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Designing Formulation Strategies for Enhanced Stability of Therapeutic Peptides in Aqueous Solutions: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030935. [PMID: 36986796 PMCID: PMC10056213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the utilization of therapeutic peptides. Therapeutic peptides are usually administered via the parenteral route, requiring an aqueous formulation. Unfortunately, peptides are often unstable in aqueous solutions, affecting stability and bioactivity. Although a stable and dry formulation for reconstitution might be designed, from a pharmaco-economic and practical convenience point of view, a peptide formulation in an aqueous liquid form is preferred. Designing formulation strategies that optimize peptide stability may improve bioavailability and increase therapeutic efficacy. This literature review provides an overview of various degradation pathways and formulation strategies to stabilize therapeutic peptides in aqueous solutions. First, we introduce the major peptide stability issues in liquid formulations and the degradation mechanisms. Then, we present a variety of known strategies to inhibit or slow down peptide degradation. Overall, the most practical approaches to peptide stabilization are pH optimization and selecting the appropriate type of buffer. Other practical strategies to reduce peptide degradation rates in solution are the application of co-solvency, air exclusion, viscosity enhancement, PEGylation, and using polyol excipients.
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2
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Baumans F, Hanozin E, Baiwir D, Decroo C, Wattiez R, De Pauw E, Eppe G, Mazzucchelli G. Liquid chromatography setup-dependent artefactual methionine oxidation of peptides: The importance of an adapted quality control process. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462449. [PMID: 34399143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In both biologics quality control experiments and protein post-translational modification studies, the analytical system used is not supposed to bring any artefactual modifications which could impair the results. In this work, we investigated oxidation of methionine-containing peptides during reversed-phase (RP) chromatographic separation. We first used a synthetic methionine-containing peptide to evaluate this artefactual phenomenon and then considered more complex samples (i.e., plasma and HeLa protein digests). The methionine oxidation levels of the peptides were systematically assessed and compared for the long-term use of the analytical column, the sample trapping time, the gradient length, the sample load and the nature of the stationary phase (HSS T3 from Waters, YMC Triart C18 from YMC Europe GmbH and BEH130 C18 from Waters). In addition to the oxidation of methionine in solution, we observed on the HSS T3 and the BEH130 stationary phases an additional broad peak corresponding to an on-column oxidized species. Considering the HSS T3 phase, our results highlight that the on-column oxidation level significantly increases with the age of the analytical column and the gradient length and reaches 56 % when a 1-year-old column set is used with a 180 min-long LC method. These levels go to 0 % and 18 % for the YMC Triart C18 and the BEH130 C18 phases respectively. Interestingly, the on-column oxidation proportion decreases as the injected sample load increases suggesting the presence of a discrete number of oxidation sites within the stationary phase of the analytical column. Those findings observed in different laboratories using distinct set of columns, albeit to varying degrees, strengthen the need for a standard of methionine-containing peptide that could be used as a quality control to appraise the status of the liquid chromatographic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Baumans
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Corentin Decroo
- Proteomics and Microbiology Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium.
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3
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Gupta M, Meehan-Atrash J, Strongin RM. Identifying a role for the interaction of homocysteine and copper in promoting cardiovascular-related damage. Amino Acids 2021; 53:739-744. [PMID: 33886000 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Observations that copper and homocysteine levels are simultaneously elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease has generated interest in investigating the interactions between copper and homocysteine. Several prior studies have shown that complexes of copper and homocysteine are toxic, leading to cardiovascular damage in vitro. It is not clear, however, why related effects do not occur with other structurally similar, more abundant cellular thiols such as glutathione and cysteine. Herein, a mechanism for a selective redox interaction between copper and homocysteine is demonstrated. It involves a kinetically favored intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer that results in an alpha-amino carbon-centered radical known to promote biomolecular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | | | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA.
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4
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Doshi N, Giddings J, Luis L, Wu A, Ritchie K, Liu W, Chan W, Taing R, Chu J, Sreedhara A, Kannan A, Kei P, Shieh I, Graf T, Hu M. A Comprehensive Assessment of All-Oleate Polysorbate 80: Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation, Interfacial Protection and Oxidative Degradation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:531-548. [PMID: 33713012 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzymatic polysorbate (PS) degradation and resulting free fatty acid (FFA) particles are detrimental to biopharmaceutical drug product (DP) stability. Different types and grades of polysorbate have varying propensity to form FFA particles. This work evaluates the homogenous all-oleate (AO) PS80 alongside heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 grades in terms its propensity to form FFA particles and other important attributes like interfacial protection and oxidation susceptibility. METHODS FFA particle formation rates were compared by degrading PS using non-immobilized hydrolases and fast degrading DP formulations. Interfacial protection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was assessed by agitation studies in saline using non-degraded and degraded PS. Several antioxidants were assessed for their ability to mitigate AO PS80 oxidation and subsequent mAb oxidation by a 40°C placebo stability study and a 2, 2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride stress model, respectively. RESULTS Visible and subvisible particles were significantly delayed in AO PS80 formulations compared with heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 formulations. Non-degraded AO PS80 was less protective of mAbs against the air-water interface compared with heterogeneous PS20. Interfacial protection by AO PS80 improved upon degradation owing to high surface activity of FFAs. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) completely mitigated AO PS80 oxidation unlike L-methionine and N-Acetyl-DL-Tryptophan. However, DTPA did not mitigate radical mediated mAb oxidation. CONCLUSION AO PS80 is a promising alternative to reduce FFA particle formation compared with other PS types and grades. However, limitations observed here---such as lower protection against interfacial stresses and higher propensity for oxidation---need to be considered in assessing the risk/benefit ratio in using AO PS80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Arthur Wu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Pervina Kei
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Ian Shieh
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Mark Hu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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Kluczyk A, Ludwiczak J, Modzel M, Kuczer M, Cebrat M, Biernat M, Bąchor R. Argireline: Needle-Free Botox as Analytical Challenge. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000992. [PMID: 33482052 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Argireline-containing cosmetics attract public interest due to their confirmed reduction of facial wrinkles. Argireline is a peptide that works by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters in the neuromuscular junction, producing a botox-like effect. Therefore, it is used as a safe needle-free alternative to botox treatment. In this work we investigated the presence of Argireline in cosmetic creams and sera by application of reversed phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS and MS/MS). The analysis revealed the presence of argireline and its oxidized form in several different cosmetics. The methionine residue in Argireline sequence was indicated as oxidation point according to neutral loss MS studies. The developed sample preparation strategy minimizes and monitors methionine oxidation, bringing to our attention the question of impact of ingredients on the stability of cosmetic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Ludwiczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Modzel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Kuczer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Cebrat
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Biernat
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Bąchor
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
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6
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Subelzu N, Schöneich C. Near UV and Visible Light Induce Iron-Dependent Photodegradation Reactions in Pharmaceutical Buffers: Mechanistic and Product Studies. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4163-4179. [PMID: 32986444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Near UV (λ = 320-400 nm) and visible light (λ = 400-800 nm) can lead to the oxidation of pharmaceutical proteins, which can affect efficiency and promote immunogenicity. However, no concise mechanism has been established for the photo-oxidation of pharmaceutical proteins under near UV and visible light. Here, we show that carboxylic acid buffer-Fe3+ complexes can function as photosensitizers, causing peptide degradation via the formation of various radicals and oxidants. Three pharmaceutical relevant carboxylic acid buffers (citrate, acetate, and succinate) were tested under near UV and visible light. Oxidation reactions were monitored for model peptides containing readily oxidizable amino acids, such as methionine- or leucine-enkephalin and proctolin peptide. Oxidation products were evaluated by RP-HPLC coupled to UV or fluorescent detection and RP-HPLC-MS/MS. Specifically for citrate buffer, the light-induced formation of H2O2, •OH, •CO2-, and formaldehyde was demonstrated. The peptides displayed oxidation of Met, hydroxylation of Tyr and Phe, as well as the formation of novel products from Tyr. Experiments with 18O2 resulted in the incorporation of 18O into various reaction products, consistent with a metal-catalyzed activation of O2 into reactive oxygen species. The addition of EDTA and DTPA did not prevent the oxidation of the peptides and, in some cases, enhanced the oxidation. Our results demonstrate that pharmaceutical buffer-Fe3+ complexes, exposed to UV and visible light, can promote various pathways of oxidation reactions in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Subelzu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Zhao Z, Engholm-Keller K, Poojary MM, Boelt SG, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Skibsted LH, Davies MJ, Lund MN. Generation of Aggregates of α-Lactalbumin by UV-B Light Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6701-6714. [PMID: 32396720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whey proteins are widely used as ingredients in the form of aggregates to obtain certain functionalities in food applications. The aim of this study was to understand how UV illumination generates aggregates of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) as an alternative to heat treatments traditionally used for industrial production of protein aggregates. Absorption of UV light by α-LA caused cleavage of disulfide bonds and release of thiol groups, which resulted in primarily disulfide-mediated aggregation. This process mediated efficient aggregation with up to 98% monomer conversion into aggregates through formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds, while only minor levels of nonreducible cross-links were observed. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that illumination led to formation of dimeric, trimeric, and oligomeric forms of α-LA. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that all of the four native disulfide bonds in α-LA were cleaved by UV illumination but to different extents, and the extent of cleavage was found to be higher in the absence of calcium. Seventeen different non-native disulfides were formed after 24 h of UV illumination. Two dityrosine bonds were identified (Tyr103-Tyr103 and Tyr36-Tyr103) alongside ditryptophan (Trp118-Trp118) and tyrosine-tryptophan (Tyr50-Trp60) cross-links. In addition, Trp60, Trp118, Cys73, Cys91, Cys120, Phe80, Met90, His68, and His107 were found to be oxidized up to 12% as compared to a nonilluminated control. Our work illustrates that light exposure can be used for generation of α-LA aggregates, but optimization of the illumination conditions is required to reduce oxidative damage to Trp, Cys, Phe, Met, and His residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhao
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Engholm-Keller
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mahesha M Poojary
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne G Boelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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8
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Oxidation of parathyroid hormone. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 506:84-91. [PMID: 32178977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the key hormone regulating calcium homeostasis and, as such, is an important diagnostic and prognostic marker. Although the measurement of PTH has greatly improved over the past few decades, oxidation status thereof is unaccounted for in currently used assays. PTH can be oxidized on methionine residues located at amino acid positions 8 and 18. This is a relevant post-translational modification as, due to refolding of the molecule, it results in the decreased ability to activate the PTH1 receptor. Although this loss of activity after oxidation was observed as early as 1934, only recently a method was developed to measure and distinguish non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) from oxidized PTH. This method creates exciting possibilities for studying more specifically the role of n-oxPTH in physiology and pathology. Therefore, it can now be explored what the clinical implications of measuring n-oxPTH will be. Herein, we review the available evidence of the effect of oxidation on the biological activity of PTH. We also discuss studies examining the mechanism of PTH oxidation in vivo and efforts to stabilize synthetic PTH ex vivo for therapeutic applications. Lastly, the available studies regarding the clinical significance of n-oxPTH are evaluated and future directions discussed.
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9
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Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions in proteins. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:87-96. [PMID: 31922197 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions play an important role in the chemical modifications of proteins in vivo and in vitro. These reactions depend on protein sequence, as well as structure and dynamics. Frequently, these reactions have well-defined precedents in the organic chemistry literature, but their occurrence in proteins provides a stage for a number of novel and, perhaps, unexpected reaction products. This essay will provide an overview over a few representative examples of radical rearrangement and transfer reactions.
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10
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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11
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Varkhede N, Peters BH, Wei Y, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C, Forrest ML. Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Oxidation and Secondary Structure of Growth Hormone. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3372-3381. [PMID: 31216451 PMCID: PMC6759409 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of therapeutic proteins (TPs) can lead to changes in their pharmacokinetics, biological activity and immunogenicity. Metal impurities such as iron are known to increase oxidation of TPs, but nanoparticulate metals have unique physical and chemical properties compared to the bulk material or free metal ions. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) may originate from equipment used in the manufacturing of TPs or from needles during injection. In this study, the impact of IONPs on oxidation of a model protein, rat growth hormone (rGH), was investigated under chemical stress. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride oxidized methionine residues of rGH, but unexpectedly, oxidation was suppressed in the presence of IONPs compared to a phosphate buffer control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated splitting of the α-helical absorbance band in the presence of IONPs, whereas circular dichroism spectra showed a reduced α-helical contribution with increasing temperature for both rGH and rGH-IONP mixtures. The results collectively indicate that IONPs can increase the chemical stability of rGH by altering the kinetics and preference of amino acid residues that are oxidized, although the changes in protein secondary structure by IONPs may lead to alterations of physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Varkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Björn-Hendrik Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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12
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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13
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Zhang K, Pellett JD, Narang AS, Wang YJ, Zhang YT. Reactive impurities in large and small molecule pharmaceutical excipients – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Borowczyk K, Suliburska J, Jakubowski H. Demethylation of methionine and keratin damage in human hair. Amino Acids 2018; 50:537-546. [PMID: 29480334 PMCID: PMC5917003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing human head hair contains a history of keratin and provides a unique model for studies of protein damage. Here, we examined mechanism of homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation and keratin damage in human hair. We found that the content of Hcy-keratin increased along the hair fiber, with levels 5-10-fold higher levels in older sections at the hair's tip than in younger sections at hair's base. The accumulation of Hcy led to a complete loss of keratin solubility in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The increase in Hcy-keratin was accompanied by a decrease in methionine-keratin. Levels of Hcy-keratin were correlated with hair copper and iron in older hair. These relationships were recapitulated in model experiments in vitro, in which Hcy generation from Met exhibited a similar dependence on copper or iron. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy-keratin accumulation is due to copper/iron-catalyzed demethylation of methionine residues and contributes to keratin damage in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
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15
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Buecheler JW, Winzer M, Weber C, Gieseler H. High-throughput oxidation screen of antibody-drug conjugates by analytical protein A chromatography following IdeS digest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:625-635. [PMID: 29380379 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidation of protein therapeutics is a major chemical degradation pathway which may impact bioactivity, serum half-life and stability. Therefore, oxidation is a relevant parameter which has to be monitored throughout formulation development. Methods such as HIC, RPLC and LC/MS achieve a separation of oxidized and non-oxidized species by differences in hydrophobicity. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) although are highly more complex due to the heterogeneity in linker, drug, drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and conjugation site. The analytical protein A chromatography can provide a simple and fast alternative to these common methods. METHODS A miniature analytical protein A chromatography method in combination with an IdeS digest was developed to analyse ADCs. The IdeS digest efficiency of an IgG1 was monitored using SEC-HPLC and non-reducing SDS-PAGE. An antibody-fluorescent dye conjugate was conjugated at different dye-to-antibody ratios as model construct to mimic an ADC. KEY FINDINGS With IdeS, an almost complete digest of a model IgG1 can be achieved (digested protein amount >98%). This enables subsequent analytical protein A chromatography, which consequently eliminates any interference of payload with the stationary phase. CONCLUSION A novel high-throughput method for an interchain cysteine-linked ADC oxidation screens during formulation development was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob W Buecheler
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Dion MZ, Wang YJ, Bregante D, Chan W, Andersen N, Hilderbrand A, Leiske D, Salisbury CM. The Use of a 2,2'-Azobis (2-Amidinopropane) Dihydrochloride Stress Model as an Indicator of Oxidation Susceptibility for Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:550-558. [PMID: 28989015 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation is a major pathway for degradation of biologic drug products. Past literature reports have suggested that 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a free radical generator that produces alkoxyl and alkyl peroxyl radicals, is a useful model reagent stress for assessing the oxidative susceptibility of proteins. Here, we expand the applications of the AAPH model by pairing it with a rapid peptide map method to enable site-specific studies of oxidative susceptibility of monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives for comparison between formats, the evaluation of formulation components, and comparisons across the stress models. Comparing the free radical-induced oxidation model by AAPH with a light-induced oxidation model suggests that light-sensitive residues represent a subset of AAPH-sensitive residues and therefore AAPH can be used as a preliminary screen to highlight molecules that need further assessment by light models. In sum, these studies demonstrate that AAPH stress can be used in multiple ways to evaluate labile residues and oxidation sensitivity as it pertains to developability and manufacturability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z Dion
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y John Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Daniel Bregante
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wayman Chan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy Hilderbrand
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Danielle Leiske
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Cleo M Salisbury
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080; Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
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17
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Bommana R, Mozziconacci O, John Wang Y, Schöneich C. An Efficient and Rapid Method to Monitor the Oxidative Degradation of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Probing Tyrosine Oxidation with Fluorogenic Derivatization. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1428-1443. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Schöneich C. Sulfur Radical-Induced Redox Modifications in Proteins: Analysis and Mechanistic Aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:388-405. [PMID: 27288212 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) are prominent protein targets of redox modification during conditions of oxidative stress. Here, two-electron pathways have received widespread attention, in part due to their role in signaling processes. However, Cys and Met are equally prone to one-electron pathways, generating intermediary radicals and/or radial ions. These radicals/radical ions can generate various reaction products that are not commonly monitored in redox proteomic studies, but they may be relevant for the fate of proteins during oxidative stress. Recent Advances: Time-resolved kinetic studies and product analysis have expanded our mechanistic understanding of radical reaction pathways of sulfur-containing amino acids. These reactions are now studied in some detail for Met and Cys in proteins, and homocysteine (Hcy) chemically linked to proteins, and the role of protein radical reactions in physiological processes is evolving. CRITICAL ISSUES Radical-derived products from Cys, Hcy, and Met can react with additional amino acids in proteins, leading to secondary protein modifications, which are potentially remote from initial points of radical attack. These products may contain intra- and intermolecular cross-links, which may lead to protein aggregation. Protein sequence and conformation will have a significant impact on the formation of such products, and a thorough understanding of reaction mechanisms and specifically how protein structure influences reaction pathways will be critical for identification and characterization of novel reaction products. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies must evaluate the biological significance of novel reaction products that are derived from radical reactions of sulfur-containing amino acids. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 388-405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas
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19
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Mozziconacci O, Bhagavathy GV, Yamamoto T, Wilson GS, Glass RS, Schöneich C. Neighboring amide participation in the Fenton oxidation of a sulfide to sulfoxide, vinyl sulfide and ketone relevant to oxidation of methionine thioether side chains in peptides. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Mozziconacci O, Arora J, Toth RT, Joshi SB, Zhou S, Volkin DB, Schöneich C. Site-Specific Hydrolysis Reaction C-Terminal of Methionine in Met-His during Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation of IgG-1. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1317-28. [PMID: 26942274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metal-catalyzed oxidation by [Fe(II)(EDTA)](2-)/H2O2 of IgG-1 leads to the site-specific hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the Fc region. The major hydrolytic cleavage occurs between Met428 and His429, consistent with a mechanism reported for the site-specific hydrolysis of parathyroid hormone (1-34) between Met8 and His9 (Mozziconacci, O.; et al. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2013, 10 (2), 739-755). In IgG-1, to a lesser extent, we also observe hydrolysis reactions between Met252 and Ile253. After 2 h of oxidation (at pH 5.8, 37 °C) approximately 5% of the protein is cleaved between Met428 and His429. For comparison, after 2 h of oxidation, the amount of tryptic peptides containing a Met sulfoxide residue represents less than 0.1% of the protein. The effect of this site-specific hydrolysis on the conformational stability and aggregation propensity of the antibody was also examined. No noticeable differences in structural integrity and conformational stability were observed between control and oxidized IgG-1 samples as measured by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and static light scattering (SLS). Small amounts of soluble and insoluble aggregates (3-6%) were, however, observed in the oxidized samples by UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Over the course of metal-catalyzed oxidation, increasing amounts of fragments were also observed by SEC. An increase in the concentration of subvisible particles was detected by microflow imaging (MFI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mozziconacci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Jayant Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ronald T Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shuxia Zhou
- Drug Product Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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21
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Folzer E, Diepold K, Bomans K, Finkler C, Schmidt R, Bulau P, Huwyler J, Mahler HC, Koulov AV. Selective Oxidation of Methionine and Tryptophan Residues in a Therapeutic IgG1 Molecule. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2824-31. [PMID: 26010344 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine and tryptophan are common degradation pathways for monoclonal antibodies and present major analytical challenges in biotechnology. Generally, protein oxidation is detectable in stability and/or stressed samples (e.g., exposed to hydrogen peroxide, UV light, or metal ions). The induced chemical modifications may impact the biological activity of antibodies and may have biological consequences. However, these effects and the contribution of individual protein modifications are difficult to delineate as different amino acids are often oxidized simultaneously and accompanied by other degradants such as aggregates, especially in forced degradation studies. Here, we report a new method to obtain selective oxidation of methionine or tryptophan by using oxidation reagents combined with large excess of free tryptophan or methionine, correspondingly. More specifically, using hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide in combination with addition of free tryptophan allowed for selective oxidation of methionine. Conversely, the use of 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride in combination with free methionine resulted in selective tryptophan oxidation, whereas methionine oxidation was not significantly altered. This novel stress model system may prove to be valuable tool in future mechanistic studies of oxidative degradation of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Folzer
- Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Diepold
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bomans
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christof Finkler
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmidt
- Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanns-Christian Mahler
- Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Atanas V Koulov
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Hellwig M, Löbmann K, Orywol T. Peptide backbone cleavage by α
-amidation is enhanced at methionine residues. J Pept Sci 2014; 21:17-23. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Institute of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Katja Löbmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Tom Orywol
- Institute of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
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23
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Impact of Residual Impurities and Contaminants on Protein Stability. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1315-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Copper(II) complexes of neuropeptide gamma with point mutations (S8,16A) products of metal-catalyzed oxidation. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 129:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Torosantucci R, Schöneich C, Jiskoot W. Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides: Structural and Biological Consequences. Pharm Res 2013; 31:541-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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