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Singh P, Singh D, Srivastava P, Mishra G, Tiwari AK. Evaluation of advanced, pathophysiologic new targets for imaging of CNS. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:484-513. [PMID: 36779375 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate information about the in vivo pathological, physiological, and neurological impairments, as well as the absence of in vivo tools for assessing brain penetrance and the efficiency of newly designed drugs, has hampered the development of new techniques for the treatment for variety of new central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The searching sites such as Science Direct and PubMed were used to find out the numerous distinct tracers across 16 CNS targets including tau, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, the adenosine 2A receptor, the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and the purinoceptor, among others. Among the most encouraging are [18 F]FIMX for mGluR imaging, [11 C]Martinostat for Histone deacetylase, [18 F]MNI-444 for adenosine 2A imaging, [11 C]ER176 for translocator protein, and [18 F]MK-6240 for tau imaging. We also reviewed the findings for each tracer's features and potential for application in CNS pathophysiology and therapeutic evaluation investigations, including target specificity, binding efficacy, and pharmacokinetic factors. This review aims to present a current evaluation of modern positron emission tomography tracers for CNS targets, with a focus on recent advances for targets that have newly emerged for imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhananad College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi, India
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Santoso AD, De Ridder D. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: An Integrative Clinical Perspective. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:56-76. [PMID: 35900294 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the main terminating enzymes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Since being discovered in 1996, the modulation of FAAH has been viewed as a compelling alternative strategy to obtain the beneficial effect of the ECS. With a considerable amount of FAAH-related publication over time, the next step would be to comprehend the proximity of this evidence for clinical application. Objective: This review intends to highlight the rationale of FAAH modulation and provide the latest evidence from clinical studies. Methods: Publication searches were conducted to gather information focused on FAAH-related clinical evidence with an extension to the experimental research to understand the biological plausibility. The subtopics were selected to be multidisciplinary to offer more perspective on the current state of the arts. Discussion: Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that FAAH was highly expressed not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral tissues. As the key regulator of endocannabinoid signaling, it would appear that FAAH plays a role in the modulation of mood and emotional response, reward system, pain perception, energy metabolism and appetite regulation, inflammation, and other biological processes. Genetic variants may be associated with some conditions such as substance/alcohol use disorders, obesity, and eating disorder. The advancement of functional neuroimaging has enabled the evaluation of the neurochemistry of FAAH in brain tissues and this can be incorporated into clinical trials. Intriguingly, the application of FAAH inhibitors in clinical trials seems to provide less striking results in comparison with the animal models, although some potential still can be seen. Conclusion: Modulation of FAAH has an immense potential to be a new therapeutic candidate for several disorders. Further exploration, however, is still needed to ensure who is the best candidate for the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugrah D Santoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang J, Jin C, Zhou J, Zhou R, Tian M, Lee HJ, Zhang H. PET molecular imaging for pathophysiological visualization in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:765-783. [PMID: 36372804 PMCID: PMC9852140 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide. The exact etiology of AD is unclear as yet, and no effective treatments are currently available, making AD a tremendous burden posed on the whole society. As AD is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, and most biomarkers are dynamic in the course of AD, a range of biomarkers should be established to evaluate the severity and prognosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a great opportunity to visualize AD from diverse perspectives by using radiolabeled agents involved in various pathophysiological processes; PET imaging technique helps to explore the pathomechanisms of AD comprehensively and find out the most appropriate biomarker in each AD phase, leading to a better evaluation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the application of PET in the course of AD and summarized radiolabeled compounds with favorable imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Chentao Jin
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Jinyun Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Rui Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Mei Tian
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XKey Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
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4
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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Hou L, Rong J, Haider A, Ogasawara D, Varlow C, Schafroth MA, Mu L, Gan J, Xu H, Fowler CJ, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Ametamey S, Cravatt BF, Wang L, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Endocannabinoid System: Opportunities and Challenges in Radiotracer Development. J Med Chem 2020; 64:123-149. [PMID: 33379862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in a wide range of biological functions and comprises cannabinoid receptors and enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. Over the past 2 decades, significant advances toward developing drugs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting different components of the ECS have been made. Herein, we summarized the recent development of PET tracers for imaging cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) as well as the key enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), particularly focusing on PET neuroimaging applications. State-of-the-art PET tracers for the ECS will be reviewed including their chemical design, pharmacological properties, radiolabeling, as well as preclinical and human PET imaging. In addition, this review addresses the current challenges for ECS PET biomarker development and highlights the important role of PET ligands to study disease pathophysiology as well as to facilitate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiefeng Gan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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6
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van Egmond N, Straub VM, van der Stelt M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Signaling: FAAH and MAG Lipase Inhibitors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:441-463. [PMID: 32867595 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the medicinal properties of the plant Cannabis sativa and its principal component (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), researchers have developed a variety of compounds to modulate the endocannabinoid system in the human brain. Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which are the enzymes responsible for the inactivation of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, respectively, may exert therapeutic effects without inducing the adverse side effects associated with direct cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation by THC. Here we review the FAAH and MAGL inhibitors that have reached clinical trials, discuss potential caveats, and provide an outlook on where the field is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Verena M Straub
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
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7
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Chen Z, Hou L, Gan J, Cai Q, Ye W, Chen J, Tan Z, Zheng C, Li G, Xu H, Fowler CJ, Liang SH, Wang L. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for imaging fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127513. [PMID: 32860981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) exerts its main function in the catabolism of the endogenous chemical messenger anandamide (AEA), thus modulating the endocannabinoid (eCB) pathway. Inhibition of FAAH may serve as an effective strategy to relieve anxiety and possibly other central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) would facilitate us to better understand the relationship between FAAH in certain disease conditions, and accelerate clinical translation of FAAH inhibitors by providing in vivo quantitative information. So far, most PET tracers show irreversible binding patterns with FAAH, which would result in complicated quantitative processes. Herein, we have identified a new FAAH inhibitor (1-((1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-yl)(oxazol-2-yl)methanone (8) which inhibits the hydrolysis of AEA in the brain with high potency (IC50 value 11 nM at a substrate concentration of 0.5 µM), and without showing time-dependency. The PET tracer [11C]8 (also called [11C]FAAH-1906) was successfully radiolabeled with [11C]MeI in 17 ± 6% decay-corrected radiochemical yield (n = 7) with >74.0 GBq/μmol (2 Ci/μmol) molar activity and >99% radiochemical purity. Ex vivo biodistribution and blocking studies of [11C]8 in normal mice were also conducted, indicating good brain penetration, high brain target selectivity, and modest to excellent target selectivity in peripheral tissues. Thus, [11C]8 is a potentially useful PET ligand with enzyme inhibitory and target binding properties consistent with a reversible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiefeng Gan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qijun Cai
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Weijian Ye
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Guocong Li
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Yamasaki T, Ohya T, Mori W, Zhang Y, Wakizaka H, Nengaki N, Fujinaga M, Kikuchi T, Zhang MR. Development of an In Vivo Method to Estimate Effective Drug Doses and Quantify Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in Rodent Brain using Positron Emission Tomography Tracer [ 11C]DFMC. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:353-360. [PMID: 32241809 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key enzyme in the endocannabinoid system. N-(3,4-Dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)piperazine-4-[4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-carboxamide ([11C]DFMC) was developed as an irreversible-type positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for FAAH. Here, we attempted to noninvasively estimate rate constant k3 (rate of transfer to the specifically-bound compartment) as a direct index for FAAH in the rat brain. First, the two-tissue compartment model analysis including three parameters [K1-k3, two-tissue compartment model for the irreversible-type radiotracer (2TCMi)] in PET study with [11C]DFMC was conducted, which provided 0.21 ± 0.04 ml·cm-3·min-1 of the net uptake value (Ki), an indirect index for FAAH, in the FAAH-richest region (the cingulate cortex). Subsequently, to noninvasively estimate Ki value, the reference model analysis (Patlak graphical analysis reference model) was tried using a time-activity curve of the spinal cord. In that result, the noninvasive Ki value (KREF) was concisely estimated with high correlation (r > 0.95) to Ki values based on 2TCMi. Using estimated KREF value, we tried to obtain calculated-k3 based on previously defined equations. The calculated k3 was successfully estimated with high correlation (r = 0.95) to direct k3 in 2TCMi. Finally, the dose relationship study using calculated k3 demonstrated that in vivo ED50 value of [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate, a major inhibitor of FAAH, was 66.4 µg/kg in rat brain. In conclusion, we proposed the calculated k3 as an alternative index corresponding to regional FAAH concentrations and suggested that PET with [11C]DFMC enables occupancy study for new pharmaceuticals targeting FAAH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the present study, we proposed calculated k3 as an alternative index corresponding with fatty acid amide hydrolase concentration. By using calculated k3, in vivo ED50 of [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate was successfully estimated to be 66.4 µg/kg for rats. Thus, we demonstrated the pharmacological utility of positron emission tomography with N-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)piperazine-4-[4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-carboxamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Tomoyuki Ohya
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (T.Y., T.O., W.M., Y.Z., H.W., N.N., M.F., T.K., M.-R.Z.) and SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (N.N.)
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McCluskey SP, Plisson C, Rabiner EA, Howes O. Advances in CNS PET: the state-of-the-art for new imaging targets for pathophysiology and drug development. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:451-489. [PMID: 31541283 PMCID: PMC6974496 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A limit on developing new treatments for a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been the inadequate understanding of the in vivo pathophysiology underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders and the lack of in vivo tools to determine brain penetrance, target engagement, and relevant molecular activity of novel drugs. Molecular neuroimaging provides the tools to address this. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of new PET tracers for CNS targets, focusing on developments in the last 5 years for targets recently available for in-human imaging. METHODS We provide an overview of the criteria used to evaluate PET tracers. We then used the National Institute of Mental Health Research Priorities list to identify the key CNS targets. We conducted a PubMed search (search period 1st of January 2013 to 31st of December 2018), which yielded 40 new PET tracers across 16 CNS targets which met our selectivity criteria. For each tracer, we summarised the evidence of its properties and potential for use in studies of CNS pathophysiology and drug evaluation, including its target selectivity and affinity, inter and intra-subject variability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We also consider its potential limitations and missing characterisation data, but not specific applications in drug development. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that multiple new tracers have been developed for proteinopathy targets, particularly tau, as well as the purinoceptor P2X7, phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), amongst others. Some of the most promising of these include 18F-MK-6240 for tau imaging, 11C-UCB-J for imaging SV2A, 11C-CURB and 11C-MK-3168 for characterisation of fatty acid amide hydrolase, 18F-FIMX for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, and 18F-MNI-444 for imaging adenosine 2A. Our review also identifies recurrent issues within the field. Many of the tracers discussed lack in vivo blocking data, reducing confidence in selectivity. Additionally, late-stage identification of substantial off-target sites for multiple tracers highlights incomplete pre-clinical characterisation prior to translation, as well as human disease state studies carried out without confirmation of test-retest reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P McCluskey
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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10
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The chemistry of labeling heterocycles with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 for biomedical imaging. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Wei X, Hu X, Yu R, Wan S, Jiang T. Efficient Total Synthesis of Lissodendrin B, 2-Aminoimidazole Marine Alkaloids Isolated from Lissodendoryx (Acanthodoryx) Fibrosa. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:md18010036. [PMID: 31906213 PMCID: PMC7024156 DOI: 10.3390/md18010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lissodendrin B is a 2-aminoimidazole alkaloid bearing a (p-hydroxyphenyl) glyoxal moiety that was isolated from the Indonesian sponge Lissodendoryx (Acanthodoryx) fibrosa. We reported the first efficient total synthesis of Lissodendrin B. The precursor 4,5-disubstituted imidazole was obtained through Suzuki coupling and Sonogashira coupling reactions from 4-iodoimidazole. C2-azidation and reduction of the azide then provided the core structures of Lissodendrin B. Subsequent triple-bond oxidation, demethylation, and deacetylation gave the final product. The synthesis approach consists of ten steps with an overall yield of 1.1% under mild reaction conditions, and it can be applied for future analog synthesis and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (R.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Xuelong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (R.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (R.Y.); (S.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (R.Y.); (S.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (R.Y.); (S.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-82033054
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12
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Abstract
Hydrolytic enzymes are a large class of biological catalysts that play a vital role in a plethora of critical biochemical processes required to maintain human health. However, the expression and/or activity of these important enzymes can change in many different diseases and therefore represent exciting targets for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers. This review focuses on recently reported radiolabeled substrates, reversible inhibitors, and irreversible inhibitors investigated as PET and SPECT tracers for imaging hydrolytic enzymes. By learning from the most successful examples of tracer development for hydrolytic enzymes, it appears that an early focus on careful enzyme kinetics and cell-based studies are key factors for identifying potentially useful new molecular imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rempel
- 1 Department of Science, Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,3 Biomarker Discovery, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Postnov A, Schmidt ME, Pemberton DJ, de Hoon J, van Hecken A, van den Boer M, Zannikos P, van der Ark P, Palmer JA, Rassnick S, Celen S, Bormans G, van Laere K. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition by JNJ-42165279: A Multiple-Ascending Dose and a Positron Emission Tomography Study in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:397-404. [PMID: 29575526 PMCID: PMC6039207 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) potentiates endocannabinoid activity and is hypothesized to have therapeutic potential for mood and anxiety disorders and pain. The clinical profile of JNJ-42165279, an oral selective FAAH inhibitor, was assessed by investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and binding to FAAH in the brain of healthy human volunteers. Concentrations of JNJ-42165279 (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine) and fatty acid amides (FAA; plasma, CSF), and FAAH activity in leukocytes was determined in a phase I multiple ascending dose study. A positron emission tomography study with the FAAH tracer [11 C]MK3168 was conducted to determine brain FAAH occupancy after single and multiple doses of JNJ-42165279. JNJ-42165279 administration resulted in an increase in plasma and CSF FAA. Significant blocking of brain FAAH binding of [11 C]MK3168 was observed after pretreatment with JNJ-42165279. JNJ-42165279 produces potent central and peripheral FAAH inhibition. Saturation of brain FAAH occupancy occurred with doses ≥10 mg of JNJ-42165279. No safety concerns were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Postnov
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,MEPhI National Research Nuclear University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Darrel J Pemberton
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne van Hecken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Zannikos
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - James A Palmer
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stef Rassnick
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory of Radiopharmaceutical Research of the KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory of Radiopharmaceutical Research of the KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen van Laere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Cheng R, Mori W, Ma L, Alhouayek M, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Ogasawara D, Yuan G, Chen Z, Zhang X, Shi H, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Kumata K, Fujinaga M, Nagai Y, Minamimoto T, Svensson M, Wang L, Du Y, Ondrechen MJ, Vasdev N, Cravatt BF, Fowler C, Zhang MR, Liang SH. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of 11C-Labeled Azetidinecarboxylates for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase by PET Imaging Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2278-2291. [PMID: 29481079 PMCID: PMC5966020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the principle enzyme for metabolizing endogenous cannabinoid ligand 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG). Blockade of MAGL increases 2-AG levels, resulting in subsequent activation of the endocannabinoid system, and has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat drug addiction, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we report a new series of MAGL inhibitors, which were radiolabeled by site-specific labeling technologies, including 11C-carbonylation and spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) radiofluorination. The lead compound [11C]10 (MAGL-0519) demonstrated high specific binding and selectivity in vitro and in vivo. We also observed unexpected washout kinetics with these irreversible radiotracers, in which in vivo evidence for turnover of the covalent residue was unveiled between MAGL and azetidine carboxylates. This work may lead to new directions for drug discovery and PET tracer development based on azetidine carboxylate inhibitor scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Longle Ma
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gengyang Yuan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mona Svensson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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15
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Vlot AHC, de Witte WEA, Danhof M, van der Graaf PH, van Westen GJP, de Lange ECM. Target and Tissue Selectivity Prediction by Integrated Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Target Binding and Quantitative Structure Activity Modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:11. [PMID: 29204742 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity is an important attribute of effective and safe drugs, and prediction of in vivo target and tissue selectivity would likely improve drug development success rates. However, a lack of understanding of the underlying (pharmacological) mechanisms and availability of directly applicable predictive methods complicates the prediction of selectivity. We explore the value of combining physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to predict the influence of the target dissociation constant (K D) and the target dissociation rate constant on target and tissue selectivity. The K D values of CB1 ligands in the ChEMBL database are predicted by QSAR random forest (RF) modeling for the CB1 receptor and known off-targets (TRPV1, mGlu5, 5-HT1a). Of these CB1 ligands, rimonabant, CP-55940, and Δ8-tetrahydrocanabinol, one of the active ingredients of cannabis, were selected for simulations of target occupancy for CB1, TRPV1, mGlu5, and 5-HT1a in three brain regions, to illustrate the principles of the combined PBPK-QSAR modeling. Our combined PBPK and target binding modeling demonstrated that the optimal values of the K D and k off for target and tissue selectivity were dependent on target concentration and tissue distribution kinetics. Interestingly, if the target concentration is high and the perfusion of the target site is low, the optimal K D value is often not the lowest K D value, suggesting that optimization towards high drug-target affinity can decrease the benefit-risk ratio. The presented integrative structure-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling provides an improved understanding of tissue and target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H C Vlot
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meindert Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Certara Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Canterbury Innovation Centre, Canterbury, CT2 7FG, UK
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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17
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Wang L, Yui J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Mori W, Shimoda Y, Fujinaga M, Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Rotstein BH, Collier TL, Ran C, Vasdev N, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preliminary PET Imaging Studies of a FAAH Radiotracer ([¹¹C]MPPO) Based on α-Ketoheterocyclic Scaffold. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:109-18. [PMID: 26505525 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the principle enzymes for metabolizing endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitters such as anandamide, and thus regulates endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling. Selective pharmacological blockade of FAAH has emerged as a potential therapy to discern the endogenous functions of anandamide-mediated eCB pathways in anxiety, pain, and addiction. Quantification of FAAH in the living brain by positron emission tomography (PET) would help our understanding of the endocannabinoid system in these conditions. While most FAAH radiotracers operate by an irreversible ("suicide") binding mechanism, a FAAH tracer with reversibility would facilitate quantitative analysis. We have identified and radiolabeled a reversible FAAH inhibitor, 7-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)-1-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazol-2-yl)heptan-1-one ([(11)C]MPPO) in 13% radiochemical yield (nondecay corrected) with >99% radiochemical purity and 2 Ci/μmol (74 GBq/μmol) specific activity. The tracer showed moderate brain uptake (0.8 SUV) with heterogeneous brain distribution. However, blocking studies with a potent FAAH inhibitor URB597 demonstrated a low to modest specificity to the target. Measurement of lipophilicity, metabolite, and efflux pathway analysis were also performed to study the pharmacokinetic profile of [(11)C]MPPO. In all, we reported an efficient radiolabeling and preliminary evaluation of the first-in-class FAAH inhibitor [(11)C]MPPO with α-ketoheterocyclic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Joji Yui
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qifan Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimoda
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Advion BioSystems, 10 Brown Road, Suite 101, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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18
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Shimoda Y, Fujinaga M, Hatori A, Yui J, Zhang Y, Nengaki N, Kurihara Y, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Kumata K, Ishii H, Zhang MR. N-(3,4-Dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)piperazine-4-[4-(2-fluoro-4-[(11)C]methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-carboxamide: A promising positron emission tomography ligand for fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:627-34. [PMID: 26740152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To visualize fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in brain in vivo, we developed a novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand N-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)piperazine-4-[4-(2-fluoro-4-[(11)C]methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-carboxamide ([(11)C]DFMC, [(11)C]1). DFMC (1) was shown to have high binding affinity (IC50: 6.1nM) for FAAH. [(11)C]1 was synthesized by C-(11)C coupling reaction of arylboronic ester 2 with [(11)C]methyl iodide in the presence of Pd catalyst. At the end of synthesis, [(11)C]1 was obtained with a radiochemical yield of 20±10% (based on [(11)C]CO2, decay-corrected, n=5) and specific activity of 48-166GBq/μmol. After the injection of [(11)C]1 in mice, high uptake of radioactivity (>2% ID/g) was distributed in the lung, liver, kidney, and brain, organs with high FAAH expression. PET images of rat brains for [(11)C]1 revealed high uptakes in the cerebellar nucleus (SUV=2.4) and frontal cortex (SUV=2.0), two known brain regions with high FAAH expression. Pretreatment with the FAAH-selective inhibitor URB597 reduced the brain uptake. Higher than 90% of the total radioactivity in the rat brain was irreversible at 30min after the radioligand injection. The present results indicate that [(11)C]1 is a promising PET ligand for imaging of FAAH in living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shimoda
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Joji Yui
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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19
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Lodola A, Castelli R, Mor M, Rivara S. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: a patent review (2009-2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1247-66. [PMID: 26413912 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1067683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide. FAAH inactivation is emerging as a strategy to treat several CNS and peripheral diseases, including inflammation and pain. The search for effective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a key focus in present drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Patents and patent applications published from 2009 to 2014 in which novel chemical classes are claimed to inhibit FAAH. EXPERT OPINION FAAH is a promising target for treating many disease conditions including pain, inflammation and mood disorders. In the last few years, remarkable efforts have been made to develop new FAAH inhibitors (either reversible and irreversible) characterized by excellent potency and selectivity, to complete the arsenal of tools for modulating FAAH activity. The failure of PF-04457845 in a Phase II study on osteoarthritis pain has not flattened the interest in FAAH inhibitors. New clinical trials on 'classical' FAAH inhibitors are now ongoing, and new strategies based on compounds with peculiar in vivo distribution (e.g., peripheral) or with multiple pharmacological activities (e.g., FAAH and COX) are under investigation and could boost the therapeutic potential of this class in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lodola
- a 1 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castelli
- b 2 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- c 3 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy +39 0521 905059 ; +39 0521 905006 ;
| | - Silvia Rivara
- a 1 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
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20
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Facile access to oxazolidin-2-imine, thiazolidin-2-imine and imidazolidin-2-imine derivatives bearing an exocyclic haloalkyliene via direct halocyclization between propargylamines, heterocumulenes and I2 (NBS). Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Hargreaves RJ, Hoppin J, Sevigny J, Patel S, Chiao P, Klimas M, Verma A. Optimizing Central Nervous System Drug Development Using Molecular Imaging. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 98:47-60. [PMID: 25869938 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in multimodality fusion imaging technologies promise to accelerate the understanding of the systems biology of disease and help in the development of new therapeutics. The use of molecular imaging biomarkers has been proven to shorten cycle times for central nervous system (CNS) drug development and thereby increase the efficiency and return on investment from research. Imaging biomarkers can be used to help select the molecules, doses, and patients most likely to test therapeutic hypotheses by stopping those that have little chance of success and accelerating those with potential to achieve beneficial clinical outcomes. CNS imaging biomarkers have the potential to drive new medical care practices for patients in the latent phases of progressive neurodegenerative disorders by enabling the detection, preventative treatment, and tracking of disease in a paradigm shift from today's approaches that have to see the overt symptoms of disease before treating it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Hoppin
- inviCRO, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Sevigny
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Patel
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Chiao
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Klimas
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Verma
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Kumata K, Yui J, Hatori A, Maeda J, Xie L, Ogawa M, Yamasaki T, Nagai Y, Shimoda Y, Fujinaga M, Kawamura K, Zhang MR. Development of [(11)C]MFTC for PET imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase in rat and monkey brains. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:339-46. [PMID: 25398123 DOI: 10.1021/cn500269g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed 2-methylpyridin-3-yl-4-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)piperidine-1-[(11)C]carboxylate ([(11)C]MFTC) as a promising PET tracer for in vivo imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in rat and monkey brains. [(11)C]MFTC was synthesized by reacting 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine (2) with [(11)C]phosgene ([(11)C]COCl2), followed by reacting with 4-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)piperidine (3), with a 20 ± 4.6% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected, n = 30) based on [(11)C]CO2 and 40 min synthesis time from the end of bombardment. A biodistribution study in mice showed high uptake of radioactivity in FAAH-rich organs, including the lung, liver, and kidneys. Positron emission tomography (PET) summation images of rat brains showed high radioactivity in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus, which was consistent with the regional distribution pattern of FAAH in rodent brain. Pretreatment with MFTC or FAAH-selective URB597 significantly reduced the uptake in the brain. PET imaging of monkey brain showed relatively high uptake in the whole brain, particularly in the occipital cortex, which was also inhibited by treatment with MFTC or URB597. More than 96% of the total radioactivity was irreversible in the brain homogenate of rats 5 min after the radiotracer injection. The specific in vivo FAAH binding indicates that [(11)C]MFTC is a promising PET tracer for visualizing FAAH in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kumata
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Joji Yui
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., Tokyo 141-8686, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimoda
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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23
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Shimoda Y, Yui J, Zhang Y, Hatori A, Ogawa M, Fujinaga M, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Kumata K, Zhang MR. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of N-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)piperazine-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-1-[11C]carboxamide for in vivo positron emission tomography imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase in brain. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
[11C] DPFC is a promising PET radiotracer forin vivoimaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shimoda
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - J. Yui
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - Y. Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - A. Hatori
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - M. Ogawa
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
- SHI Accelerator
| | - M. Fujinaga
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - T. Yamasaki
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - L. Xie
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - K. Kumata
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
| | - M.-R. Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Centre
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Chiba 263-8555
- Japan
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24
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Rotstein BH, Wey HY, Shoup TM, Wilson AA, Liang SH, Hooker JM, Vasdev N. PET imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase with [(18)F]DOPP in nonhuman primates. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3832-8. [PMID: 25004399 PMCID: PMC4224570 DOI: 10.1021/mp500316h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates endocannabinoid signaling. [(11)C]CURB, an irreversibly binding FAAH inhibitor, has been developed for clinical research imaging with PET. However, no fluorine-18 labeled radiotracer for FAAH has yet advanced to human studies. [(18)F]DOPP ([(18)F]3-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)phenyl (5-fluoropentyl)carbamate) has been identified as a promising (18)F-labeled analogue based on rodent studies. The goal of this work is to evaluate [(18)F]DOPP in nonhuman primates to support its clinical translation. High specific activity [(18)F]DOPP (5-6 Ci·μmol(-1)) was administered intravenously (iv) to three baboons (2M/1F, 3-4 years old). The distribution and pharmacokinetics were quantified following a 2 h dynamic imaging session using a simultaneous PET/MR scanner. Pretreatment with the FAAH-selective inhibitor, URB597, was carried out at 200 or 300 μg/kg iv, 10 min prior to [(18)F]DOPP administration. Rapid arterial blood sampling for the first 3 min was followed by interval sampling with metabolite analysis to provide a parent radiotracer plasma input function that indicated ∼95% baseline metabolism at 60 min and a reduced rate of metabolism after pretreatment with URB597. Regional distribution data were analyzed with 1-, 2-, and 3-tissue compartment models (TCMs), with and without irreversible trapping since [(18)F]DOPP covalently links to the active site of FAAH. Consistent with previous findings for [(11)C]CURB, the 2TCM with irreversible binding was found to provide the best fit for modeling the data in all regions. The composite parameter λk3 was therefore used to evaluate whole brain (WB) and regional binding of [(18)F]DOPP. Pretreatment studies showed inhibition of λk3 across all brain regions (WB baseline: 0.112 mL/cm(3)/min; 300 μg/kg URB597: 0.058 mL/cm(3)/min), suggesting that [(18)F]DOPP binding is specific for FAAH, consistent with previous rodent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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25
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Chobanian HR, Guo Y, Liu P, Chioda MD, Fung S, Lanza TJ, Chang L, Bakshi RK, Dellureficio JP, Hong Q, McLaughlin M, Belyk KM, Krska SW, Makarewicz AK, Martel EJ, Leone JF, Frey L, Karanam B, Madeira M, Alvaro R, Shuman J, Salituro G, Terebetski JL, Jochnowitz N, Mistry S, McGowan E, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Abbadie C, Alexander JP, Shiao LL, Sullivan KM, Nargund RP, Wyvratt MJ, Lin LS, DeVita RJ. Discovery of MK-4409, a Novel Oxazole FAAH Inhibitor for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:717-21. [PMID: 24944750 DOI: 10.1021/ml5001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the identification of MK-4409, a potent and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. Starting from a high throughput screening (HTS) hit, medicinal chemistry efforts focused on optimizing of FAAH inhibition in vitro potency, improving the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, and increasing in vivo efficacy in rodent inflammatory and neuropathic pain assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R. Chobanian
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yan Guo
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marc D. Chioda
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Selena Fung
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas J. Lanza
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Linda Chang
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Raman K. Bakshi
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James P. Dellureficio
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin M. Belyk
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amanda K. Makarewicz
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Elliot J. Martel
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph F. Leone
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lisa Frey
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bindhu Karanam
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Raul Alvaro
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joyce Shuman
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jenna L. Terebetski
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nina Jochnowitz
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shruti Mistry
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Erin McGowan
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Catherine Abbadie
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jessica P. Alexander
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lin-Lin Shiao
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Sullivan
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew J. Wyvratt
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Linus S. Lin
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥Preclinical Development, ⊥Pharmacology, and ○Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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26
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Hicks JW, Parkes J, Tong J, Houle S, Vasdev N, Wilson AA. Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]carbamate- and urea-based monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:688-94. [PMID: 24969632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are the two primary enzymes that regulate the tone of endocannabinoid signaling. Although new PET radiotracers have been discovered for imaging FAAH in vivo, no such radiotracer exists for imaging MAGL. Here we report the radiosynthesis of five candidate MAGL radiotracers and their ex vivo evaluations in mice and rats. METHODS Candidate carbamate and urea MAGL inhibitors were radiolabeled at the carbonyl position by [(11)C]CO2 fixation. Radiotracers were administered (tail-vein injection) to rodents and brain uptake of radioactivity measured at early and late time points ex vivo. Specificity of uptake was explored by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors (2 mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to radiotracer administration. RESULTS All five candidate MAGL radiotracers were prepared in high specific activity (>65 GBq/μmol) and radiochemical purity (>98%). Moderate brain uptake (0.2-0.8 SUV) was observed for each candidate while pretreatment did not reduce uptake for four of the five tested. For two candidates ([(11)C]12 and [(11)C]14), high retention of radioactivity was observed in the blood (ca. 10 and 4 SUV at 40 min) which was blocked by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors. The most promising candidate, [(11)C]18, demonstrated moderate brain uptake (ca. 0.8 SUV) which showed circa 50% blockade by pretreatment with unlabeled 18. CONCLUSION One putative and four reported potent and selective MAGL inhibitors have been radiolabeled via [(11)C]CO2 fixation as radiotracers for this enzyme. Despite the promising in vitro pharmacological profile, none of the five candidate radiotracers exhibited in vivo behavior suitable for PET neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Hicks
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Jun Parkes
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Junchao Tong
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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27
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Hargreaves RJ, Rabiner EA. Translational PET imaging research. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 61:32-8. [PMID: 24055214 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of any early central nervous system (CNS) drug development program is always to test the mechanism and not the molecule in order to support additional research investments in late phase clinical trials. Confirmation that drugs reach their targets using translational positron emission tomography (PET) imaging markers of engagement is central to successful clinical proof-of-concept testing and has become an important feature of most neuropsychiatric drug development programs. CNS PET imaging can also play an important role in the clinical investigation of the neuropharmacological basis of psychiatric disease and the optimization of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hargreaves
- Merck and Co, WP-42-212, 770, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA19486, USA.
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