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Kim L, Lohan S, Moreno J, Zoghebi K, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Cyclic and Linear Peptides Containing Alternate WW and RR Residues as Molecular Cargo Delivery Tools. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:341-356. [PMID: 36445335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-impermeable and negatively charged compounds' cellular uptake across the cell membranes remains challenging. Herein, the synthesis of four linear [(WWRR)2, (WWRR)3, (WWRR)4, and (WWRR)5] and four cyclic ([WWRR]2, [WWRR]3, [WWRR]4, and [WWRR]5) peptides containing alternate two tryptophan (WW) and two arginine (RR) residues and their biological evaluation as molecular transporters are reported. The peptides did not show any significant cytotoxicity in different cell lines (MDA-MB-23, SK-OV-3, and HEK 293) at a concentration of 5 μM and after 3 h of incubation time. The uptake of fluorescence-labeled cargo molecules (F'-GpYEEI, F'-siRNA, and F'-3TC) in the presence of the peptides was monitored in different cell lines (SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231) with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Among all the peptides, [WWRR]5 (C4) showed the highest cellular uptake of cargo molecules, indicating it can act as effective molecular transporter. Confocal microscopy in MDA-MB-231 cells showed the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI in the presence of C4 and the intracellular localization of fluorescence-labeled C4 (F'-C4) in the cytosol. The F'-C4 cellular uptake was found to be concentration- and time-dependent, as shown by flow cytometry in MDA-MB-231 cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry of F'-C4 in MDA-MB-231 cells were examined alone and in the presence of different endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chloroquine, and nystatin). The data showed that the cellular uptake of F'-C4 in the presence of chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin was reduced but not completely eliminated, indicating that both energy-independent and energy-dependent pathways contributed to the cellular uptake of F'-C4. Similar results were obtained using the confocal microscopy of C4 and F'-GpYEEI in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chloroquine, and nystatin). These data indicate that C4 has the potential to be used as a cell-penetrating peptide and cargo transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Kim
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Jonathan Moreno
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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2
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Aqueous Self-assembly of Extracted Cyclotides from Viola odorata into Novel Stable Supramolecular Structures. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Saha P, Akter R, Shah SS, Mahfoz W, Aziz MA, Ahammad AJS. Gold Nanomaterials and their Composites as Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Nitrite Detection. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200823. [PMID: 36039466 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is one of the abundant toxic components existing in the environment and is likely to have a great potential to affect human health badly. For that reason, it has become crucial to build a reliable nitrite detection method. In recent years, several nitrite monitoring systems have been proposed. Compared with traditional analytical strategies, the electrochemical approach has a bunch of advantages, including low cost, rapid response, easy operation, simplicity, etc. In this case, noble metal nanomaterials, especially Au-based nanomaterials, have attracted attention in electrode modification because of higher catalytic activity, facile mass transfer, and broad active area for determining nitrite. This review is based on the state-of-the-art, which includes a variety of nanomaterials that have been coupled with AuNPs for the creation of nanocomposites, and the construction as well as development of electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection over the last few years (2016-2022). A background study on synthesizing different morphological AuNPs and nanocomposites has also been introduced. The fabrication methods and sensing capabilities of modified electrodes are given special consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protity Saha
- Jagannath University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1100, BANGLADESH
| | - Riva Akter
- Jagannath University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1100, BANGLADESH
| | - Syed Shaheen Shah
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Physics Department, Building 6, 31261, Dhahran, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Wael Mahfoz
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Chemistry, Chemistry Department, 31261, Dhahran, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Center of Research excellence in Nanotechnology, KFUPM Box # 81, 31261, Dhahran, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - A J Saleh Ahammad
- Jagannath University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1100, BANGLADESH
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4
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Design and preparation of a theranostic peptideticle for targeted cancer therapy: Peptide-based codelivery of doxorubicin/curcumin and graphene quantum dots. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 42:102544. [PMID: 35192939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy has been known as a powerful medication for cancer treatment over the years, there is an important necessity for designing a novel targeted drug delivery system to overcome the drawbacks of this conventional method including undesired side effects on normal cells and drug resistance. The structural differences between the surface of cancerous and normal cells allow to design and engineer targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Integrins as one of the cell surface receptors over-expressed in cancer cells could potentially be suitable candidates for targeting cancer cells. In the present study, the novel nano-carriers based on designed MiRGD peptides and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been used for targeted delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) and curcumin (Cur) as hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug models, respectively. The prepared nano-composites were characterized by UV-vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, Zeta-Sizer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Altogether, the results of cellular uptake and fluorimetric assays performed in HUVEC and HFF cells as models of αv integrin-over-expressed cancer and normal cells, respectively, besides in-vivo study on breast cancer bearing BALB/c mice, demonstrated that the prepared nano-composites can be considered as suitable multifunctional theranostic peptideticles for targeted drug delivery and tracking.
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Salehi D, Mozaffari S, Zoghebi K, Lohan S, Mandal D, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids as Drug Delivery Agents. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071156. [PMID: 35406720 PMCID: PMC8997995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of cyclic peptides, [(DipR)(WR)4], [(DipR)2(WR)3], [(DipR)3(WR)2], [(DipR)4(WR)], and [DipR]5, and their linear counterparts containing arginine (R) as positively charged residues and tryptophan (W) or diphenylalanine (Dip) as hydrophobic residues, were synthesized and evaluated for their molecular transporter efficiency. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized peptides was determined in human epithelial ovary adenocarcinoma cells (SK-OV-3), human lymphoblast peripheral blood cells (CCRF-CEM), human embryonic epithelial kidney healthy cells (HEK-293), human epithelial mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-468), pig epithelial kidney normal cells (LLC-PK1), and human epithelial fibroblast uterine sarcoma cells (MES-SA). A concentration of 5–10 µM and 3 h incubation were selected in uptake studies. The cellular uptake of a fluorescent-labeled phosphopeptide, stavudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, and siRNA was determined in the presence of peptides via flow cytometry. Among the peptides, [DipR]5 (10 µM) was found to be the most efficient transporter and significantly improved the uptake of F’-GpYEEI, i.e., by approximately 130-fold after 3 h incubation in CCRF-CEM cells. Confocal microscopy further confirmed the improved delivery of fluorescent-labeled [DipR]5 (F’-[K(DipR)5]) alone and F’-GpYEEI in the presence of [DipR]5 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The uptake of fluorescent-labeled siRNA (F’-siRNA) in the presence of [DipR]5 with N/P ratios of 10 and 20 was found to be 30- and 50-fold higher, respectively, compared with the cells exposed to F’-siRNA alone. The presence of endocytosis inhibitors, i.e., nystatin, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl β-cyclodextrin, did not completely inhibit the cellular uptake of F’-[K(DipR)5] alone or F’-GpYEEI in the presence of [DipR]5, suggesting that a combination of mechanisms contributes to uptake. Circular dichroism was utilized to determine the secondary structure, while transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the particle sizes and morphology of the peptides. The data suggest the remarkable membrane transporter property of [DipR]5 for improving the delivery of various small molecules and cell-impermeable negatively charged molecules (e.g., siRNA and phosphopeptide).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Salehi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Saghar Mozaffari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
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Khayyatnejad Shoushtari S, Zoghebi K, Sajid MI, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Hybrid Cyclic-Linear Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Alternative Positively Charged and Hydrophobic Residues as Molecular Transporters. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3909-3919. [PMID: 34491768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane properties create a significant obstacle in intracellular delivery of cell-impermeable and negatively charged molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of hybrid cyclic-linear peptides containing alternative positive and hydrophobic amino acids on the ring and side chain [(RW)5]K(RW)X (X = 1-5) to compare their molecular transporter efficiency. The peptides were synthesized through Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. In vitro cytotoxicity of the peptides showed that the peptides did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity at the concentration of 10 μM in human leukemia carcinoma cell line (CCRF-CEM), human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells (SK-OV-3), human epithelial embryonic kidney healthy (HEK-293), and human epithelial mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) after 3 h incubation. The cellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled phosphopeptide (F'-GpYEEI) and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs (lamivudine (F'-3TC), emtricitabine (F'-FTC), Stavudine (F'-d4T)), where F' is carboxyfluorescein, was measured in the presence of the peptides in CCRF-CEM and SK-OV-3 cells. Among all peptides, [(RW)5K](RW)5 (10 μM) was the most efficient transporter that improved the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI (2 μM) by 18- and 11-fold in CCRF-CEM and SK-OV-3, respectively, compared with F'-GpYEEI alone. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis results indicated that the cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled peptide (F'-[(RW)5K](RW)5) was only partially inhibited by chlorpromazine as an endocytosis inhibitor after 3 h incubation in MDA-MB-231 cells. These data suggest the potential of this series of hybrid cyclic-linear peptides as cell-penetrating peptides and molecular transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Khayyatnejad Shoushtari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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7
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Hawryłkiewicz A, Ptaszyńska N. Gemcitabine Peptide-Based Conjugates and Their Application in Targeted Tumor Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:E364. [PMID: 33445797 PMCID: PMC7828243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in tumor treatment is associated with the poor penetration of a therapeutic agent into the tumor tissue and with their adverse influence on healthy cells, which limits the dose of drug that can be safely administered to cancer patients. Gemcitabine is an anticancer drug used to treat a wide range of solid tumors and is a first-line treatment for pancreatic cancer. The effect of gemcitabine is significantly weakened by its rapid plasma degradation. In addition, the systemic toxicity and drug resistance significantly reduce its chemotherapeutic efficacy. Up to now, many approaches have been made to improve the therapeutic index of gemcitabine. One of the recently developed approaches to improve conventional chemotherapy is based on the direct targeting of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells using the drug-peptide conjugates. In this work, we summarize recently published gemcitabine peptide-based conjugates and their efficacy in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Ptaszyńska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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8
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Reith MA, Kardas S, Mertens C, Fossépré M, Surin M, Steinkoenig J, Du Prez FE. Using nickel to fold discrete synthetic macromolecules into single-chain nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-defined macromolecules were prepared with a thiolactone-based platform whereby ligand functionalities were introduced along the backbone enabling a nickel induced formation of single-chain nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Reith
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Sinan Kardas
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons B-7000, Belgium
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Fossépré
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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9
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Limón D, Vilà S, Herrera-Olivas A, Vera R, Badia J, Baldomà L, Planas M, Feliu L, Pérez-García L. Enhanced cytotoxicity of highly water-soluble gold nanoparticle-cyclopeptide conjugates in cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111384. [PMID: 33113488 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of cytostatic drugs to nanomaterials seeks to improve their low bioavailability and selectivity to overcome the important associated side effects. In this work, we aimed to synthesize water-soluble gold nanoparticles as transporters for synthetic cyclic peptides with a potential anticancer activity but with a limited bioavailability. The highly water-soluble nanoparticles (2.5 nm diameter gold core) are coated with a mixture of polyethylene glycol linkers, one bearing a terminal hydroxyl group for increasing dispersibility in water, and the second bearing a carboxylic acid group for peptide conjugation through amide bond formation. Peptide-functionalized particles have a 9.7 ± 1.8 nm hydrodynamic diameter and are highly water-soluble and stable in solution for at least one year. The morphology of the gold cores as well as their organic coating was studied using Transmission Electron Microscopy, showing that the attachment of a limited number of peptides per nanoparticle leads to a uneven organic coating of two different thicknesses, one of 2.0 ± 0.6 nm formed by polyethylene glycol linkers, and a second of 3.6 ± 0.5 nm which includes the peptide. GNP significantly enhance the internalization of the cyclic peptide BPC734 in cells as compared to peptide in solution, with improved uptake in cancerous HT29 cells. Cytotoxicity studies show that peptide BPC734 in solution is toxic in the micromolar range, whereas peptide-functionalized particles are toxic at nanomolar peptide concentrations and with a significantly higher toxicity for cancerous cells. All these results, besides the stability and expected passive tumor targeting, make these particles a promising option for improving the bioavailability, efficacy, and selectivity in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Limón
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia UB (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Vilà
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Anahí Herrera-Olivas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia UB (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Shirazi AN, Park SE, Rad S, Baloyan L, Mandal D, Sajid MI, Hall R, Lohan S, Zoghebi K, Parang K, Tiwari RK. Cyclic Peptide-Gadolinium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090792. [PMID: 32825689 PMCID: PMC7557599 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclic peptide containing one cysteine and five alternating tryptophan and arginine amino acids [(WR)5C] was synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase methodology. The ability of the synthesized cyclic peptide to produce gadolinium nanoparticles through an in situ one-pot mixing of an aqueous solution of GdCl3 with [(WR)5C] peptide solution was evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy showed the formed peptide-Gd nanoparticles in star-shape morphology with a size of ~250 nm. Flow cytometry investigation showed that the cellular uptake of a cell-impermeable fluorescence-labeled phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI, where F′ = fluorescein) was approximately six times higher in the presence of [(WR)5C]-Gd nanoparticles than those of F′-GpYEEI alone in human leukemia adenocarcinoma (CCRF-CEM) cells after 2 h incubation. The antiproliferative activities of cisplatin and carboplatin (5 µM) were increased in the presence of [(WR)5C]-GdNPs (50 μM) by 41% and 18%, respectively, after 72-h incubation in CCRF-CEM cells. The intracellular release of epirubicin, an anticancer drug, from the complex showed that 15% and 60% of the drug was released intracellularly within 12 and 48 h, respectively. This report provides insight about using a non-toxic MRI agent, gadolinium nanoparticles, for the delivery of various types of molecular cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-714-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-714-872-5706 (A.N.S); +1-714-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
| | - Shang Eun Park
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Shirin Rad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Luiza Baloyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India;
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ryley Hall
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-714-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-714-872-5706 (A.N.S); +1-714-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
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11
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Abstract
Nanomaterials are popularly used in drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy. Among a number of functionalized nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, peptide nanostructures, liposomes and polymers, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) make excellent drug and anticancer agent carriers in biomedical and cancer therapy application. Recent advances of synthetic technique improved the surface coating of Au NPs with accurate control of particle size, shape and surface chemistry. These make the gold nanomaterials a much easier and safer cancer agent and drug to be applied to the patient’s tumor. Although many studies on Au NPs have been published, more results are in the pipeline due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. The purpose of this review is to assess how the novel nanomaterials fabricated by Au NPs can impact biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapy. Moreover, this review explores the viability, property and cytotoxicity of various Au NPs.
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12
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Kumar K, Moitra P, Bashir M, Kondaiah P, Bhattacharya S. Natural tripeptide capped pH-sensitive gold nanoparticles for efficacious doxorubicin delivery both in vitro and in vivo. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1067-1074. [PMID: 31845927 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology has been gaining ever-increasing interest for the successful implementation of chemotherapy based treatment of cancer. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with a natural pH-responsive short tripeptide (Lys-Phe-Gly or KFG) sequence are presented herein for significant intracellular delivery of an anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). A particularly increased apoptotic response has been observed for DOX treatments mediated by KFG-AuNPs when compared with drug alone treatments in various cell lines (BT-474, HeLa, HEK 293 T and U251). Furthermore, KFG-AuNP mediated DOX treatment significantly decreases cell proliferation and tumor growth in a BT-474 cell xenograft model in nude mice. In addition, KFG-AuNPs demonstrate efficacious drug delivery in DOX-resistant HeLa cells (HeLa-DOXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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13
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Au and Au-Based nanomaterials: Synthesis and recent progress in electrochemical sensor applications. Talanta 2020; 206:120210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Facile fabrication of pH-responsive nanoparticles from cellulose derivatives via Schiff base formation for controlled release. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:113-118. [PMID: 31047047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A controllable drug delivery system demonstrates a promising tool for diverse biomedical applications. In this work, a group of amphiphilic macromolecules was designed and prepared via Schiff base reactions between 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with oleylamine and amino-containing compounds. Benefiting from the self-assemble process of these amphiphilic macromolecules in the poor solvent, a group of novel pH-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) were facilely fabricated by using nanoprecipitation dropping technique. The high amount of aldehyde groups on DAC chains enabled immobilization of tunable amounts of amine compounds (up to 1.67 mmol/g) in the NPs. Furthermore, the Schiff base bonds in NPs allowed the efficient release of the drug in acidic tumor microenvironment by cleaving the Schiff base linkages. This study demonstrates the formation of a group of novel pH-sensitive and drug-loadable NPs, which provide a simple and efficient drug delivery system for the potential application for cancer treatment.
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15
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Ramírez-Pradilla JS, Blanco-Tirado C, Combariza MY. Electron-Transfer Ionization of Nanoparticles, Polymers, Porphyrins, and Fullerenes Using Synthetically Tunable α-Cyanophenylenevinylenes as UV MALDI-MS Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10975-10987. [PMID: 30794747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transfer ionization in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ET-MALDI) is widely used for the analysis of functional materials that are labile, unstable, and reactive in nature. However, conventional ET matrices (e.g., trans-2-[3-(4- tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene] malononitrile (DCTB)) still lack in performance due to cluster formation, reactivity with analytes, and vacuum instability. In this contribution, we report the use of α-cyanophenylenevinylene derivatives as UV MALDI matrices for the analysis, by ET ionization, of nanoparticles, polymers, porphyrins, and fullerenes. The synthetic versatility of the phenylenevinylene (PV) core allowed us to modulate physicochemical properties, fundamental for efficient formation of primary ions in the gas phase under MALDI conditions, such as planarity, ionization potentials, molar absorptivity, and laser thresholds. For instance, introduction of -CN groups in vinyl positions of the PV core induced structural disruption in planarity in the new α-CNPV derivatives, shifting their maximum molar absorptivity to UV wavelengths and increasing their ionization energy values above 8.0 eV. UV MALDI-relevant photophysical properties in solution and solid state are reported (λmax and ε355nm). LDI spectra of α-CNPVs exhibit predominant signals due to M+• and [M + H]+ species, whereas the standard matrix DCTB shows peaks associated with clusters and nondesirable products. The mass spectrometry (MS) performance of six α-CNPV derivatives was assessed for the ionization of a standard compound, with α-CNPV-CH3 and α-CNPV-OCH3 exhibiting better analytical figures of merit than those of a standard matrix (DCTB). These new matrices display high vacuum stability (79%) for up to 240 min of residence in the ionization source, in contrast with DCTB with 13%. Vacuum stability is vital, particularly for applications such as high-throughput analysis and imaging MS. In addition, when a mixture of 20 analytes (PAHs, porphyrins, and triphenylamine dyes) ranging from m/z 300 to 1700 was analyzed via ET-MALDI, we observed analyte coverage of 90% with the α-CNPV-CH3 derivative, whereas DCTB afforded only 70%. Finally, α-CNPV-CH3 was tested and compared with DCTB, as ET-MALDI matrix for petroporphyrins, conjugated polymers, gold nanoparticles, and fullerene derivatives analysis, outperforming in most cases the standard matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Ramírez-Pradilla
- Escuela de Química , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga 680003 , Santander , Colombia
| | - Cristian Blanco-Tirado
- Escuela de Química , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga 680003 , Santander , Colombia
| | - Marianny Y Combariza
- Escuela de Química , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga 680003 , Santander , Colombia
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16
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Gupta S, Singh R, Kumar V, Shukla P, Joshi KB. Ornamentation of Triskelion Peptide Nanotori to Produce Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP)-Embedded Peptide Nanobangles. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3285-3295. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shradhey Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology; Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar, MP 470003 India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology; Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar, MP 470003 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Current address: BIOPEP group; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - Prashant Shukla
- Department of Physics; Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar, MP 470003 India
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology; Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar, MP 470003 India
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17
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Chen Z, Lv X, Zhao M, Zhang P, Ren X, Mei X. Encapsulation of green tea polyphenol by pH responsive, antibacterial, alginate microgels used for minimally invasive treatment of bone infection. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:648-655. [PMID: 29986260 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of bone infection requires drug carriers take large number of cargo, be antibacterial, promote proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Herein, we proposed a strategy of preparing pH responsive, antibacterial, multistage structured microspheres encapsulated with green tea polyphenol used for minimally invasive treatment of bone infection. Tea polyphenol (TP) were encapsulated by porous silica nanospheres (SiO2 NSs). Then, sodium alginate (SA) microgel spheres (MSs) were prepared to encapsulate a lot of TP loaded SiO2 NSs. The outer layer of obtained TP@SiO2@SA microgel spheres were further wrapped by pH sensitive CaCO3. Mineral out-layer of the composite microspheres is used to neutralize the acidic environment caused by bacterial infection. At the same time, encapsulated TP is released pH sensitively to resist oxidative stress. Our results exhibited excellent drug delivery properties including drug loading efficiency (DLE) of 92.96% and drug loading content (DLC) of 19.62%. Besides, results demonstrated that TP@SiO2@SA@CaCO3 MSs can effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus and promote proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts under stimulation of H2O2 at pH = 5.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyan Lv
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengen Zhao
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Ren
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xifan Mei
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Borrelli A, Tornesello AL, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Cell Penetrating Peptides as Molecular Carriers for Anti-Cancer Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020295. [PMID: 29385037 PMCID: PMC6017757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes with their selective permeability play important functions in the tight control of molecular exchanges between the cytosol and the extracellular environment as the intracellular membranes do within the internal compartments. For this reason the plasma membranes often represent a challenging obstacle to the intracellular delivery of many anti-cancer molecules. The active transport of drugs through such barrier often requires specific carriers able to cross the lipid bilayer. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are generally 5–30 amino acids long which, for their ability to cross cell membranes, are widely used to deliver proteins, plasmid DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, liposomes and anti-cancer drugs inside the cells. In this review, we describe the several types of CPPs, the chemical modifications to improve their cellular uptake, the different mechanisms to cross cell membranes and their biological properties upon conjugation with specific molecules. Special emphasis has been given to those with promising application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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19
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Khoshnevisan K, Daneshpour M, Barkhi M, Gholami M, Samadian H, Maleki H. The promising potentials of capped gold nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. J Drug Target 2017; 26:525-532. [PMID: 28972797 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1387790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication and characterisation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) through reducing agents and different capped agents are one of their most attractive applications in biomedicine. GNPs are coated using various agents such as carbohydrate, amino acids, peptides and proteins. These capped gold nanoparticles (C-GNPs) are applied for wide different applications including drug delivery in the recent decade and potential treatment and diagnosis in drug delivery systems (DDS). Recent studies have shown that these novel compounds and conjugated-nanoparticles drugs play a key role for the promising cure of high-risk refractory diseases. In addition, it seems that these compounds have a capability for potential treatment of certain cancers. In this review, a well-defined description of C-GNPs and the application of these nanoparticles are discussed. Our study revealed that C-GNPs with anticancer drugs or new compounds could be potentially applied for biomedical usage especially in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- a Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpour
- c Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Barkhi
- d University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Zar Center , Karaj , Iran
| | - Morteza Gholami
- b Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hadi Samadian
- f Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Maleki
- f Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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20
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Tian Y, Zeng X, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Wang D, Huang X, Li Z. Achieving enhanced cell penetration of short conformationally constrained peptides through amphiphilicity tuning. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7576-7581. [PMID: 29568420 PMCID: PMC5848794 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03614k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a panel of conformationally constrained peptides with either α-helix or β-hairpin conformations. We tuned the amphiphilicity of these constrained peptides with different distributions of charged or hydrophobic residues and compared their cellular uptake efficiencies in different cell lines.
Due to their enhanced stability and cell permeability, cyclic cell-penetrating peptides have been widely used as delivery vectors for transporting cell-impermeable cargos into cells. In this study, we synthesized a panel of conformationally constrained peptides with either α-helix or β-hairpin conformations. We tuned the amphiphilicity of these constrained peptides with different distributions of charged or hydrophobic residues and compared their cellular uptake efficiencies in different cell lines. We found that the amphipathicity of these conformationally constrained peptides correlates well with their cellular uptake efficiency. We proposed that peptides with larger hydrophobic moments (HMs) have stronger binding affinities with the cell membrane which further accelerates the endocytosis process. This finding should provide an approach towards the design of more potent conformationally constrained cell-penetrating peptides for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . .,School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , 610031 , China
| | - Xiangze Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , Center of Systems Biology and Human Health , School of Science and Institute for Advance Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong .
| | - Jingxu Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Yanhong Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Dongyuan Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Center of Systems Biology and Human Health , School of Science and Institute for Advance Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong .
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
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21
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Zakeri-Milani P, Mussa Farkhani S, Shirani A, Mohammadi S, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Akbari J, Valizadeh H. Cellular uptake and anti-tumor activity of gemcitabine conjugated with new amphiphilic cell penetrating peptides. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:650-662. [PMID: 28694765 PMCID: PMC5491906 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (Gem) is used as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents to treat many types of solid tumors. However, it has many limitations such as a short plasma half-life, dose-limiting toxicities and drug resistance. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides which may deliver a large variety of cargo molecules into the cancerous cells. The current study was designed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of gemcitabine chemically conjugated to CPPs. The peptides were synthesized using solid phase synthesis procedure. The uptake efficiency of CPPs into cells was examined by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. The synthesized peptides were chemically conjugated to Gem and the in vitro cytotoxicity of conjugates was tested by MTT assay on A594 cell line. According to the obtained results, cellular uptake was increased with increasing the concentration of CPPs. On the other hand the coupling of Gem with peptides containing block sequence of arginine (R5W3R4) and some alternating sequences (i.e. [RW]6 and [RW]3) exhibited improved antitumor activity of the drug. The findings in this study support the advantages of using cell-penetrating peptides for improving intracellular delivery of Gem into tumor as well as its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shirani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mohammadi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Shahbazi Mojarrad
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Cysteine and arginine-rich peptides as molecular carriers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:656-661. [PMID: 26631317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Mishra NK, Joshi KB, Verma S. Modulating peptide amphiphile morphology by gold nanocolloids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 455:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Cationic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Are Potent Furin Inhibitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130417. [PMID: 26110264 PMCID: PMC4482483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic cell-penetrating peptides have been widely used to enhance the intracellular delivery of various types of cargoes, such as drugs and proteins. These reagents are chemically similar to the multi-basic peptides that are known to be potent proprotein convertase inhibitors. Here, we report that both HIV-1 TAT47-57 peptide and the Chariot reagent are micromolar inhibitors of furin activity in vitro. In agreement, HIV-1 TAT47-57 reduced HT1080 cell migration, thought to be mediated by proprotein convertases, by 25%. In addition, cyclic polyarginine peptides containing hydrophobic moieties which have been previously used as transfection reagents also exhibited potent furin inhibition in vitro and also inhibited intracellular convertases. Our finding that cationic cell-penetrating peptides exert potent effects on cellular convertase activity should be taken into account when biological effects are assessed.
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25
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Mohammadi S, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Zakeri-Milani P, Shirani A, Mussa Farkhani S, Samadi N, Valizadeh H. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of amphiphilic peptides and their nanostructured conjugates. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:41-9. [PMID: 25789218 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the second leading cancer type among people of advanced countries. Various methods have been used for cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the present study we have designed and synthesized a new group of drug delivery systems (DDS) containing a new class of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) named Peptide Amphiphiles (PAs). METHODS Two PAs and anionic peptides were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), namely [KW]4, [KW]5, E4 and E8. Then nano-peptides were synthesized by non-covalent binding between PAs and poly anions as [KW]4-E4, [KW]4-E8, [KW]5-E4 and [KW]5-E8. RESULTS Flow cytometry studies showed that increased chain length of PAs with a higher ratio between hydrophobicity and net charge results in increased intracellular uptake by MCF7 cells after 2h incubation. Moreover, nano-peptides showed greater intracellular uptake compared to PAs. Anti-proliferative assay revealed that by increasing chain length of PAs, the toxicity effect on MCF7 cells is reduced, however nano-peptides did not show significant toxicity on MCF7 cells even at high concentration levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that due to the lack of toxicity effect at high concentration levels and also high cellular uptake, nano-peptides are more suitable carrier compared to PAs for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Mohammadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Shahbazi Mojarrad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shirani
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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26
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Yu G, Jie K, Huang F. Supramolecular Amphiphiles Based on Host–Guest Molecular Recognition Motifs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7240-303. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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27
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Das R, Das D, Ghosh P, Dhara S, Panda AB, Pal S. Development and application of a nanocomposite derived from crosslinked HPMC and Au nanoparticles for colon targeted drug delivery. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02672e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel route for the synthesis of poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) crosslinked hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/Au nanocomposite where chemically crosslinked HPMC (c-HPMC) works as a reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Das
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian School of Mines
- Dhanbad-826004
- India
| | - Dipankar Das
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian School of Mines
- Dhanbad-826004
- India
| | - Paulomi Ghosh
- School of Medical Science & Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- School of Medical Science & Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Asit Baran Panda
- Discipline of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR)
- Bhavnagar-364002
- India
| | - Sagar Pal
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian School of Mines
- Dhanbad-826004
- India
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28
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Seeta Rama Raju G, Pavitra E, Nagaraju GP, Ramesh K, El-Rayes BF, Yu JS. Imaging and curcumin delivery in pancreatic cancer cell lines using PEGylated α-Gd2(MoO4)3 mesoporous particles. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3330-8. [PMID: 24366050 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52692e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous particles are emerging as multifunctional biomaterials for imaging and drug delivery in several disease models, including cancer. We developed PEGylated α-Gd2(MoO4)3 marigold flower-like mesoporous particles for the purpose of drug delivery and, more specifically, evaluated their ability to deliver curcumin. The obtained mesoporous particles significantly conjugated the curcumin particles on their surfaces by inducing the formation of curcumin nanoparticles. In vitro studies of the PEGylated mesoporous particles filled with curcumin demonstrated that these particles could considerably facilitate the continuous and sustained release of curcumin into the cytoplasm and nucleus. As a result, the intracellular release of curcumin can inhibit proliferation in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines: MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1. Additionally, the particles showed the increased inhibition of pIKKα, pIKKα/β and NF-κB-DNA binding activity as compared to pure curcumin. The curcumin conjugated mesoporous particles are concentrated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the treated cancer cell lines. Consequently, these mesoporous particles are an effective method for drug delivery that can cross the biological barriers of the body targeting the cellular nucleoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Sullivan B, Kumar A, Beni YA, Parang K. Cyclic peptide-selenium nanoparticles as drug transporters. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3631-41. [PMID: 25184366 PMCID: PMC4186687 DOI: 10.1021/mp500364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic peptide composed of five tryptophan, four arginine, and one cysteine [W5R4C] was synthesized. The peptide was evaluated for generating cyclic peptide-capped selenium nanoparticles (CP-SeNPs) in situ. A physical mixing of the cyclic peptide with SeO3(-2) solution in water generated [W5R4C]-SeNPs via the combination of reducing and capping properties of amino acids in the peptide structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that [W5R4C]-SeNPs were in the size range of 110-150 nm. Flow cytometry data revealed that a fluorescence-labeled phosphopeptide (F'-PEpYLGLD, where F' = fluorescein) and an anticancer drug (F'-dasatinib) exhibited approximately 25- and 9-times higher cellular uptake in the presence of [W5R4C]-SeNPs than those of F'-PEpYLGLD and dasatinib alone in human leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells after 2 h of incubation, respectively. Confocal microscopy also exhibited higher cellular delivery of F'-PEpYLGLD and F'-dasatinib in the presence of [W5R4C]-SeNPs compared to the parent fluorescence-labeled drug alone in human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SK-OV-3) cells after 2 h of incubation at 37 °C. The antiproliferative activities of several anticancer drugs doxorubicin, gemcitabine, clofarabine, etoposide, camptothecin, irinotecan, epirubicin, fludarabine, dasatinib, and paclitaxel were improved in the presence of [W5R4C]-SeNPs (50 μM) by 38%, 49%, 36%, 36%, 31%, 30%, 30%, 28%, 24%, and 17%, respectively, after 48 h incubation in SK-OV-3 cells. The results indicate that CP-SeNPs can be potentially used as nanosized delivery tools for negatively charged biomolecules and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Chao Family Comprehensice Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine , Shanbrom Hall, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, California 92868, United States
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30
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Ramos J, Potta T, Scheideler O, Rege K. Parallel synthesis of poly(amino ether)-templated plasmonic nanoparticles for transgene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14861-14873. [PMID: 25084138 PMCID: PMC4160262 DOI: 10.1021/am5017073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for numerous applications in medicine, sensing, and catalysis. In particular, gold nanoparticles have been investigated for separations, sensing, drug/nucleic acid delivery, and bioimaging. In addition, silver nanoparticles demonstrate antibacterial activity, resulting in potential application in treatments against microbial infections, burns, diabetic skin ulcers, and medical devices. Here, we describe the facile, parallel synthesis of both gold and silver nanoparticles using a small set of poly(amino ethers), or PAEs, derived from linear polyamines, under ambient conditions and in absence of additional reagents. The kinetics of nanoparticle formation were dependent on PAE concentration and chemical composition. In addition, yields were significantly greater in case of PAEs when compared to 25 kDa poly(ethylene imine), which was used as a standard catonic polymer. Ultraviolet radiation enhanced the kinetics and the yield of both gold and silver nanoparticles, likely by means of a coreduction effect. PAE-templated gold nanoparticles demonstrated the ability to deliver plasmid DNA, resulting in transgene expression, in 22Rv1 human prostate cancer and MB49 murine bladder cancer cell lines. Taken together, our results indicate that chemically diverse poly(amino ethers) can be employed for rapidly templating the formation of metal nanoparticles under ambient conditions. The simplicity of synthesis and chemical diversity make PAE-templated nanoparticles useful tools for several applications in biotechnology, including nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ramos
- Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
| | - Thrimoorthy Potta
- Chemical
Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
| | - Olivia Scheideler
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University
of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0726, United States
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical
Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
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Oh D, Sun J, Nasrolahi Shirazi A, LaPlante KL, Rowley DC, Parang K. Antibacterial activities of amphiphilic cyclic cell-penetrating peptides against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3528-36. [PMID: 25157458 PMCID: PMC4186684 DOI: 10.1021/mp5003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens have become a major public health concern. There is a great need for the development of novel antibiotics with alternative mechanisms of action for the treatment of life-threatening bacterial infections. Antimicrobial peptides, a major class of antibacterial agents, share amphiphilicity and cationic structural properties with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Herein, several amphiphilic cyclic CPPs and their analogues were synthesized and exhibited potent antibacterial activities against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Among all the peptides, cyclic peptide [R4W4] (1) showed the most potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA, exhibiting a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.67 μg/mL]. Cyclic [R4W4] and the linear counterpart R4W4 exhibited MIC values of 42.8 and 21.7 μg/mL, respectively, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In eukaryotic cells, peptide 1 exhibited the expected cell penetrating properties and showed >84% cell viability at a concentration of 15 μM (20.5 μg/mL) in three different human cell lines. Twenty-four hour time-kill studies evaluating [R4W4] with 2 times the MIC in combination with tetracycline demonstrated bactericidal activity at 4 and 8 times the MIC of tetracycline against MRSA (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL) and 2-8 times the MIC against Escherichia coli (MIC = 2 μg/mL). This study suggests that when amphiphilic cyclic CPPs are used in combination with an antibiotic such as tetracycline, they provide significant benefit against multidrug-resistant pathogens when compared with the antibiotic alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Wang X, Gobbo P, Suchy M, Workentin MS, Hudson RHE. Peptide-decorated gold nanoparticles via strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition and post assembly deprotection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shirazi AN, Paquin KL, Howlett NG, Mandal D, Parang K. Cyclic peptide-capped gold nanoparticles for enhanced siRNA delivery. Molecules 2014; 19:13319-31. [PMID: 25170952 PMCID: PMC6271229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported the synthesis of a homochiral l-cyclic peptide [WR]5 and its use for delivery of anti-HIV drugs and biomolecules. A physical mixture of HAuCl4 and the peptide generated peptide-capped gold nanoparticles. Here, [WR]5 and [WR]5-AuNPs were tested for their efficiency to deliver a small interfering RNA molecule (siRNA) in human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Flow cytometry investigation revealed that the intracellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled non-targeting siRNA (200 nM) was enhanced in the presence of [WR]5 and [WR]5-AuNPs by 2- and 3.8-fold when compared with that of siRNA alone after 24 h incubation. Comparative toxicity results showed that [WR]5 and [WR]5-AuNPs were less toxic in cells compared to other available carrier systems, such as Lipofectamine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karissa L Paquin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Oh D, Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Northup K, Sullivan B, Tiwari RK, Bisoffi M, Parang K. Enhanced cellular uptake of short polyarginine peptides through fatty acylation and cyclization. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2845-54. [PMID: 24978295 PMCID: PMC4144761 DOI: 10.1021/mp500203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many
of the reported arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)
for the enhanced delivery of drugs are linear peptides composed of
more than seven arginine residues to retain the cell penetration properties.
Herein, we synthesized a class of nine polyarginine peptides containing
5 and 6 arginines, namely, R5 and R6. We further
explored the effect of acylation with long chain fatty acids (i.e.,
octanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid) and cyclization
on the cell penetrating properties of the peptides. The fluorescence-labeled
acylated cyclic peptide dodecanoyl-[R5] and linear peptide
dodecanoyl-(R5) showed approximately 13.7- and 10.2-fold
higher cellular uptake than that of control 5,6-carboxyfluorescein,
respectively. The mechanism of the peptide internalization into cells
was found to be energy-dependent endocytosis. Dodecanoyl-[R5] and dodecanoyl-[R6] enhanced the intracellular uptake
of a fluorescence-labeled cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptide
(F′-GpYEEI) in human ovarian cancer cells (SK-OV-3) by 3.4-fold
and 5.5-fold, respectively, as shown by flow cytometry. The cellular
uptake of F′-GpYEEI in the presence of hexadecanoyl-[R5] was 9.3- and 6.0-fold higher than that in the presence of
octanoyl-[R5] and dodecanoyl-[R5], respectively.
Dodecanoyl-[R5] enhanced the cellular uptake of the phosphopeptide
by 1.4–2.5-fold higher than the corresponding linear peptide
dodecanoyl-(R5) and those of representative CPPs, such
as hepta-arginine (CR7) and TAT peptide. These results
showed that a combination of acylation by long chain fatty acids and
cyclization on short arginine-containing peptides can improve their
cell-penetrating property, possibly through efficient interaction
of rigid positively charged R and hydrophobic dodecanoyl moiety with
the corresponding residues in the cell membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Farkhani SM, Valizadeh A, Karami H, Mohammadi S, Sohrabi N, Badrzadeh F. Cell penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules. Peptides 2014; 57:78-94. [PMID: 24795041 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the cells and tissues is a difficult challenge. The cellular membrane is very effective in its role as a selectively permeable barrier. While it is essential for cell survival and function, also presents a major barrier for intracellular delivery of cargo such as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In recent years, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), that are relatively short cationic and/or amphipathic peptides, received great attention as efficient cellular delivery vectors due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargo such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNAs), drugs, and nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. This review discusses the various uptake mechanisms of these peptides. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the use of CPP for the efficient delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, DNA, siRNA, and anticancer drugs to the cells. In addition, we have been highlighting new results for improving endosomal escape of CPP-cargo molecules. Finally, pH-responsive and activable CPPs for tumor-targeting therapy have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Karami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sardasht, 38481 Arak, Iran.
| | - Samane Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
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Alexander CM, Hamner KL, Maye MM, Dabrowiak JC. Multifunctional DNA-Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1261-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College
Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Kristen L. Hamner
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College
Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Mathew M. Maye
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College
Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - James C. Dabrowiak
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College
Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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Abstract
The formation of well-ordered nanostructures through self-assembly of diverse organic and inorganic building blocks has drawn much attention owing to their potential applications in biology and chemistry. Among all organic building blocks, peptides are one of the most promising platforms due to their biocompatibility, chemical diversity, and resemblance to proteins. Inspired by the protein assembly in biological systems, various self-assembled peptide structures have been constructed using several amino acids and sequences. This review focuses on this emerging area, the recent advances in peptide self-assembly, and formation of different nanostructures, such as tubular structures, fibers, vesicles, and spherical and rod-coil structures. While different peptide nanostructures have been discovered, potential applications are explored in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dindyal Mandal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
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Njagi JI, Goia DV. Nitrilotriacetic acid: A novel reducing agent for synthesizing colloidal gold. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 421:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Conde J, Tian F, Baptista PV, de la Fuente JM. Multifunctional Gold Nanocarriers for Cancer Theranostics: From Bench to Bedside and Back Again? NANO-ONCOLOGICALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08084-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shirazi AN, Oh D, Tiwari RK, Sullivan B, Gupta A, Bothun GD, Parang K. Peptide amphiphile containing arginine and fatty acyl chains as molecular transporters. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4717-27. [PMID: 24215132 PMCID: PMC3873380 DOI: 10.1021/mp400539r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are promising tools for the intracellular delivery of numerous drugs. PAs are known to be biodegradable systems. Here, four PA derivatives containing arginine and lysine conjugated with fatty acyl groups with different chain lengths, namely, PA1: R-K(C14)-R, PA2: R-K(C16)-R, PA3: K(C14)-R-K(C14), and PA4: K(C16)-R-K(C16), where C16 = palmitic acid and C14 = myristic acid, were synthesized through Fmoc chemistry. Flow cytometry studies showed that, among all synthesized PAs, only K(C16)-R-K(C16), PA4 was able to enhance the cellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled anti-HIV drug 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacythidine (F'-3TC, F' = fluorescein) and a biologically important phosphopeptide (F'-PEpYLGLD) in human leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) after 2 h incubation. For example, the cellular uptake of F'-3TC and F'-PEpYLGLD was enhanced approximately 7.1- and 12.6-fold in the presence of the PA4 compared to those of the drugs alone. Confocal microscopy of F'-3TC and F'-PEpYLGLD loaded PA4 in live cells showed significantly higher intracellular localization than the drug alone in human ovarian cells (SK-OV-3) after 2 h incubation. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that loading of Dox by the peptide amphiphile was 56% after 24 h. The loaded Dox was released (34%) within 48 h intracellularly. The circular dichrosim (CD) results exhibited that the secondary structure of the peptide was changed upon interactions with Dox. Mechanistic studies revealed that endocytosis is the major pathway of the internalization. These studies suggest that PAs containing the appropriate sequence of amino acids, chain length, charge, and hydrophobicity can be used as cellular delivery tools for transporting drugs and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Donghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Brian Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Anju Gupta
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Engineering, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas 78041, United States
| | - Geoffrey D. Bothun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
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Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG. Uptake of engineered gold nanoparticles into mammalian cells. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1258-88. [PMID: 24279480 DOI: 10.1021/cr300441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lev A Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
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Mandal D, Tiwari RK, Shirazi AN, Oh D, Ye G, Banerjee A, Yadav A, Parang K. Self-Assembled Surfactant Cyclic Peptide Nanostructures as Stabilizing Agents. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:10.1039/C3SM50764E. [PMID: 24187575 PMCID: PMC3811951 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm50764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of cyclic peptides including [FR]4, [FK]4, [WR]4, [CR]4, [AK]4, and [WK]n (n = 3-5) containing L-amino acids were produced using solid-phase peptide synthesis. We hypothesized that an optimal balance of hydrophobicity and charge could generate self-assembled nanostructures in aqueous solution by intramolecular and/or intermolecular interactions. Among all the designed peptides, [WR]n (n = 3-5) generated self-assembled vesicle-like nanostructures at room temperature as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and/or dynamic light scattering (DLS). This class of peptides represents the first report of surfactant-like cyclic peptides that self-assemble into nanostructures. A plausible mechanistic insight into the self-assembly of [WR]5 was obtained by molecular modeling studies. Modified [WR]5 analogues, such as [WMeR]5, [WR(Me)2]5, [WMeR(Me)2]5, and [WdR]5, exhibited different morphologies to [WR]5 as shown by TEM observations. [WR]5 exhibited a significant stabilizing effect for generated silver nanoparticles and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These studies established a new class of surfactant-like cyclic peptides that self-assembled into nanostructures and could have potential applications for the stabilization of silver nanoparticles and protein biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dindyal Mandal
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
- One University Drive, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Donghoon Oh
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Guofeng Ye
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Keykavous Parang
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
- One University Drive, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Sullivan B, McCaffrey K, Mandal D, Parang K. Surface decorated gold nanoparticles by linear and cyclic peptides as molecular transporters. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3137-51. [PMID: 23834324 DOI: 10.1021/mp400199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized in situ in a green and rapid method from the reaction of reducing linear and cyclic peptides containing tryptophan and lysine residues, (KW)5 and cyclic [KW]5, with an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 and were evaluated as cellular nanodrug delivery systems. The cyclic or linear nature of the peptide was found to determine the morphology and size of the formed peptide-AuNPs and their in vitro molecular transporting efficiency. While cyclic [KW]5-AuNPs formed sponge-like agglomerates, linear (KW)5-AuNPs demonstrated ball-shaped structures. A comparative flow cytometry study showed that the cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled anti-HIV drugs (emtricitabine (FTC) and lamivudine (3TC)) in human leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells, and a negatively charged cell-impermeable phosphopeptide (GpYEEI) in human ovarian adecarcinoma (SK-OV-3) cells was significantly higher in the presence of cyclic [KW]5-AuNPs than that of linear (KW)5-AuNPs, parent cyclic [KW]5, and linear (KW)5 peptides. For example, the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI was enhanced 12.8-fold by c[KW]5-AuNPs. Confocal microscopy revealed the localization of fluorescence-labeled-3TC in the presence of c[KW]5-AuNPs mostly in nucleus in SK-OV-3 cells after 1 h. On the other hand, l(KW)5-AuNPs delivered fluorescence-labeled-3TC in cytoplasm. These data suggest that noncell penetrating peptides can be converted to efficient molecular transporters through peptide-capped AuNPs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Parween S, Ali A, Chauhan VS. Non-natural amino acids containing peptide-capped gold nanoparticles for drug delivery application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:6484-6493. [PMID: 23767970 DOI: 10.1021/am4017973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based capping agents for gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are possible alternatives for capping and derivatizing GNPs, but suffer from a major disadvantage of sensitivity toward non specific proteases, which may limit their in vivo utility. Using non-natural analogs of natural α-amino acids offer an attractive alternate strategy to circumvent this potential bottleneck in realizing full potential of peptide based capping gents for GNPs for biological applications. Here, we have designed and developed pentapeptides containing non-natural amino acid (α,β-dehydrophenylalanine and α-aminoisobutyric acid) as capping agents for GNPs. All these peptides were able to efficiently cap GNPs and peptide induced aggregation was not observed. Peptide capped GNPs showed minimal cytotoxicity to mammalian cell lines (HeLa and L929) as well as mice spleenocytes. They encapsulated small drug like molecules and peptide capped GNPs entrapping drugs were more efficient in killing HeLa cells compared to the free drug. Therefore, these non-natural amino acid containing peptide-capped GNPs may be further developed as alternate drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheena Parween
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Chanana M, RiveraGil P, Correa-Duarte MA, Liz-Marzán LM, Parak WJ. Physicochemical Properties of Protein-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Biological Fluids and Cells before and after Proteolytic Digestion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chanana M, RiveraGil P, Correa-Duarte MA, Liz-Marzán LM, Parak WJ. Physicochemical Properties of Protein-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Biological Fluids and Cells before and after Proteolytic Digestion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4179-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari R, Chhikara BS, Mandal D, Parang K. Design and Biological Evaluation of Cell-Penetrating Peptide–Doxorubicin Conjugates as Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:488-99. [PMID: 23301519 DOI: 10.1021/mp3004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Department of Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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