1
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Gach-Janczak K, Biernat M, Kuczer M, Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Kluczyk A. Analgesic Peptides: From Natural Diversity to Rational Design. Molecules 2024; 29:1544. [PMID: 38611824 PMCID: PMC11013236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain affects one-third of the global population and is a significant public health issue. The use of opioid drugs, which are the strongest painkillers, is associated with several side effects, such as tolerance, addiction, overdose, and even death. An increasing demand for novel, safer analgesic agents is a driving force for exploring natural sources of bioactive peptides with antinociceptive activity. Since the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in pain modulation, the discovery of new peptide ligands for GPCRs is a significant challenge for novel drug development. The aim of this review is to present peptides of human and animal origin with antinociceptive potential and to show the possibilities of their modification, as well as the design of novel structures. The study presents the current knowledge on structure-activity relationship in the design of peptide-based biomimetic compounds, the modification strategies directed at increasing the antinociceptive activity, and improvement of metabolic stability and pharmacodynamic profile. The procedures employed in prolonged drug delivery of emerging compounds are also discussed. The work summarizes the conditions leading to the development of potential morphine replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gach-Janczak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.G.-J.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Monika Biernat
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariola Kuczer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.G.-J.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.K.)
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2
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Capasso G, Stefanucci A, Tolomeo A. A systematic review on the current status of PSMA-targeted imaging and radioligand therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115966. [PMID: 37992520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been the subject of several studies in recent decades as a promising molecular target for prostate cancer (PCa), in fact it is considered an excellent molecular target for both PCa imaging (both for staging and follow-up), by means of PET/CT and for radioligand therapy. Its interesting molecular features have enabled the development of a new diagnostic and therapeutic approach for PCa, called "theranostics." Considering the abundance of PSMA-based probes that have appeared so far in the literature, the present work focuses the attention on radiopharmaceuticals with increasing clinical application, highlighting advantages and disadvantages in terms of different metabolization and excretion processes, pharmacokinetic, binding affinity and variable internalization rate, tumor-to-background ratio, residence times and toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Capasso
- ITEL TELECOMUNICAZIONI S.r.l - Radiopharmaceutical Division, Italy.
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
| | - Anna Tolomeo
- ITEL TELECOMUNICAZIONI S.r.l - Radiopharmaceutical Division, Italy.
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3
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Ötvös F, Szűcs E, Urai Á, Köteles I, Szabó PT, Varga ZK, Gombos D, Hosztafi S, Benyhe S. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of 17-N-beta-aminoalkyl-4,5α-epoxynormorphinans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20305. [PMID: 37985681 PMCID: PMC10660610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opiate alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are still widely used in pain management, drug addiction, and abuse. To avoid serious side effects, compounds with properly designed pharmacological profiles at the opioid receptor subtypes are long needed. Here a series of 17-N-substituted derivatives of normorphine and noroxymorphone analogues with five- and six-membered ring substituents have been synthesized for structure-activity study. Some compounds showed nanomolar affinity to MOR, DOR and KOR in in vitro competition binding experiments with selective agonists [3H]DAMGO, [3H]Ile5,6-deltorphin II and [3H]HS665, respectively. Pharmacological characterization of the compounds in G-protein signaling was determined by [35S]GTPγS binding assays. The normorphine analogues showed higher affinity to KOR compared to MOR and DOR, while most of the noroxymorphone derivatives did not bind to KOR. The presence of 14-OH substituent resulted in a shift in the pharmacological profiles in the agonist > partial agonist > antagonist direction compared to the parent compounds. A molecular docking-based in silico method was also applied to estimate the pharmacological profile of the compounds. Docking energies and the patterns of the interacting receptor atoms, obtained with experimentally determined active and inactive states of MOR, were used to explain the observed pharmacological features of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Ötvös
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Urai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis Medical University, Hőgyes Endre Utca 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Köteles
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis Medical University, Hőgyes Endre Utca 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 41390, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pál T Szabó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Katalin Varga
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Theoretical Medical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Gombos
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Theoretical Medical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Hosztafi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis Medical University, Hőgyes Endre Utca 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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4
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Zhao L, Ma Y, Song X, Wu Y, Jin P, Chen G. PD-1: A New Candidate Target for Analgesic Peptide Design. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1142-1150. [PMID: 36781089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common health problem in humans. The unique properties and valuable clinical applications of analgesic peptides make them attractive pharmacotherapy options for pain control. Numerous targets for pain modulation processes are currently known, including opioid receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, voltage-gated ion channels, neuronal nicotinic receptors, and neurotensin receptors. However, these targets are not able to address the development needs of peptide-based drugs. Recent studies revealed that programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is widely expressed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord, and cerebral cortex. PD-1 signaling in neurons is involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity. PD-1 is able to silence nociceptive neurons upon activation. Consistently, Pd1 deficiency or blockade increases the pain sensitivity in naïve mice. PD-1 agonists, including PD-L1 and H-20, evoke Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) phosphorylation, modulate neuronal excitability, and attenuate acute and chronic pain with minimal opioid-related adverse effects, suggesting a superior therapeutic index and a sound strategy for the development novel nonopioid analgesics. In addition, PD-1 signaling in non-neuronal cells could alleviate chronic pain by regulating neuroinflammation. Here, we review the potential and challenges of PD-1 as a candidate target for the development of analgesic peptides. PERSPECTIVE: This review paper aims to review recent advances in research on PD-1 in the domain of pain interference, explore how to obtain more promising PD-1 receptor-targeting analgesic peptides based on PD-L1 and analgesic peptide H-20 for relieving pathological pain, and offer potential optimization strategies for follow-up work of H-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengjie Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Serafin P, Kowalczyk P, Mollica A, Stefanucci A, Laskowska AK, Zawadzka M, Kramkowski K, Kleczkowska P. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities against Various E. coli Strains of a Novel Hybrid Peptide-LENART01. Molecules 2023; 28:4955. [PMID: 37446618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding the ideal antimicrobial drug with improved efficacy and a safety profile that eliminates antibiotic resistance caused by pathogens remains a difficult task. Indeed, there is an urgent need for innovation in the design and development of a microbial inhibitor. Given that many promising antimicrobial peptides with excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial properties are secreted by some frog species (e.g., bombesins, opioids, temporins, etc.), our goal was to identify the antimicrobial properties of amphibian-derived dermorphin and ranatensin peptides, which were combined to produce a hybrid compound. This new chimera (named LENART01) was tested for its antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains K12 and R1-R4, which are characterized by differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharide structure. The results showed that LENART01 had superior activity against the R2 and R4 strains compared with the effects of the clinically available antibiotics ciprofloxacin or bleomycin (MIC values). Importantly, the inhibitory effect was not concentration dependent; however, LENART01 showed a time- and dose-dependent hemolytic effect in hemolytic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Serafin
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna K Laskowska
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zawadzka
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kleczkowska
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Dvorácskó S, Dimmito MP, Sebastiani J, La Regina G, Silvestri R, Pieretti S, Stefanucci A, Tömböly C, Mollica A. Rimonabant-Based Compounds Bearing Hydrophobic Amino Acid Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 1 Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:479-486. [PMID: 37077391 PMCID: PMC10108392 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids related to the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist rimonabant were amidated with valine or tert-leucine, and the resulting acids were further diversified as methyl esters, amides, and N-methyl amides. In vitro receptor binding and functional assays demonstrated a wide series of activities related to the CB1 receptors (CB1Rs). Compound 34 showed a high CB1R binding affinity (K i = 6.9 nM) and agonist activity (EC50 = 46 nM; E max = 135%). Radioligand binding and [35S]GTPγS binding assays also demonstrated its selectivity and specificity to CB1Rs. Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that 34 was slightly more effective than the CB1 agonist WIN55,212-2 in the early phase of the formalin test, indicating a short duration of the analgesic effect. Interestingly, in a mouse model of zymosan-induced hindlimb edema, 34 was able to maintain the percentage of paw volume below 75% for 24 h following subcutaneous injection. After intraperitoneal administration, 34 increased the food intake of mice, suggesting potential activity on CB1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Dvorácskó
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Jessica Sebastiani
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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7
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Stefanucci A, Della Valle A, Scioli G, Marinaccio L, Pieretti S, Minosi P, Szucs E, Benyhe S, Masci D, Tanguturi P, Chou K, Barlow D, Houseknecht K, Streicher JM, Mollica A. Discovery of κ Opioid Receptor (KOR)-Selective d-Tetrapeptides with Improved In Vivo Antinociceptive Effect after Peripheral Administration. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1707-1714. [PMID: 36385929 PMCID: PMC9661715 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripherally active tetrapeptides as selective κ opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have been prepared in good overall yields and high purity following solid-phase peptide synthesis via Fmoc protection strategy. Structural modifications at the first and second position of the lead compound FF(d-Nle)R-NH2 (FE200041) were contemplated with aromatic side chains containing d-amino acids, such as (d)-pF-Phe, (d)-mF-Phe, (d)-oF-Phe, which led to highly selective and efficacious KOR agonists endowed with strong antinociceptive activity in vivo following intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in the tail flick and formalin tests. These results suggest potential clinical applications in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara
“G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alice Della Valle
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara
“G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scioli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara
“G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenza Marinaccio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara
“G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edina Szucs
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandor Benyhe
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Domiziana Masci
- Department
of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative
Clinics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Kerry Chou
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Deborah Barlow
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Karen Houseknecht
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara
“G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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8
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Redkiewicz P, Dyniewicz J, Misicka A. Biphalin-A Potent Opioid Agonist-As a Panacea for Opioid System-Dependent Pathophysiological Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11347. [PMID: 34768778 PMCID: PMC8582929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphalin, one of the opioid agonists, is a dimeric analog of enkephalin with a high affinity for opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Hence, these receptors and their agonists, which play an important role in pain blocking, may also be involved in the regulation of other physiological functions. Biphalin was designed and synthesized in 1982 by Lipkowski as an analgesic peptide. Extensive further research in various laboratories on the antinociceptive effects of biphalin has shown its excellent properties. It has been demonstrated that biphalin exhibits an analgesic effect in acute, neuropathic, and chronic animal pain models, and is 1000 times more potent than morphine when administered intrathecally. In the course of the broad conducted research devoted primarily to the antinociceptive effect of this compound, it has been found that biphalin may also potentially participate in the regulation of other opioid system-dependent functions. Nearly 40 years of research on the properties of biphalin have shown that it may play a beneficial role as an antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent, and may also affect many physiological functions. This integral review analyzes the literature on the multidirectional biological effects of biphalin and its potential in the treatment of many opioid system-dependent pathophysiological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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10
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Stefanucci A, Iobbi V, Della Valle A, Scioli G, Pieretti S, Minosi P, Mirzaie S, Novellino E, Mollica A. In Silico Identification of Tripeptides as Lead Compounds for the Design of KOR Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:4767. [PMID: 34443366 PMCID: PMC8399634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) represents an attractive target for the development of drugs as potential antidepressants, anxiolytics and analgesics. A robust computational approach may guarantee a reduction in costs in the initial stages of drug discovery, novelty and accurate results. In this work, a virtual screening workflow of a library consisting of ~6 million molecules was set up, with the aim to find potential lead compounds that could manifest activity on the KOR. This in silico study provides a significant contribution in the identification of compounds capable of interacting with a specific molecular target. The main computational techniques adopted in this experimental work include: (i) virtual screening; (ii) drug design and leads optimization; (iii) molecular dynamics. The best hits are tripeptides prepared via solution phase peptide synthesis. These were tested in vivo, revealing a good antinociceptive effect after subcutaneous administration. However, further work is due to delineate their full pharmacological profile, in order to verify the features predicted by the in silico outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (A.D.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genova, 16128 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alice Della Valle
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (A.D.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scioli
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (A.D.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Minosi
- Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Ettore Novellino
- NGN Healthcare, Via Nazionale Torrette, 207, 83013 Mercogliano, Italy;
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (A.D.V.); (G.S.)
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11
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Dyniewicz J, Lipiński PFJ, Kosson P, Bochyńska-Czyż M, Matalińska J, Misicka A. Antinociceptive and Cytotoxic Activity of Opioid Peptides with Hydrazone and Hydrazide Moieties at the C-Terminus. Molecules 2020; 25:E3429. [PMID: 32731576 PMCID: PMC7435865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we analyze the influence that C-terminal extension of short opioid peptide sequences by organic fragments has on receptor affinity, in vivo analgesic activity, and antimelanoma properties. The considered fragments were based on either N-acylhydrazone (NAH) or N'-acylhydrazide motifs combined with the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eleven novel compounds were synthesized and subject to biological evaluation. The analyzed compounds exhibit a diversified range of affinities for the µ opioid receptor (MOR), rather low δ opioid receptor (DOR) affinities, and no appreciable neurokinin-1 receptor binding. In three out of four pairs, N-acylhydrazone-based derivatives bind MOR better than their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts. The best of the novel derivatives have similar low nanomolar MOR binding affinity as the reference opioids, such as morphine and biphalin. The obtained order of MOR affinities was compared to the results of molecular docking. In vivo, four tested compounds turned out to be relatively strong analgesics. Finally, the NAH-based analogues reduce the number of melanoma cells in cell culture, while their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts do not. The antimelanoma properties are roughly correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr F. J. Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Bochyńska-Czyż
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Matalińska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Stefanucci A, Dimmito MP, Molnar G, Streicher JM, Novellino E, Zengin G, Mollica A. Developing Cyclic Opioid Analogues: Fluorescently Labeled Bioconjugates of Biphalin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:720-726. [PMID: 32435376 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioconjugates is of pivotal importance in medicinal chemistry due to their potential applications as therapeutic agents to improve the targeting of specific diseases, decrease toxicity, or control drug release. In this work we achieved the synthesis and characterization of three novel opioid peptides fluorescently labeled, analogues of cyclic biphalin derivatives, namely 1D, 1C, and 2C. Among them, compound 1D, containing a dansyl-maleimide motif, exhibited an excellent binding affinity and functional potency for the δ-opioid receptor (DOR). 1D also demonstrated a strong fluorescence emission spectrum ranging from 300 to 700 nm. These features could be highly desirable for medical and biological applications needed for targeting the DOR, including in vivo imaging, and as a lead for the design of fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriela Molnar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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13
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Stefanucci A, Dimmito MP, Macedonio G, Ciarlo L, Pieretti S, Novellino E, Lei W, Barlow D, Houseknecht KL, Streicher JM, Mollica A. Potent, Efficacious, and Stable Cyclic Opioid Peptides with Long Lasting Antinociceptive Effect after Peripheral Administration. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2673-2687. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Ciarlo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Deborah Barlow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Karen L. Houseknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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14
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Kropotova ES, Ivleva IS, Karpenko MN, Mosevitsky MI. Design of enkephalin modifications protected from brain extracellular peptidases providing long-term analgesia. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115184. [PMID: 31740204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The main obstacle to the use of many therapeutic peptides in practice is their rapid destruction by extracellular peptidases. Earlier we have found that active in the extracellular medium of mammalian brain exopeptidases are unable to break the bonds formed by β-alanine. We have designed several modified forms of opioid peptide enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met; Enk) with end βAla: ModEnk1 (βAla-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-βAla), ModEnk2 (βAla-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-NH2), ModEnk3 (βAla-Tyr-Gly-Phe-NH2). These modifications are much more stable than Enk in the suspension of isolated axonal endings (synaptosomes) that mimics the brain extracellular medium. ModEnk1-3 have been tested in standard "pain" experiment "tail flick" on rats using intranasal peptide administration. ModEnk1 and ModEnk2 (but not ModEnk3) have fully preserved pain-relieving properties of Enk, but their efficiency was maintained for much longer. Compared to ModEnk1, ModEnk2 is more stable and provides longer analgesia because it is less accessible for endopeptidases. They are potent non-toxic analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Kropotova
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina 188300, Russia; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Irina S Ivleva
- Pavlov's Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Marina N Karpenko
- Pavlov's Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Mark I Mosevitsky
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina 188300, Russia; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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15
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Stefanucci A, Lei W, Pieretti S, Dimmito MP, Luisi G, Novellino E, Nowakowski M, Koźmiński W, Mirzaie S, Zengin G, Streicher JM, Mollica A. Novel Cyclic Biphalin Analogues by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring Closing Metathesis: in Vivo and in Vitro Biological Profile. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:450-456. [PMID: 30996778 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the application of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) to the preparation of two cyclic olefin-bridged analogues of biphalin (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-NH ← Phe ← Gly ← d-Ala ← Tyr), using the second generation Grubbs' catalyst. The resulting cis- and trans-cyclic isomers were identified, fully characterized, and tested in vitro at μ (ΜΟR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR) opioid receptors and in vivo for antinociceptive activity. Both were shown to be full agonists at MOR and potential partial antagonists at DOR, with low potency KOR agonism. They also share a strong antinociceptive effect after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration, higher than that of the cyclic biphalin analogues containing a disulfide bridge between the side chains of two d-Cys or d-Pen residues, previously described by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Grazia Luisi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Koźmiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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16
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Remesic M, Macedonio G, Mollica A, Porreca F, Hruby V, Lee YS. Cyclic biphalin analogues with a novel linker lead to potent agonist activities at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3664-3667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Gach-Janczak K, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Wtorek K, Ferrari F, Calo' G, Szymaszkiewicz A, Piasecka-Zelga J, Janecka A. In vitro and in vivo activity of cyclopeptide Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH 2, a mu opioid receptor agonist biased toward β-arrestin. Peptides 2018; 105:51-57. [PMID: 29684591 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphine and related drugs, which are the most effective analgesics for the relief of severe pain, act through activating opioid receptors. The endogenous ligands of these receptors are opioid peptides which cannot be used as antinociceptive agents due to their low bioactivity and stability in biological fluids. The major goal of opioid research is to understand the mechanism of action of opioid receptor agonists in order to improve therapeutic utility of opioids. Analgesic effects of morphine are mediated mostly through activation of the mu opioid receptor. However, in the search for safer and more effective drug candidates, analogs with mixed opioid receptor profile gained a lot of interest. Recently, the concept of biased agonists able to differentially activate GPCR downstream pathways, became a new approach in the design of novel drug candidates. It is hypothesized that compounds promoting G-protein signaling may produce analgesia while β-arrestin recruitment may be responsible for opioid side effects. In this report we showed that replacement of the tyrosine residue in the mu-selective ligand Tyr-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH2 with 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) produced a cyclopeptide Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH2 with mu/delta opioid receptor agonist profile. This analog showed improved antinociception in the hot-plate test, probably due to the simultaneous activation of mu and delta receptors but also significantly inhibited the gastrointestinal transit. Using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay it was shown that this analog was a mu receptor agonist biased toward β-arrestin. β-Arrestin-dependent signaling is most likely responsible for the observed inhibition of gastrointestinal motility exerted by the novel cyclopeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karol Wtorek
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Piasecka-Zelga
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products in the GMP Head of Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University, Lodz, Poland.
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18
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Garg S, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K, Mishra VK. Evaluation of in silico approach for prediction of presence of opioid peptides in wheat. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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19
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Di Maro S, Di Leva FS, Trotta AM, Brancaccio D, Portella L, Aurilio M, Tomassi S, Messere A, Sementa D, Lastoria S, Carotenuto A, Novellino E, Scala S, Marinelli L. Structure–Activity Relationships and Biological Characterization of a Novel, Potent, and Serum Stable C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) Antagonist. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9641-9652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Di Maro
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Aurilio
- Nuclear
Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiant and Metabolic
Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola
52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Deborah Sementa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Secondo Lastoria
- Nuclear
Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiant and Metabolic
Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola
52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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20
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Stefanucci A, Carotenuto A, Macedonio G, Novellino E, Pieretti S, Marzoli F, Szűcs E, Erdei AI, Zádor F, Benyhe S, Mollica A. Cyclic Biphalin Analogues Incorporating a Xylene Bridge: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Profile. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:858-863. [PMID: 28835802 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we enhanced the ring lipophilicity of biphalin introducing a xylene moiety, thus obtaining three cyclic regioisomers. Novel compounds have similar in vitro activity as the parent compound, but one of these (6a) shows a remarkable increase of in vivo antinociceptive effect. Nociception tests have disclosed its significant high potency and the more prolonged effect in eliciting analgesia, higher than that of biphalin and of the disulfide-bridge-containing analogue (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Marzoli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna I. Erdei
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zádor
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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21
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Fluorescent-labeled bioconjugates of the opioid peptides biphalin and DPDPE incorporating fluorescein–maleimide linkers. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The conjugation of fluorescent labels to opioid peptides is an extremely challenging task, which needs to be overcome to create new classes of probes for biological assays. Materials & methods: Three opioid peptide analogs of biphalin and [D-Pen2,5]-Enkephalin (DPDPE) containing a fluorescein–maleimide motif were synthesized. Results & discussion: The biphalin analog 17 binds to opioid receptors with Ki μ = 530 ± 90 nM and Ki δ = 69.8 ± 16.4 nM. We then tested the ability of the compounds to stimulate G-protein-coupling, 17 activated μ-receptor expressing cells (EC50 = 16.7 ± 6.7 nM, EMax = 76 ± 4%) as well as δ-receptor expressing cells (EC50 = 42 ± 10 nM, EMax = 34 ± 8%). However, 17 was not able to fluorescently label receptor in live or fixed cells. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the biphalin scaffold could be employed to develop fluorescent ligands with the appropriate fluorescent motif, and suggest a means for further probe development.
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22
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Stefanucci A, Novellino E, Mirzaie S, Macedonio G, Pieretti S, Minosi P, Szűcs E, Erdei AI, Zádor F, Benyhe S, Mollica A. Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:449-454. [PMID: 28435535 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Pen2,d-Pen5 enkephalin (DPDPE) is one of the most selective synthetic peptide agonists targeting the δ-opioid receptor. Three cyclic analogues of DPDPE containing a xylene bridge in place of disulfide bond have been synthesized and fully characterized as opioid receptors agonists. The in vitro activity was investigated showing a good affinity of 7a-c for μ- and δ-receptors. In vivo biological assays revealed that 7b is the most potent analogue with the ability to maintain high level of analgesia from 15 to 60 min following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration, whereas DPDPE was slightly active until 45 min. Compound 7b induced long lasting analgesia also after subcutaneous administration, whereas DPDPE was inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department
of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale
per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale
per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna I. Erdei
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zádor
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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23
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Pacifico S, Carotenuto A, Brancaccio D, Novellino E, Marzola E, Ferrari F, Cerlesi MC, Trapella C, Preti D, Salvadori S, Calò G, Guerrini R. Structure- and conformation-activity studies of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor dimeric ligands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45817. [PMID: 28383520 PMCID: PMC5382891 DOI: 10.1038/srep45817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) constitute a neuropeptidergic system that modulates various biological functions and is currently targeted for the generation of innovative drugs. In the present study dimeric NOP receptor ligands with spacers of different lengths were generated using both peptide and non-peptide pharmacophores. The novel compounds (12 peptide and 7 nonpeptide ligands) were pharmacologically investigated in a calcium mobilization assay and in the mouse vas deferens bioassay. Both structure- and conformation-activity studies were performed. Results demonstrated that dimerization did not modify the pharmacological activity of both peptide and non-peptide pharmacophores. Moreover, when dimeric compounds were obtained with low potency peptide pharmacophores, dimerization recovered ligand potency. This effect depends on the doubling of the C-terminal address sequence rather than the presence of an additional N-terminal message sequence or modifications of peptide conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department of Agraria (QuaSic.A.Tec.), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 – Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Marzola
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Cerlesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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24
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Merlino F, Brancaccio D, Yousif AM, Piras L, Campiglia P, Gomez-Monterrey I, Santicioli P, Meini S, Maggi CA, Novellino E, Carotenuto A, Grieco P. Structure-Activity Study of the Peptides P5U and Urantide by the Development of Analogues Containing Uncoded Amino Acids at Position 9. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1856-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Ali M. Yousif
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Linda Piras
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Isabel Gomez-Monterrey
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Santicioli
- Department of Pharmacology; Menarini Ricerche; via Rismondo 12A 50131 Florence Italy
| | - Stefania Meini
- Department of Pharmacology; Menarini Ricerche; via Rismondo 12A 50131 Florence Italy
| | - Carlo A. Maggi
- Department of Pharmacology; Menarini Ricerche; via Rismondo 12A 50131 Florence Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; via D. Montesano 49 80131 Naples Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi (CIRPEB); University of Naples “Federico II” and DFM-Scarl; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Naples Italy
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Monodrug therapy has been used with success to fight various pathologies. When one medicine fails, co-administration of two or more drugs at the same time may be successfully applied in the treatment of infections, hypertension, HIV and in many other fields. DISCUSSION This approach has some weakness related to the pharmacokinetic of the two different substances administered, side effects, possible drug-drug interaction. Bivalent ligand approach would maintain the strength of the multidrug therapy (synergistic effect, lower doses, and little side effects) and overcome the weakness of a co-administration. CONCLUSION In this review we have described the state-of-the-art of the multitarget approach for the control of pain. Several approaches adopted by different research groups and future perspectives have been discussed.
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26
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Frączak O, Lasota A, Kosson P, Leśniak A, Muchowska A, Lipkowski AW, Olma A. Biphalin analogs containing β(3)-homo-amino acids at the 4,4' positions: Synthesis and opioid activity profiles. Peptides 2015; 66:13-8. [PMID: 25708417 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biphalin, a synthetic opioid octapeptide with a palindromic sequence has high analgesic activity. Biphalin displays a strong affinity for μ and δ-opioid receptors, and a significant to κ-receptor. The paper reports the synthesis of novel analogs of biphalin containing β(3)-homo-amino acid residues at the 4,4' positions and a hydrazine or 1,2-phenylenediamine linker. The potency and selectivity of the peptides were evaluated by a competitive receptor-binding assay in rat brain homogenate using [(3)H]DAMGO (a μ ligand) and [(3)H]DELT (a δ ligand). Analogs with β(3)-h-p-NO2Phe in positions 4 and 4' are the most active compounds. Selectivity depends on the degree of freedom between the two pharmacophore moieties. Analogs with a hydrazine linker show noticeable binding selectivity to μ receptors (IC50(μ)=0.72nM; IC50(δ)=4.66nM), while the peptides with a 1,2-phenylenediamine linker show slight δ selectivity (IC50(μ)=10.97nM; IC50(δ)=1.99nM). Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-β(3)-h-p-NO2PheNHNH-β(3)-h-p-NO2Phe (1) and (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-β(3)-h-p-NO2PheNH)2 (2) produced greater antinociceptive effect compared to morphine after i.t. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Frączak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anika Lasota
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Muchowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Lipkowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Olma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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27
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Brancaccio D, Merlino F, Limatola A, Yousif AM, Gomez-Monterrey I, Campiglia P, Novellino E, Grieco P, Carotenuto A. An investigation into the origin of the biased agonism associated with the urotensin II receptor activation. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:392-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Brancaccio
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Limatola
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
| | - Ali Munaim Yousif
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
| | | | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; I-84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
- CIRPEB: Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi University of Naples ‘Federico II’, DFM-Scarl; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR; 80134 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples ‘Federico II’; I-80131 Naples Italy
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28
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Jędrzejczak K, Hrynczyszyn P, Artym J, Kocięba M, Zimecki M, Zabrocki J, Jankowski S. Synthesis and biological activity of cyclolinopeptide A analogues modified with γ(3)-bis(homophenylalanine). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:515-27. [PMID: 25203781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclolinopeptide A, naturally occurring immunomodulatory nonapeptide, was modified with S or R-γ(3)-bis(homophenylalanine) in positions 3 or 4, or both 3 and 4. The replacement of one or both Phe residues by γ(3)-hhPhe led to decrease of their conformational flexibility in the analogues in comparison to CLA. All cyclic peptides, except 11, exist as isomers with the cis Pro-Pro peptide bond. Cyclic peptide 11 with single modification S-γ(3)-hhPhe(4) exists as a mixture of two isomers and the major isomer (89%) contains all peptide bonds of the trans geometry. The peptides were subjected to several immunological tests in vitro and in vivo. Linear peptides 1-8, precursors of CLA analogues 9-16, were not toxic against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but cyclic analogues showed dose-dependent toxicity with exception of peptide 11. Linear peptides did not inhibit mitogen-induced PBMC proliferation whereas cyclic ones inhibited the proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The actions of linear and cyclic peptides with regard to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) production in whole human blood cultures were differential but particularly suppressive in the case of linear compound 6. Therefore, for in vivo tests compounds 6 and 11 were selected. The compounds showed comparable, suppressive actions in induction and effector phases of delayed type hypersensitivity as well as in the carrageenan-induced foot pad edema in mouse models. In summary, linear peptide 6 and cyclic peptide 11 are attractive as potential immune suppressor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Poland
| | - Paweł Hrynczyszyn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Poland; Peptaderm Ltd., Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Jankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Poland.
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