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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Rezaee R, Riahi-Zanjani B, Karimi G. Alleviation of microcystin-leucine arginine -induced hepatotoxicity: An updated overview. Toxicon 2024; 243:107715. [PMID: 38636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contamination of surface waters is a major health threat for all living creatures. Some types of blue-green algae that naturally occur in fresh water, are able to produce various toxins, like Microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa is the most toxic and abundant isoforms of MCs, and it causes hepatotoxicity. The present article reviews preclinical experiments examined different treatments, including herbal derivatives, dietary supplements and drugs against MC-LR hepatotoxicity. METHODS We searched scientific databases Web of Science, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords to find suitable studies until November 2023. RESULTS MC-LR through Organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily transporters (OATPs) penetrates and accumulates in hepatocytes, and it inhibits protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). Consequently, MC-LR disturbs many signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress thus damages cellular macromolecules. Some protective agents, especially plants rich in flavonoids, and natural supplements, as well as chemoprotectants were shown to diminish MC-LR hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION The reviewed agents through blocking the OATP transporters (nontoxic nostocyclopeptide-M1, captopril, and naringin), then inhibition of MC-LR uptake (naringin, rifampin, cyclosporin-A, silymarin and captopril), and finally at restoration of PPAse activity (silybin, quercetin, morin, naringin, rifampin, captopril, azo dyes) exert hepatoprotective effect against MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Bio Environmental Health Hazard Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Takumi S, Tomioka M, Yunoki Y, Eto R, Komatsu Y, Shiozaki K, Komatsu M. Microcystin-LR-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like cells acquire resistance to multi-toxins. Toxicon 2024; 238:107592. [PMID: 38163460 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a hepatocyte-selective cyanotoxin, induces phenotypic changes in HEK293 OATP1B3-expressing (HEK293-OATP1B3) cells, which include cytoskeletal reorganization (HEK293-OATP1B3-AD) and anoikis resistance (HEK293-OATP1B3-FL) transformed cells, respectively. These cells acquire resistance to MC-LR and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics. In cancer cells, EMT is generally involved in multi-drug resistance. Here, we focused on the multi-drug resistance of HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells. The MTT assay and immunoblotting were conducted to examine the responses of HEK293-OATP1B3, HEK293-OATP1B3-AD, and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells to multiple toxins and drugs that function as substrates for OATP1B3, including MC-LR, nodularin (Nod), okadaic acid (OA), and cisplatin (CDDP). HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells were more resistant to MC-LR, Nod, and OA than HEK293-OATP1B3 cells. Conversely, the three cell types were equivalently sensitive to CDDP. By using protein phosphatase assay, the reduction of the inhibitory effect of MC-LR and Nod on phosphatase activity might be one reason for the resistance to MC-LR and Nod in HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells. Furthermore, the parental HEK293-OATP1B3 cells showed enhanced p53 phosphorylation and stabilization after MC-LR exposure, while p53 phosphorylation was attenuated in HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells. Moreover, in HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells, AKT phosphorylation was higher than that of the parental HEK293-OATP1B3 cell line. These results suggest that the multi-toxin resistance observed in HEK293-OATP1B3-AD and HEK293-OATP1B3-FL cells is associated with AKT activation and p53 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takumi
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomioka
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yunoki
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Risa Eto
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Komatsu
- Department of Domestic Science, Kagoshima Women's College, 890-8565, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Komatsu
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 890-0056, Kagoshima, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Takumi S, Hashimoto K, Tomioka M, Sato M, He W, Komatsu Y, Aoki S, Ikeda R, Shiozaki K, Furukawa T, Komatsu M. Acteoside from Conandron ramondioides Reduces Microcystin-LR Cytotoxicity by Inhibiting Intracellular Uptake Mediated by OATP1B3. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:616-623. [PMID: 36626925 DOI: 10.1055/a-1978-8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The hepatotoxin microcystin-LR is a strong inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP) 1 and PP2A. The onset of its cytotoxicity depends on its selective uptake via the hepatocyte uptake transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3. Understanding and preventing the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR is crucial to maintain human health. This chemoprevention study demonstrates that the herbal plant extract of iwajisha (20 µg/mL) reduced microcystin-LR cytotoxicity in OATP1B3-expressing cells by approximately six times. In addition, 20 µM acteoside, which is one of the major compounds in iwajisha, reduced microcystin-LR cytotoxicity by approximately 7.4 times. Acteoside could also reduce the cytotoxicity of other compounds, such as okadaic acid and nodularin, which are both substrates of OATP1B3 and inhibitors of PP1/PP2A. To investigate the mechanism by which the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR is attenuated by acteosides, microcystin-LR and microcystin-LR-binding proteins in cells were examined after microcystin-LR and acteosides were co-exposed. Thus, acteoside noncompetitively inhibited microcystin-LR uptake by OATP1B3-expressing cells. Furthermore, acteoside inhibited the intracellular interaction of microcystin-LR with its binding protein(s), including the 22 kDa protein. Furthermore, using immunoblot analysis, acteoside induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is one of the survival signaling molecules. These results suggest that acteoside reduces microcystin-LR cytotoxicity through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of microcystin-LR uptake via OATP1B3, and decreased interaction between microcystin-LR and its binding protein(s), and that ERK signaling activation contributes to the attenuation effect of acteoside against microcystin-LR cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takumi
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kairi Hashimoto
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomioka
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mina Sato
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Weijie He
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Komatsu
- Department of Domestic Science, Kagoshima Women's College, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunji Aoki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Komatsu
- Division of Food and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Zhuang W, He T, Jia BB, Wang ZZ, Zhang L, Dong XZ, Xi SY. Interaction between Chinese medicine and digoxin: Clinical and research update. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1040778. [PMID: 36825153 PMCID: PMC9941676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Digoxin is one of the most widely and commonly used cardiac drug, which plays an irreplaceable role in treating heart failure and arrhythmia. The 2010 Edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the effective range of digoxin plasma concentration is 0.5-2.0 ng/mL and it is toxic at plasma concentration >2 ng/mL. Its effective plasma drug concentration is close to the toxic concentration, and large individual differences in the effects of the drug have been observed. It is often used in combination with other drugs, but drug interactions have a great impact on the plasma concentration of digoxin and lead to adverse reactions (ADRs), such as poisoning. Most of the reported drug interactions are with Western drugs. However, there are many combinations of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western drugs, TCM interacting with digoxin comprises monomer components, single medicines, and Chinese patent medicines. Aim of the study: We aimed i) to provide an overview of the TCM formulations affecting the pharmacology of digoxin and their mechanisms of action and ii) to provide a theoretical reference for the safe and rational use of digoxin in combination with TCM in clinical practice and to avoid ADRs. Methods: A literature search of electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WANFANG Data, was performed to search for articles published between 1 January 1960, and 1 August 2022. Search terms used included "digoxin," "traditional Chinese medicine," "Chinese patent medicine," and "adverse reactions" and their combinations. Results: A total of 49 articles were obtained, including clinical reports, pharmacological experiments and in vitro experiments. The mechanisms of action affecting the pharmacology of digoxin are complex. TCM formulations may affect the pharmacology of digoxin in vivo by influencing gastrointestinal motility or gastric juice pH, regulating P-glycoprotein levels, exerting cumulative pharmacological effects, and enhancing the sensitivity of the heart to digoxin. Although studies have shown that some TCM formulations interact with digoxin, they may be influenced by the complexity of the composition and the pharmacological effects of the TCM, the sensitivity of digoxin concentration determination methods, etc. The results of existing studies are controversial and further in-depth studies are required. Conclusion: Combinations of digoxin and TCM formulations are commonly used. This article serves as a reference to understand the interactions between TCM formulations and digoxin to avoid the occurrence of ADRs and improve the efficacy and safety of digoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Gerontic Disease Clinical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Gerontic Disease Clinical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Zhou Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Gerontic Disease Clinical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Gerontic Disease Clinical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Zhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Gerontic Disease Clinical Research Center, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xian-Zhe Dong, ; Sheng-Yan Xi,
| | - Sheng-Yan Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,*Correspondence: Xian-Zhe Dong, ; Sheng-Yan Xi,
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da Silva CG, Duque MD, Freire Nordi CS, Viana-Niero C. New insights into toxicity of microcystins produced by cyanobacteria using in silico ADMET prediction. Toxicon 2021; 204:64-71. [PMID: 34742780 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In silico methodologies can be used in the discovery of new drugs for measuring toxicity, predicting effects of substances not yet analyzed by in vivo methodologies. The ADMET Predictor® software (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity [ADMET]) was used in this work to predict toxic effects of microcystin variants MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, and MC-HarHar. In the case of rodents, predictive results for all analyzed variants indicated carcinogenic potential. The predictive model of respiratory sensitivity in this group differentiated microcystins into 2 categories: sensitizer (MC-LR and -YR) and non-sensitizer (MC-HarHar and -RR). Predictive results for humans indicated that MC-LR and -RR are phospholipidosis inducers; on the other hand, MC-LR showed the highest predictive value of permeability in rabbit cornea and probability of crossing lipoprotein barriers (MC-LR>-YR>-HarHar>-RR). Considering bioavailable fractions, microcystins are more likely to cause biological effects in rats than humans, showing significant differences between models. The results of ADMET predictions add valuable information on microcystin toxicity, especially in the case of variants not yet studied experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Gonçalves da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia [Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology], Universidade Federal de São Paulo [Federal University of São Paulo], Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code: 04023-901, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas [Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences], Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP, Zip Code: 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Duque
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas [Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences], Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP, Zip Code: 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Cristina Souza Freire Nordi
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais [Department of Environmental Sciences], Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, Zip Code: 09972-270, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Viana-Niero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia [Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology], Universidade Federal de São Paulo [Federal University of São Paulo], Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code: 04023-901, Brazil
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Fidor A, Cekała K, Wieczerzak E, Cegłowska M, Kasprzykowski F, Edwards C, Mazur-Marzec H. Nostocyclopeptides as New Inhibitors of 20S Proteasome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101483. [PMID: 34680116 PMCID: PMC8533403 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nostocyclopeptides (Ncps) are a small class of bioactive nonribosomal peptides produced solely by cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. In the current work, six Ncps were isolated from Nostoc edaphicum strain CCNP1411. The bioactivity of these compounds was tested in vitro against 20S proteasome, a proteolytic complex that plays an important role in maintaining cellular proteostasis. Dysfunction of the complex leads to many pathological disorders. The assays indicated selective activity of specific Ncp variants. For two linear peptide aldehydes, Ncp-A2-L and Ncp-E2-L, the inhibitory effects on chymotrypsin-like activity were revealed, while the cyclic variant, Ncp-A2, inactivated the trypsin-like site of this enzymatic complex. The aldehyde group was confirmed to be an important element of the chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors. The nostocyclopeptides, as novel inhibitors of 20S proteasome, increased the number of natural products that can be considered potential regulators of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidor
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Cekała
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.C.); (E.W.); (F.K.)
| | - Ewa Wieczerzak
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.C.); (E.W.); (F.K.)
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Franciszek Kasprzykowski
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.C.); (E.W.); (F.K.)
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK;
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050322. [PMID: 33946968 PMCID: PMC8145420 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, from the other side, the current surge of interest which phycotoxins provoke due to their potential as novel compounds in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, bioremediation, agriculture and all aspects of biotechnological implications in human life.
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Nowruzi B, Porzani SJ. Toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria belonging to several species of the order Nostocales: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:510-548. [PMID: 33289164 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are well recognised as producers of a wide range of natural compounds that are in turn recognised as toxins that have potential and useful applications in the future as pharmaceutical agents. The order Nostocales, which is largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognised as a source of toxin producers including Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Fischerella, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Cylindrospermopsis, Scytonema, Raphidiopsis, Cuspidothrix, Nodularia, Stigonema, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum and Desmonostoc species. The toxin compounds (i.e., microcystins, nodularin, anatoxins, ambiguines, fischerindoles and welwitindolinones) and metabolites are about to have a destructive effect on both inland and aquatic environment aspects. The present review gives an overview of the various toxins that are extracted by the order Nostocales. The current research suggests that these compounds that are produced by cyanobacterial species have promising future considerations as potentially harmful algae and as promising leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Fidor A, Grabski M, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Węgrzyn G, Mazur-Marzec H. Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411 from the Baltic Sea-A New Producer of Nostocyclopeptides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E442. [PMID: 32858999 PMCID: PMC7551626 DOI: 10.3390/md18090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nostocyclopeptides (Ncps) constitute a small class of nonribosomal peptides, exclusively produced by cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. The peptides inhibit the organic anion transporters, OATP1B3 and OATP1B1, and prevent the transport of the toxic microcystins and nodularin into hepatocytes. So far, only three structural analogues, Ncp-A1, Ncp-A2 and Ncp-M1, and their linear forms were identified in Nostoc strains as naturally produced cyanometabolites. In the current work, the whole genome sequence of the new Ncps producer, N. edaphicum CCNP1411 from the Baltic Sea, has been determined. The genome consists of the circular chromosome (7,733,505 bps) and five circular plasmids (from 44.5 kb to 264.8 kb). The nostocyclopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster (located between positions 7,609,981-7,643,289 bps of the chromosome) has been identified and characterized in silico. The LC-MS/MS analyzes of N. edaphicum CCNP1411 cell extracts prepared in aqueous methanol revealed several products of the genes. Besides the known peptides, Ncp-A1 and Ncp-A2, six other compounds putatively characterized as new noctocyclopeptide analogues were detected. This includes Ncp-E1 and E2 and their linear forms (Ncp-E1-L and E2-L), a cyclic Ncp-E3 and a linear Ncp-E4-L. Regardless of the extraction conditions, the cell contents of the linear nostocyclopeptides were found to be higher than the cyclic ones, suggesting a slow rate of the macrocyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidor
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis Laboratory, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis Laboratory, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
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Rego A, Sousa AGG, Santos JP, Pascoal F, Canário J, Leão PN, Magalhães C. Diversity of Bacterial Biosynthetic Genes in Maritime Antarctica. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020279. [PMID: 32085500 PMCID: PMC7074882 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural products (NPs) are still a major source of new drug leads. Polyketides (PKs) and non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) are two pharmaceutically important families of NPs and recent studies have revealed Antarctica to harbor endemic polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, likely to be involved in the production of novel metabolites. Despite this, the diversity of secondary metabolites genes in Antarctica is still poorly explored. In this study, a computational bioprospection approach was employed to study the diversity and identity of PKS and NRPS genes to one of the most biodiverse areas in maritime Antarctica—Maxwell Bay. Amplicon sequencing of soil samples targeting ketosynthase (KS) and adenylation (AD) domains of PKS and NRPS genes, respectively, revealed abundant and unexplored chemical diversity in this peninsula. About 20% of AD domain sequences were only distantly related to characterized biosynthetic genes. Several PKS and NRPS genes were found to be closely associated to recently described metabolites including those from uncultured and candidate phyla. The combination of new approaches in computational biology and new culture-dependent and -independent strategies is thus critical for the recovery of the potential novel chemistry encoded in Antarctica microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rego
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António G. G. Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
| | - João P. Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Institute F.-A. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Pascoal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
| | - João Canário
- Centro de Química Estrutural at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Pedro N. Leão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.L); (C.M.)
| | - Catarina Magalhães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.N.L); (C.M.)
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12
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Bioactive Peptides Produced by Cyanobacteria of the Genus Nostoc: A Review. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100561. [PMID: 31569531 PMCID: PMC6835634 DOI: 10.3390/md17100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc are widespread in all kinds of habitats. They occur in a free-living state or in association with other organisms. Members of this genus belong to prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, some of which have been recognized as potential therapeutic agents. Of these, peptides and peptide-like structures show the most promising properties and are of a particular interest for both research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Nostoc is a sole source of some lead compounds such as cytotoxic cryptophycins, antiviral cyanovirin-N, or the antitoxic nostocyclopeptides. Nostoc also produces the same bioactive peptides as other cyanobacterial genera, but they frequently have some unique modifications in the structure. This includes hepatotoxic microcystins and potent proteases inhibitors such as cyanopeptolins, anabaenopeptins, and microginins. In this review, we described the most studied peptides produced by Nostoc, focusing especially on the structure, the activity, and a potential application of the compounds.
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13
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Thuan NH, An TT, Shrestha A, Canh NX, Sohng JK, Dhakal D. Recent Advances in Exploration and Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds in Three Cyanobacterial Genera: Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. Front Chem 2019; 7:604. [PMID: 31552222 PMCID: PMC6734169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, are only Gram-negative bacteria with the capacity of oxygenic photosynthesis, so termed as “Cyanophyta” or “blue-green algae.” Their habitat is ubiquitous, which includes the diverse environments, such as soil, water, rock and other organisms (symbiosis, commensalism, or parasitism, etc.,). They are characterized as prominent producers of numerous types of important compounds with anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Among the various cyanobacterial genera, members belonging to genera Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis possess greater attention. The major reason for that is the strains belonging to these genera produce the compounds with diverse activities/structures, including compounds in preclinical and/or clinical trials (cryptophycin and curacin), or the compounds retaining unique activities such as protease inhibitor (micropeptins and aeruginosins). Most of these compounds were tested for their efficacy and mechanism of action(MOA) through in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Recently, the advances in culture techniques of these cyanobacteria, and isolation, purification, and chromatographic analysis of their compounds have revealed insurmountable novel bioactive compounds from these cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive update on the origin, isolation and purification methods, chemical structures and biological activities of the major compounds from Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. In addition, multi-omics approaches and biotechnological production of compounds from selected cyanobacterial genera have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tuan An
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Anil Shrestha
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
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14
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Bai J, Zhao S, Fan X, Chen Y, Zou X, Hu M, Wang B, Jin J, Wang X, Hu J, Zhang D, Li Y. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo: Food/herb-drug interactions and structure–activity relationships. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 369:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Mullowney MW, McClure RA, Robey MT, Kelleher NL, Thomson RJ. Natural products from thioester reductase containing biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:847-878. [PMID: 29916519 PMCID: PMC6146020 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Thioester reductase domains catalyze two- and four-electron reductions to release natural products following assembly on nonribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and their hybrid biosynthetic complexes. This reductive off-loading of a natural product yields an aldehyde or alcohol, can initiate the formation of a macrocyclic imine, and contributes to important intermediates in a variety of biosyntheses, including those for polyketide alkaloids and pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Compounds that arise from reductase-terminated biosynthetic gene clusters are often reactive and exhibit biological activity. Biomedically important examples include the cancer therapeutic Yondelis (ecteinascidin 743), peptide aldehydes that inspired the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and numerous synthetic derivatives and antibody drug conjugates of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Recent advances in microbial genomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and reactivity-based labeling have facilitated the detection of these compounds for targeted isolation. Herein, we summarize known natural products arising from this important category, highlighting their occurrence in Nature, biosyntheses, biological activities, and the technologies used for their detection and identification. Additionally, we review publicly available genomic data to highlight the remaining potential for novel reductively tailored compounds and drug leads from microorganisms. This thorough retrospective highlights various molecular families with especially privileged bioactivity while illuminating challenges and prospects toward accelerating the discovery of new, high value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ryan A McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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16
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Potential Use of Chemoprotectants against the Toxic Effects of Cyanotoxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060175. [PMID: 28545227 PMCID: PMC5488025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins, particularly microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), are responsible for toxic effects in humans and wildlife. In order to counteract or prevent their toxicity, various strategies have been followed, such as the potential application of chemoprotectants. A review of the main substances evaluated for this aim, as well as the doses and their influence on cyanotoxin-induced toxicity, has been performed. A search of the literature shows that research on MCs is much more abundant than research on CYN. Among chemoprotectants, antioxidant compounds are the most extensively studied, probably because it is well known that oxidative stress is one of the toxic mechanisms common to both toxins. In this group, vitamin E seems to have the strongest protectant effect for both cyanotoxins. Transport inhibitors have also been studied in the case of MCs, as CYN cellular uptake is not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed because systematic studies are lacking. Moreover, more realistic exposure scenarios, including cyanotoxin mixtures and the concomitant use of chemoprotectants, should be considered.
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17
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Liu L, Jokela J, Herfindal L, Wahlsten M, Sinkkonen J, Permi P, Fewer DP, Døskeland SO, Sivonen K. 4-Methylproline guided natural product discovery: co-occurrence of 4-hydroxy- and 4-methylprolines in nostoweipeptins and nostopeptolides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2646-55. [PMID: 25203327 DOI: 10.1021/cb500436p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4-methylproline (4-mPro) is a rare nonproteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria through the action of a zinc-dependent long-chain dehydrogenase and a Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) reductase homologue. Here, we used the presence of 4-mPro biosynthetic genes to discover new bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria. Eight biosynthetic gene clusters containing the 4-mPro biosynthetic genes nosE and nosF were found from publicly available cyanobacteria genomes, showing that 4-mPro is a good marker to discover previously unknown nonribosomal peptides. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) methods was used to screen 116 cyanobacteria strains from 8 genera. The 4-mPro biosynthetic genes were detected in 30 of the 116 cyanobacteria strains, 12 which were confirmed to produce 4-mPro by amino acid analysis. Species from the genus Nostoc were responsible for 80% of the positive results. Altogether, 11 new nonribosomal cyclic peptides, nostoweipeptin W1-W7 and nostopeptolide L1-L4, were identified from Nostoc sp. XPORK 5A and Nostoc sp. UK2aImI, respectively, and their chemical structure was elucidated. Interestingly, screening with 4-mPro genes resulted in the detection of peptides that do not contain just one 4-mPro but also 4-hydroxylproline (nostopeptolides) and, in case of nostoweipeptins, two 4-mPros and two 4-hydroxyprolines. Peptides from both groups inhibit microcystin-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes HEK293. The cell experiments indicated that these cyclic peptides inhibit the uptake of microcystin by blocking the organic anion-transporters OATP1B1/B3. This study enriches the drug library of microcystin antitoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Liu
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Program
in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P Fewer
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stein Ove Døskeland
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Zhang H, Fang W, Xiao W, Lu L, Jia X. Protective role of oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex against hazardous nodularin-induced oxidative toxicity in Carassius auratus lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:247-257. [PMID: 24794815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a hazardous material widely detected in water blooms. Fish immune cells are extremely vulnerable to NOD-induced oxidative stress. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex (OPC), extracted from grapeseed, was used as an antioxidant to eliminate reactive oxygen species and prevent apoptotic effects. Carassius auratus lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L) of OPC and a constant dose (100 μg/L) of NOD for 12h in vitro. OPC inhibited mitosis by decreasing intracellular levels of oxidative stress, regulating antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, and GST), mediating bcl-2 family proteins, and deactivating caspase-3. Glutathione (GSH) levels in group V (NOD 100 μg/L; OPC 1,000 μg/L) showed a twofold increase compared with corresponding levels in group II (NOD 100 μg/L). Structure parameters of NOD and NOD-GSH were calculated using SYBYL 7.1 software. ClogP and HINK logP values of NOD-GSH decreased by 10.4- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared with corresponding values of NOD. OPC-stimulated GSH can lower the lipophilicity and polarity of NOD. OPC, as a protective agent, can alleviate NOD-induced toxicity in C. auratus lymphocytes by regulating oxidative stress and inducing NOD-GSH detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wendi Fang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiuying Jia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
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19
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Hassallidins, antifungal glycolipopeptides, are widespread among cyanobacteria and are the end-product of a nonribosomal pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1909-17. [PMID: 24742428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320913111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a wide variety of cyclic peptides, including the widespread hepatotoxins microcystins and nodularins. Another class of peptides, cyclic glycosylated lipopeptides called hassallidins, show antifungal activity. Previously, two hassallidins (A and B) were reported from an epilithic cyanobacterium Hassallia sp. and found to be active against opportunistic human pathogenic fungi. Bioinformatic analysis of the Anabaena sp. 90 genome identified a 59-kb cryptic inactive nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster proposed to be responsible for hassallidin biosynthesis. Here we describe the hassallidin biosynthetic pathway from Anabaena sp. SYKE748A, as well as the large chemical variation and common occurrence of hassallidins in filamentous cyanobacteria. Analysis demonstrated that 20 strains of the genus Anabaena carry hassallidin synthetase genes and produce a multitude of hassallidin variants that exhibit activity against Candida albicans. The compounds discovered here were distinct from previously reported hassallidins A and B. The IC50 of hassallidin D was 0.29-1.0 µM against Candida strains. A large variation in amino acids, sugars, their degree of acetylation, and fatty acid side chain length was detected. In addition, hassallidins were detected in other cyanobacteria including Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Nostoc, and Tolypothrix. These compounds may protect some of the most important bloom-forming and globally distributed cyanobacteria against attacks by parasitic fungi.
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20
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Herfindal L, Krakstad C, Myhren L, Hagland H, Kopperud R, Teigen K, Schwede F, Kleppe R, Døskeland SO. Introduction of aromatic ring-containing substituents in cyclic nucleotides is associated with inhibition of toxin uptake by the hepatocyte transporters OATP 1B1 and 1B3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94926. [PMID: 24740327 PMCID: PMC3989234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogs of the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP have been extensively used to mimic or modulate cellular events mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), or protein kinase G (PKG). We report here that some of the most commonly used cyclic nucleotide analogs inhibit transmembrane transport mediated by the liver specific organic anion transporter peptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, unrelated to actions on Epac, PKA or PKG. Several cAMP analogs, particularly with 8-pCPT-substitution, inhibited nodularin (Nod) induced primary rat hepatocyte apoptosis. Inhibition was not mediated by PKA or Epac, since increased endogenous cAMP, and some strong PKA- or Epac-activating analogs failed to protect cells against Nod induced apoptosis. The cAMP analogs inhibiting Nod induced hepatocyte apoptosis also reduced accumulation of radiolabeled Nod or cholic acid in primary rat hepatocytes. They also inhibited Nod induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells with enforced expression of OATP1B1 or 1B3, responsible for Nod transport into cells. Similar results were found with adenosine analogs, disconnecting the inhibitory effect of certain cAMP analogs from PKA or Epac. The most potent inhibitors were 8-pCPT-6-Phe-cAMP and 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP, whereas analogs like 6-MB-cAMP or 8-Br-cAMP did not inhibit Nod uptake. This suggests that the addition of aromatic ring-containing substituents like the chloro-phenyl-thio group to the purines of cyclic nucleotides increases their ability to inhibit the OATP-mediated transport. Taken together, our data show that aromatic ring substituents can add unwanted effects to cyclic nucleotides, and that such nucleotide analogs must be used with care, particularly when working with cells expressing OATP1B1/1B3, like hepatocytes, or intact animals where hepatic metabolism can be an issue, as well as certain cancer cells. On the other hand, cAMP analogs with substituents like bromo, monobutyryl were non-inhibitory, and could be considered an alternative when working with cells expressing OATP1 family members.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacokinetics
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glycocholic Acid/metabolism
- Glycocholic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- Glycocholic Acid/pharmacology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatocytes/cytology
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Organic Anion Transporters/chemistry
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/chemistry
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacokinetics
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats, Wistar
- Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Herfindal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Translational Signaling Group, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lene Myhren
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Hagland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidun Kopperud
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Teigen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Rune Kleppe
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Cyanobacteria from terrestrial and marine sources contain apoptogens able to overcome chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2036-53. [PMID: 24705501 PMCID: PMC4012442 DOI: 10.3390/md12042036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated forty cyanobacterial isolates from biofilms, gastropods, brackish water and symbiotic lichen habitats. Their aqueous and organic extracts were used to screen for apoptosis-inducing activity against acute myeloid leukemia cells. A total of 28 extracts showed cytotoxicity against rat acute myeloid leukemia (IPC-81) cells. The design of the screen made it possible to eliminate known toxins, such as microcystins and nodularin, or known metabolites with anti-leukemic activity, such as adenosine and its analogs. A cytotoxicity test on human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) fibroblasts indicated that 21 of the 28 extracts containing anti-acute myeloid leukemia (AML) activity showed selectivity in favor of leukemia cells. Extracts L26-O and L30-O were able to partly overcome the chemotherapy resistance induced by the oncogenic protein Bcl-2, whereas extract L1-O overcame protection from the deletion of the tumor suppressor protein p53. In conclusion, cyanobacteria are a prolific resource for anti-leukemia compounds that have potential for pharmaceutical applications. Based on the variety of cellular responses, we also conclude that the different anti-leukemic compounds in the cyanobacterial extracts target different elements of the death machinery of mammalian cells.
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22
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Niedermeyer THJ, Daily A, Swiatecka-Hagenbruch M, Moscow JA. Selectivity and potency of microcystin congeners against OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 expressing cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91476. [PMID: 24614281 PMCID: PMC3948918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are potent phosphatase inhibitors and cellular toxins. They require active transport by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters for uptake into human cells, and the high expression of these transporters in the liver accounts for their selective hepatic toxicity. Several human tumors have been shown to have high levels of expression of OATP1B3 but not OATP1B1, the main transporter in liver cells. We hypothesized that microcystin variants could be isolated that are transported preferentially by OATP1B3 relative to OATP1B1 to advance as anticancer agents with clinically tolerable hepatic toxicity. Microcystin variants have been isolated and tested for cytotoxicity in cancer cells stably transfected with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters. Microcystin variants with cytotoxic OATP1B1/OATP1B3 IC50 ratios that ranged between 0.2 and 32 were found, representing a 150-fold range in transporter selectivity. As microcystin structure has a significant impact on transporter selectivity, it is potentially possible to develop analogs with even more pronounced OATP1B3 selectivity and thus enable their development as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo H. J. Niedermeyer
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Abigail Daily
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Moscow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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23
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Oftedal L, Myhren L, Jokela J, Gausdal G, Sivonen K, Døskeland SO, Herfindal L. The lipopeptide toxins anabaenolysin A and B target biological membranes in a cholesterol-dependent manner. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3000-9. [PMID: 22842546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The two novel cyanobacterial cyclic lipopeptides, anabaenolysin (Abl) A and B permeabilised mammalian cells, leading to necrotic death. Abl A was a more potent haemolysin than other known biodetergents, including digitonin, and induced discocyte-echinocyte transformation in erythrocytes. The mitochondria of the dead cells appeared intact with regard to both ultrastructure and membrane potential. Also isolated rat liver mitochondria were resistant to Abl, judged by their ultrastructure and lack of cytochrome c release. The sparing of the mitochondria could be related to the low cholesterol content of their outer membrane. In fact, a supplement of cholesterol in liposomes sensitised them to Abl. In contrast, the prokaryote-directed cyclic lipopeptide surfactin lysed preferentially non-cholesterol-containing membranes. In silico comparison of the positions of relevant functional chemical structures revealed that Abl A matched poorly with surfactin in spite of the common cyclic lipopeptide structure. Abl A and the plant-derived glycolipid digitonin had, however, predicted overlaps of functional groups, particularly in the cholesterol-binding tail of digitonin. This may suggest independent evolution of Abl and digitonin to target eukaryotic cholesterol-containing membranes. Sub-lytic concentrations of Abl A or B allowed influx of propidium iodide into cells without interfering with their long-term cell viability. The transient permeability increase allowed the influx of enough of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin nodularin to induce apoptosis. The anabaenolysins might therefore not only act solely as lysins, but also as cofactors for the internalisation of other toxins. They represent a potent alternative to digitonin to selectively disrupt cholesterol-containing biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Oftedal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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24
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Nagarajan M, Maruthanayagam V, Sundararaman M. A review of pharmacological and toxicological potentials of marine cyanobacterial metabolites. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:153-85. [PMID: 21910132 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel toxic metabolites from marine cyanobacteria have been thoroughly explored. Biologically active and chemically diverse compounds that could be hepatotoxic, neurotoxic or cytotoxic, such as cyclic peptides, lipopeptides, fatty acid amides, alkaloids and saccharides, have been produced from marine cyanobacteria. Many reports have revealed that biosynthesis of active metabolites is predominant during cyanobacterial bloom formation. Marine cyanobacterial toxic metabolites exhibit important biological properties, such as interfering in signal transduction either by activation or blockage of sodium channels or by targeting signaling proteins; inducing apoptosis by disrupting cytoskeletal proteins; and inhibiting membrane transporters, receptors, serine proteases and topoisomerases. The pharmacological importance of these metabolites resides in their proliferation and growth-controlling abilities towards cancer cell lines and disease-causing potent microbial agents (bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa). Besides their toxic and pharmacological potentials, the present review discusses structural and functional resemblance of marine cyanobacterial metabolites to marine algae, sponges and mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagarajan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Sulforaphane prevents microcystin-LR-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in BALB/c mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:9-17. [PMID: 21684301 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), the products of blooming algae Microcystis, are waterborne environmental toxins that have been implicated in the development of liver cancer, necrosis, and even fatal intrahepatic bleeding. Alternative protective approaches in addition to complete removal of MCs in drinking water are urgently needed. In our previous work, we found that sulforaphane (SFN) protects against microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-induced cytotoxicity by activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated defensive response in human hepatoma (HepG2) and NIH 3T3 cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate and confirm efficacy the SFN-induced multi-mechanistic defense system against MC-induced hepatotoxicity in an animal model. We report that SFN protected against MC-LR-induced liver damage and animal death at a nontoxic and physiologically relevant dose in BALB/c mice. The protection by SFN included activities of anti-cytochrome P450 induction, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Our results suggest that SFN may protect mice against MC-induced hepatotoxicity. This raises the possibility of a similar protective effect in human populations, particularly in developing countries where freshwaters are polluted by blooming algae.
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Evans BS, Ntai I, Chen Y, Robinson SJ, Kelleher NL. Proteomics-based discovery of koranimine, a cyclic imine natural product. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7316-9. [PMID: 21520944 DOI: 10.1021/ja2015795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) are large enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of medically and ecologically important secondary metabolites. In a previous report, we described a proteomics approach to screen for expressed NRPSs or PKSs from bacteria with or without sequenced genomes. Here we used this proteome mining approach to discover a novel natural product arising from rare adenylation (A) and reductase (Red) domains in its biosynthetic machinery. We also cloned the entire gene cluster and elucidated the biosynthesis of the new compound, which is produced by an unsequenced Bacillus sp. isolated from soil collected in Koran, Louisiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Evans
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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