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Alvisi N, Gutiérrez-Mejía FA, Lokker M, Lin YT, de Jong AM, van Delft F, de Vries R. Self-Assembly of Elastin-like Polypeptide Brushes on Silica Surfaces and Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1966-1979. [PMID: 33871996 PMCID: PMC8154268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Control over the placement and activity of biomolecules on solid surfaces is a key challenge in bionanotechnology. While covalent approaches excel in performance, physical attachment approaches excel in ease of processing, which is equally important in many applications. We show how the precision of recombinant protein engineering can be harnessed to design and produce protein-based diblock polymers with a silica-binding and highly hydrophilic elastin-like domain that self-assembles on silica surfaces and nanoparticles to form stable polypeptide brushes that can be used as a scaffold for later biofunctionalization. From atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy, we find that individual silica-binding peptides have high unbinding rates. Nevertheless, from quartz crystal microbalance measurements, we find that the self-assembled polypeptide brushes cannot easily be rinsed off. From atomic force microscopy imaging and bulk dynamic light scattering, we find that the binding to silica induces fibrillar self-assembly of the peptides. Hence, we conclude that the unexpected stability of these self-assembled polypeptide brushes is at least in part due to peptide-peptide interactions of the silica-binding blocks at the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Alvisi
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiola A Gutiérrez-Mejía
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Lokker
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur M de Jong
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Floris van Delft
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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Lyu C, Xia S, Lyu GW, Dun XP, Zheng K, Su J, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Hökfelt T, Shi TJS. A preliminary study on DRGs and spinal cord of a galanin receptor 2-EGFP transgenic mouse. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102000. [PMID: 31864679 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin functions via three G-protein coupled receptors, Gal1-3-R. Both Gal1-R and 2-R are involved in pain signaling at the spinal level. Here a Gal2-R-EGFP transgenic (TG) mouse was generated and studied in pain tests and by characterizing Gal2-R expression in both sensory ganglia and spinal cord. After peripheral spared nerve injury, mechanical allodynia developed and was ipsilaterally similar between wild type (WT) and TG mice. A Gal2-R-EGFP-positive signal was primarily observed in small and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in spinal interneurons and processes. No significant difference in size distribution of DRG neuronal profiles was found between TG and WT mice. Both percentage and fluorescence intensity of Gal2-R-EGFP-positive neuronal profiles were overall significantly upregulated in ipsilateral DRGs as compared to contralateral DRGs. There was an ipsilateral reduction in substance P-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive neuronal profiles, and this reduction was more pronounced in TG as compared to WT mice. Moreover, Gal2-R-EGFP partly co-localized with three pain-related neuropeptides, CGRP, neuropeptide Y and galanin, both in intact and injured DRGs, and with galanin also in local neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Taken together, the present results provide novel information on the localization and phenotype of DRG and spinal neurons expressing the second galanin receptor, Gal2-R, and on phenotypic changes following peripheral nerve injury. Gal2-R may also be involved in autoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gong-Wei Lyu
- Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Preclinical Analgesic and Safety Evaluation of the GalR2-preferring Analog, NAX 810-2. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1983-1994. [PMID: 28382595 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential clinical utility of galanin peptidic analogs has been hindered by poor metabolic stability, lack of brain penetration, and hyperglycemia. In addition to possessing potent anticonvulsant efficacy, galanin analogs are analgesic in various assays. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the lead galanin receptor type 2 (GalR2)-preferring analog, NAX 810-2, in various pain assays, as well as determine any potential for insulin inhibition, growth hormone stimulation, and cognitive impairment. NAX 810-2 was evaluated in mouse (carrageenan, formalin, tail flick, plantar incision) and rat pain models (partial sciatic nerve ligation). NAX 810-2 dose-dependently increased paw withdrawal latency following plantar administration of carrageenan (ED50 4.7 mg/kg). At a dose of 8 mg/kg, NAX 810-2 significantly attenuated nociceptive behaviors following plantar administration of formalin, and this was observed for both phase I (acute) and phase II (inflammatory) components of the formalin behavioral response. NAX-810-2 was active at higher doses in the mouse tail flick model (ED50 20.2 mg/kg) and similarly, reduced mechanical allodynia following plantar incision in mice at a dose of 24 mg/kg. NAX 810-2 also reduced mechanical allodynia in the partial sciatic nerve ligation model at a dose of 4 mg/kg. In addition, NAX 810-2 did not impair insulin secretion at doses of 2.5 and 8 mg/kg (acutely) or at a dose of 8 mg/kg given daily for 5 days. Similarly, 8 mg/kg (twice daily, 5 days) of NAX 810-2 did not increase growth hormone levels. These results demonstrate that NAX 810-2 possesses a favorable pre-clinical profile as a novel and first-in-class analgesic.
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Metcalf CS, Klein BD, McDougle DR, Zhang L, Kaufmann D, Bulaj G, White HS. Preclinical evaluation of intravenous NAX 810-2, a novel GalR2-preferring analog, for anticonvulsant efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Epilepsia 2017; 58:239-246. [PMID: 28098336 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Potential clinical utility of galanin or peptidic analogs has been hindered by poor metabolic stability, lack of brain penetration, and hyperglycemia due to galanin receptor subtype 1 (GalR1) activation. NAX 810-2, a galanin receptor subtype 2 (GalR2)-preferring galanin analog, possesses 15-fold greater affinity for GalR2 over GalR1 and protects against seizures in the mouse 6 Hz, corneal kindling, and Frings audiogenic seizure models. The purpose of these studies was to further evaluate the preclinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of NAX 810-2 in mice. METHODS NAX 810-2 was administered by intravenous (i.v.; tail vein, bolus) injection to fully kindled (corneal kindling assay) or naive CF-1 mice (6 Hz assay and pharmacokinetic studies). Plasma NAX 810-2 levels were determined from trunk blood samples. NAX 810-2 was also added to human plasma at various concentrations for determination of plasma protein binding. RESULTS In the mouse corneal kindling model, NAX 810-2 dose-dependently blocked seizures following intravenous administration (median effective dose [ED50 ], 0.5 mg/kg). In the mouse 6 Hz (32 mA) seizure model, it was demonstrated that NAX 810-2 dose-dependently blocked seizures following bolus administration (0.375-1.5 mg/kg, i.v.; ED50 , 0.7 mg/kg), with a time-to-peak effect of 0.5 h posttreatment. Motor impairment was observed at 1.5 mg/kg, i.v., whereas one-half of this dose, 0.75 mg/kg, i.v., was maximally effective in the 6 Hz test. Plasma levels of NAX 810-2 show linear pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration and a half-life of 1.2 h. Functional agonist activity studies demonstrate that NAX 810-2 effectively activates GalR2 at therapeutic concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE These studies further suggest the potential utility of NAX 810-2 as a novel therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Brian D Klein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | | | - Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Dan Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
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Webling K, Runesson J, Lang A, Saar I, Kofler B, Langel Ü. Ala 5-galanin (2-11) is a GAL 2R specific galanin analogue. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:75-82. [PMID: 27592409 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala5-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala5-galanin (2-11) was tested in 125I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala5-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Lowe S, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Connal LA. Antibiofouling polymer interfaces: poly(ethylene glycol) and other promising candidates. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights antibiofouling polymer interfaces with emphasis on the latest developments using poly(ethylene glycol) and the design new polymeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lowe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
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Metcalf CS, Klein BD, McDougle DR, Zhang L, Smith MD, Bulaj G, White HS. Analgesic properties of a peripherally acting and GalR2 receptor-preferring galanin analog in inflammatory, neuropathic, and acute pain models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:185-93. [PMID: 25347995 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are ongoing efforts to develop pain therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action that avoid common side effects associated with other analgesics. The anticonvulsant neuropeptide galanin is a potent regulator of neuronal excitability and has a well established role in pain modulation, making it a potential target for novel therapies. Our previous efforts focused on improving blood-brain-barrier penetration and enhancing the metabolic stability of galanin analogs to protect against seizures. More recently, we designed peripherally acting galanin analogs that reduce pain-related behaviors by acting in the periphery and exhibit preferential binding toward galanin receptor (GalR)2 over GalR1. In this study, we report preclinical studies of a monodisperse oligoethylene glycol-containing galanin analog, NAX 409-9 (previously reported as GalR2-dPEG24), in rodent analgesic and safety models. Results obtained with NAX 409-9 in these tests were compared with the representative analgesics gabapentin, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, and morphine. In mice that received intraplantar carrageenan, NAX 409-9 increased paw withdrawal latency with an ED50 of 6.6 mg/kg i.p. NAX 409-9 also increased the paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation following partial sciatic nerve ligation in rats (2 mg/kg). Conversely, NAX 409-9 had no effect in the tail flick or hot plate assays (up to 24 mg/kg). Importantly, NAX 409-9 did not negatively affect gastrointestinal motility (4-20 mg/kg), respiratory rate (40-80 mg/kg), or bleed time (20 mg/kg). These studies illustrate that this nonbrain-penetrating galanin analog reduces pain behaviors in several models and does not produce some of the dose-limiting toxicities associated with other analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Metcalf
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian D Klein
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel R McDougle
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Liuyin Zhang
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Misty D Smith
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - H Steve White
- Neuroadjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (C.S.M., B.D.K., D.R.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.D.K., M.D.S., H.S.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (L.Z., G.B.), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Povoski SP, Davis PD, Colcher D, Martin EW. Single molecular weight discrete PEG compounds: emerging roles in molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapeutics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:315-9. [PMID: 23638813 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pandey BK, Smith MS, Torgerson C, Lawrence PB, Matthews SS, Watkins E, Groves ML, Prigozhin MB, Price JL. Impact of site-specific PEGylation on the conformational stability and folding rate of the Pin WW domain depends strongly on PEG oligomer length. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:796-802. [PMID: 23578107 DOI: 10.1021/bc3006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation is an effective method for reducing the proteolytic susceptibility, aggregation propensity, and immunogenicity of protein drugs. These pharmacokinetic challenges are fundamentally related to protein conformational stability, and become much worse for proteins that populate the unfolded state under ambient conditions. If PEGylation consistently led to increased conformational stability, its beneficial pharmacokinetic effects could be extended and enhanced. However, the impact of PEGylation on protein conformational stability is currently unpredictable. Here we show that appending a short PEG oligomer to a single Asn side chain within a reverse turn in the WW domain of the human protein Pin 1 increases WW conformational stability in a manner that depends strongly on the length of the PEG oligomer: shorter oligomers increase folding rate, whereas longer oligomers increase folding rate and reduce unfolding rate. This strong length dependence is consistent with the possibility that the PEG oligomer stabilizes the transition and folded states of WW relative to the unfolded state by interacting favorably with side-chain or backbone groups on the WW surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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