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Kachanov A, Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Karandashov I, Ponomareva N, Tikhonov A, Lukashev A, Pokrovsky V, Zamyatnin AA, Parodi A, Chulanov V, Kostyushev D. The menace of severe adverse events and deaths associated with viral gene therapy and its potential solution. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:2112-2193. [PMID: 38549260 DOI: 10.1002/med.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, in vivo gene replacement therapy has significantly advanced, resulting in market approval of numerous therapeutics predominantly relying on adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV). While viral vectors have undeniably addressed several critical healthcare challenges, their clinical application has unveiled a range of limitations and safety concerns. This review highlights the emerging challenges in the field of gene therapy. At first, we discuss both the role of biological barriers in viral gene therapy with a focus on AAVs, and review current landscape of in vivo human gene therapy. We delineate advantages and disadvantages of AAVs as gene delivery vehicles, mostly from the safety perspective (hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, inflammatory responses etc.), and outline the mechanisms of adverse events in response to AAV. Contribution of every aspect of AAV vectors (genomic structure, capsid proteins) and host responses to injected AAV is considered and substantiated by basic, translational and clinical studies. The updated evaluation of recent AAV clinical trials and current medical experience clearly shows the risks of AAVs that sometimes overshadow the hopes for curing a hereditary disease. At last, a set of established and new molecular and nanotechnology tools and approaches are provided as potential solutions for mitigating or eliminating side effects. The increasing number of severe adverse reactions and, sadly deaths, demands decisive actions to resolve the issue of immune responses and extremely high doses of viral vectors used for gene therapy. In response to these challenges, various strategies are under development, including approaches aimed at augmenting characteristics of viral vectors and others focused on creating secure and efficacious non-viral vectors. This comprehensive review offers an overarching perspective on the present state of gene therapy utilizing both viral and non-viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Kachanov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Ivan Karandashov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Andrey Tikhonov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Laboratory of Biochemical Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Cancer Models, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, People's Friendship University, Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Research, Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Division of Biotechnology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Yan X, Chen Q. Polyamidoamine Dendrimers: Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Glioma Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2022. [PMID: 39065339 PMCID: PMC11280609 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor, which is formed by the malignant transformation of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. It has the characteristics of high incidence, high recurrence rate, high mortality and low cure rate. The treatments for glioma include surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the obstruction of the biological barrier of brain tissue, it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. To address the limitations imposed by the brain's natural barriers and enhance the treatment efficacy, researchers have effectively used brain-targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) in glioma therapy. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, as branched macromolecular architectures, represent promising candidates for studies in glioma therapy. This review focuses on PAMAM-based DDSs in the treatment of glioma, highlighting their physicochemical characteristics, structural properties as well as an overview of the toxicity and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Xu Y, Zheng Y, Ding X, Wang C, Hua B, Hong S, Huang X, Lin J, Zhang P, Chen W. PEGylated pH-responsive peptide-mRNA nano self-assemblies enhance the pulmonary delivery efficiency and safety of aerosolized mRNA. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2219870. [PMID: 37336779 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2219870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalable messenger RNA (mRNA) has demonstrated great potential in therapy and vaccine development to confront various lung diseases. However, few gene vectors could overcome the airway mucus and intracellular barriers for successful pulmonary mRNA delivery. Apart from the low pulmonary gene delivery efficiency, nonnegligible toxicity is another common problem that impedes the clinical application of many non-viral vectors. PEGylated cationic peptide-based mRNA delivery vector is a prospective approach to enhance the pulmonary delivery efficacy and safety of aerosolized mRNA by oral inhalation administration. In this study, different lengths of hydrophilic PEG chains were covalently linked to an amphiphilic, water-soluble pH-responsive peptide, and the peptide/mRNA nano self-assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro mRNA binding and release, cellular uptake, transfection, and cytotoxicity were studied, and finally, a proper PEGylated peptide with enhanced pulmonary mRNA delivery efficiency and improved safety in mice was identified. These results showed that a proper N-terminus PEGylation strategy using 12-monomer linear monodisperse PEG could significantly improve the mRNA transfection efficiency and biocompatibility of the non-PEGylated cationic peptide carrier, while a longer PEG chain modification adversely decreased the cellular uptake and transfection on A549 and HepG2 cells, emphasizing the importance of a proper PEG chain length selection. Moreover, the optimized PEGylated peptide showed a significantly enhanced mRNA pulmonary delivery efficiency and ameliorated safety profiles over the non-PEGylated peptide and LipofectamineTM 2000 in mice. Our results reveal that the PEGylated peptide could be a promising mRNA delivery vector candidate for inhaled mRNA vaccines and therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of different respiratory diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijing Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuqiu Ding
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shilian Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiali Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Kaurav M, Ruhi S, Al-Goshae HA, Jeppu AK, Ramachandran D, Sahu RK, Sarkar AK, Khan J, Ashif Ikbal AM. Dendrimer: An update on recent developments and future opportunities for the brain tumors diagnosis and treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159131. [PMID: 37006997 PMCID: PMC10060650 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A brain tumor is an uncontrolled cell proliferation, a mass of tissue composed of cells that grow and divide abnormally and appear to be uncontrollable by the processes that normally control normal cells. Approximately 25,690 primary malignant brain tumors are discovered each year, 70% of which originate in glial cells. It has been observed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of drugs into the tumour environment, which complicates the oncological therapy of malignant brain tumours. Numerous studies have found that nanocarriers have demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy in brain diseases. This review, based on a non-systematic search of the existing literature, provides an update on the existing knowledge of the types of dendrimers, synthesis methods, and mechanisms of action in relation to brain tumours. It also discusses the use of dendrimers in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours and the future possibilities of dendrimers. Dendrimers are of particular interest in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours because they can transport biochemical agents across the BBB to the tumour and into the brain after systemic administration. Dendrimers are being used to develop novel therapeutics such as prolonged release of drugs, immunotherapy, and antineoplastic effects. The use of PAMAM, PPI, PLL and surface engineered dendrimers has proven revolutionary in the effective diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaurav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakina Ruhi
- Department of Biochemistry, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Husni Ahmed Al-Goshae
- Department of Anantomy, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Jeppu
- Department of Biochemistry, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dhani Ramachandran
- Department of Pathology, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
- *Correspondence: Ram Kumar Sahu,
| | | | - Jiyauddin Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, India
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5
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Wong KH, Guo Z, Law MK, Chen M. Functionalized PAMAM constructed nanosystems for biomacromolecule delivery. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1589-1606. [PMID: 36692071 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamines (PAMAMs) are a class of dendrimer with monodispersity and controlled topology, which can deliver biologically active macromolecules (e.g., genes and proteins) to specific regions with high efficiency and minimum side effects. In detail, PAMAMs can be functionalized easily by core modification or surface amendment to encapsulate a wide range of biomacromolecules. Besides, self-assembled, cross-linked and hybrid PAMAMs with customized therapeutic purposes are developed as delivery vehicles, which makes PAMAMs promising for biomacromolecule therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of PAMAMs in biomacromolecule delivery from the synthesis of functionalized PAMAM carriers to the development of PAMAM-based drug delivery systems. The underlying strategies for PAMAM functionalization and assembly are first systematically discussed, and then the current applications of PAMAMs for biomacromolecule delivery are reviewed. Finally, a brief perspective on the further applications of PAMAMs concludes, aiming to provide insights into developing PAMAM-based biomacromolecule delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hong Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Man-Kay Law
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, IME and FST-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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Shiabiev IE, Pysin DA, Padnya PL, Stoikov II. First-Generation Dendrimers Based on Thiacalix[4]arene Containing Hydroxyl Terminal Groups: Synthesis and Self-Assembly. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222120040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Synthesis, dynamics and applications (cytotoxicity and biocompatibility) of dendrimers: a mini-review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Badalkhani-Khamseh F, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Hadipour NL, Behmanesh M. PEGylated PAMAM Dendrimers as Eptifibatide Nanocarriers: An Atomistic View from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Zhang L, He G, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang S. Design of Biocompatible Chitosan/Polyaniline/Laponite Hydrogel with Photothermal Conversion Capability. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1089. [PMID: 36008982 PMCID: PMC9405619 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multifunctional hydrogels have received a great deal of attention because they are biocompatible and can mimic the extracellular matrix. Herein, we prepared hydrogels of biocompatible cross-linked networks with photothermal properties. In this study, a chitosan/polyaniline/laponite (COL) hydrogel with photothermal conversion capability was designed. Polyaniline was firstly grafted onto chitosan and its solution was mixed with oxidized dextran, which was then cross-linked into a hydrogel via a Schiff base reaction. Furthermore, an aluminosilicate clay material, laponite (LAP), was incorporated into the hydrogel. The swelling ratio of the COL hydrogel in various solutions was greater than 580%, and it showed good degradation ability (the mass-loss ratio was over 45% after 28 days). This composite hydrogel was demonstrated to have good photothermal conversion properties and biocompatibility at both the cell (cell viability was over 97%) and animal levels. The COL hydrogel showed a photothermal conversion efficiency of 23.7% under the irradiation of a near-infrared laser. Coupled with the osteogenic differentiation-inducing potential of LAP, the COL hydrogel has the potential to kill tumors via hyperthermia or serve as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Gao He
- The First Clinial Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The First Clinial Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
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Ebeid K, Geary SM, Salem AK. Preparation and Characterization of a Liver Targeted, Poly(amidoamine) Based, Gene Delivery System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2455:319-332. [PMID: 35213004 PMCID: PMC9670859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an aggressive liver disease that is considered a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is characterized by multiple underlying genetic mutations, with no approved cure to date. Gene therapies that target those genetic mutations may play a major role in treating this disease, once delivered specifically to the hepatocytes. In this chapter we present, in detail, the synthesis and the characterization of an efficient gene delivery system capable of targeting hepatocytes by exploiting the overexpression of asialoglycoprotein receptors on their cell surface. The targeting ligand, galactose derivative, lactobionic acid (Gal), is first conjugated to bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and then the formed PEG-Gal is further conjugated to the positively charged polymer, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) to form a PAMAM-PEG-Gal construct that can complex and deliver genetic material (e.g., pDNA, siRNA, mRNA) specifically to hepatocytes. We first synthesize PAMAM-PEG-Gal using carbodiimide click chemistry. The synthesized conjugate is characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Next, nanoplexes are prepared by combining the positively charged conjugate and the negatively charged genetic material at different nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratios; then the size, charge, electrophoretic mobility, and surface morphology of those nanoplexes are estimated. The simplicity of complexing our conjugate with any type of genetic material, the ability of our delivery system to overcome the current limitations of delivering naked genetic material, and the efficiency of delivering its payload specifically to hepatocytes, makes our formulation a promising tool to treat any type of genetic abnormality that arises in hepatocytes, and specifically NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Ebeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Tang Q, Liu D, Chen H, He D, Pan W, Li Q, Xie W, Chen S, Yu C. Functionalized PAMAM-Based system for targeted delivery of miR-205 and 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Kharwade R, Badole P, Mahajan N, More S. Toxicity And Surface Modification Of Dendrimers: A Critical Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:451-465. [PMID: 34674620 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211021160441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As compared to other nano polymers, dendrimers have novel three dimensional, synthetic hyperbranched, nano-polymeric structures. The characteristic of these supramolecular dendritic structures has a high degree of significant surface as well as core functionality in the transportation of drugs for targeted therapy, specifically in host-guest response, gene transfer therapy and imaging of biological systems. However, there are conflicting shreds of evidence regarding biological safety and dendrimers toxicity due to their positive charge at the surface. It includes cytotoxicity, hemolytic toxicity, haematological toxicity, immunogenicity and in vivo toxicity. Therefore to resolve these problems surface modification of the dendrimer group is one of the methods. From that point, this review involves different strategies which reduce the toxicity and improve the biocompatibility of different types of dendrimers. From that viewpoint, we broaden the structural and safe characteristics of the dendrimers in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kharwade
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS). India
| | - Payal Badole
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS). India
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS). India
| | - Sachin More
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS). India
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Poly (propylene imine) dendrimer as an emerging polymeric nanocarrier for anticancer drug and gene delivery. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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PE38-based gene therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer stem cells via VHH-redirected polyamidoamine dendrimers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15517. [PMID: 34330942 PMCID: PMC8324773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) resist conventional treatments and cause tumor recurrence. Almost 25% of breast cancers overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). Here we developed a novel multi-targeted nanosystem to specifically eradicate HER2+ BCSCs. Plasmids containing CXCR1 promoter, PE38 toxin, and 5′UTR of the basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF 5'UTR) were constructed. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers functionalized with anti-HER2 VHHs were used for plasmid delivery. Stem cell proportion of MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231/HER2+ and MCF-10A were evaluated by mammosphere formation assay. Hanging drop technique was used to produce spheroids. The uptake, gene expression, and killing efficacy of the multi-targeted nanosystem were evaluated in both monolayer and spheroid culture. MDA-MB-231/HER2+ had higher ability to form mammosphere compared to MCF-10A. Our multi-targeted nanosystem efficiently inhibited the mammosphere formation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/HER2+ cells, while it was unable to prevent the mammosphere formation of MCF-10A. In the hanging drop culture, MDA-MB-231/HER+ generated compact well-rounded spheroids, while MCF-10A failed to form compact cellular masses. The multi-targeted nanosystem showed much better uptake, higher PE38 expression, and subsequent cell death in MDA-MB-231/HER2+ compared to MCF-10A. However, the efficacy of our targeted toxin gene therapy was lower in MDA-MB-231/HER2+ spheroids compared with that in the monolayer culture. the combination of the cell surface, transcriptional, and translational targeting increased the stringency of the treatment.
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Li J, Shen M, Shi X. Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer-Gold Nanohybrids in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Concise Overview. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5590-5605. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal 9020-105, Portugal
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Wong PT, Tang S, Cannon J, Yang K, Harrison R, Ruge M, O'Konek JJ, Choi SK. Shielded α-Nucleophile Nanoreactor for Topical Decontamination of Reactive Organophosphate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33500-33515. [PMID: 32603588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a nanoscale reactor strategy with a topical application in the therapeutic decontamination of reactive organophosphates (OPs) as chemical threat agents. It involves functionalization of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer through a combination of its partial PEG shielding and exhaustive conjugation with an OP-reactive α-nucleophile moiety at its peripheral branches. We prepared a 16-member library composed of two α-nucleophile classes (oxime, hydroxamic acid), each varying in its reactor valency (43-176 reactive units per nanoparticle), and linker framework for α-nucleophile tethering. Their mechanism for OP inactivation occurred via nucleophilic catalysis as verified against P-O and P-S bonded OPs including paraoxon-ethyl (POX), malaoxon, and omethoate by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Screening their reactivity for POX inactivation was performed under pH- and temperature-controlled conditions, which resulted in identifying 13 conjugates, each showing shorter POX half-life up to 2 times as compared to a reference Dekon 139 at pH 10.5, 37 °C. Of these, 10 conjugates were further confirmed for greater efficacy in POX decontamination experiments performed in two skin models, porcine skin and an artificial human microtissue. Finally, a few lead conjugates were selected and demonstrated for their biocompatibility in vitro as evident with lack of skin absorption, no inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and no cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. In summary, this study presents a novel nanoreactor library, its screening methods, and identification of potent lead conjugates with potential for therapeutic OP decontamination.
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Gu J, Clegg JR, Heersema LA, Peppas NA, Smyth HDC. Optimization of Cationic Nanogel PEGylation to Achieve Mammalian Cytocompatibility with Limited Loss of Gram-Negative Bactericidal Activity. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1528-1538. [PMID: 32207917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the composition of antimicrobial nanogels can significantly alter both nanogel cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. This project investigated the extent to which PEGylation of cationic, hydrophobic nanogels altered their cytotoxicity and bactericidal activity. These biodegradable, cationic nanogels were synthesized by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) emulsion polymerization with up to 13.9 wt % PEG (MW = 2000) MA, as verified by 1H NMR. Nanogel bactericidal activity was assessed against Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa and Gram-positive S. mutans and S. aureus by measuring membrane lysis with a LIVE/DEAD assay. E. coli and S. mutans viability was further validated by measuring metabolic activity with a PrestoBlue assay and imaging bacteria stained with a LIVE/DEAD probe. All tested nanogels decreased the membrane integrity (0.5 mg/mL dose) for Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, irrespective of the extent of PEGylation. PEGylation (13.9 wt %) increased the cytocompatibility of cationic nanogels toward RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and L929 murine fibroblasts by over 100-fold, relative to control nanogels. PEGylation (42.8 wt %) reduced nanogel uptake by 43% for macrophages and 63% for fibroblasts. Therefore, PEGylation reduced nanogel toxicity to mammalian cells without significantly compromising their bactericidal activity. These results facilitate future nanogel design for perturbing the growth of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78705, United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- The LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Gonçalves M, Mignani S, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. A glance over doxorubicin based-nanotherapeutics: From proof-of-concept studies to solutions in the market. J Control Release 2020; 317:347-374. [PMID: 31751636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and, as such, efforts are being done to find new chemotherapeutic drugs or, alternatively, novel approaches for the delivery of old ones. In this scope, when used as vehicles for drugs, nanomaterials may potentially maximize the efficacy of the treatment and reduce its side effects, for example by a change in drug's pharmacokinetics, cell targeting and/or specific stimuli-responsiveness. This is the case of doxorubicin (DOX) that presents a broad spectrum of activity and is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs as first-line treatment. Indeed, DOX is a very interesting example of a drug for which several nanosized delivery systems have been developed over the years. While it is true that some of these systems are already in the market, it is also true that research on this subject remains very active and that there is a continuing search for new solutions. In this sense, this review takes the example of doxorubicin, not so much with the focus on the drug itself, but rather as a case study around which very diverse and imaginative nanotechnology approaches have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gonçalves
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Serge Mignani
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, 45, rue des Saints Peres, 75006 Paris, France
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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Gonçalves M, Mignani S, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. A glance over doxorubicin based-nanotherapeutics: From proof-of-concept studies to solutions in the market. J Control Release 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Li A, Qiu J, Zhou B, Xu B, Xiong Z, Hao X, Shi X, Cao X. The gene transfection and endocytic uptake pathways mediated by PEGylated PEI-entrapped gold nanoparticles. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Zhu Y, Liu C, Pang Z. Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Targeting. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E790. [PMID: 31783573 PMCID: PMC6995517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding basic aspects of functional organization; it is a renowned fact that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the permeation and access of most drugs to central nervous system (CNS) and that many neurological diseases remain undertreated. Therefore, a number of nanocarriers have been designed over the past few decades to deliver drugs to the brain. Among these nanomaterials, dendrimers have procured an enormous attention from scholars because of their nanoscale uniform size, ease of multi-functionalization, and available internal cavities. As hyper-branched 3D macromolecules, dendrimers can be maneuvered to transport diverse therapeutic agents, incorporating small molecules, peptides, and genes; diminishing their cytotoxicity; and improving their efficacy. Herein, the present review will give exhaustive details of extensive researches in the field of dendrimer-based vehicles to deliver drugs through the BBB in a secure and effectual manner. It is also a souvenir in commemorating Donald A. Tomalia on his 80th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Medical Center, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chunying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
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22
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Dou X, Meints GA, Sedaghat-Herati R. New Insights into the Interactions of a DNA Oligonucleotide with mPEGylated-PAMAM by Circular Dichroism and Solution NMR. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:666-674. [PMID: 30562015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are well-defined, highly branched, synthetic three-dimensional molecules with a large number of reactive end groups. PAMAM dendrimers form stable complexes with DNA chemistries and constitute an important class of nonviral, cationic vectors in gene delivery. The aim of this study is to examine the interactions of a 12 bp DNA oligonucletide with PAMAM-G2 and mPEG- b-PAMAM-G3 having eight surface amine groups under physiological conditions, using constant DNA concentration but varying dendrimer concentration. 1D 31P NMR, 2D NOESY, and CD spectroscopic methods were employed to investigate the interactions between the dendrimer and the DNA. The CD experiments carried out with a constant DNA concentration of 25 μM and dendrimer concentrations from 0 to 100 μM indicated minimal change to the chirality of the DNA for both types of dendrimers. While the PAMAM-G2 dendrimer caused aggregation of the majority of the DNA, the 2D NMR data of the DNA with an mPEG- b-PAMAM-G3 dendrimer indicated general broadening of the 1D 31P peaks from the DNA phosphates, a small number of 1H chemical shift perturbations (CSPs), and reduction of specific 1H-1H NOE intensities. These data suggest there is minimal structural alteration of the DNA in the complex and indicate preferential binding of the dendrimer to the central AATT region of the DNA sequence. The results herein are the first such results demonstrating a soluble DNA complex with the mPEG- b-PAMAM-G3 dendrimer analyzed by multidimensional NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Dou
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri State University , Springfield , Missouri 65897 , United States
| | - Gary A Meints
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri State University , Springfield , Missouri 65897 , United States
| | - Reza Sedaghat-Herati
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri State University , Springfield , Missouri 65897 , United States
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Song Z, Liang X, Wang Y, Han H, Yang J, Fang X, Li Q. Phenylboronic acid-functionalized polyamidoamine-mediated miR-34a delivery for the treatment of gastric cancer. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present research, a tumor-targeted gene carrier, PPP, was constructed through the modification of phenylboronic acid onto the surface of a polyamidoamine dendrimer, and then miR-34a delivery was employed as a model to evaluate its anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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24
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Cytotoxicity and in vivo plasma kinetic behavior of surface-functionalized PAMAM dendrimers. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2227-2234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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van den Brand D, Mertens V, Massuger LF, Brock R. siRNA in ovarian cancer – Delivery strategies and targets for therapy. J Control Release 2018; 283:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Somani S, Laskar P, Altwaijry N, Kewcharoenvong P, Irving C, Robb G, Pickard BS, Dufès C. PEGylation of polypropylenimine dendrimers: effects on cytotoxicity, DNA condensation, gene delivery and expression in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9410. [PMID: 29925967 PMCID: PMC6010408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diaminobutyric polypropylenimine (DAB) dendrimers have been shown to be highly efficient non-viral gene delivery systems for cancer therapy. However, their cytotoxicity currently limits their applications. To overcome this issue, PEGylation of DAB dendrimer, using various PEG molecular weights and dendrimer generations, has been attempted to decrease the cytotoxicity and enhance the DNA condensation, size and zeta potential, cellular uptake and transfection efficacy of these dendriplexes. Among all the PEGylated dendrimers synthesized, generation 3- and generation 4-DAB conjugated to low molecular weight PEG (2 kDa) at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1 and 10:1 resulted in an increase in gene expression on almost all tested cancer cells lines (by up to 3.2-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer in A431 cells). The highest level of β-galactosidase gene expression (10.07 × 10-3 ± 0.09 × 10-3 U/mL) was obtained following treatment of B16F10-Luc cells with G4-dendrimer PEGylated with PEG2K at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1. These delivery systems significantly decreased cytotoxicity on B16F10-Luc cells, by more than 3.4-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer. PEGylated generations 3- and 4-DAB dendrimers are therefore promising gene delivery systems for cancer therapy, combining low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrut Somani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Partha Laskar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Paphitchaya Kewcharoenvong
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Irving
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Robb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Dufès
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Ebrahimian M, Taghavi S, Ghoreishi M, Sedghi S, Amel Farzad S, Ramezani M, Hashemi M. Evaluation of Efficiency of Modified Polypropylenimine (PPI) with Alkyl Chains as Non-viral Vectors Used in Co-delivery of Doxorubicin and TRAIL Plasmid. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1029-1036. [PMID: 29116619 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, co-delivery system was achieved via plasmid encoding TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (pTRAIL) and doxorubicin (DOX) using carrier based on polypropylenimine (PPI) modified with 10-bromodecanoic acid. Incorporation of alkylcarboxylate chain to PPIs (G4 and G5) could improve transfection efficiency via overcoming the plasma membrane barrier of the cells and decrease cytotoxicity of PPI. Characterization of fabricated NPs revealed that PPI G5 in which 30% of primary amines were substituted by alkyl carboxylate chain (PPI G5-Alkyl 30%) has higher drug loading as compared to the other formulations. PPI G5-Alkyl 30% indicated a decreased drug release may be due to alkyl chains on the surface of PPI, which serve as an additional hindrance for drug diffusion. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that co-delivery system induced apoptosis of tumor cells more efficiently than each of delivery system alone. Furthermore, these results revealed that our combined delivery platform of pTRAIL and DOX using Alkyl-modified PPI G5 can significantly improve the anti-tumor activity and this strategy might develop a new therapeutic window for cancer treatment.
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28
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He D, Lin H, Yu Y, Shi L, Tu J. Precisely Defined Polymers for Efficient Gene Delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:2. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kretzmann JA, Evans CW, Norret M, Blancafort P, Swaminathan Iyer K. Non-viral Methodology for Efficient Co-transfection. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524139 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7774-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of CRISPR/Cas9, TALE, and zinc finger technology is immense, both with respect to their use as tools for understanding the roles and functions of the genomic elements and epigenome modifications in an endogenous context and as new methods for treatment of diseases. Application of such technologies has drawn attention, however, to the prevailing lack of effective delivery methods. Promising viral and non-viral methods both currently fall short when the efficient delivery of large plasmids or multiple plasmids is required. Therefore, the use of TALE and CRISPR platforms has been severely limited in applications where selection methods to increase the relative proportion of treated cells are not applicable, and it represents a significant bottleneck in the further application of these tools as therapeutics.The protocol presented here describes the synthesis of a dendronized polymer as a highly efficient and nontoxic transfection agent. Furthermore, the optimization of the polymer as a co-transfection reagent for large and multiple plasmids in cell lines is described, in addition to general considerations for co-transfection experiments. Usage of this method has allowed for significantly improved large plasmid co-transfection efficiency over Lipofectamine 2000 in multiple cell lines, allowing an improved delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 and TALE systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kretzmann
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Cameron W Evans
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Marck Norret
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Pang CT, Ammit AJ, Ong YQE, Wheate NJ. para-Sulfonatocalix[4]arene and polyamidoamine dendrimer nanocomplexes as delivery vehicles for a novel platinum anticancer agent. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 176:1-7. [PMID: 28810174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel para-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (sCX[4]) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanocomplexes were evaluated as delivery vehicles for the platinum anticancer agent [(1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II)] chloride (PHENSS). Different ratios of sCX[4] to PHENSS were tested for their compatibility, with a ratio of 6:1 sCX[4]:PHENSS having the best solubility. The loading of sCX[4], and sCX[4]-bound PHENSS, onto three different generations of PAMAM dendrimers (G3.0-5.0) was examined using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The quantity of sCX[4] bound was found to increase exponentially with dendrimer size: G3, 15 sCX[4] molecules per dendrimer; G4, 37; and G5, 78. Similarly, the loading of sCX[4]-bound PHENSS also increased with increasing dendrimer size: G3, 7 PHENSS molecules per dendrimer; G4, 14; and G5, 28.5. The loading of sCX[4]-bound PHENSS molecules is significantly lower when compared with that of sCX[4], which indicates that less than half of the binding sites were occupied (45, 44, and 44%, respectively). By 1H NMR and UV-vis analysis, the nanocomplex was found to be stable in NaCl solutions at concentrations up to 150mM. While PHENSS is more active in vitro than cisplatin against the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, delivery of PHENSS using the sCX[4]-dendrimer nanocomplexes, regardless of dendrimer generation, had little effect on PHENSS cytotoxicity. The results of this study may have application in the delivery of a variety of small molecule metal-based drugs for which chemical conjugation to a nanoparticle is undesired or not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ting Pang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Nial J Wheate
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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31
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Rajendrakumar SK, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Trigger-Responsive Gene Transporters for Anticancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E120. [PMID: 28587119 PMCID: PMC5485767 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of gene delivery, trigger-responsive nanoparticles for the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA, siRNAs, and miRNAs, to cancer cells have attracted considerable interest. The cationic gene transporters commonly used are typically in the form of polyplexes, lipoplexes or mixtures of both, and their gene transfer efficiency in cancer cells depends on several factors, such as cell binding, intracellular trafficking, buffering capacity for endosomal escape, DNA unpacking, nuclear transportation, cell viability, and DNA protection against nucleases. Some of these factors influence other factors adversely, and therefore, it is of critical importance that these factors are balanced. Recently, with the advancements in contemporary tools and techniques, trigger-responsive nanoparticles with the potential to overcome their intrinsic drawbacks have been developed. This review summarizes the mechanisms and limitations of cationic gene transporters. In addition, it covers various triggers, such as light, enzymes, magnetic fields, and ultrasound (US), used to enhance the gene transfer efficiency of trigger-responsive gene transporters in cancer cells. Furthermore, the challenges associated with and future directions in developing trigger-responsive gene transporters for anticancer therapy are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kalash Rajendrakumar
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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32
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Han H, Yang J, Wang Y, Chen W, Chen J, Yang Y, Li Q. Nucleobase-modified polyamidoamine-mediated miR-23b delivery to inhibit the proliferation and migration of lung cancer. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2268-2275. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nucleobase analogue 2-amino-6-chloropurine was modified on the surface of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) to construct a derivative AP-PAMAM, and then it was used as a gene carrier for miR-23b delivery to achieve the anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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Askarian S, Abnous K, Ayatollahi S, Farzad SA, Oskuee RK, Ramezani M. PAMAM-pullulan conjugates as targeted gene carriers for liver cell. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:929-937. [PMID: 27988010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nano-carriers are highly needed to promote nucleic acid delivery into the specific cell for therapeutic approaches. Pullulan as a linear carbohydrate has an intrinsic liver targeting property interacting with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) found on liver cells. In the present study, we developed polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-pullulan conjugates and investigated their targeting activity in delivering gene into liver cells. The particle size, zeta potential, buffering capacity and ethidium bromide exclusion assays of the conjugates were evaluated. The cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of new derivatives were assessed following in vitro transfection of HepG2 (receptor positive) and N2A (receptor negative) cell lines. Size of conjugated polymers ranged between 118 and 184 nanometers and their cytotoxicity were similar to PAMAM. Among six produced nanocarriers, G4PU4 and G5PU4 enhanced transfection efficiency in HepG2 cells compared to unmodified PAMAM. Therefore, the PAMAM-pullulan derivatives seem to improve delivery of nucleic acids into the liver cells expressing asialoglycoprotein receptor with minimal transfection in non-targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Askarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sara Ayatollahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sara Amel Farzad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jain V, Maiti PK, Bharatam PV. Atomic level insights into realistic molecular models of dendrimer-drug complexes through MD simulations. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Prabal K. Maiti
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
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Márquez-Miranda V, Araya-Durán I, Camarada MB, Comer J, Valencia-Gallegos JA, González-Nilo FD. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers: The Role of Generation and Alkyl Chain Length in siRNA Interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29436. [PMID: 27377641 PMCID: PMC4932498 DOI: 10.1038/srep29436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An ideal nucleic-acid transfection system should combine the physical and chemical characteristics of cationic lipids and linear polymers to decrease cytotoxicity and uptake limitations. Previous research described new types of carriers termed amphiphilic dendrimers (ADs), which are based on polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM). These ADs display the cell membrane affinity advantage of lipids and preserve the high affinity for DNA possessed by cationic dendrimers. These lipid/dendrimer hybrids consist of a low-generation, hydrophilic dendron (G2, G1, or G0) bonded to a hydrophobic tail. The G2-18C AD was reported to be an efficient siRNA vector with significant gene silencing. However, shorter tail ADs (G2-15C and G2-13C) and lower generation (G0 and G1) dendrimers failed as transfection carriers. To date, the self-assembly phenomenon of this class of amphiphilic dendrimers has not been molecularly explored using molecular simulation methods. To gain insight into these systems, the present study used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to describe how ADs are able to self-assemble into an aggregate, and, specifically, how tail length and generation play a key role in this event. Finally, explanations are given for the better efficiency of G2/18-C as gene carrier in terms of binding of siRNA. This knowledge could be relevant for the design of novel, safer ADs with well-optimized affinity for siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Márquez-Miranda
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Biología, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Av. República 239, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Ingrid Araya-Durán
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Biología, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Av. República 239, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research, Las Condes, Chile
| | - María Belén Camarada
- Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Laboratorio de Bionanotecnología, General Gana 1702, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Kansas State University, Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas, USA
| | - Jesús A. Valencia-Gallegos
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, N.L, México
| | - Fernando Danilo González-Nilo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Biología, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Av. República 239, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research, Las Condes, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Modulated cellular delivery of anti-VEGF siRNA (bevasiranib) by incorporating supramolecular assemblies of hydrophobically modified polyamidoamine dendrimer in stealth liposomes. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:30-41. [PMID: 27291973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipopolymer based system was designed and characterized for cellular delivery of anti-VEGF siRNA in SKBR-3 breast tumor cell line. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of low generations (G1, G2 and G3) were incorporated into polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized liposomes by following the consecutive steps: (a) synthesis of the cholesterol conjugates (40% molar ratio of cholesterol to primary amines of PAMAM), (b) incorporation of the conjugates in liposome by lipid mixing and (c) microencapsulation of the siRNA using the ethanol drop method. The cholesterol conjugates of PAMAM dendrimers (G1-Chol40%, G2-Chol40% and G3-Chol40%) formed self assembly with low CMC values (<11μg/ml). Not only did G2-Chol40% show the highest lipid mixing among the cholesterol conjugates, but also, had the lowest leakage of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein tracer. Various N(amine))/L(lipid)/P(phosphate) mole ratios were investigated for siRNA condensation by ethidium bromide dye exclusion assay. The optimum N/L/P ratio of 20:33:10 was chosen for microencapsulation of anti-VEGF siRNA by ethanol drop method, showing particle size of 130nm, zeta-potential of +4mV, siRNA loading efficiency and capacity of 96% and 13wt%, and high stability against heparin sulfate (extracellular matrix). TEM shows uniform and discrete oligo- or multi-lamellar vesicular structures. The liposome incorporating G2-Chol40% was successfully internalized into SKBR-3 cells mainly through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which was able to escape from endosomes and showed a significantly higher sequence-specific inhibition of VEGF expression and cell growth than the respective G2-Chol40%/siRNA dendriplexes. Importantly, the cytotoxicity decreased with incorporation of G2-Chol40% in the liposomes.
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Synthesis and characterization of a PAMAM-OH derivative containing an acid-labile β-thiopropionate bond for gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:314-327. [PMID: 27260132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes the synthesis of a hydroxyl terminal PAMAM dendrimer (PAMAM-OH) derivative (PAMSPF). The hydroxyls of PAMAM-OH were attached to S-Methyl-l-cysteine (SMLC) via an acid-labile ester bond, named as β-thiopropionate bond, followed by modification with folic acid (FA) through a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. The degrees of attachment of SMLC and FA to the PAMAM-OH backbone were 83.9% and 12.8%, respectively. PAMSPF could condense DNA to form spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes of ∼200nm and remain stable in the presence of heparin and nuclease. The β-thiopropionate bond in PAMSPF was hydrolyzed completely and the DNA release rate was 95.8±3.3% after incubation under mildly acidic conditions at 37°C for 3h. PAMSPF/DNA was less cytotoxic to KB and HepG2 cells and exhibited a higher gene transfection efficiency than native PAMAM/DNA. The uptake assays showed that PAMSPF/DNA entered KB cells within 0.5h through folate receptor-mediated endocytosis and escaped from endosomes within 2h. In addition, PAMSPF/DNA displayed long circulation time along with excellent targeting of tumor sites in vivo. These findings demonstrate that PAMSPF is an excellent carrier for safe and effective gene delivery.
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Sanyakamdhorn S, Agudelo D, Bekale L, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Targeted conjugation of breast anticancer drug tamoxifen and its metabolites with synthetic polymers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:55-63. [PMID: 27137803 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of antitumor drug tamoxifen and its metabolites, 4-hydroxytamxifen and ednoxifen with synthetic polymers poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), methoxypoly (ethylene glycol) polyamidoamine (mPEG-PAMAM-G3) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM-G4) dendrimers was studied in aqueous solution at pH 7.4. Multiple spectroscopic methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular modeling were used to characterize the drug binding process to synthetic polymers. Structural analysis showed that drug-polymer binding occurs via both H-bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The order of binding is PAMAM-G4>mPEG-PAMAM-G3>PEG-6000 with 4-hydroxttamoxifen forming more stable conjugate than tamoxifen and endoxifen. Transmission electron microscopy showed significant changes in carrier morphology with major changes in the shape of the polymer aggregate as drug encapsulation occurred. Modeling also showed that drug is located in the surface and in the internal cavities of PAMAM with the free binding energy of -3.79 for tamoxifen, -3.70 for 4-hydroxytamoxifen and -3.69kcal/mol for endoxifen, indicating of spontaneous drug-polymer interaction at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanyakamdhorn
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois- Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - D Agudelo
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois- Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - L Bekale
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois- Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - H A Tajmir-Riahi
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois- Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Chen Y, Li Y, Gao J, Cao Z, Jiang Q, Liu J, Jiang Z. Enzymatic PEGylated Poly(lactone-co-β-amino ester) Nanoparticles as Biodegradable, Biocompatible and Stable Vectors for Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:490-501. [PMID: 26673948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed new, efficient gene delivery systems based on PEGylated poly(lactone-co-β-amino ester) block copolymers that are biodegradable, stable and low in toxicity. The PEG-poly[PDL-co-3-(4-(methylene)piperidin-1-yl)propanoate] (PEG-PPM) diblock and PPM-PEG-PPM triblock copolymers with various compositions were synthesized in one step via lipase-catalyzed copolymerization of ω-pentadecalactone (PDL) and ethyl 3-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)propanoate (EHMPP) with an appropriate PEG (MeO-PEG-OH or HO-PEG-OH). The amphiphilic block copolymers are capable of condensing DNA in aqueous medium via a self-assembly process to form polyplex micelle nanoparticles with desirable particle sizes (70-140 nm). These micelles possess low CMC values and are stable in the medium containing serum protein molecules (FBS). Among the PEG-PPM and PPM-PEG-PPM micelles, the PEG-PPM-15% PDL micelle particles exhibited high DNA-binding ability, the fastest cellular uptake rate and highest gene transfection efficacy. Flow cytometry analysis shows that LucDNA/PEG-PPM-15% PDL polyplex micelles can effectively escape from endosomal degradation after cellular uptake likely due to the presence of the tertiary amine groups in the copolymer chains that act as proton sponges. In vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis assay experiments indicate that all copolymer samples are nonhemolytic and have minimal toxicity toward COS-7 cells within the polymer concentration range (≤200 μg/mL) used for the gene transfection. These results demonstrate that the PEGylated poly(lactone-co-β-amino ester) block copolymers are promising new vectors for gene delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yingqin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jinbiao Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhaozhong Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Innovations Center, Yale University , 600 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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40
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Shakya A, Dougherty CA, Xue Y, Al-Hashimi HM, Banaszak Holl MM. Rapid Exchange Between Free and Bound States in RNA-Dendrimer Polyplexes: Implications on the Mechanism of Delivery and Release. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:154-64. [PMID: 26595195 PMCID: PMC5070374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A combination of solution NMR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence quenching assays were employed to obtain insights into the dynamics and structural features of a polyplex system consisting of HIV-1 transactivation response element (TAR) and PEGylated generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G5-PEG). NMR chemical shift mapping and (13)C spin relaxation based dynamics measurements depict the polyplex system as a highly dynamic assembly where the RNA, with its local structure and dynamics preserved, rapidly exchanges (
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hashim M. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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41
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Chanphai P, Bekale L, Tajmir-Riahi H. Conjugation of steroids with PAMAM nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:1035-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Biomimetics: From Bioinformatics to Rational Design of Dendrimers as Gene Carriers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138392. [PMID: 26382062 PMCID: PMC4575034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetics, or the use of principles of Nature for developing new materials, is a paradigm that could help Nanomedicine tremendously. One of the current challenges in Nanomedicine is the rational design of new efficient and safer gene carriers. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are a well-known class of nanoparticles, extensively used as non-viral nucleic acid carriers, due to their positively charged end-groups. Yet, there are still several aspects that can be improved for their successful application in in vitro and in vivo systems, including their affinity for nucleic acids as well as lowering their cytotoxicity. In the search of new functional groups that could be used as new dendrimer-reactive groups, we followed a biomimetic approach to determine the amino acids with highest prevalence in protein-DNA interactions. Then we introduced them individually as terminal groups of dendrimers, generating a new class of nanoparticles. Molecular dynamics studies of two systems: PAMAM-Arg and PAMAM-Lys were also performed in order to describe the formation of complexes with DNA. Results confirmed that the introduction of amino acids as terminal groups in a dendrimer increases their affinity for DNA and the interactions in the complexes were characterized at atomic level. We end up by briefly discussing additional modifications that can be made to PAMAM dendrimers to turned them into promising new gene carriers.
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43
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Hennig R, Veser A, Kirchhof S, Goepferich A. Branched Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Multivalent Blockade of Angiotensin II Receptors. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3292-302. [PMID: 26252154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for treatment of ocular diseases associated with neovascularizations, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, shows tremendous promise but is presently limited due to short intravitreal half-life. Conjugation of ARB molecules to branched polymers could vastly augment their therapeutic efficacy. EXP3174, a potent non-peptide ARB, was conjugated to branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: 7.8 ligand molecules were tethered to each 40 kDa PEG molecule whereas 16.7 ligand molecules were linked to each PAMAM generation 5 dendrimer. The multivalent PEG and PAMAM conjugates blocked AT1R signaling with an IC50 of 224 and 36.3 nM, respectively. The 6-fold higher affinity of the multivalent ligand-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers was due to their unique microarchitecture and ability to suppress polymer-drug interactions. Remarkably, both polymer-drug conjugates exhibited no cytotoxicity, in stark contrast to plain PAMAM dendrimers. With sufficiently long vitreous half-lives, both synthesized polymer-ARB conjugates have the potential to pave a new path for the therapy of ocular diseases accompanied by retinal neovascularizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hennig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anika Veser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirchhof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
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44
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Smith RJ, Beck RW, Prevette LE. Impact of molecular weight and degree of conjugation on the thermodynamics of DNA complexation and stability of polyethylenimine-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers. Biophys Chem 2015; 203-204:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Dehshahri A, Sadeghpour H. Surface decorations of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer by various pendant moieties for improved delivery of nucleic acid materials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 132:85-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Recombinant invasive Lactococcus lactis can transfer DNA vaccines either directly to dendritic cells or across an epithelial cell monolayer. Vaccine 2015; 33:4807-12. [PMID: 26241952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis), a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) bacterium has recently been investigated as a mucosal delivery vehicle for DNA vaccines. Because of its GRAS status, L. lactis represents an attractive alternative to attenuated pathogens. Previous studies showed that eukaryotic expression plasmids could be delivered into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by L. lactis, or recombinant invasive strains of L. lactis, leading to heterologous protein expression. Although expression of antigens in IECs might lead to vaccine responses, it would be of interest to know whether uptake of L. lactis DNA vaccines by dendritic cells (DCs) could lead to antigen expression as they are unique in their ability to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. To test this, we incubated mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) with invasive L. lactis strains expressing either Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin Binding Protein A (LL-FnBPA+), or Listeria monocytogenes mutated Internalin A (LL-mInlA+), both strains carrying a plasmid DNA vaccine (pValac) encoding for the cow milk allergen β-lactoglobulin (BLG). We demonstrated that they can transfect BMDCs, inducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12. We also measured the capacity of strains to invade a polarized monolayer of IECs, mimicking the situation encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. Gentamycin survival assay in these cells showed that LL-mInlA+ is 100 times more invasive than L. lactis. The cross-talk between differentiated IECs, BMDCs and bacteria was also evaluated using an in vitro transwell co-culture model. Co-incubation of strains in this model showed that DCs incubated with LL-mInlA+ containing pValac:BLG could express significant levels of BLG. These results suggest that DCs could sample bacteria containing the DNA vaccine across the epithelial barrier and express the antigen.
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47
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Jong T, Pérez-López AM, Johansson EMV, Lilienkampf A, Bradley M. Flow and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of N-(Triethylene glycol)glycine Oligomers and Their Remarkable Cellular Transporter Activities. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1759-65. [PMID: 26155805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ThingSoon Jong
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s
Buildings,
West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Pérez-López
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s
Buildings,
West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. V. Johansson
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s
Buildings,
West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Annamaria Lilienkampf
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s
Buildings,
West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bradley
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s
Buildings,
West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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48
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Rajasekaran D, Srivastava J, Ebeid K, Gredler R, Akiel M, Jariwala N, Robertson CL, Shen XN, Siddiq A, Fisher PB, Salem AK, Sarkar D. Combination of Nanoparticle-Delivered siRNA for Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) and All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA): An Effective Therapeutic Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1651-61. [PMID: 26079152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal cancer with no effective therapy. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) plays a pivotal role in hepatocarcinogenesis and inhibits retinoic acid-induced gene expression and cell death. The combination of a lentivirus expressing AEG-1 shRNA and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) profoundly and synergistically inhibited subcutaneous human HCC xenografts in nude mice. We have now developed liver-targeted nanoplexes by conjugating poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactobionic acid (Gal) (PAMAM-PEG-Gal) which were complexed with AEG-1 siRNA (PAMAM-AEG-1si). The polymer conjugate was characterized by (1)H-NMR, MALDI, and mass spectrometry; and optimal nanoplex formulations were characterized for surface charge, size, and morphology. Orthotopic xenografts of human HCC cell QGY-7703 expressing luciferase (QGY-luc) were established in the livers of athymic nude mice and tumor development was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Tumor-bearing mice were treated with PAMAM-siCon, PAMAM-siCon+ATRA, PAMAM-AEG-1si, and PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA. In the control group the tumor developed aggressively. ATRA showed little effect due to high AEG-1 levels in QGY-luc cells. PAMAM-AEG-1si showed significant reduction in tumor growth, and the combination of PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA showed profound and synergistic inhibition so that the tumors were almost undetectable by BLI. A marked decrease in AEG-1 level was observed in tumor samples treated with PAMAM-AEG-1si. The group treated with PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA nanoplexes showed increased necrosis, inhibition of proliferation, and increased apoptosis when compared to other groups. Liver is an ideal organ for RNAi therapy and ATRA is an approved anticancer agent. Our exciting observations suggest that the combinatorial approach might be an effective way to combat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraja Rajasekaran
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kareem Ebeid
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Rachel Gredler
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Maaged Akiel
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Chadia L Robertson
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- †Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, §Massey Cancer Center; and ∥VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, and ⊥Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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49
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Yang J, Zhang Q, Chang H, Cheng Y. Surface-Engineered Dendrimers in Gene Delivery. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5274-300. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500542t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiepin Yang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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50
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Wong PT, Choi SK. Mechanisms of Drug Release in Nanotherapeutic Delivery Systems. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3388-432. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T. Wong
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute
for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute
for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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