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Ferrari A, Whang E, Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Romartinez-Alonso B, Mack JJ, Weston T, Chen K, Kim Y, Tol MJ, Bideyan L, Nguyen A, Gao Y, Cui L, Bedard AH, Sandhu J, Lee SD, Fairall L, Williams KJ, Song W, Munguia P, Russell RA, Martin MG, Jung ME, Jiang H, Schwabe JW, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Aster-dependent nonvesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake. Science 2023; 382:eadf0966. [PMID: 37943936 PMCID: PMC11073449 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake, but how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. We show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for nonvesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes. Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate PM cholesterol and show endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol depletion. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small-molecule inhibitor to manipulate cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Whang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John P. Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Julia J. Mack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Weston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus J. Tol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lara Bideyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liujuan Cui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander H. Bedard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen D. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Louise Fairall
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kevin J. Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Lipidomics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Priscilla Munguia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert A. Russell
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - John W.R. Schwabe
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ferrari A, Whang E, Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Romartinez-Alonso B, Mack JJ, Weston T, Chen K, Kim Y, Tol MJ, Bideyan L, Nguyen A, Gao Y, Cui L, Bedard AH, Sandhu J, Lee SD, Fairall L, Williams KJ, Song W, Munguia P, Russell RA, Martin MG, Jung ME, Jiang H, Schwabe JWR, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Aster-dependent non-vesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548168. [PMID: 37503112 PMCID: PMC10369906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal cholesterol absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1), the target of the drug ezetimibe (EZ), assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake. However, how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. Here we show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for non-vesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes, bridging NPC1L1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and ACAT2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible PM cholesterol in enterocytes and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate cholesterol at the PM and display evidence of ER cholesterol depletion, including decreased cholesterol ester stores and activation of the SREBP-2 transcriptional pathway. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, we show that the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small molecule inhibitor to manipulate dietary cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption. One-Sentence Summary Identification of a targetable pathway for regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption.
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Lütjohann D, Stellaard F, Kerksiek A, Lötsch J, Oertel BG. Serum 4β-hydroxycholesterol increases during fluconazole treatment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 77:659-669. [PMID: 33201347 PMCID: PMC8032583 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antifungal drugs ketoconazole and itraconazole reduce serum concentrations of 4β-hydroxycholesterol, which is a validated marker for hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity. We tested the effect of another antifungal triazole agent, fluconazole, on serum concentrations of different sterols and oxysterols within the cholesterol metabolism to see if this inhibitory reaction is a general side effect of azole antifungal agents. METHODS In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover design, we studied 17 healthy subjects (nine men, eight women) who received 400 mg fluconazole or placebo daily for 8 days. On day 1 before treatment and on day 8 after the last dose, fasting blood samples were collected. Serum cholesterol precursors and oxysterols were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring and expressed as the ratio to cholesterol (R_sterol). RESULTS Under fluconazole treatment, serum R_lanosterol and R_24,25-dihydrolanosterol increased significantly without affecting serum cholesterol or metabolic downstream markers of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Serum R_4β-, R_24S-, and R_27-hydroxycholesterol increased significantly. CONCLUSION Fluconazole inhibits the 14α-demethylation of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, regulated by CYP51A1, without reduction of total cholesterol synthesis. The increased serum level of R_4β-hydroxycholesterol under fluconazole treatment is in contrast to the reductions observed under ketoconazole and itraconazole treatments. The question, whether this increase is caused by induction of CYP3A4 or by inhibition of the catabolism of 4β-hydroxycholesterol, must be answered by mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies comparing effects of various azole antifungal agents on hepatic CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bruno G Oertel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Lee SD, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors at the intersection of lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:29-36. [PMID: 26164157 PMCID: PMC4546914 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Delang L, Scheers E, Grabner M, Verpaalen B, Helsen N, Vanstreels E, Daelemans D, Verfaillie C, Neyts J. Understanding the molecular mechanism of host-based statin resistance in hepatitis C virus replicon containing cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:190-201. [PMID: 26070251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of statins, the cholesterol-lowering drugs, inhibit the in vitro replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). In HCV-infected patients, addition of statins to the earlier standard of care therapy (pegIFN-α and ribavirin) resulted in increased sustained virological response rates. The mechanism by which statins inhibit HCV replication has not yet been elucidated. In an attempt to gain insight in the underlying mechanism, hepatoma cells carrying an HCV replicon were passaged in the presence of increasing concentrations of fluvastatin. Fluvastatin-resistant replicon containing cells could be generated and proved ∼8-fold less susceptible to fluvastatin than wild-type cultures. The growth efficiency of the resistant replicon containing cells was comparable to that of wild-type replicon cells. The fluvastatin-resistant phenotype was not conferred by mutations in the viral genome but is caused by cellular changes. The resistant cell line had a markedly increased HMG-CoA reductase expression upon statin treatment. Furthermore, the expression of the efflux transporter P-gp was increased in fluvastatin-resistant replicon cells (determined by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry). This increased expression resulted also in an increased functional transport activity as measured by the P-gp mediated efflux of calcein AM. In conclusion, we demonstrate that statin resistance in HCV replicon containing hepatoma cells is conferred by changes in the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Delang
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Els Scheers
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mareike Grabner
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ben Verpaalen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nicky Helsen
- Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, University of Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Els Vanstreels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, University of Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Chai J, Du X, Chen S, Feng X, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Gao Y, Li S, He X, Wang R, Zhou X, Yang Y, Luo W, Chen W. Oral administration of oleanolic acid, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch, attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and cholestasis in bile duct-ligated rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:1691-1702. [PMID: 25932098 PMCID: PMC4402745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oleanolic acid is abundantly distributed in Swertia mussotii Franch, a Chinese traditional herb for the treatment of jaundice. However, the hepatoprotective role of oleanolic acid in obstructive cholestasis and its underlying molecular mechanism are unclear. METHODS Normal rats and bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats were given oleanolic acid and serum biochemistry, bile salts, and pro-inflammatory factors were measured, as well as the expression levels of liver bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes, membrane transporters, nuclear receptors, and transcriptional factors. RESULTS Oral administration of oleanolic acid at 100 mg/kg did not cause rat liver injury. However, it significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) on days 7 and 14, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and TNF-α on day 14, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and IL-1β on days 3, 7, and 14 in the BDL rats. Furthermore, the serum levels of total bile acid (TBA) and bile acids, including CDCA, CA, DCA, and Tα/βMCA were significantly reduced by oleanolic acid on day 3 in the BDL rats. In addition, the expression levels of detoxification enzymes Cyp3a, Ugt2b, Sult2a1, Gsta1-2, and Gstm1-3, membrane transporters Mrp3, Mrp4, Ostβ, Mdr1, Mdr2, and Bsep, nuclear receptors Pxr, Vdr, Hnf4α, Rxrα, Rarα, Lxr, and Lrh-1, and transcriptional factors Nrf2, Hnf3β, and Ahr were significantly increased in oleanolic acid-treated rats. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the oral administration of oleanolic acid attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and cholestasis in BDL rats. The anti-cholestatic effect may be associated with the induction of hepatic detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters mediated by nuclear receptors and transcriptional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Xiaohuang Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - XinChan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Shaoxue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Xiaochong He
- Department of School of Nursing; College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material MedicalChongqing 400065, P.R. China
| | - Weizao Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material MedicalChongqing 400065, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Southwest Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
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Feng XC, Du X, Chen S, Yue D, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Gao Y, Li S, Chen L, Peng Z, Yang Y, Luo W, Wang R, Chen W, Chai J. Swertianlarin, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch, increases detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters expression in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:184-195. [PMID: 25755705 PMCID: PMC4348896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Swertianlarin, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch and Enicostemma axillare, has hepatoprotective effects against cholestasis in rat models of hepatotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. We then treated rats with swertianlarin for 7 d and then measured serum liver injury markers, lipids, and bile salts, as well as the expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes (e.g. Cyp7a1 and Cyp3a), membrane influx and efflux transporters (e.g. Ntcp and Mrp3), nuclear receptors (e.g. Pxr and Fxr/Shp) and transcriptional factors (e.g. Nrf2 and Hnf3β) in the liver. We found a significant induction of the expression of the basolateral efflux transporters Mrp3 and Mrp4 and canalicular transporter Mdr1 in rats treated with swertianlarin, compared with the controls (1.9-fold and 2.2-fold, P < 0.005, and 3.4-fold, P < 0.05, respectively). The expression of detoxification enzymes Cyp3a, Ugt2b, Sult2a1 and Gsta1 in rats treated with swertianlarin was significantly higher than that in controls (3.7-fold, 2.8-fold, 2.1-fold, and 1.7-fold, respectively, all P < 0.05). Expression of the synthetic enzyme, Cyp8b1, was higher in rats treated with swertianlarin than that in controls (1.8-fold at mRNA level and 3.4-flod at protein level, P < 0.05). Elevated serum levels of the conjugated bile acids, taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid, and a reduction in levels of serum ALP, unconjugated bile acid αMCA, and TG were observed (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, swertianlarin significantly up-regulates hepatic bile acid detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters in rats, which can increase the water solubility of hydrophobic bile acids and elimination of conjugated bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Xiaohuang Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Department of Employee Health, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Shaoxue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material MedicalChongqing 400065, P. R. China
| | - Weizao Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material MedicalChongqing 400065, P. R. China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
| | - Jin Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038
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8
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Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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