kuang J, Lin SH. RSK promotes prostate cancer progression in bone through ING3, CKAP2, and PTK6-mediated cell survival. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:348-57. [PMID: 25189355 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0384-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer has a proclivity to metastasize to bone. The mechanism by which prostate cancer cells are able to survive and progress in the bone microenvironment is not clear. Identification of molecules that play critical roles in the progression of prostate cancer in bone will provide essential targets for therapy. Ribosomal S6 protein kinases (RSK) have been shown to mediate many cellular functions critical for cancer progression. Whether RSK plays a role in the progression of prostate cancer in bone is unknown. IHC analysis of human prostate cancer specimens showed increased phosphorylation of RSK in the nucleus of prostate cancer cells in a significant fraction of human prostate cancer bone metastasis specimens, compared with the primary site or lymph node metastasis. Expression of constitutively active myristylated RSK in C4-2B4 cells (C4-2B4/RSK) increased their survival and anchorage-independent growth compared with C4-2B4/vector cells. Using an orthotopic bone injection model, it was determined that injecting C4-2B4/RSK cells into mouse femurs enhanced their progression in bone compared with control cells. In PC3-mm2 cells, knockdown of RSK1 (RPS6KA1), the predominant RSK isoform, but not RSK2 (RPS6KA2) alone, decreased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and reduced tumor progression in bone and tumor-induced bone remodeling in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that RSK regulates anchorage-independent growth through transcriptional regulation of factors that modulate cell survival, including ING3, CKAP2, and PTK6. Together, these data provide strong evidence that RSK is an important driver in prostate cancer progression in bone. IMPLICATIONS RSK, an important driver in prostate cancer progression in bone, has promising potential as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chien-Jui Cheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fen Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Kuang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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20
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Kaempferol, a potential cytostatic and cure for inflammatory disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:103-12. [PMID: 25147152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many edible plants (e.g., tea, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, leek, tomato, strawberries, and grapes) and in plants or botanical products commonly used in traditional medicine (e.g., Ginkgo biloba, Tilia spp, Equisetum spp, Moringa oleifera, Sophora japonica and propolis). Its anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in various disease models, including those for encephalomyelitis, diabetes, asthma, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, kaempferol act as a scavenger of free radicals and superoxide radicals as well as preserve the activity of various anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. The anticancer effect of this flavonoid is mediated through different modes of action, including anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis activities. In addition, kaempferol was found to exhibit its anticancer activity through the modulation of multiple molecular targets including p53 and STAT3, through the activation of caspases, and through the generation of ROS. The anti-tumor effects of kaempferol have also been investigated in tumor-bearing mice. The combination of kaempferol and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs produces a greater therapeutic effect than the latter, as well as reduces the toxicity of the latter. In this review, we summarize the anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of kaempferol with a focus on its molecular targets and the possible use of this flavonoid for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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21
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Mulzer M, Tiegs B, Wang Y, Coates GW, O’Doherty GA. Total synthesis of tetrahydrolipstatin and stereoisomers via a highly regio- and diastereoselective carbonylation of epoxyhomoallylic alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10814-20. [PMID: 25004122 PMCID: PMC4120994 DOI: 10.1021/ja505639u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A concise enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) and seven stereoisomers has been achieved. The synthesis of THL was accomplished in 10 steps and 31% overall yield from an achiral ynone. Key to the success of the approach is the use of a bimetallic [Lewis acid](+)[Co(CO)4](-) catalyst for a late-stage regioselective carbonylation of an enantiomerically pure cis-epoxide to a trans-β-lactone. The success of this route to THL and its stereoisomers also demonstrated the practicality of the carbonylation catalyst for complex molecule synthesis as well as its functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mulzer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brandon
J. Tiegs
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - George A. O’Doherty
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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22
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Gu X, Chen L, Wang X, Liu X, You Q, Xi W, Gao L, Chen G, Chen YL, Xiong B, Shen J. Direct Glycosylation of Bioactive Small Molecules with Glycosyl Iodide and Strained Olefin as Acid Scavenger. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1100-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402551x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Qidong You
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenwei Xi
- Shanghai Chiralway Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 422, No. 986, South Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Shanghai Chiralway Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 422, No. 986, South Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Guohua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yue-Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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