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Li L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Xu J, Zhao Y, Cheng Z, Fang Y, Miao Y, Zhang X. ROS-scavenging lipid-based liquid crystalline as a favorable stem cell extracellular vesicles delivery vector to promote wound healing. J Control Release 2024; 371:298-312. [PMID: 38815703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Wound management is a critical clinical challenge due to the dynamic and complex pathological characteristics of inflammation, proliferation, and matrix remodeling. To address this challenge, the regulation and management of this multi-stage pathological microenvironment may provide a feasible approach to wound healing. In this work, we synthesized a new lipid material (DA) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effect to prepare DA-based liquid crystalline (DALC). Then, DALC was incorporated with adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (AMSC-EVs) to fabricate a novel scaffold dressing (EVs@DALC) for the treatment of the wound. DALC not only endowed EVs@DALC with ROS scavenging sites for relieving the oxidative stress and inflammation in the microenvironment of the wound site, but also facilitated cellular uptake and transfection of microRNA and growth factors contained in AMSC-EVs. Benefiting from DALC, AMSC-EVs effectively transferred microRNA and growth factors into the skin cells to induce cell proliferation and migration and accelerate angiogenesis. The results of wound healing effect in vivo indicate EVs@DALC achieved multi-stage pathological modulation for accelerating wound healing through alleviating inflammation, promoting cell proliferation and migration, and angiogenesis. Taken together, this work provides an effective strategy based on antioxidant lipid liquid crystalline delivering extracellular vesicles in treating skin wounds and paves a way for stem cell extracellular vesicles clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuelin Fang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Yunqiu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China.
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2
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Gandek TB, van der Koog L, Nagelkerke A. A Comparison of Cellular Uptake Mechanisms, Delivery Efficacy, and Intracellular Fate between Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300319. [PMID: 37384827 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect for successful drug delivery via lipid-based nanoparticles is their internalization in target cells. Two prominent examples of such drug delivery systems are artificial phospholipid-based carriers, such as liposomes, and their biological counterparts, the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite a wealth of literature, it remains unclear which mechanisms precisely orchestrate nanoparticle-mediated cargo delivery to recipient cells and the subsequent intracellular fate of therapeutic cargo. In this review, internalization mechanisms involved in the uptake of liposomes and EVs by recipient cells are evaluated, also exploring their intracellular fate after intracellular trafficking. Opportunities are highlighted to tweak these internalization mechanisms and intracellular fates to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these drug delivery systems. Overall, literature to date shows that both liposomes and EVs are predominantly internalized through classical endocytosis mechanisms, sharing a common fate: accumulation inside lysosomes. Studies tackling the differences between liposomes and EVs, with respect to cellular uptake, intracellular delivery and therapy efficacy, remain scarce, despite its importance for the selection of an appropriate drug delivery system. In addition, further exploration of functionalization strategies of both liposomes and EVs represents an important avenue to pursue in order to control internalization and fate, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea B Gandek
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB10, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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3
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Shtykalova S, Deviatkin D, Freund S, Egorova A, Kiselev A. Non-Viral Carriers for Nucleic Acids Delivery: Fundamentals and Current Applications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:903. [PMID: 37109432 PMCID: PMC10142071 DOI: 10.3390/life13040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, non-viral DNA and RNA delivery systems have been intensively studied as an alternative to viral vectors. Despite the most significant advantage over viruses, such as the lack of immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, the widespread use of non-viral carriers in clinical practice is still limited due to the insufficient efficacy associated with the difficulties of overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers. Overcoming barriers by non-viral carriers is facilitated by their chemical structure, surface charge, as well as developed modifications. Currently, there are many different forms of non-viral carriers for various applications. This review aimed to summarize recent developments based on the essential requirements for non-viral carriers for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shtykalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Deviatkin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Freund
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Kiselev
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Yilmaz G, Tavsan Z, Cagatay E, Kursunluoglu G, Kayali HA. Exosomes released from cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells modulate the reprogramming of cells in tumor microenvironments toward the cancerous cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113973. [PMID: 36413836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes released from cancer cells are involved in the reorganization of the tumor microenvironment which is the essential aspect of cancer pathogenesis. The intercommunications between cancer cells and diverse cell types in the microenvironment are accomplished by exosomes in ovarian cancer. Internalization pathway, intracellular fate, and biological functions in recipient cells mediated by exosomes released from cisplatin-resistant A2780cis have been studied. Also, histopathological evaluation of tumor, ovary, liver tissues and lymph nodes in vivo studies have been performed. The recipient cells internalized the exosomes via active uptake mechanisms, as shown by confocal microscopy. However, inhibitor studies and flow cytometry analysis showed that each recipient cell line used different uptake pathways. Also, confocal microscopy imaging indicated that the internalized exosomes trapped in the endosomes or phagosomes were distributed to the different cellular compartments including ER, Golgi, and lysosome. The transfer of exosomal oncogenic cargo into the cells modified the intracellular signaling of recipient cells including invasion and metastasis by Boyden-Chamber assay, proliferation by ATP analysis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers at protein and mRNA levels by western blotting and real-time PCR, and protein kinases in the phospho-kinase array. This remodeling contributed to the initiation of carcinogenesis in ovarian epithelial and peritoneal mesothelial cells, and the progression of carcinogenesis in ovarian cancer cells. In addition, intraperitoneal tumor model studies show that exosomes released from cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells may play role in the enlargement of lymph nodes, and tumor formations integrated with the liver, attached to the stomach and in the ovarian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Yilmaz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 İzmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zehra Tavsan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elcin Cagatay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 İzmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kursunluoglu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 İzmir, Turkey; ERFARMA-Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280 Turkey
| | - Hulya Ayar Kayali
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 İzmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 İzmir, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, 35390 İzmir, Turkey.
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5
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Gupta S, Qasim M, Gupta A, Kundu J, Sinha S. Structural Modifications to the Internal Oligoguanidinium Transporter Uncover Two Potent Analogues that Effectively Deliver the Proapoptotic Peptide in Multiple Cancer Cell Lines. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:121-133. [PMID: 34915704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cytosolic delivery with serum-independent kinetics and low toxicity are the ultimate challenges towards the transformation of an antisense oligonucleotide or a therapeutic peptide to a suitable drug candidate for clinical trials. Most delivery vehicles falter on at least one of the above requirements, which hinders their potential in in vivo models as well. Our previous reports on internal guanidinium transporters (IGTs) have established the diversity of this particular class of molecule with the efficient delivery of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides. In this paper, we report twenty IGTs with different types of evidence-backed structural modifications with different types of head-group linkage R, which significantly change the transfection, toxicity, and endosomal escape. Based on these three criteria, the analogues were sorted systematically to find the more promising IGTs, which were then further examined by LysoTracker studies. Finally, two analogues, with cholesteryl linkage (R = Chol) and pentafluorobenzyl linkage (R = PF Cbz), were selected for a proapoptotic peptide delivery as the final validation using a long-chain di-acid linker conjugation. Detailed mechanistic studies also revealed that the primary pathway of endocytosis is macropinocytosis, and that other pathways play different roles depending on the head group of the IGT. Since endocytosis pathways for entry depend on the nature of the cell line, we have shown the mechanistic variations in two cell lines for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Gupta
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Qasim
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayanta Kundu
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Sinha
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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6
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Jiang T, Ma Y, Xu X, Ji Q, Feng M, Cheng C, Feng Y, He B, Mo R. Enzyme-instructed hybrid nanogel/nanofiber oligopeptide hydrogel for localized protein delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2070-2079. [PMID: 34386339 PMCID: PMC8343108 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalysis self-assembled oligopeptide hydrogel holds great interest in drug delivery, which has merits of biocompatibility, biodegradability and mild gelation conditions. However, its application for protein delivery is greatly limited by inevitable degradation of enzyme on the encapsulated proteins leading to loss of protein activity. Moreover, for the intracellularly acted proteins, cell membrane as a primary barrier hinders the transmembrane delivery of proteins. The internalized proteins also suffer from acidic and enzymatic degradation in endosomes and lysosomes. We herein develop a protease-manipulated hybrid nanogel/nanofiber hydrogel for localized delivery of intracellularly acted proteins. The embedded polymeric nanogels (CytoC/aNGs) preserve activity of cytochrome c (CytoC) that is an intracellular activator for cell apoptosis as a model protein against proteolysis, and do not affect the gelation properties of the protease-catalysis assembled hydrogels. The injectable hydrogel (CytoC/aNGs/Gel) serves as a reservoir to enhance intratumoral retention and realize sustainable release of CytoC/aNGs. The released CytoC/aNGs increase cellular uptake of CytoC and enhance its intracellular delivery to its target site, cytoplasm, resulting in favorable apoptosis-inducing and cytotoxic effects. We show that a single local administration of CytoC/aNGs/Gel efficiently inhibit the tumor growth in the breast tumor mouse model.
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7
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Graceffa V. Physical and mechanical cues affecting biomaterial-mediated plasmid DNA delivery: insights into non-viral delivery systems. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 34142237 PMCID: PMC8211807 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst traditional strategies to increase transfection efficiency of non-viral systems aimed at modifying the vector or the polyplexes/lipoplexes, biomaterial-mediated gene delivery has recently sparked increased interest. This review aims at discussing biomaterial properties and unravelling underlying mechanisms of action, for biomaterial-mediated gene delivery. DNA internalisation and cytoplasmic transport are initially discussed. DNA immobilisation, encapsulation and surface-mediated gene delivery (SMD), the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) and topographical cues, biomaterial stiffness and mechanical stimulation are finally outlined. MAIN TEXT Endocytic pathways and mechanisms to escape the lysosomal network are highly variable. They depend on cell and DNA complex types but can be diverted using appropriate biomaterials. 3D scaffolds are generally fabricated via DNA immobilisation or encapsulation. Degradation rate and interaction with the vector affect temporal patterns of DNA release and transgene expression. In SMD, DNA is instead coated on 2D surfaces. SMD allows the incorporation of topographical cues, which, by inducing cytoskeletal re-arrangements, modulate DNA endocytosis. Incorporation of ECM mimetics allows cell type-specific transfection, whereas in spite of discordances in terms of optimal loading regimens, it is recognised that mechanical loading facilitates gene transfection. Finally, stiffer 2D substrates enhance DNA internalisation, whereas in 3D scaffolds, the role of stiffness is still dubious. CONCLUSION Although it is recognised that biomaterials allow the creation of tailored non-viral gene delivery systems, there still are many outstanding questions. A better characterisation of endocytic pathways would allow the diversion of cell adhesion processes and cytoskeletal dynamics, in order to increase cellular transfection. Further research on optimal biomaterial mechanical properties, cell ligand density and loading regimens is limited by the fact that such parameters influence a plethora of other different processes (e.g. cellular adhesion, spreading, migration, infiltration, and proliferation, DNA diffusion and release) which may in turn modulate gene delivery. Only a better understanding of these processes may allow the creation of novel robust engineered systems, potentially opening up a whole new area of biomaterial-guided gene delivery for non-viral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland.
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland.
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8
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Dutta K, Das R, Medeiros J, Kanjilal P, Thayumanavan S. Charge-Conversion Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2011103. [PMID: 35832306 PMCID: PMC9275120 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are now considered as one of the most potent therapeutic modalities, as their roles go beyond storing genetic information and chemical energy or as signal transducer. Attenuation or expression of desired genes through nucleic acids have profound implications in gene therapy, gene editing and even in vaccine development for immunomodulation. Although nucleic acid therapeutics bring in overwhelming possibilities towards the development of molecular medicines, there are significant loopholes in designing and effective translation of these drugs into the clinic. One of the major pitfalls lies in the traditional design concepts for nucleic acid drug carriers, viz. cationic charge induced cytotoxicity in delivery pathway. Targeting this bottleneck, several pioneering research efforts have been devoted to design innovative carriers through charge-conversion approaches, whereby built-in functionalities convert from cationic to neutral or anionic, or even from anionic to cationic enabling the carrier to overcome several critical barriers for therapeutics delivery, such as serum deactivation, instability in circulation, low transfection and poor endosomal escape. This review will critically analyze various molecular designs of charge-converting nanocarriers in a classified approach for the successful delivery of nucleic acids. Accompanied by the narrative on recent clinical nucleic acid candidates, the review concludes with a discussion on the pitfalls and scope of these interesting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis 46268, United States
| | - Ritam Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jewel Medeiros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Pintu Kanjilal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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9
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Manzanares D, Pérez-Carrión MD, Jiménez Blanco JL, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM, Ceña V. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanostructure Efficiently Delivers siRNA to Glioblastoma Cells Preferentially via Macropinocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239306. [PMID: 33291321 PMCID: PMC7731237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) has the potential to revolutionize therapeutics since it can knockdown very efficiently the target protein. It is starting to be widely used to interfere with cell infection by HIV. However, naked siRNAs are unable to get into the cell, requiring the use of carriers to protect them from degradation and transporting them across the cell membrane. There is no information about which is the most efficient endocytosis route for high siRNA transfection efficiency. One of the most promising carriers to efficiently deliver siRNA are cyclodextrin derivatives. We have used nanocomplexes composed of siRNA and a β-cyclodextrin derivative, AMC6, with a very high transfection efficiency to selectively knockdown clathrin heavy chain, caveolin 1, and p21 Activated Kinase 1 to specifically block clathrin-mediated, caveolin-mediated and macropinocytosis endocytic pathways. The main objective was to identify whether there is a preferential endocytic pathway associated with high siRNA transfection efficiency. We have found that macropinocytosis is the preferential entry pathway for the nanoparticle and its associated siRNA cargo. However, blockade of macropinocytosis does not affect AMC6-mediated transfection efficiency, suggesting that macropinocytosis blockade can be functionally compensated by an increase in clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Manzanares
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.P.-C.)
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Carrión
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.P.-C.)
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (J.L.J.B.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (J.L.J.B.); (C.O.M.)
| | - José Manuel García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain,
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.P.-C.)
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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10
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Komuro H, Yamazoe M, Nozaki K, Nagai A, Sasano T. Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1685-1692. [PMID: 33194517 PMCID: PMC7653333 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been explored as a future alternative for treating heart disease. Among several gene delivery systems aimed at penetrating specific target cells, we focused on safe and non-viral gene delivery materials with a high transfection efficiency. Although various techniques have been developed, the mechanisms underlying the cellular uptake of gene delivery materials have not yet been sufficiently studied in cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to determine how hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles contribute to the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into cardiomyocytes. We fabricated HAp nanoparticles using the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method and used these nanoparticles as the delivery vector for transfecting cardiomyocyte-derived HL-1 cells. HAp exhibited particles on the nanoscale and with a low cytotoxicity in HL-1 cells. The transfection assay performed with several endocytosis inhibitors suggested that the HAp/pDNA complexes were internalized by HL-1 cells through macropinocytosis. Furthermore, this HL-1 cell uptake was generated in response to HAp stimulation. Thus, HAp is a positive regulator of macropinocytosis in HL-1 cells and a good system for gene delivery in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamazoe
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nozaki
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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11
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Liu C, Zhang L, Zhu W, Guo R, Sun H, Chen X, Deng N. Barriers and Strategies of Cationic Liposomes for Cancer Gene Therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:751-764. [PMID: 32913882 PMCID: PMC7452052 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes (CLs) have been regarded as the most promising gene delivery vectors for decades with the advantages of excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency. However, the clinical use of CLs in cancer gene therapy is limited because of many uncertain factors in vivo. Extracellular barriers such as opsonization, rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system and poor tumor penetration, and intracellular barriers, including endosomal/lysosomal entrapped network and restricted diffusion to the nucleus, make CLs not the ideal vector for transferring extrinsic genes in the body. However, the obstacles in achieving productive therapeutic effects of nucleic acids can be addressed by tailoring the properties of CLs, which are influenced by lipid compositions and surface modification. This review focuses on the physiological barriers of CLs against cancer gene therapy and the effects of lipid compositions on governing transfection efficiency, and it briefly discusses the impacts of particle size, membrane charge density, and surface modification on the fate of CLs in vivo, which may provide guidance for their preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ligang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Raoqing Guo
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huamin Sun
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ning Deng
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Ganot P, Tambutté E, Caminiti-Segonds N, Toullec G, Allemand D, Tambutté S. Ubiquitous macropinocytosis in anthozoans. eLife 2020; 9:50022. [PMID: 32039759 PMCID: PMC7032929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of fluids, molecules, nutrients or nanoparticles through coral tissues are poorly documented. Here, we followed the flow of various tracers from the external seawater to within the cells of all tissues in living animals. After entering the general coelenteric cavity, we show that nanoparticles disperse throughout the tissues via the paracellular pathway. Then, the ubiquitous entry gate to within the cells' cytoplasm is macropinocytosis. Most cells form large vesicles of 350-600 nm in diameter at their apical side, continuously internalizing their surrounding medium. Macropinocytosis was confirmed using specific inhibitors of PI3K and actin polymerization. Nanoparticle internalization dynamics is size dependent and differs between tissues. Furthermore, we reveal that macropinocytosis is likely a major endocytic pathway in other anthozoan species. The fact that nearly all cells of an animal are continuously soaking in the environment challenges many aspects of the classical physiology viewpoints acquired from the study of bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | | | - Gaëlle Toullec
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Denis Allemand
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
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13
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Desai AS, Hunter MR, Kapustin AN. Using macropinocytosis for intracellular delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to tumour cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180156. [PMID: 30967005 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids are a rapidly emerging therapeutic modality with the potential to become the third major drug modality alongside antibodies and small molecules. Owing to the unfavourable physico-chemical characteristics of nucleic acids, such as large size and negative charge, intracellular delivery remains a fundamental challenge to realizing this potential. Delivery technologies such as lipids, polymers and peptides have been used to facilitate delivery, with many of the most successful technologies using macropinocytosis to gain cellular entry; mostly by default rather than design. Fundamental knowledge of macropinocytosis is rapidly growing, presenting opportunities to better tailor design strategies to target this pathway. Furthermore, certain types of tumour cells have been observed to have high levels of macropinocytic activity and traffic cargo to favourable destinations within the cell for endosomal release, providing unique opportunities to further use this entry route for drug delivery. In this article, we review the delivery systems reported to be taken up by macropinocytosis and what is known about the mechanisms for regulating macropinocytosis in tumour cells. From this analysis, we identify new opportunities for exploiting this pathway for the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids to tumour cells. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Macropinocytosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan S Desai
- AstraZeneca, IMED Biotech Unit, Pharmaceutical Sciences , Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
| | - Morag R Hunter
- AstraZeneca, IMED Biotech Unit, Pharmaceutical Sciences , Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
| | - Alexander N Kapustin
- AstraZeneca, IMED Biotech Unit, Pharmaceutical Sciences , Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
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14
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Muhammad K, Zhao J, Ullah I, Guo J, Ren XK, Feng Y. Ligand targeting and peptide functionalized polymers as non-viral carriers for gene therapy. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:64-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligand targeting and peptide functionalized polymers serve as gene carriers for efficient gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Muhammad
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Jintang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Xiang-kui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
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15
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Gene delivery to the rat retina by non-viral vectors based on chloroquine-containing cationic niosomes. J Control Release 2019; 304:181-190. [PMID: 31071372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of chloroquine within nano formulations, rather than as a co-treatment of the cells, could open a new avenue for in vivo retinal gene delivery. In this manuscript, we evaluated the incorporation of chloroquine diphosphate into the cationic niosome formulation composed of poloxamer 188, polysorbate 80 non-ionic surfactants, and 2,3-di (tetradecyloxy) propan-1-amine (hydrochloride salt) cationic lipid, to transfect rat retina. Niosome formulations without and with chloroquine diphosphate (DPP80, and DPP80-CQ, respectively) were prepared by the reverse phase evaporation technique and characterized in terms of size, PDI, zeta potential, and morphology. After the incorporation of the pCMS-EGFP plasmid, the resultant nioplexes -at different cationic lipid/DNA mass ratios- were further evaluated to compact, liberate, and secure the DNA against enzymatic digestion. In vitro procedures were achieved in ARPE-19 cells to assess transfection efficacy and intracellular transportation. Both nioplexes formulations transfected efficiently ARPE-19 cells, although the cell viability was clearly better in the case of DPP80-CQ nioplexes. After subretinal and intravitreal injections, DPP80 nioplexes were not able to transfect the rat retina. However, chloroquine containing vector showed protein expression in many retinal cells, depending on the administration route. These data provide new insights for retinal gene delivery based on chloroquine-containing niosome non-viral vectors.
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16
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Qu G, Hou S, Qu D, Tian C, Zhu J, Xue L, Ju C, Zhang C. Self-assembled micelles based on N-octyl-N’-phthalyl-O-phosphoryl chitosan derivative as an effective oral carrier of paclitaxel. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:428-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Lin Z, Bao M, Yu Z, Xue L, Ju C, Zhang C. The development of tertiary amine cationic lipids for safe and efficient siRNA delivery. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2777-2792. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary amine-derived cationic lipid serves as the primary lipid of cationic liposomes, which can balance the effectiveness and safety of siRNA vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Moxyel Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zexuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Caoyun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of New Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
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18
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Protein moiety in oligochitosan modified vector regulates internalization mechanism and gene delivery: Polyplex characterization, intracellular trafficking and transfection. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:143-156. [PMID: 30286987 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligochitosan-modified proteins have gained attention as efficient non-viral vectors for gene delivery. However, little information exists if protein moieties can serve as an important role for internalization and endosome escape ability of the genetic material. To explore this issue, we designed two cationic oligochitosan-modified vectors that consist of different proteins, namely a hydrophobic plant protein (zein) and a hydrophilic animal protein (ovalbumin (OVA)) to deliver pDNA to epithelial cell line CHO-K1 and HEK 293 T. These cationic vectors were systematically characterized by molecular weight, infrared (IR) structural analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphology, and surface charge. A remarkable impact of protein moieties was observed on physiochemical properties of the developed vectors. Oligochitosan-modified zein containing hydrophobic protein exhibited high buffering capacity and excellent DNA binding ability compared to the oligochitosan-modified OVA. The data on transfection in the presence of endocytic inhibitors indicated that the caveolae-mediated pathway (CvME) played a key role in the internalization of the zein-based polyplex. However, the OVA-based polyplex was internalized in CHO-K1 cells via CvME and in HEK 293 T cells via the lipid-mediated pathway. Moreover, oligochitosan-modified zein exhibited lower cytotoxicity, greater lysosomal escape ability, better plasmid stability, and better transfection efficiency than the oligochitosan-modified OVA. This study offers a facile procedure for the synthesis of cationic vectors and elucidates the relationship that exists between protein moieties and transfection activity, thus providing an alternative, non-viral platform for the gene delivery.
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19
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Sun Q, Tang C, Su Z, Du J, Shang Y, Xue L, Zhang C. A modular assembly pH-sensitive charge reversal siRNA delivery system. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:3075-3084. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cationic lipids and polymers are the most common non-viral vectors for siRNA delivery; however, their intense positively charged character may give rise to serum-triggered aggregation, immune activation, inflammation stimulation and grievous toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Chunming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zhigui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Junjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yunkai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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20
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Costa Verdera H, Gitz-Francois JJ, Schiffelers RM, Vader P. Cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles is mediated by clathrin-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. J Control Release 2017; 266:100-108. [PMID: 28919558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has established that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, form an endogenous transport system through which biomolecules, including proteins and RNA, are exchanged between cells. This endows EVs with immense potential for drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications. Understanding the biology underlying EV-based intercellular transfer of cargo is of great importance for the development of EV-based therapeutics. Here, we sought to characterize the cellular mechanisms involved in EV uptake. Internalization of fluorescently-labeled EVs was evaluated in HeLa cells, in 2D (monolayer) cell culture as well as 3D spheroids. Uptake was assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, using chemical as well as RNA interference-based inhibition of key proteins involved in individual endocytic pathways. Experiments with chemical inhibitors revealed that EV uptake depends on cholesterol and tyrosine kinase activity, which are implicated in clathrin-independent endocytosis, and on Na+/H+ exchange and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, which are important for macropinocytosis. Furthermore, EV internalization was inhibited by siRNA-mediated knockdown of caveolin-1, flotillin-1, RhoA, Rac1 and PAK1, but not clathrin heavy chain. Together, these results suggest that EVs enter cells predominantly via clathrin-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Identification of EV components that promote their uptake via pathways that lead to functional cargo transfer might allow development of more efficient therapeutics through EV-inspired engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Costa Verdera
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jerney J Gitz-Francois
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
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21
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Huang JL, Jiang G, Song QX, Gu X, Hu M, Wang XL, Song HH, Chen LP, Lin YY, Jiang D, Chen J, Feng JF, Qiu YM, Jiang JY, Jiang XG, Chen HZ, Gao XL. Lipoprotein-biomimetic nanostructure enables efficient targeting delivery of siRNA to Ras-activated glioblastoma cells via macropinocytosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15144. [PMID: 28489075 PMCID: PMC5436231 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivated Ras regulates many oncogenic pathways in several malignant human cancers including glioblastoma and it is an attractive target for cancer therapies. Ras activation in cancer cells drives protein internalization via macropinocytosis as a key nutrient-gaining process. By utilizing this unique endocytosis pathway, here we create a biologically inspired nanostructure that can induce cancer cells to 'drink drugs' for targeting activating transcription factor-5 (ATF5), an overexpressed anti-apoptotic transcription factor in glioblastoma. Apolipoprotein E3-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein is used to encapsulate the siRNA-loaded calcium phosphate core and facilitate it to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, thus targeting the glioblastoma cells in a macropinocytosis-dependent manner. The nanostructure carrying ATF5 siRNA exerts remarkable RNA-interfering efficiency, increases glioblastoma cell apoptosis and inhibits tumour cell growth both in vitro and in xenograft tumour models. This strategy of targeting the macropinocytosis caused by Ras activation provides a nanoparticle-based approach for precision therapy in glioblastoma and other Ras-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hua-Hua Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Le-Pei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Di Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education &PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education &PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun-Feng Feng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yong-Ming Qiu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ji-Yao Jiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xin-Guo Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education &PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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22
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Hao N, Li L, Tang F. BSA Protein-Mediated Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanotubes, and Their Carbohydrate Conjugates for Targeting Cancer Cells and Detecting Mycobacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29208-29212. [PMID: 27767305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward method was developed to synthesize hollow mesoporous silica nanotubes (HMSNTs) using bovine serum protein (BSA) as the protective coating and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as the etching agent at room temperature. Galactose-grafted HMSNTs significantly reduced phagocytosis by macrophages, and enhanced cellular uptake by A549 cells via caveolae-mediated uptake pathway. Trehalose-conjugated HMSNTs interacted strongly with mycobacteria, showing the linear detection range from 1 × 104 to 1 × 108 bacteria/mL and the detection limit of 1 × 103 bacteria/mL. In all cases, the hollow nanotube structure showed higher cellular uptake, bacterial binding, and detection efficiency than their spherical counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Laifeng Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fangqiong Tang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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23
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Fakhoury JJ, Edwardson TG, Conway JW, Trinh T, Khan F, Barłóg M, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF. Antisense precision polymer micelles require less poly(ethylenimine) for efficient gene knockdown. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20625-20634. [PMID: 26597764 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids are powerful molecules for shutting down protein expression. However, their cellular uptake is poor and requires transport vectors, such as cationic polymers. Of these, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) has been shown to be an efficient vehicle for nucleic acid transport into cells. However, cytotoxicity has been a major hurdle in the development of PEI-DNA complexes as clinically viable therapeutics. We have synthesized antisense-polymer conjugates, where the polymeric block is completely monodisperse and sequence-controlled. Depending on the polymer sequence, these can self-assemble to produce micelles of very low polydispersity. The introduction of linear poly(ethylenimine) to these micelles leads to aggregation into size-defined PEI-mediated superstructures. Subsequently, both cellular uptake and gene silencing are greatly enhanced over extended periods compared to antisense alone, while at the same time cellular cytotoxicity remains very low. In contrast, gene silencing is not enhanced with antisense polymer conjugates that are not able to self-assemble into micelles. Thus, using antisense precision micelles, we are able to achieve significant transfection and knockdown with minimal cytotoxicity at much lower concentrations of linear PEI then previously reported. Consequently, a conceptual solution to the problem of antisense or siRNA delivery is to self-assemble these molecules into 'gene-like' micelles with high local charge and increased stability, thus reducing the amount of transfection agent needed for effective gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johans J Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Thomas G Edwardson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Justin W Conway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tuan Trinh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Farhad Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Maciej Barłóg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan S Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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24
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Leveraging growth factor induced macropinocytosis for targeted treatment of lung cancer. Med Oncol 2015; 32:259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Lu Y, Mo R, Tai W, Sun W, Pacardo DB, Qian C, Shen Q, Ligler FS, Gu Z. Self-folded redox/acid dual-responsive nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15105-8. [PMID: 25331017 PMCID: PMC4425410 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-folded redox/acid dual-responsive nanocarriers (RAD-NCs) are developed for physiologically triggered delivery of anticancer drugs. The evidenced redox/acid responsiveness, facile decoration of ligands, and active tumor-targeting capability of RAD-NCs suggest their potential as a promising formulation for tumor-targeted chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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26
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Yau WWY, Long H, Gauthier NC, Chan JKY, Chew SY. The effects of nanofiber diameter and orientation on siRNA uptake and gene silencing. Biomaterials 2014; 37:94-106. [PMID: 25453941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While substrate topography influences cell behavior, RNA interference (RNAi) has also emerged as a potent method for understanding and directing cell fate. However, the effects of substrate topography on RNAi remain poorly understood. Here, we report the influence of nanofiber architecture on siRNA-mediated gene-silencing in human somatic and stem cells. The respective model cells, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), were cultured onto aligned or randomly oriented electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) fibers of different average diameters (300 nm, 700 nm and 1.3 μm). In HDFs, decreasing fiber diameter from 1.3 μm to 300 nm improved Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and Collagen-I silencing efficiencies by ∼ 3.8 and ∼4.4 folds respectively (p < 0.05) while the effective siRNA uptake pathway was altered from clathrin-dependent endocytosis to macropinocytosis. In MSCs, aligned fibers generated significantly higher level of gene silencing of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (∼1.6 and ∼1.5 folds respectively, p < 0.05), than randomly-oriented fibers. Aligned fiber topography facilitated functional siRNA uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and membrane fusion. Taken together, our results demonstrated a promising role of three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds in modulating siRNA-mediated gene-silencing and established the critical synergistic role of these substrates in modulating cellular behavior by RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred Wing Yiu Yau
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Long
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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27
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Efficient delivery of plasmid DNA using cholesterol-based cationic lipids containing polyamines and ether linkages. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7293-312. [PMID: 24786091 PMCID: PMC4057673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes are broadly used as non-viral vectors to deliver genetic materials that can be used to treat various diseases including cancer. To circumvent problems associated with cationic liposome-mediated delivery systems such as low transfection efficiency and serum-induced inhibition, cholesterol-based cationic lipids have been synthesized that resist the effects of serum. The introduction of an ether-type linkage and extension of the aminopropyl head group on the cholesterol backbone increased the transfection efficiency and DNA binding affinity compared to a carbamoyl-type linkage and a mono aminopropyl head group, respectively. Under optimal conditions, each liposome formulation showed higher transfection efficiency in AGS and Huh-7 cells than commercially available cationic liposomes, particularly in the presence of serum. The following molecular structures were found to have a positive effect on transfection properties: (i) extended aminopropyl head groups for a strong binding affinity to plasmid DNA; (ii) an ether linkage that favors electrostatic binding to plasmid DNA; and (iii) a cholesterol backbone for serum resistance.
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28
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Adil MM, Erdman ZS, Kokkoli E. Transfection mechanisms of polyplexes, lipoplexes, and stealth liposomes in α₅β₁ integrin bearing DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3802-3810. [PMID: 24635537 DOI: 10.1021/la5001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor targeted, PEGylated transfection agents can improve stability and delivery specificity of current cationic lipid and polymer based nonviral gene delivery vehicles, but their mode of transfection is poorly understood. We therefore investigated the transfection mechanisms of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) lipoplexes, branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) polyplexes, and bPEI encapsulated in either PEGylated (stealth) nontargeted liposomes or PR_b peptide (targeted to α5β1 integrin) functionalized stealth liposomes in DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells in vitro with gene expression assays, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. DOTAP/DOPE and PR_b functionalized stealth liposomes mediated higher gene expression compared to nontargeted stealth liposomes and bPEI. However DOTAP/DOPE was internalized slowly leading to lower levels of DNA uptake. In contrast, despite high internalization of bPEI polyplexes, gene expression levels were low as DNA was unable to escape from the endosomes. Nontargeted stealth liposomes also mediated low gene expression due to low amounts of DNA internalized and slow internalization kinetics. PR_b functionalized stealth liposomes struck an optimal balance among these transfection agents with efficient transfection arising from fast integrin mediated internalization kinetics, high amounts of DNA uptake, and endosomal escape. We found α5β1 integrin to be a valuable target for gene delivery and that the caveolar endocytic pathway may offer an advantage to receptor targeted PEGylated transfection agents in DLD-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof M Adil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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New views and insights into intracellular trafficking of drug-delivery systems by fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:173-88. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials in the nanometer size range can be engineered for site-specific delivery of drugs after injection into the blood circulation. However, translation of such nanomedicines from the bench to the bedside is still hindered by many extracellular and intracellular barriers. To realize the concept of targeted drug delivery with nanomedicines, research groups are studying intensively the extra- and intra-cellular mechanisms involved as a response to the physicochemical properties of the nanomedicines. In this review, we highlight the contributions of fluorescence fluctuations spectroscopy techniques to better understand, and in turn to bypass, the major hurdles to therapeutic delivery, focusing mostly on the intracellular dynamics of drug-delivery systems.
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30
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Caracciolo G, Cardarelli F, Pozzi D, Salomone F, Maccari G, Bardi G, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Papi M, Laganà A. Selective targeting capability acquired with a protein corona adsorbed on the surface of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane/DNA nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:13171-9. [PMID: 24245615 DOI: 10.1021/am404171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A possible turning point in drug delivery has been recently reached: the protein shell, which covers nanocarriers in vivo, can be used for targeting. Here, we show that nanoparticles can acquire a selective targeting capability with a protein corona adsorbed on the surface. We demonstrate that lipid particles made of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and DNA, upon interaction with human plasma components, spontaneously become coated with vitronectin that promotes efficient uptake in cancer cells expressing high levels of the vitronectin ανβ3 integrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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31
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Pozzi D, Marchini C, Cardarelli F, Salomone F, Coppola S, Montani M, Zabaleta ME, Digman MA, Gratton E, Colapicchioni V, Caracciolo G. Mechanistic evaluation of the transfection barriers involved in lipid-mediated gene delivery: interplay between nanostructure and composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:957-67. [PMID: 24296066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a quantitative mechanism-based investigation aimed at comparing the cell uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape and final fate of lipoplexes and lipid-protamine/deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (LPD) nanoparticles (NPs) in living Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. As a model, two lipid formulations were used for comparison. The first formulation is made of the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and the zwitterionic lipid dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC), while the second mixture is made of the cationic 3β-[N-(N,N-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) and the zwitterionic helper lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Our findings indicate that lipoplexes are efficiently taken up through fluid-phase macropinocytosis, while a less efficient uptake of LPD NPs occurs through a combination of both macropinocytosis and clathrin-dependent pathways. Inside the cell, both lipoplexes and LPD NPs are actively transported towards the cell nucleus, as quantitatively addressed by spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS). For each lipid formulation, LPD NPs escape from endosomes more efficiently than lipoplexes. When cells were treated with DOTAP-DOPC-containing systems the majority of the DNA was trapped in the lysosome compartment, suggesting that extensive lysosomal degradation was the rate-limiting factors in DOTAP-DOPC-mediated transfection. On the other side, escape from endosomes is large for DC-Chol-DOPE-containing systems most likely due to DOPE and cholesterol-like molecules, which are able to destabilize the endosomal membrane. The lipid-dependent and structure-dependent enhancement of transfection activity suggests that DNA is delivered to the nucleus synergistically: the process requires both the membrane-fusogenic activity of the nanocarrier envelope and the employment of lipid species with intrinsic endosomal rupture ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C Marchini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - F Cardarelli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Salomone
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Coppola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via A. Borelli, 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Montani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - M Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - M A Digman
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - E Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - V Colapicchioni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - G Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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32
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Pozzi D, Marchini C, Cardarelli F, Rossetta A, Colapicchioni V, Amici A, Montani M, Motta S, Brocca P, Cantù L, Caracciolo G. Mechanistic understanding of gene delivery mediated by highly efficient multicomponent envelope-type nanoparticle systems. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4654-65. [PMID: 24188138 DOI: 10.1021/mp400470p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We packaged condensed DNA/protamine particles in multicomponent envelope-type nanoparticle systems (MENS) combining different molar fractions of the cationic lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 3β-[N-(N,N-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) and the zwitterionic lipids dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and microelectrophoresis allowed us to identify the cationic lipid/DNA charge ratio at which MENS are small sized and positively charged, while synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that MENS are well-shaped DNA/protamine particles covered by a lipid monobilayer. Transfection efficiency (TE) experiments indicate that a nanoparticle formulation, termed MENS-3, was not cytotoxic and highly efficient to transfect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To rationalize TE, we performed a quantitative investigation of cell uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, and final fate by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). We found that fluid-phase macropinocytosis is the only endocytosis pathway used by MENS-3. Once taken up by the cell, complexes that are actively transported by microtubules frequently fuse with lysosomes, while purely diffusing systems do not. Indeed, spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) clarified that MENS-3 mostly exploit diffusion to move in the cytosol of CHO cells, thus explaining the high TE levels observed. Also, MENS-3 exhibited a marked endosomal rupture ability resulting in extraordinary DNA release. The lipid-dependent and structure-dependent TE boost suggests that efficient transfection requires both the membrane-fusogenic activity of the nanocarrier envelope and the employment of lipid species with intrinsic endosomal rupture ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
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33
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Shen Y, Fang H, Zhang K, Shrestha R, Wooley KL, Taylor JSA. Efficient protection and transfection of small interfering RNA by cationic shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:95-108. [PMID: 23557117 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic agent, progress in this area has been hampered by a lack of efficient biocompatible transfection agents. Recently, cationic shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles (cSCKs) were found to possess lower cytotoxicity and better transfection ability for phosphorothioate ODNs and plasmid DNA than the commonly used cationic lipid-based agent Lipofectamine. To determine the usefulness of cSCKs for siRNA transfection, a small library of cSCKs with varying percentage of primary and tertiary amines was assessed for its ability to bind to siRNA, inhibit siRNA degradation in human serum, and to transfect HeLa and mouse macrophage cell lines. The silencing efficiency in HeLa cells was greatest with the cSCK with 100% primary amines (pa100) as determined by their viability following transfection with cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic siRNAs. cSCK-pa100 showed greater silencing efficiency than Lipofectamine 2000 in the HeLa cells, as well in 293T and human bronchial epithelial (HEK) cells, but was comparable in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and human mammary epithelial (MCF10a) cells. cSCK-pa100 also showed greater silencing of iNOS expression than Lipofectamine 2000 in a mouse macrophage cell line, and provided greater protection from serum degradation, demonstrating its potential usefulness as an siRNA transfection agent. The siRNA silencing of iNOS at lower concentrations of siRNA could be enhanced by complexation with the fusogenic GALA peptide, which was shown to enhance endosomal escape following uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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34
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Endocytosis of gene delivery vectors: from clathrin-dependent to lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1118-30. [PMID: 23587924 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal nonviral vector delivers its nucleic acid cargo to a specific intracellular target. Vectors enter cells mainly through endocytosis and are distributed to various intracellular organelles. Recent advances in microscopy, lipidomics, and proteomics confirm that the cell membrane is composed of clusters of lipids, organized in the form of lipid raft domains, together with non-raft domains that comprise a generally disordered lipid milieu. The binding of a nonviral vector to either region can determine the pathway for its endocytic uptake and subsequent intracellular itinerary. Given this model of the cell membrane structure, endocytic pathways should be reclassified in relation to lipid rafts. In this review, we attempt to assess the currently recognized endocytic pathways in mammalian cells. The endocytic pathways are classified in relation to the membrane regions that make up the primary endocytic vesicles. This review covers the well-recognized clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis in addition to the less addressed pathways that take place in lipid rafts. These include caveolae-mediated, flotillin-dependent, GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase-1 (GRAF1)-dependent, adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6)-dependent, and RhoA-dependent endocytic pathways. We summarize the regulators associated with each uptake pathway and methods for interfering with these regulators are discussed. The fate of endocytic vesicles resulting from each endocytic uptake pathway is highlighted.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid-mediated delivery of DNA is hindered by extracellular and intracellular barriers that significantly reduce the transfection efficiency of synthetic nonviral vectors. RESULTS In this study we investigated the role of the actin and microtubule networks on the uptake and cytoplasmic transport of multicomponent cationic liposome-DNA complexes in CHO-K1 live cells by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D single particle tracking. Treatment with actin (latrunculin B)- and microtubule-disrupting (nocodazole) reagents indicated that intracellular trafficking of complexes predominantly involves microtubule-dependent active transport. We found that the actin network has a major effect on the initial uptake of complexes, while the microtubule network is mainly responsible for the subsequent active transportation to the lysosomes. CONCLUSION Collectively, a strategy to improve the efficiency of lipid gene vectors can be formulated. We could find a lipid formulation that allows the nanoparticles to avoid the microtubule pathway to lysosomes.
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36
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Bioresponsive Deciduous-Charge Amphiphiles for Liposomal Delivery of DNA and siRNA. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1362-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Pierrat P, Laverny G, Creusat G, Wehrung P, Strub JM, VanDorsselaer A, Pons F, Zuber G, Lebeau L. Phospholipid-Detergent Conjugates as Novel Tools for siRNA Delivery. Chemistry 2013; 19:2344-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bae YU, Kim BK, Park JW, Seu YB, Doh KO. Endocytic Pathway and Resistance to Cholesterol Depletion of Cholesterol Derived Cationic Lipids for Gene Delivery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3579-85. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bieong-Kil Kim
- School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | | | - Young-Bae Seu
- School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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39
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Pozzi D, Marchini C, Cardarelli F, Amenitsch H, Garulli C, Bifone A, Caracciolo G. Transfection efficiency boost of cholesterol-containing lipoplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2335-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Coppola S, Estrada LC, Digman MA, Pozzi D, Cardarelli F, Gratton E, Caracciolo G. Intracellular trafficking of cationic liposome-DNA complexes in living cells. SOFT MATTER 2012; 8:7919-7927. [PMID: 25152766 PMCID: PMC4138718 DOI: 10.1039/c2sm25532d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional single-particle tracking (SPT) was used to calculate the mean square displacement (MSD) and the diffusion coefficients of multicomponent cationic liposome-DNA complexes (lipoplexes) in CHO-K1 living cells. In untreated (NT) control cells, we found that the intracellular lipoplex motion was either directed or Brownian with active transportation being definitely more frequent (more than 70%) than Brownian diffusion. The MSD analysis was supported by the calculation of the three-dimensional asphericity, A3, which was close to unity, denoting the preponderant occurrence of movement along a direction. To elucidate the role of the cytoskeleton structure in the lipoplex trafficking, cells were treated with cytoskeleton (actin microfilaments and microtubules) polymerization inhibitors (latrunculin B and nocodazole, respectively). When cells were treated with inhibitors, the lipoplex movement tended towards a random walk at the expense of directed motion. The disassembly of microtubules had a stronger effect on the reduction of directional movement than that of actin microfilaments. Relevance of the results for enhanced gene delivery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Coppola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura C Estrada
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 3120 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2715, USA
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 3120 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2715, USA
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 3120 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2715, USA
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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41
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LaManna CM, Lusic H, Camplo M, McIntosh TJ, Barthélémy P, Grinstaff MW. Charge-reversal lipids, peptide-based lipids, and nucleoside-based lipids for gene delivery. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1026-38. [PMID: 22439686 PMCID: PMC3878820 DOI: 10.1021/ar200228y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years after gene therapy was introduced in the clinic, advances in the technique continue to garner headlines as successes pique the interest of clinicians, researchers, and the public. Gene therapy's appeal stems from its potential to revolutionize modern medical therapeutics by offering solutions to myriad diseases through treatments tailored to a specific individual's genetic code. Both viral and non-viral vectors have been used in the clinic, but the low transfection efficiencies when non-viral vectors are used have lead to an increased focus on engineering new gene delivery vectors. To address the challenges facing non-viral or synthetic vectors, specifically lipid-based carriers, we have focused on three main themes throughout our research: (1) The release of the nucleic acid from the carrier will increase gene transfection. (2) The use of biologically inspired designs, such as DNA binding proteins, to create lipids with peptide-based headgroups will improve delivery. (3) Mimicking the natural binding patterns observed within DNA, by using lipids having a nucleoside headgroup, will produce unique supramolecular assembles with high transfection efficiencies. The results presented in this Account demonstrate that engineering the chemical components of the lipid vectors to enhance nucleic acid binding and release kinetics can improve the cellular uptake and transfection efficacy of nucleic acids. Specifically, our research has shown that the incorporation of a charge-reversal moiety to initiate a shift of the lipid from positive to negative net charge improves transfection. In addition, by varying the composition of the spacer (rigid, flexible, short, long, or aromatic) between the cationic headgroup and the hydrophobic chains, we can tailor lipids to interact with different nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA) and accordingly affect delivery, uptake outcomes, and transfection efficiency. The introduction of a peptide headgroup into the lipid provides a mechanism to affect the binding of the lipid to the nucleic acid, to influence the supramolecular lipoplex structure, and to enhance gene transfection activity. Lastly, we discuss the in vitro successes that we have had when using lipids possessing a nucleoside headgroup to create unique self-assembled structures and to deliver DNA to cells. In this Account, we state our hypotheses and design elements as well as describe the techniques that we have used in our research to provide readers with the tools to characterize and engineer new vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Camplo
- Departments of CINaM, Upr-Cnrs 3118, Université de la méditerranée 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Thomas J. McIntosh
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, 27710
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- Departments of Inserm, U869, Bordeaux, F-33076 France
- Departments of Université de Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
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On the cellular processing of non-viral nanomedicines for nucleic acid delivery: Mechanisms and methods. J Control Release 2012; 161:566-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Evaluation of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking as determining factors of gene expression for amino acid-substituted gemini surfactant-based DNA nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:7. [PMID: 22296763 PMCID: PMC3298462 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene transfer using non-viral vectors offers a non-immunogenic and safe method of gene delivery. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of the nanoparticles can impact on the transfection efficiency of these vectors. Therefore, understanding the physicochemical properties that may influence the cellular uptake and the intracellular trafficking can aid the design of more efficient non-viral gene delivery systems. Recently, we developed novel amino acid-substituted gemini surfactants that showed higher transfection efficiency than their parent compound. In this study, we evaluated the mechanism of cellular uptake of the plasmid/gemini surfactant/helper lipid nanoparticles and their effect on the transfection efficiency. Results Nanoparticles were incubated with Sf 1 Ep cells in the presence of different endocytic inhibitors and gene expression (interferon-γ) was measured using ELISA. Clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated uptake were found to be equally contributing to cellular internalization of both P/12-7NH-12/L (parent gemini surfactant) and P/12-7NGK-12/L (amino acid-substituted gemini surfactant) nanoparticles. The plasmid and the helper lipid were fluorescently tagged to track the nanoparticles inside the cells, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the P/12-7NGK-12/L particles were cylindrical while the P/12-7NH-12/L particles were spherical which may influence the cellular uptake behaviour of these particles. Dye exclusion assay and pH-titration of the nanoparticles suggested that high buffering capacity, pH-dependent increase in particle size and balanced DNA binding properties may be contributing to a more efficient endosomal escape of P/12-7NGK-12/L compared to the P/12-7NH-12/L nanoparticles, leading to higher gene expression. Conclusion Amino-acid substitution in the spacer of gemini surfactant did not alter the cellular uptake pathway, showing similar pattern to the unsubstituted parent gemini surfactant. Glycyl-lysine substitution in the gemini spacer improved buffering capacity and imparted a pH-dependent increase of particle size. This property conferred to the P/12-7NGK-12/L nanoparticles the ability to escape efficiently from clathrin-mediated endosomes. Balanced binding properties (protection and release) of the 12-7NGK-12 in the presence of polyanions could contribute to the facile release of the nanoparticles internalized via caveolae-mediated uptake. A more efficient endosomal escape of the P/12-7NGK-12/L nanoparticles lead to higher gene expression compared to the parent gemini surfactant.
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Cardarelli F, Pozzi D, Bifone A, Marchini C, Caracciolo G. Cholesterol-Dependent Macropinocytosis and Endosomal Escape Control the Transfection Efficiency of Lipoplexes in CHO Living Cells. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:334-40. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200374e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cardarelli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,
Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale
Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,
Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano,
62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale
Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Wang T, Upponi JR, Torchilin VP. Design of multifunctional non-viral gene vectors to overcome physiological barriers: dilemmas and strategies. Int J Pharm 2011; 427:3-20. [PMID: 21798324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene-based therapeutics hold great promise for medical advancement and have been used to treat various human diseases with mixed success. However, their therapeutic application in vivo is limited due largely to several physiological barriers. The design of non-viral gene vectors with the ability to overcome delivery obstacles is currently under extensive investigation. These efforts have placed an emphasis on the development of multifunctional vectors able to execute multiple tasks to simultaneously overcome both extracellular and intracellular obstacles. However, the assembly of these different functionalities into a single system to create multifunctional gene vectors faces many conflicts that largely limit the safe and efficient application of lipoplexes and polyplexes in a systemic delivery. In the review, we have described the dilemmas inherent in the design of a viable, non-viral gene vector equipped with multiple functionalities. The strategies directed towards individual delivery barriers are first summarized, followed by a focus on the design of so-called smart multifunctional vectors with the capability to overcome the delivery difficulties of gene medicines, including the so-called the "polycation dilemma", the "PEG dilemma" and the "package and release dilemma".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, 312 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhang XX, McIntosh TJ, Grinstaff MW. Functional lipids and lipoplexes for improved gene delivery. Biochimie 2011; 94:42-58. [PMID: 21621581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipids are the most common non-viral vectors used in gene delivery with a few currently being investigated in clinical trials. However, like most other synthetic vectors, these vectors suffer from low transfection efficiencies. Among the various approaches to address this challenge, functional lipids (i.e., lipids responding to a stimuli) offer a myriad of opportunities for basic studies of nucleic acid-lipid interactions and for in vitro and in vivo delivery of nucleic acid for a specific biological/medical application. This manuscript reviews recent advances in pH, redox, and charge-reversal sensitive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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