Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises

Intrinsically bioactive multifunctional Poly(citrate-curcumin) for rapid lung injury and MRSA infection therapy

Dysregulated inflammation after trauma or infection could result in the further disease and delayed tissue reconstruction. The conventional anti-inflammatory drug treatment suffers to the poor bioavailability and side effects. Herein, we developed an amphiphilic multifunctional poly (citrate-polyglycol-curcumin) (PCGC) nano oligomer with the robust anti-inflammatory activity for treating acute lung injury (ALI) and Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected wound. PCGC demonstrated the sustained curcumin release, inherent photoluminescence, good cellular compatibility, hemocompatibility, robust antioxidant activity and enhanced cellular uptake. PCGC could efficiently scavenge nitrogen-based free radicals, oxygen-based free radicals, and intracellular oxygen species, enhance the endothelial cell migration and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors through the NF-κB signal pathway. Combined the anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties, PCGC can shortened the inflammatory process. In animal model of ALI, PCGC was able to reduce the pulmonary edema, bronchial cell infiltration, and lung inflammation, while exhibiting rapid metabolic behavior in vivo. The MRSA-infection wound model showed that PCGC significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, promoted the angiogenesis and accelerated the wound healing. The transcriptome sequencing and molecular mechanism studies further demonstrated that PCGC could inhibit multiple inflammatory related pathways including TNFAIP3, IL-15RA, NF-κB. This work demonstrates that PCGC is efficient in resolving inflammation and promotes the prospect of application in inflammatory diseases as the drug-loaded therapeutic system.

Accelerating healing of infected wounds with G. glabra extract and curcumin Co-loaded electrospun nanofibrous dressing

This study aimed to construct a nanofibrous wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) containing curcumin and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract to inhibit infection and accelerate wound healing. Loading 10 wt% of G. glabra extract-curcumin (50:50) by electrospinng technique resulted in the formation of nanofibers (NFs) with diameter distribution 303 ± 38 and had a uniform and defect-free morphology. FTIR analysis confirmed the loading of the components without adverse interactions. Also, the results showed extremely high porosity, extraordinary liquid absorption capacity, and complete wettability. In addition, G. glabra extract-curcumin showed significant antioxidant activity and their release profile from NFs was continuous and sustained. Also, the prepared NF could inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive Saureus and Gram-negative E. coli strains. Wound healing evaluation in the infected animal model showed that the NFs caused full wound closure and accelerated skin regeneration. The studies on inhibiting the bacteria growth at the wound site also revealed complete inhibitory effects. Moreover, histopathology studies confirmed the complete regeneration of skin layers, formation of collagen fibers, and angiogenesis. Finally, PVA/CS NFs containing G. glabra extract-curcumin as a multifunctional bioactive wound dressing presented a promising approach for promoting the healing of infected wounds.

Design and Development of a Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Co-delivery of Curcumin and Naringin for Improved Wound Healing Activity in an Animal Model

The present study endeavored to design and develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system to improve the solubility and dermatological absorption of curcumin and naringin. Curcumin and naringin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system formulations were developed using aqueous phase titration. Phase diagrams were used to pinpoint the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system zones. Tween 80 and Labrasol (surfactants), Transcutol (cosurfactant), and cinnamon oil were chosen from a large pool of surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils based on their solubility and greatest nano-emulsion region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta sizer, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the optimized formulations and test for dilution and thermodynamic stability. The optimized curcumin-naringin-self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system demonstrated the following characteristics: polydispersity index (0.412 ± 0.03), % transmittance (97%), particle size (212.5 ± 05 nm), zeta potential (- 25.7 ± 1.80 mV) and having a smooth and spherical droplet shape, as shown by atomic force microscopy. The ability of their combined formulation to cure wounds was tested in comparison to pure curcumin suspension, empty self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, and standard fusidic acid. Upon topical administration, the optimized curcumin-naringin-self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system demonstrated significant wound healing activity in comparison with a pure curcumin suspension, empty self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, and standard fusidic acid. Based upon this result, we assume that skin penetration was increased by using the optimized curcumin-naringin-self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system with enhanced solubility.

Advancements in curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticle delivery systems: progressive strategies in cancer therapy

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and imposes a substantial socioeconomic burden with little impact especially on aggressive types of cancer. Conventional therapies have many serious side effects including generalised systemic toxicity which limits their long-term use. Tumour resistance and recurrence is another main problem associated with conventional therapy. Purified or extracted natural products have been investigated as cost-effective cancer chemoprotective agents with the potential to reverse or delaying carcinogenesis. Curcumin (CUR) as a natural polyphenolic component, exhibits many pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, activity against neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer, antidiabetic activities (type II diabetes), anticoagulant properties, wound healing effects in both preclinical and clinical studies. Despite these effective protective properties, CUR has several limitations, including poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, chemical instability, rapid metabolism and a short half-life time. To overcome the pharmaceutical problems associated with free CUR, novel nanomedicine strategies (including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs have been developed. These formulations have the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of curcuminoids. In this review, we comprehensively summarise and discuss recent in vitro and in vivo studies to explore the pharmaceutical significance and clinical benefits of PLGA-NPs delivery system to improve the efficacy of CUR in the treatment of cancer.

A smartphone-assisted portable dual-mode immunoassay of gentamicin based on curcumin nanoparticles and carbon dots

A smartphone-assisted portable dual-mode immunoassay was constructed based on curcumin nanoparticles (CNPs) and carbon dots (CDs) for gentamicin (GEN) detection. CNPs were labeled with goat anti-mouse IgG (Ab2) to create a conjugation that coupled dual signals to concentrations of GEN antigens. CNPs were introduced to pH 7.4 water and showed insignificant color and optical responses. When exposed to the high pH environment, the structure of CNPs changed and color and optical properties were restored. Because of the inner filter effect (IFE) between CNPs and CDs, the fluorescence of CNPs at 550 nm quenched the fluorescence of CDs at 450 nm. Colorimetry and ratiometric fluorescence (F550 nm/F450 nm) dual-mode immunoassay linearly correlated with GEN ranged from 10-4 to 100 µg/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 8.98 × 10-5 µg/mL and 4.66 × 10-5 µg/mL, respectively. This work supplied a portable, sensitive, and specific platform to detect GEN.

COVID-19-Associated Sepsis: Potential Role of Phytochemicals as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

The acute manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit the hallmarks of sepsis-associated complications that reflect multiple organ failure. The inflammatory cytokine storm accompanied by an imbalance in the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to severe and critical septic shock. The sepsis signature in severely afflicted COVID-19 patients includes cellular reprogramming and organ dysfunction that leads to high mortality rates, emphasizing the importance of improved clinical care and advanced therapeutic interventions for sepsis associated with COVID-19. Phytochemicals of functional foods and nutraceutical importance have an incredible impact on the healthcare system, which includes the prevention and/or treatment of chronic diseases. Hence, in the present review, we aim to explore the pathogenesis of sepsis associated with COVID-19 that disrupts the physiological homeostasis of the body, resulting in severe organ damage. Furthermore, we have summarized the diverse pharmacological properties of some potent phytochemicals, which can be used as functional foods as well as nutraceuticals against sepsis-associated complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The phytochemicals explored in this article include quercetin, curcumin, luteolin, apigenin, resveratrol, and naringenin, which are the major phytoconstituents of our daily food intake. We have compiled the findings from various studies, including clinical trials in humans, to explore more into the therapeutic potential of each phytochemical against sepsis and COVID-19, which highlights their possible importance in sepsis-associated COVID-19 pathogenesis. We conclude that our review will open a new research avenue for exploring phytochemical-derived therapeutic agents for preventing or treating the life-threatening complications of sepsis associated with COVID-19.

Curcuminoid PBPD induces cuproptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in cervical cancer via the Notch1/RBP-J/NRF2/FDX1 pathway

Curcumin has been shown to have antitumor properties, but its low potency and bioavailability has limited its clinical application. We designed a novel curcuminoid, [1-propyl-3,5-bis(2-bromobenzylidene)-4-piperidinone] (PBPD), which has higher antitumor strength and improves bioavailability. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect cell activity. Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion and migration ability. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect protein levels and their messenger RNA expression. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the protein location. PBPD significantly inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 4.16 μM for Hela cells and 3.78 μM for SiHa cells, leading to the induction of cuproptosis. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that PBPD significantly inhibited the Notch1/Recombination Signal Binding Protein for Immunoglobulin kappa J Region (RBP-J) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathways while upregulating ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) expression. Knockdown of Notch1 or RBP-J significantly inhibited NRF2 expression and upregulated FDX1 expression, leading to the inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate activity and the induction of oxidative stress, which in turn activated endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced cell death. The overexpression of Notch1 or RBP-J resulted in the enrichment of RBP-J within the NRF2 promoter region, thereby stimulating NRF2 transcription. NRF2 knockdown resulted in increase in FDX1 expression, leading to cuproptosis. In addition, PBPD inhibited the acidification of tumor niche and reduced cell metabolism to inhibit cervical cancer cell invasion and migration. In conclusion, PBPD significantly inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cervical cancer cells and may be a novel potential drug candidate for treatment of cervical cancer.

The regulating effect of curcumin on NF-κB pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of the underlying mechanisms

Neurodegenerative diseases are part of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders that indicate their presence with neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Several pathophysiological factors and biomarkers are involved in this inflammatory process causing these neurological disorders. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is an inflammation element, which induced transcription and appears to be one of the important players in physiological procedures, especially nervous disorders. NF-κB can impact upon series of intracellular actions and induce or inhibit many inflammation-related pathways. Multiple reports have focused on the modification of NF-κB activity, controlling its expression, translocation, and signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disorders and injuries like Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Curcumin has been noted to be a popular anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance and is the foremost natural compound produced by turmeric. According to various studies, when playing an anti-inflammatory role, it interacts with several modulating proteins of long-standing disease signaling pathways and has an unprovocative consequence on pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review article determined to figure out curcumin's role in limiting the promotion of neurodegenerative disease via influencing the NF-κB signaling route. Preclinical studies were gathered from plenty of scientific platforms including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to evaluate this hypothesis. Extracted findings from the literature review explained the repressing impact of Curcumin on the NF-κB signaling pathway and, occasionally down-regulating the cytokine expression. Yet, there is an essential need for further analysis and specific clinical experiments to fully understand this subject.

Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention.

PURPOSE

Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function.

METHODS

A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure.

RESULTS

This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche.

CONCLUSIONS

These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.

Bioactive enhancement of PVA films through CNC reinforcement and Ficus auriculata fruit extract: A novel synthesis for sustainable applications

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received immense interest lately as a potential nanomaterial because of their excellent mechanical and biological properties. This investigation aims to formulate a composite coating made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), CNCs, and a methanolic extract from the dried leaves and fruit of the fig tree (Ficus auriculata) (FAE). A sequential procedure to get CNCs included alkaline and acid hydrolysis, sonication, and suitable methods for purification. Analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the CNC-loaded films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of composites revealed superior thermal stability of the CNC-reinforced films versus control, evident from higher degradation temperatures, indicating desirable environmental resistance of proposed coatings for wood surfaces. The termite control was made more effective through synergistic use of a combination of CNCs, PVA, and FAE with proven insecticidal properties. The composite material was examined for its anti-termite resistance and termite mortality rate, and demonstrated that when used together, CNCs, PVA, and FAE were collectively and synergistically more effective at keeping termites away. The findings of this study demonstrate that the evolved composite could be used to develop anti-termite products that are environmentally benign and respond well. Synthesized composites also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. Among all films, a combination of 0.7 % extract in PVA displayed excellent results with 26 and 28 mm diameter for growth inhibition zone for Gram-positive bacteria whereas 26 mm for both negative bacterial strains. The findings suggest a potential use of this composite as a sustainable, environmentally resistant, and eco-friendly alternative for termite/bacterial control in various building materials and wood preservation applications.

A curcumin-loaded biopolymeric nanocomposite alleviates dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress

Functional drugs nano delivery systems manufactured from natural active products are promising for the field of biomedicines. In this study, an anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) curcumin loaded biopolymeric nanocomposite (CZNH) was fabricated and investigated. CZNH nanocomposite was obtained using the anti-solvent precipitation method, wherein curcumin-loaded zein colloidal particles served as the core, while sodium casein (NaCas) and hyaluronic acid (HA) formed the outermost layer of CZNH nanocomposite. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) findings demonstrated that CZNH nanocomposite was a double-layer spherical micelle (250 nm) resulting from the hydrogen bond interactions and electrostatic adsorptions between zein, NaCas, and HA. Furthermore, CZNH nanocomposite exhibited prominent resuspension and storage stability in aqueous solution, which can be stored at 4 °C for approximately 30 days. In vivo anti-UC studies showed that CZNH nanocomposite could effectively alleviate UC symptoms via mediating inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6], myeloperoxidase (MPO), and oxidative stress factor [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)]. This study suggested that the CZNH nanocomposite showed great promise as an efficient curcumin nanocarrier for UC therapy.

Polyphenols targeting multiple molecular targets and pathways for the treatment of vitiligo

Vitiligo, a pigmentary autoimmune disorder, is marked by the selective loss of melanocytes in the skin, leading to the appearance of depigmented patches. The principal pathological mechanism is the melanocyte destruction mediated by CD8+ T cells, modulated by oxidative stress and immune dysregulation. Vitiligo affects both physical health and psychological well-being, diminishing the quality of life. Polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, have demonstrated efficacy in managing various dermatological conditions through multiple pathways. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of vitiligo and the therapeutic potential of natural polyphenolic compounds. We examine the roles of various polyphenols in vitiligo management through antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, melanogenesis promotion, and apoptosis reduction. The review underscores the need for further investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of these compounds in vitiligo treatment and the exploration of their combination with current therapies to augment therapeutic outcomes.

Targeting ferroptosis using Chinese herbal compounds to treat respiratory diseases

BACKGROUND

Respiratory diseases pose a grave threat to human life. Therefore, understanding their pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy is important. Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, characterised by iron, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxide accumulation, as well as glutathione (GSH) depletion and GSH peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation. A close association between ferroptosis and the onset and progression of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, bronchial asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer, has been reported. Recent studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds exhibit unique advantages in the treatment of respiratory diseases owing to their natural properties and potential efficacy. These compounds can effectively regulate ferroptosis by modulating several key signalling pathways such as system Xc- -GSH-GPX4, NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, Nrf2-GPX4, and Nrf2/HO-1, thus playing a positive role in improving respiratory diseases.

PURPOSE

This comprehensive review systematically outlines the regulatory role of ferroptosis in the onset and progression of respiratory diseases and provides evidence for treating respiratory diseases by targeting ferroptosis with TCM compounds. These insights aim to offer potential remedies for the clinical prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We searched scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI using keywords such as "ferroptosis","respiratory diseases","chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","bronchial asthma","acute lung injury","pulmonary fibrosis","lung cancer","traditional Chinese medicine","traditional Chinese medicine compound","monomer", and "natural product" to retrieve studies on the therapeutic potential of TCM compounds in ameliorating respiratory diseases by targeting ferroptosis. The retrieved data followed PRISMA criteria (preferred reporting items for systematic review).

RESULTS

TCM compounds possess unique advantages in treating respiratory diseases, stemming from their natural origins and proven clinical effectiveness. TCM compounds can exert therapeutic effects on respiratory diseases by regulating ferroptosis, which mainly involves modulation of pathways such as system Xc- -GSH-GPX4,NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, Nrf2-GPX4, and Nrf2/HO-1.

CONCLUSION

TCM compounds have demonstrated promising potential in improving respiratory diseases through the regulation of ferroptosis. The identification of specific TCM-related inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis holds great significance in developing more effective strategies. However, current research remains confined to animal and cellular studies, emphasizing the imperative for further verifications through high-quality clinical data.

Investigating the impact of nanoemulsion of curcumin-loaded olive oil on growth performance, feed utilization, immunological responses, and redox status of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp with emphasis on economic efficiency of supplementation

The trail aimed to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin loaded olive oil nanoemulsion (CUR-OLNE) on growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemical, redox status, and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, considering the economic efficiency of supplementation. A total of 280 healthy shrimps (3.42 ± 0.02 g) were randomly distributed into five equal groups and were fed diets containing 0 (CUR-OLNE0), 5(CUR-OLNE5), 10(CUR-OLNE10), 15(CUR-OLNE15) and 20 (CUR-OLNE20) mg CUR-OLNE/kg diet, respectively for 16 weeks. Among CUR-OLNE treated groups, CUR-OLNE20 showed the highest growth performance and feed utilization traits, including final body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. Notably, the photomicrographs provided further compelling evidence regarding the potential effect of CUR-OLNE supplementation on muscle structure and integrity. Compared to the control, the levels of blood protein significantly induced in CUR-OLNE15 and CUR-OLNE20 treated groups (p < 0.05). All CUR-OLNE -supplemented groups possessed lower activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of urea and creatinine compared to the control (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 mg CUR-OLNE/kg diet decreased the concentrations of cortisol, glucose and triglycerides. The dietary treatment significantly improved the secretion of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and protease. The lowest levels of Malondialdehyde and the highest levels of total antioxidant capacity, super oxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M were detected in both of CUR-OLNE15, and CUR-OLNE20 treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). There were considerable significant effects of dietary supplementation of CUR-OLNE on economic efficiency. In conclusion, the application of nanocarriers for the delivery of dietary immune stimulants such as CUR-OLNE to Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is a promising strategy for improving shrimp nutrition. The addition of 20 mg CUR-OLNE/kg to the diets of can be recommended as an affective intervention to improve growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of shrimp. Implementing this intervention can maximize the economic efficiency of shrimp farming while promoting sustainable practices in the industry.

Effects of chain length and saturation of triacylglycerols on the characteristics and gastrointestinal digestion fates of curcumin-loaded triacylglycerol nanoparticles

This study assessed the effects of fatty acid length and saturation on the physicochemical, thermal, and gastrointestinal digestive characteristics of curcumin-loaded homo-triacylglycerol nanoparticles (C-NPs). All C-NPs had good colloidal stability and efficiently entrapped curcumin, regardless of their length and saturation. Tricaprylin NPs, with shorter chains, had a smaller size and emulsifier surface load. Curcumin was released faster from low-melting C-NPs (tricaprylin and triolein) than those with high-melting-point (trimyristin, tripalmitin, and tristearin); however, both were negligible without lipolysis. None of the C-NPs underwent significant aggregation, coalescence, or breakdown during digestion before the small intestine. Notably, longer and more saturated chains resulted in a slower initial rate and lower degree of lipolysis in the small intestine. However, greater bioaccessibility of curcumin was observed only with longer chains (tricaprylin, 70.72%; trimyristin, 78.05%; tripalmitin, 85.09%; tristearin, 89.65%; triolein, 89.71%). These findings could be valuable for the development of rational curcumin formulations for functional foods.

Heteroleptic cobalt complex augments antifungal activity with fluconazole and causes membrane disruption in Candida albicans

Heteroleptic metal complexes containing CuII, CoII, and ZnII, incorporating curcumin and a Schiff base ligand (L), were synthesized and characterized, and their antifungal activity was evaluated. Their antifungal activities were investigated individually and in combination with fluconazole. Utilizing various analytical techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR, ESI-MS, TGA-DTG, elemental analyses, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility measurements, complex C1 ([Cu(Cur)LCl(H2O)]) was assigned a distorted octahedral geometry, while complexes C2 ([Co(Cur)LCl(H2O)]) and C3 ([Zn(Cur)LCl(H2O)]) were assigned octahedral geometries. Among these complexes, C2 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against both FLC-susceptible and resistant strains of Candida albicans. Furthermore, C2 demonstrated candidicidal activity and synergistic interactions with fluconazole, effectively inhibiting the growth and survival of both FLC-resistant and FLC-sensitive C. albicans strains. The complex displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of drug efflux pumps in FLC-resistant C. albicans strains, indicating its potential to disrupt the cell membrane of these strains. The significant role of membrane efflux transporters in the development of antifungal drug resistance within Candida species has been extensively documented and our findings indicate that complex C2 specifically targets this crucial factor, thereby playing a pivotal role in mitigating drug resistance in C. albicans.

Assessment of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Liposomes Loaded with Curcumin and Lippia origanoides Essential Oil

(1) Introduction: Curcumin and Lippia origanoides essential oils have a broad spectrum of biological activities; however, their physicochemical instability, low solubility, and high volatility limit their therapeutic use. Encapsulation in liposomes has been reported as a feasible approach to increase the physicochemical stability of active substances, protect them from interactions with the environment, modulate their release, reduce their volatility, improve their bioactivity, and reduce their toxicity. To date, there are no reports on the co-encapsulation of curcumin and Lippia origanoides essential oils in liposomes. Therefore, the objective of this work is to prepare and physiochemical characterize liposomes loaded with the mixture of these compounds and to evaluate different in vitro biological activities. (2) Methods: Liposomes were produced using the thin-layer method and physiochemical characteristics were calculated. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated compounds were evaluated. (3) Results: Empty and loaded nanometric-sized liposomes were obtained that are monodisperse and have a negative zeta potential. They inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and did not exhibit cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells. (4) Conclusions: Encapsulation in liposomes was demonstrated to be a promising strategy for natural compounds possessing antimicrobial activity.

Water soluble curcumin with alkyl sulfonate moiety: Synthesis, and anticancer efficacy

Curcumin is classified as a chemotherapeutic medication because of its potential against numerous cancer cell lines and ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Despite these findings, curcumin has yet to be commercialized as a drug due to its low water solubility, low absorption, and restricted bioavailability. As a result, there is a demand for water-soluble curcumin with improved solubility, bioavailability, and thus bioactivity. In this study we report the synthesis and the anticancer activities of water-soluble curcumins derivatives with alkyl sulfonate moiety. The target water-soluble curcumin with alkyl sulfonate moieties was created utilizing a straightforward technique that involved reacting curcumin with various sultones. The cytotoxic (24 h) and cytostatic (72 h) anticancer effect on breast carcinoma (MCF-7), liver carcinoma (HepG2), skin melanoma (B16-F110), colon human cancer and HeLa cervical carcinoma cell lines viability % via MTT assay were determined for the prepared derivatives. Results showed that curcumin-derived compounds have a pronounced cytostatic anticancer effect rather than cytotoxic one in relation to the compound type, cancer cell line type, and examined concentration compared to curcumin. The curcumin sulfonates outperformed curcumin activity against the tested cancer cells and showed to be powerful anticancer candidate drugs as supported by the theoretical calculations. This is evident by their high capacity to form H-bonding during docking with the amino acid side chains and the Vina docking score.

SwissADME studies and Density Functional Theory (DFT) approaches of methyl substituted curcumin derivatives

Research suggests curcumin's safety and efficacy, prompting interest in its use for treating and preventing various human diseases. The current study aimed to predict drag ability of methyl substituted curcumin derivatives (BL1 to BL4) using SwissADME and Density Functional Theory (DFT) approaches. The curcumin derivatives investigated mostly adhere to Lipinski's rule of five, with molecular properties including MW, F. Csp3, nHBA, nHBD, and TPSA falling within acceptable limits. The compounds demonstrating high lipophilicity while poor water solubility. The pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed favorable gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeation while none were identified as substrates for P-glycoprotein, however, revealed inhibitory actions against various cytochrome P450 enzymes. Additionally, all derivatives exhibited a consistent bioavailability score of 0.55. Similarly, the DFT computations of the compounds of the curcumin derivatives were conducted at B3LYP/6-311 G** level to predict and then assess the key electronic characteristics underlying the bioactivity. Accordingly, the BL4 molecule (ΔEgap= 4.105 eV) would prefer to interact with the external molecular system more than the other molecules due to having the biggest energy gap. The ΔNmax (2.328 eV) and Δεback-donat. (-0.446 eV) scores implied that BL1 would have more charge transfer capability and the lowest stability via back donation among the compounds. In short, the derivative (BL1 to BL4) exhibited strong extrinsic therapeutic properties and therefore stand eligible for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Synthesis and evaluation of catecholamine derivatives as amyloid-beta aggregation inhibitors

Effectively inhibition of amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation is considered an important method for treatment of the Alzheimer's disease. Herein, inspired by the ability of trans-clovamide to effectively inhibit Aβ aggregation, we synthesized a series of structurally related catecholamine derivatives and tested them as Aβ aggregation inhibitors using the Thioflavin T assay. The results show that they demonstrated a higher inhibitory rate against Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, these compounds exhibited high water solubilities and low cytotoxicities. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering of their Aβ aggregations were observed. Docking simulations revealed that the catechol moiety of the synthesized compounds can form hydrogen bonds with the key regions of Aβ and thereby inhibit Aβ aggregation.

Biomimetic Antifungal Materials: Countering the Challenge of Multidrug-Resistant Fungi

In light of rising public health threats like antifungal and antimicrobial resistance, alongside the slowdown in new antimicrobial development, biomimetics have shown promise as therapeutic agents. Multidrug-resistant fungi pose significant challenges as they quickly develop resistance, making traditional antifungals less effective. Developing new antifungals is also complicated by the need to target eukaryotic cells without harming the host. This review examines biomimetic antifungal materials that mimic natural biological mechanisms for targeted and efficient action. It covers a range of agents, including antifungal peptides, alginate-based antifungals, chitosan derivatives, nanoparticles, plant-derived polyphenols, and probiotic bacteria. These agents work through mechanisms such as disrupting cell membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting essential fungal processes. Despite their potential, challenges remain in terms of ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing delivery, and overcoming potential resistance. Production scalability and economic viability are also concerns. Future research should enhance the stability and efficacy of these materials, integrate multifunctional approaches, and develop sophisticated delivery systems. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to understand interactions between these materials, fungal cells, and the host environment. Long-term health and environmental impacts, fungal resistance mechanisms, and standardized testing protocols require further study. In conclusion, while biomimetic antifungal materials represent a revolutionary approach to combating multidrug-resistant fungi, extensive research and development are needed to fully realize their potential.

Nanospheres for curcumin delivery as a precision nanomedicine in cancer therapy

Cancer is ranked among the top causes of mortality throughout the world. Conventional therapies are associated with toxicity and undesirable side effects, rendering them unsuitable for prolonged use. Additionally, there is a high occurrence of resistance to anticancer drugs and recurrence in certain circumstances. Hence, it is essential to discover potent anticancer drugs that exhibit specificity and minimal unwanted effects. Curcumin, a polyphenol derivative, is present in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) and has chemopreventive, anticancer, radio-, and chemo-sensitizing activities. Curcumin exerts its anti-tumor effects on cancer cells by modulating the disrupted cell cycle through p53-dependent, p53-independent, and cyclin-dependent mechanisms. This review provides a summary of the formulations of curcumin based on nanospheres, since there is increasing interest in its medicinal usage for treating malignancies and tumors. Nanospheres are composed of a dense polymeric matrix, and have a size ranging from 10 to 200 nm. Lactic acid polymers, glycolic acid polymers, or mixtures of them, together with poly (methyl methacrylate), are primarily used as matrices in nanospheres. Nanospheres are suitable for local, oral, and systemic delivery due to their minuscule particle size. The majority of nanospheres are created using polymers that are both biocompatible and biodegradable. Previous investigations have shown that the use of a nanosphere delivery method can enhance tumor targeting, therapeutic efficacy, and biocompatibility of different anticancer agents. Moreover, these nanospheres can be easily taken up by mammalian cells. This review discusses the many curcumin nanosphere formulations used in cancer treatment.

Comprehensive Analysis of Curcumin Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytogenotoxic Profiling

Curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa) has traditionally been used due to its pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and antioxidant activities, but has had limitations in use due to low bioavailability. Nanoparticles have protuberant efficacies to diagnose or cure a variety of diseases, including tumors, by fine-tuning their size, structure, and physicochemical characteristics. This study aims to develop a new dosage form of curcumin nanoparticles with zinc oxide to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cancer and cause no damage to genetics. Curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by using a Zeta sizer, ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different concentrations range from 40 to 0.078 μg/mL, and these nanoparticles were evaluated for their anticancer activity by colorimetric analysis (MTT assay) on normal (Vero) and cancerous cell lines (MCF-7) and genotoxicity by the comet assay. The spherical-shaped curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles of 189 nm size were prepared with characteristic functional groups. The selectivity index of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles, calculated from IC50 values, is 4.60 > 2.0, showing anticancer potential comparable to tamoxifen. The genetic damage index of the highest concentration (40 μg/mL) of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles was 0.08, with a percent fragmentation of 8%. The results suggest that nanoparticles of curcumin zinc oxide produced better anticancer effects and did not cause any significant damage to the DNA. Consequently, further research is required to ensure the development of a safe and quality dosage form of nanoparticles for proper utilization.

Mussel-inspired protein-based nanoparticles for curcumin encapsulation and promoting antitumor efficiency

Curcumin demonstrated therapeutic potential for cancer. However, its medical application is limited due to low solubility, poor stability and low absorption rate. Here, we used the mussel-inspired functional protein (MPKE) to fabricate the curcumin-carrying nanoparticle (Cur-MPKE) for encapsulating and delivering curcumin. The protein MPKE is composed of the mussel module and zwitterionic peptide. The Dopa group bonding characteristic of the mussel module was leveraged for the self-assembly of nanoparticles, while the superhydrophilic property of the zwitterionic peptide was utilized to enhance the stability of nanoparticles. As expected, MPKE and Cur are tightly bound through hydrogen bonds and dynamic imide bonds to form nanoparticles. Cur-MPKE showed improved solubility and stability in aqueous solutions as well as excellent biocompatibility. Besides, Cur-MPKE also exhibited pH-triggered release and enhanced uptake of curcumin by tumor cells, promoting the antioxidant activity and antitumor effect of curcumin. Moreover, systemic experiments of Cur-MPKE to rats demonstrated that Cur-MPKE significantly inhibited tumor tissue growth and proliferation without causing obvious systemic toxicity. This work provides a new strategy for fabricating the delivery system of curcumin with improved stability, sustainability and bioavailability.

Medicinal utilization and nutritional properties of drumstick (Moringa oleifera)-A comprehensive review

The tropical and subtropical regions of the world support the growth of the Indian plant Moringa oleifera. It usually goes by the name drumstick tree or horseradish tree and thrives in warm climates. The leaves of the M. oleifera tree are now frequently used as nutrients and nutraceuticals due to their availability of various minerals. While having only very minor antinutritional effects, the leaves are abundant in many beneficial compounds. A recent review of the bioactive components and activity of moringa leaves has focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Drumstick leaves have antidiabetic qualities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial qualities among other health benefits. Phytochemicals, in addition to minerals and vitamins, are abundant in this vegetable. The majority of these effects, according to a review in the literature, are mostly brought on by the presence of carotenoids, glucosinolates, and phytochemicals. As a value-added component in the production of wholesome meals, moringa is becoming more popular. Despite extensive research into locating and quantifying these advantageous elements in drumstick leaves, bioavailability and bioaccessibility studies were carried out. Beneficial photochemicals are absorbed and digested through incredibly intricate processes that involve several physicochemical and physiological interactions. Therefore, the biological impact of food may be attributed to its various metabolites that can access particular areas of action rather than its original substances. This body of literature offers the most recent findings in scientific research on the bioavailability, health advantages, nutritional profiles, and bioactive activities of moringa leaves as they relate to their use in a range of food products. Drumsticks are frequently used as a food element that promotes health because of their potent protection against a variety of ailments and the presence of environmental pollutants.

Enhancing plant-derived smart nano inhibitor in targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in breast cancer using Curcuma longa-derived compound curcumin

Breast cancer is a diverse female malignancy; its classification is based on clinical evidence and pathological elucidation. Large public drug screening data databases combined with transcriptome measures have helped develop predictive computational models. Breast cancer is frequent among women worldwide. Several genes increase breast cancer risk. The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (popularly known as mTOR) is a risk factor mutated in numerous breast carcinoma types. This has caught the scientific community's focus, which is attempting to generate creative, potent, and bio-available ligands for future anti-cancer treatments to establish a practical therapeutic approach. mTOR is a protein kinase involved in cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, and immune response. Activating mTOR promotes cancer growth and spread. To generate a bioavailable and effective mTOR inhibitor, we used computer-aided drug design to study chromones and flavonoids, two naturally occurring chemicals with many biological activities. We used Curcuma longaderived tiny nano-molecules, which can be coated using liposomes to target mTOR to prevent breast cancer growth. The significant interactions of Curcumin were anticipated using molecular docking. It had the highest binding affinity at -12.26 kcal/mol. 100 nanoseconds of molecular dynamic modelling confirmed Curcumin and mTOR receptor interaction. Liposomes are a form of medicine carrier. To improve healthcare, more liposome-like nanostructures are being made. Nanostructures' interactions with living creatures are being studied. Half-life, tissue accumulation, and toxicity have been studied. Future medication distribution may use nanocarriers having a liposome-like form, enabling targeted nano-delivery. Curcumin's interaction with the active site increased the complex's structural stability during its expansion. Our results may help future investigations of Curcumin's efficacy as a possible lead treatment targeting mTOR receptors in breast cancer. Using Curcumin as a potential anti-cancer drug with lipid-coated nano-particles allows for tailored administration.

Evaluation of Cross-Talk and Alleviate Potential of Cytotoxic Factors Induced by Deoxynivalenol in IPEC-J2 Cells Interference with Curcumin

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, and curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric. However, the combined treatment of CUR and DON to explore the mitigating effect of CUR on DON and their combined mechanism of action is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established four treatment groups (CON, CUR, DON and CUR + DON) to investigate their mechanism in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the cross-talk and alleviating potential of CUR interfering with DON-induced cytotoxic factors were evaluated by in vitro experiments; the results showed that CUR could effectively inhibit DON-exposed activated TNF-α/NF-κB pathway, attenuate DON-induced apoptosis, and alleviate DON-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress through PERK/CHOP pathways, which were verified at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these promising findings may contribute to the future use of CUR as a novel feed additive to protect livestock from the harmful effects of DON.

The Role of Fenugreek in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes

The number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is on the increase worldwide. Of growing concern, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and youths is increasing rapidly and mirrors the increasing burden of childhood obesity. There are many risk factors associated with the condition; some are due to lifestyle, but many are beyond our control, such as genetics. There is an urgent need to develop better therapeutics for the prevention and management of this complex condition since current medications often cause unwanted side effects, and poorly managed diabetes can result in the onset of related comorbidities. Naturally derived compounds have gained momentum for preventing and managing several complex conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Here, we provide an update on the benefits and limitations of fenugreek and its components as a therapeutic for type 2 diabetes, including its bioavailability and interaction with the microbiome.

Effects of Cyclodextrin Curcumin Formulation on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Porcine DCD Liver Transplantation

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is a pleiotropic antioxidant polyphenol, which has proven to be highly protective in various models of liver injury and inflammation. We hypothesized that adding a stable aqueous curcumin formulation which comprises a water-soluble cyclodextrin curcumin formulation (CDC) complex of the water-insoluble curcumin molecule (Novobion, Espoo, Finland) to preservation solution during liver procurement may reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve graft function after liver transplantation using donation after circulatory death (DCD).

METHODS

In a preclinical pig model of DCD-liver transplantation, livers exposed to 15' of warm ischemia were either modulated (N = 6) with a flush of preservation solution (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate) containing CDC (60 µmol/L) through the vena porta and the aorta, or not (controls, N = 6) before 4 h of cold storage. Area under the curve of log serum aspartate aminotransferase, markers of graft function (lactate, glycemia, prothrombin time, and bile production), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and survival were monitored.

RESULTS

Area under the curve of log serum aspartate aminotransferase were similar between curcumin and control groups (22.12 [20.87-24.88] versus 25.08 [22.1-26.55]; P = 0.28). No difference in the liver function markers were observed between groups except a lower serum lactate level 3-h post-reperfusion in the curcumin group (3 [1.95-6.07] versus 8.2 [4.85-13.45] mmol/L; P = 0.05). Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were similar in each group. Recipient survival rates were found similar.

CONCLUSIONS

CDC added to the preservation solution in DCD liver pig model did not improve ischemia-reperfusion injury severity, liver function, or survival. Further efforts are needed to explore this strategy, particularly with dynamic preservation, which finds its way into clinical practice.

Ameliorative Effects of Curcumin on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a multifactorial and complicated metabolic disorder, is a growing public health problem. Numerous studies have indicated that bioactive compounds from herbal medicine have beneficial effects on T2DM prevention and treatment, owing to their numerous biological properties. Curcumin, the major curcuminoid of turmeric, is one of the most studied bioactive components of herbal supplements, and has a variety of biological activities. Clinical trials and preclinical research have recently produced compelling data to demonstrate the crucial functions of curcumin against T2DM via several routes. Accordingly, this review systematically summarizes the antidiabetic activity of curcumin, along with various mechanisms. Results showed that effectiveness of curcumin on T2DM is due to it being anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-apoptotic, and antihyperlipidemic, among other activities. In light of these results, curcumin may be a promising prevention/treatment choice for T2DM.

Anticancer perspectives of monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin: A decade (2014-2024) review

Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MACs) represent structurally modified versions of curcumin. The existing literature indicates that MACs exhibit enhanced anticancer properties compared with curcumin. Numerous research articles in recent years have emphasized the significance of MACs as effective anticancer agents. This review focuses on the latest advances in the anticancer potential of MACs, from 2014 to 2024, including discussions on their mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and in silico molecular docking studies.

Diffusion of curcumin in PLGA-based carriers for drug delivery: a molecular dynamics study

CONTEXT

The rapid growth and diversification of drug delivery systems have been significantly supported by advancements in micro- and nano-technologies, alongside the adoption of biodegradable polymeric materials like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as microcarriers. These developments aim to reduce toxicity and enhance target specificity in drug delivery. The use of in silico methods, particularly molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, has emerged as a pivotal tool for predicting the dynamics of species within these systems. This approach aids in investigating drug delivery mechanisms, thereby reducing the costs associated with design and prototyping. In this study, we focus on elucidating the diffusion mechanisms in curcumin-loaded PLGA particles, which are critical for optimizing drug release and efficacy in therapeutic applications.

METHODS

We utilized MD to explore the diffusion behavior of curcumin in PLGA drug delivery systems. The simulations, executed with GROMACS, modeled curcumin molecules in a representative volume element of PLGA chains and water, referencing molecular structures from the Protein Data Bank and employing the CHARMM force field. We generated PLGA chains of varying lengths using the Polymer Modeler tool and arranged them in a bulk-like environment with Packmol. The simulation protocol included steps for energy minimization, T and p equilibration, and calculation of the isotropic diffusion coefficient from the mean square displacement. The Taguchi method was applied to assess the effects of hydration level, PLGA chain length, and density on diffusion.

RESULTS

Our results provide insight into the influence of PLGA chain length, hydration level, and polymer density on the diffusion coefficient of curcumin, offering a mechanistic understanding for the design of efficient drug delivery systems. The sensitivity analysis obtained through the Taguchi method identified hydration level and PLGA density as the most significant input parameters affecting curcumin diffusion, while the effect of PLGA chain length was negligible within the simulated range. We provided a regression equation capable to accurately fit MD results. The regression equation suggests that increases in hydration level and PLGA density result in a decrease in the diffusion coefficient.

Silk Sericin and Its Composite Materials with Antibacterial Properties to Enhance Wound Healing: A Review

Wound infections may disrupt the normal wound-healing process. Large amounts of antibiotics are frequently used to prevent pathogenic infections; however, this can lead to resistance development. Biomaterials possessing antimicrobial properties have promising applications for reducing antibiotic usage and promoting wound healing. Silk sericin (SS) has been increasingly explored for skin wound healing applications owing to its excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and ultraviolet-resistant properties. In recent years, SS-based composite biomaterials with a broader antimicrobial spectrum have been extensively investigated and demonstrated favorable efficacy in promoting wound healing. This review summarizes various antimicrobial agents, including metal nanoparticles, natural extracts, and antibiotics, that have been incorporated into SS composites for wound healing and elucidates their mechanisms of action. It has been revealed that SS-based biomaterials can achieve sustained antimicrobial activity by slow-release-loaded antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial-loaded SS composites may promote wound healing through anti-infection, anti-inflammation, hemostasis, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. The manufacturing methods, benefits, and limitations of antimicrobial-loaded SS materials are briefly discussed. This review aims to enhance the understanding of new advances and directions in SS-based antimicrobial composites and guide future biomedical research.

The Role of Oral Supplementation for the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

The majority of neurodegenerative eye disorders occur with aging and significantly impair quality of life. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third most common cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. One of the most important elements in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative eye disease is certainly oxidative stress, with neuroinflammation and ocular ischemia which may also be significant factors. Antioxidants, either by food or oral supplementation, may be able to mitigate the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species that build as a result of oxidative stress, ischemia, and inflammation. Over the past few decades, a number of research works examining the potential adjuvant impact of antioxidants in AMD have been published. In fact, there is not only more and more interest in already known molecules but also in new molecules that can help clinicians in the management of this complex multifactorial disease, such as astaxanthin and melatonin. However, while some studies showed encouraging outcomes, others were conflicting. In addition, more and more attention is also being paid to nutrition, considered a pivotal key point, especially to prevent AMD. For this reason, the purpose of this review is to analyze the main antioxidant molecules currently used as oral supplements for AMD treatment, as well as the role of diet and food intake in this ocular disease, to better understand how all these factors can improve the clinical management of AMD patients.

Investigation Cytotoxicity and Curcumin Release Behavior by Pyranopyrazole-TiO2@niosome Carrier for Breast Cancer Treatment

In the present study, we present a pyranopyrazole-TiO2 which is encapsulated with a niosome as nanocarrier for delivery of curcumin into breast cancer cells. Nanocarrier porous TiO2 is biocompatible and with a high specific surface area and a large pore volume and was used to carry pyranopyrazole, which has been reported as an anti-cancer. Niosome in the outer layer, helpful for loading curcumin into the niosomal layer, demonstrates a pH-dependent release and can be effective for cancer treatment. Entrapment efficiency of curcumin was found at 81.02% in carriers. The results of MTT and flow cytometry revealed that apoptosis is notably enhanced by loading curcumin on pyranopyrazole-TiO2@niosome. Also, there was high biocompatibility with MCF-10A, while exhibiting significant anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects on MCF-7, whose cell viability was 38.79% in the loaded curcumin on carrier and was more than other samples even, than free curcumin (42.82%). Furthermore, the regulation of gene expression in cancer cells decreased the regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes and increased the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes. Finally, fluorescence activity in MCF-7 significantly increased after treatment with samples.

Anti-Inflammatory, Wound Healing, and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Pure Active Compounds Present in the Ryudai Gold Variety of Curcuma longa

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) contains curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Nevertheless, curcumin is the most researched active ingredient for its numerous pharmacological effects. We investigated the impact of these curcuminoids found in Ryudai gold, an approved cultivar of Curcuma longa, on wound healing, inflammation, and diabetes. Sub-planter injections of carrageenan induced acute paw inflammation in rats. The wound-healing ability of 1% curcuminoids was examined by making a 6 mm round wound on the shaved dorsum of the mice with a biopsy punch. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in mice. Curcuminoids at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight were used with feed and as a gastric gavage to treat diabetes and inflammation in experimental animals. Paw thickness was measured at 1, 3, and 6 h following carrageenan injection. After three hours, mean paw volume was 58% in carrageenan-injected mice, which was 35%, 37%, and 31% in the curcumin, DMC, and BDMC groups, respectively. Histopathology of the paw tissue demonstrated severe infiltration of inflammatory cells and thickening of the dermis, which were remarkably improved by the curcuminoids. The wound-healing abilities were significantly higher in the curcumin- (95.0%), DMC- (93.17%), and BDMC-treated (89.0%) groups, in comparison to that of the control (65.09%) group at day nine. There were no significant differences in wound-healing activity among the groups treated with 1% curcuminoids throughout the study. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes was characterized by an increased blood glucose (552.2 mg/dL) and decreased body weight (31.2 g), compared to that of the control rats (145.6 mg/dL and 46.8 g blood glucose and body weight, respectively). It also caused an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 44.2 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 55.8 U/L) compared to that of the control group (18.6 U/L and 20.1 U/L, respectively). Histopathological examination of the liver showed that diabetes caused hepatic cellular necrosis, congestion of the central vein, and parenchymatous degeneration. However, all three curcuminoids significantly decreased blood glucose levels, ALT, and AST and improved the histopathological score of the liver. These results evidenced that not only curcumin but also DMC and BDMC have potent anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-diabetic efficacy, and the Ryudai gold variety of turmeric could be used as a functional food supplement.

Enhancement of Solubility, Stability, Cellular Uptake, and Bioactivity of Curcumin by Polyvinyl Alcohol

The biological activities and related mechanisms of curcumin, a major polyphenolic compound in turmeric, the rhizome of Curcuma longa, have been extensively investigated. Due to its poor solubility in water, the analysis of curcumin's biological activities is limited in most aqueous experimental systems. In the present study, the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a dietary-compatible vehicle, on the solubility, stability, cellular uptake, and bioactivities of curcumin were investigated. Curcumin solubility was improved significantly by PVA; the color intensity of curcumin aqueous solution in the presence of PVA increased concentration-dependently with its peak shift to a shorter wavelength. Improved suspension stability and photostability of curcumin in an aqueous solution were also observed in the presence of PVA, even at 62.5 μg/mL. The scavenging activities of curcumin against DPPH, ABTS, AAPH radicals, and nitric oxide were enhanced significantly in the presence of PVA. PVA at 250 μg/mL also significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of curcumin against both HCT 116 colon cancer and INT 407 (HeLa-derived) embryonic intestinal cells by reducing the IC50 from 16 to 11 μM and 25 to 15 μM, respectively. PVA improved the cellular uptake of curcumin in a concentration-dependent manner in INT 407 cells; it increased the cellular levels more effectively at lower curcumin treatment concentrations. The present results indicate that PVA improves the solubility and stability of curcumin, and changes in these chemical behaviors of curcumin in aqueous systems by PVA could enhance the bioavailability and pharmacological efficacy of curcumin.

Curcumin and its nano-formulations combined with exercise: From molecular mechanisms to clinic

Curcumin is a strong substance derived from turmeric, a popular spice, renowned for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. The study delved deeply into a thorough examination of various sources to evaluate the impact of both regular curcumin and nano-formulated curcumin on elements that impact physical performance, including muscular strain, discomfort, swelling, and oxidative tension. While engaging in exercise, the body experiences a rise in reactive oxygen species and inflammation. As a result, it is important to ensure a proper balance between internal and external sources of antioxidants to maintain stability in the skeletal muscle. Without this balance, there is a risk of muscle soreness, damage, and ultimately, a decline in exercise performance. Curcumin possesses the ability to enhance physical performance and reduce the symptoms of muscle fatigue and injury by virtue of its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Including curcumin supplements appears to have advantageous effects on various aspects of exercise, such as enhancing performance, assisting with recovery, lessening muscle damage and discomfort, and lowering levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, a thorough assessment is necessary to precisely gauge the healing advantages of curcumin in enhancing exercise ability and reducing recovery time.

The efficacy of curcumin in relieving osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent degenerative joint diseases. Several meta-analyses have shown that curcumin could improve the function of the knee and alleviate pain in OA, while some meta-analyses demonstrate controversial results. Hence, we assessed curcumin's effects on knee OA in an umbrella meta-analysis. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were employed to find English-language meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of curcumin supplementation on OA outcomes up to September 2023. The visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain, function, and stiffness scales were analyzed. Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were utilized to obtain the overall effect size. A random-effects model was applied to perform the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was determined by I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q-test. The pooled effect of the 11 included meta-analyses showed that curcumin could significantly decrease the VAS score (weighted mean difference [WMD] and standardized mean difference [SMD]), WOMAC-total (SMD and WMD), WOMAC-Function (SMD and WMD), WOMAC-Pain (SMD), and WOMAC-Stiffness scores (SMD) (p ≤ 0.001, ≤0.001, ≤0.001, 0.007, ≤0.001, 0.002, ≤0.001, ≤0.001, respectively). The results strongly support curcuminoid supplementation in relieving pain, improving joint mobility and stiffness, and shortening medication usage of OA patients.

Construction of a Synergy Combination Model for Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Extracts: Enhanced Anticancer Activity against A549 and NCI-H292 Human Lung Cancer Cells

Extensive research on medicinal herbs for bioactive compounds proposes that they could replace synthetic drugs, reducing side effects and economic burdens. Especially, interest in the synergistic benefits of natural products is increasing, implying that their combined use may enhance therapeutic effectiveness. This study aimed to explore the synergetic effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) extract on lung normal (MRC-5) and cancer (A549 and NCI-H292) cell lines. The turmeric extract (TM) only affected the lung cancer cell lines, but it had no impact on the MRC-5 cell line. On the other hand, the black pepper extract (BP) did not cause any damage to either the lung normal or cancer cell lines, even at concentrations of up to 400 µg/mL. Response surface methodology was used to predict the ideal synergistic concentrations (EC50) of TM and BP, which were found to be 48.5 and 241.7 µg/mL, respectively. Notably, the selected condition resulted in higher cytotoxicity compared to the exposure to TM alone, indicating a potent synergetic effect. The rate of curcumin degradation under this combined treatment was significantly decreased to 49.72 ± 5.00 nmol/h/µg for A549 cells and 47.53 ± 4.78 nmol/h/µg for NCI-H292 cells, respectively, as compared to curcumin alone. Taken together, this study confirmed the potent synergistic effect of TM and BP on lung cancer cell lines. Further research is required to identify their specific synergetic mechanisms. Our findings provide crucial foundational data on the synergistic effects of TM and BP.

Longevity and anti-aging effects of curcumin supplementation

Aging is a gradual and irreversible process that is accompanied by an overall decline in cellular function and a significant increase in the risk of age-associated disorders. Generally, delaying aging is a more effective method than treating diseases associated with aging. Currently, researchers are focused on natural compounds and their therapeutic and health benefits. Curcumin is the main active substance that is present in turmeric, a spice that is made up of the roots and rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant. Curcumin demonstrated a positive impact on slowing down the aging process by postponing age-related changes. This compound may have anti-aging properties by changing levels of proteins involved in the aging process, such as sirtuins and AMPK, and inhibiting pro-aging proteins, such as NF-κB and mTOR. In clinical research, this herbal compound has been extensively examined in terms of safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. There are numerous effects of curcumin on mechanisms related to aging and human diseases, so we discuss many of them in detail in this review.

Robust reactive oxygen species modulator hitchhiking yeast microcapsules for colitis alleviation by trilogically intestinal microenvironment renovation

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammatory processes of the intestinal tract of unknown origin. Current treatments lack understanding on how to effectively alleviate oxidative stress, relieve inflammation, as well as modulate gut microbiota for maintaining intestinal homeostasis synchronously. In this study, a novel drug delivery system based on a metal polyphenol network (MPN) was constructed via metal coordination between epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Fe3+. Curcumin (Cur), an active polyphenolic compound, with distinguished anti-inflammatory activity was assembled and encapsulated into MPN to generate Cur-MPN. The obtained Cur-MPN could serve as a robust reactive oxygen species modulator by efficiently scavenging superoxide radical (O2•-) as well as hydroxyl radical (·OH). By hitchhiking yeast microcapsule (YM), Cur-MPN was then encapsulated into YM to obtain CM@YM. Our findings demonstrated that CM@YM was able to protect Cur-MPN to withstand the harsh gastrointestinal environment and enhance the targeting and retention abilities of the inflamed colon. When administered orally, CM@YM could alleviate DSS-induced colitis with protective and therapeutic effects by scavenging ROS, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the polarization of macrophages to M1, thus restoring barrier function and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, CM@YM also modulated the gut microbiome to a favorable state by improving bacterial diversity and transforming the compositional structure to an anti-inflammatory phenotype as well as increasing the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). Collectively, with excellent biocompatibility, our findings indicate that synergistically regulating intestinal microenvironment will be a promising approach for UC.

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: A critical update

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is one of the most significant challenges for public health. The increase in bacterial resistance, mainly due to microorganisms harmful to health, and the need to search for alternative treatments to contain infections that cannot be treated by conventional antibiotic therapy has been aroused. An alternative widely studied in recent decades is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), a treatment that can eliminate microorganisms through oxidative stress. Although this therapy has shown satisfactory results in infection control, it is still controversial in the scientific community whether bacteria manage to develop resistance after successive applications of aPDT. Thus, this work provides an overview of the articles that performed successive aPDT applications in models using bacteria published since 2010, focusing on sublethal dose cycles, highlighting the main PSs tested, and addressing the possible mechanisms for developing tolerance or resistance to aPDT, such as efflux pumps, biofilm formation, OxyR and SoxRS systems, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and quorum sensing.

A chitosan/alginate coated nano-liposome to improve intestinal absorption of curcumin for oral administration

Attempts to improve low absorption and rapid metabolic conversion of curcumin were made by developing curcumin-loaded bilayer nanoliposomes coated with chitosan and alginate for intestinal-specific drug delivery. A curcumin-loaded nano-liposome was prepared with optimized formulations with phosphatidylcholine, curcumin, chitosan, and alginate. The particle size of the optimized formulation was approximately 400 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was more than 99%. In the in vitro release study, curcumin release from the curcumin-loaded nanoliposome with double layers of chitosan/alginate (CNL-CH/AL) was suppressed in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and enhanced in the simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8). In the in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, the CNL-CH/AL-treated group showed a prolonged absorption pattern of curcumin and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was improved 109-fold compared to the control group treated with a curcumin solution without a nanocarrier.

Is Curcumin Intake Really Effective for Chronic Inflammatory Metabolic Disease? A Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials

This review aimed to examine the effects of curcumin on chronic inflammatory metabolic disease by extensively evaluating meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a literature search of meta-analyses of RCTs published in English in PubMed®/MEDLINE up to 31 July 2023. We identified 54 meta-analyses of curcumin RCTs for inflammation, antioxidant, glucose control, lipids, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, endothelial function, depression, and cognitive function. A reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was observed in seven of ten meta-analyses of RCTs. In five of eight meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. In six of nine meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels. In five of six meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In 14 of 15 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. In 12 of 12 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In seven of eight meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. In eight of ten meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced insulin levels. In 14 of 19 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) levels. Curcumin intake plays a protective effect on chronic inflammatory metabolic disease, possibly via improved levels of glucose homeostasis, MDA, TC, and inflammation (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and adiponectin). The safety and efficacy of curcumin as a natural product support the potential for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory metabolic diseases.

Multifunctional Nanocarrier for Synergistic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting β-Amyloid Aggregation and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species

The excessive depositions of β-amyloid (Aβ) and abnormal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as the important pathogenic factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strategies targeting only one of them have no obvious effects in clinic. In this study, a multifunctional nanocarrier CICe@M-K that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently was developed for inhibiting Aβ aggregation and scavenging ROS synchronously. Antioxidant curcumin (Cur) and photosensitizer IR780 were loaded in mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs). Their surfaces were grafted with cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and a short peptide K (CKLVFFAED). Living imaging showed that CICe@M-K was mainly distributed in the brain, liver, and kidneys, indicating CICe@M-K crossed BBB efficiently and accumulated in brain. After the irradiation of 808 nm laser, Cur was continuously released. Both of Cur and the peptide K can recognize and bind to Aβ through multiple interaction including π-π stacking interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond, inhibiting Aβ aggregation. On the other hand, Cur and CeO2 NPs cooperate to relieve the oxidative stress in the brains by scavenging ROS. In vivo assays showed that the CICe@M-K could diminish Aβ depositions, alleviate oxidative stress, and improve cognitive ability of the APP/PS1 AD mouse model, which demonstrated that CICe@M-K is a potential agent for AD treatment.

Targeting the autophagy-miRNA axis in prostate cancer: toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

Since prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, a better understanding of the molecular pathways guiding its development is imperative. A key factor in prostate cancer is autophagy, a cellular mechanism that affects both cell survival and death. Autophagy is essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is a physiological mechanism wherein redundant or malfunctioning cellular constituents are broken down and recycled. It is essential for preserving cellular homeostasis and is implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Autophagy has been linked to metastasis, tumor development, and treatment resistance in prostate cancer. The deregulation of miRNAs related to autophagy appears to be a crucial element in the etiology of prostate cancer. These miRNAs influence the destiny of cancer cells by finely regulating autophagic mechanisms. Numerous investigations have emphasized the dual function of specific miRNAs in prostate cancer, which alter autophagy-related pathways to function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Notably, miRNAs have been linked to the control of autophagy and the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of prostate cancer cells. To create customized therapy approaches, it is imperative to comprehend the dynamic interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer. The identification of key miRNAs provides potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. Unraveling the complex network of lncRNAs, like PCA3, also expands the repertoire of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. This review explores the intricate interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer, focusing on their regulatory roles in cellular processes ranging from survival to programmed cell death.

Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Diabetic Wistar Rats with Periodontal Disease

BACKGROUND

The association of periodontal disease and diabetes is a subject of intense research in terms of etiopathology and treatment options. This research aimed to evaluate the modulation of the local inflammatory status by two natural extracts, curcumin (Cu) and rutin (R), in an experimentally induced diabetes and periodontal disease in Wistar rats.

METHODS

Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups: Control (C), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease (DP), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with Curcumin (DPCu), Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with Rutin (DPR), and Diabetes-associated Periodontal Disease treated with both Curcumin and Rutin (DPCuR). Gingival samples were collected from all rats, and immunohistochemical markers CD3, CD20, and CD34 were evaluated to assess the local inflammatory infiltrate. Descriptive statistics were applied (SPSS24 Software, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Rutin, alone or combined with Curcumin, reduced CD3-positive cell levels. Curcumin demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing CD20-positive cells. The combination of Curcumin and Rutin had the most important impact on both markers. Curcumin notably increased immature CD34-positive cell levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin and Rutin, either alone or together, hold potential for reducing local inflammation in diabetes-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats.

Unraveling the protective effects of curcumin against drugs of abuse

Curcumin, a natural compound derived from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has garnered significant attention for its diverse neuroprotective properties. Curcumin has been widely recognized for its remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects, which have shown great potential in the treatment of various disorders, encompassing psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we delve into the protective effects of curcumin against drugs of abuse, including morphine, methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanisms from a neuroscience perspective. Overall, curcumin demonstrates promising effects against the neurotoxicity induced by abused drugs through a wide range of mechanisms. These include the modulation of inflammatory cytokines, maintenance of ion homeostasis, epigenetic regulation, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, as well as the activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathways. These findings suggest that curcumin emerges as a promising therapeutic agent in combatting the detrimental effects induced by drugs of abuse, and further research is warranted to fully comprehend the molecular pathways and optimize its utilization for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse-related neurotoxicity.

Advancements in Nanosystems for Ocular Drug Delivery: A Focus on Pediatric Retinoblastoma

The eye's complex anatomical structures present formidable barriers to effective drug delivery across a range of ocular diseases, from anterior to posterior segment pathologies. Emerging as a promising solution to these challenges, nanotechnology-based platforms-including but not limited to liposomes, dendrimers, and micelles-have shown the potential to revolutionize ophthalmic therapeutics. These nanocarriers enhance drug bioavailability, increase residence time in targeted ocular tissues, and offer precise, localized delivery, minimizing systemic side effects. Focusing on pediatric ophthalmology, particularly on retinoblastoma, this review delves into the recent advancements in functionalized nanosystems for drug delivery. Covering the literature from 2017 to 2023, it comprehensively examines these nanocarriers' potential impact on transforming the treatment landscape for retinoblastoma. The review highlights the critical role of these platforms in overcoming the unique pediatric eye barriers, thus enhancing treatment efficacy. It underscores the necessity for ongoing research to realize the full clinical potential of these innovative drug delivery systems in pediatric ophthalmology.