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Nigro M, Sánchez-Moreno I, Benito-Arenas R, Valino AL, Iribarren AM, Veiga N, García-Junceda E, Lewkowicz ES. Synthesis of Chiral Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues from DHAP-Dependent Aldolases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:750. [PMID: 39062466 PMCID: PMC11274987 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases catalyze the aldol addition of DHAP to a variety of aldehydes and generate compounds with two stereocenters. This reaction is useful to synthesize chiral acyclic nucleosides, which constitute a well-known class of antiviral drugs currently used. In such compounds, the chirality of the aliphatic chain, which mimics the open pentose residue, is crucial for activity. In this work, three DHAP-dependent aldolases: fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle, rhanmulose-1-phosphate aldolase from Thermotoga maritima, and fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli, were used as biocatalysts. Aldehyde derivatives of thymine and cytosine were used as acceptor substrates, generating new acyclic nucleoside analogues containing two new stereocenters with conversion yields between 70% and 90%. Moreover, structural analyses by molecular docking were carried out to gain insights into the diasteromeric excess observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Nigro
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Israél Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Raúl Benito-Arenas
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Ana L. Valino
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Adolfo M. Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
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Tiwari G, Mishra VK, Khanna A, Tyagi R, Sagar R. Synthesis of Chirally Enriched Pyrazolylpyrimidinone-Based Glycohybrids via Annulation of Glycals with 2-Hydrazineylpyrimidin-4(3 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5000-5009. [PMID: 38471017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A new strategy for synthesizing chirally enriched pyrazolylpyrimidinone-based glycohybrids has been achieved, employing an annulation approach in ethanol without any additives or catalysts under microwave conditions. The designed compounds were obtained within a short reaction time (5 min). This method offers several advantages, including mild reaction conditions, a green solvent, and a metal-free approach. Furthermore, the protocol demonstrated a broad substrate scope, successfully incorporating various functional groups with stereochemical diversity and furnishing chirally enriched molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W, Shen L. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:458. [PMID: 38148355 PMCID: PMC10751291 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Mengjun Tang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China.
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Chen J, Luo X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Peng J, Xing Z. Recent Research Progress: Discovery of Anti-Plant Virus Agents Based on Natural Scaffold. Front Chem 2022; 10:926202. [PMID: 35711962 PMCID: PMC9196591 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.926202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus diseases, also known as “plant cancers”, cause serious harm to the agriculture of the world and huge economic losses every year. Antiviral agents are one of the most effective ways to control plant virus diseases. Ningnanmycin is currently the most successful anti-plant virus agent, but its field control effect is not ideal due to its instability. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research and development of antiviral agents, the mainstream research direction is to obtain antiviral agents or lead compounds based on structural modification of natural products. However, no antiviral agent has been able to completely inhibit plant viruses. Therefore, the development of highly effective antiviral agents still faces enormous challenges. Therefore, we reviewed the recent research progress of anti-plant virus agents based on natural products in the past decade, and discussed their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mechanism of action. It is hoped that this review can provide new inspiration for the discovery and mechanism of action of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jixiang Chen,
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ju Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Rice Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhifu Xing
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Abstract
Phosphoryl prodrugs are key compounds in drug development. Biologically active phosphoryl compounds often have negative charges on the phosphoryl group, and as a result, frequently have poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. The use of lipophilic moieties bonded to the phosphorus (or attached oxygen atoms) masks the negative charge of the phosphoryl group, cleavage releasing the active molecule. The use of prodrugs to improve the PK of active parent molecules is an essential step in drug development. This review highlights promising trends in terminal elimination half-life, Cmax, clearance, oral bioavailability, and cLogP in phosphoryl prodrugs. We focus on specific prodrug families: esters, amidates, and ProTides. We conclude that moderating lipophilicity is a key part of prodrug success. This type of evaluation is important for drug development, regardless of clinical application. It is our hope that this analysis, and future ones like it, will play a significant role in prodrug evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Heidel KM, Dowd CS. Phosphonate prodrugs: an overview and recent advances. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1625-1643. [PMID: 31469328 PMCID: PMC6722485 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Liang L, Xie MS, Qin T, Zhu M, Qu GR, Guo HM. Regio- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Pyrimidine Acyclic Nucleosides via Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation of Pyrimidines. Org Lett 2017; 19:5212-5215. [PMID: 28901778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct route to branched N-allylpyrimidine analogues is herein reported via the highly regio- and enantioselective asymmetric allylation of pyrimidines with racemic allylic carbonates. With [Rh(COD)Cl]2/chiral diphosphine as the catalyst, a range of chiral pyrimidine acyclic nucleosides could be obtained under neutral conditions in good yields (up to 95% yield) with high levels of regio- and enantioselectivities (15:1 to >40:1 B/L and up to 99% ee). Furthermore, chiral pyrimidine acyclic nucleoside bearing two adjacent chiral centers has been successfully synthesized by asymmetric dihydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Xie
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Tao Qin
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Man Zhu
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Environment and ‡Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drugs Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
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Xu S, Kaltashov IA. Overcoming the Hydrolytic Lability of a Reaction Intermediate in Production of Protein/Drug Conjugates: Conjugation of an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate to a Model Carrier Protein. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2843-2851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts−Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Igor A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts−Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Matralis AN, Tsantrizos YS. Synthesis of Benzothiophene-Containing 10- and 11-Membered Cyclic Phostones. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N. Matralis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler H3G 0B1 Montreal QC Canada
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Volle JN, Guillon R, Bancel F, Bekro YA, Pirat JL, Virieux D. Phosphono- and Phosphinolactones in the Life Sciences. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Reznikov AN, Skomorokhov MY, Leonova MV, Klimochkin YN. Synthesis of adamantyl-containing cidofovir analogs as potential antiviral prodrugs with high bioavailability parameters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Synthesis of a phosphoserine mimetic prodrug with potent 14-3-3 protein inhibitory activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:764-71. [PMID: 22726690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many protein-protein interactions in cells are mediated by functional domains that recognize and bind to motifs containing phosphorylated serine and threonine residues. To create small molecules that inhibit such interactions, we developed methodology for the synthesis of a prodrug that generates a phosphoserine peptidomimetic in cells. For this study, we synthesized a small molecule inhibitor of 14-3-3 proteins that incorporates a nonhydrolyzable difluoromethylenephosphoserine prodrug moiety. The prodrug is cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations when applied to cancer cells and induces caspase activation resulting in apoptosis. The prodrug reverses the 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of FOXO3a resulting from its phosphorylation by Akt1 in a concentration-dependent manner that correlates well with its ability to inhibit cell growth. This methodology can be applied to target a variety of proteins containing phosphoserine and other phosphoamino acid binding domains.
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Chen CC, Waser J. Room temperature alkynylation of H-phosphi(na)tes and secondary phosphine oxides with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12923-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the alkynylation of H-phosphi(na)tes and secondary phosphine oxides at room temperature using ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL SB ISIC LCSO
- 1015 Lausanne (CH), Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL SB ISIC LCSO
- 1015 Lausanne (CH), Switzerland
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Krylov IS, Kashemirov BA, Hilfinger JM, McKenna CE. Evolution of an amino acid based prodrug approach: stay tuned. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:445-58. [PMID: 23339402 PMCID: PMC3788118 DOI: 10.1021/mp300663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir, Vistide) and (S)-HPMPA have been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of DNA and retroviruses. However, their poor absorption as well as their toxicity limit the utilization of these therapeutics in the clinic. Nucleoside phosphonates are poorly absorbed primarily due to the presence of the phosphonic acid group, which ionizes at physiological pH. When dosed intravenously they display dose-limiting nephrotoxicity due to their accumulation in the kidney. To overcome these limitations, nucleoside phosphonate prodrug strategies have taken center stage in the development pathway and a number of different approaches are at various stages of development. Our efforts have focused on the development of ANP prodrugs in which a benign amino acid promoiety masks a phosphonate P-OH via a hydroxyl side chain. The design of these prodrugs incorporates multiple chemical groups (the P-X-C linkage, the amino acid stereochemistry, the C-terminal and N-terminal functional groups) that can be tuned to modify absorption, pharmacokinetic and efficacy properties with the goal of improving overall prodrug performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | | | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
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19
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Gokulgandhi MR, Barot M, Bagui M, Pal D, Mitra AK. Transporter-targeted lipid prodrugs of cyclic cidofovir: a potential approach for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3249-63. [PMID: 22499243 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cidofovir (CDF) and its cyclic analogue (cCDF) have shown potential in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. However, hydrophilic nature of CDF may affect cell permeation across lipophilic epithelium and thus limit its effectiveness in the treatment of CMV retinitis. In the present study, we have tested a novel hypothesis, which involves chemical derivatization of cCDF into lipophilic transporter-targeted prodrug [via conjugation with different carbon chain length of lipid raft and targeting moiety (biotin) for sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)]. We have synthesized and characterized three derivatives of cCDF including biotin B-C2-cCDF, B-C6-cCDF, and B-C12-cCDF. Physicochemical properties such as solubility, partition coefficient (n-octanol/water and ocular tissue), bioreversion kinetics, and interaction with SMVT transporter have been determined. Among these novel conjugates, B-C12-cCDF has shown higher interaction to SMVT transporter with lowest half maximal inhibitory concentration value, higher cellular accumulation, and high tissue partitioning. Improvement in physicochemical properties, lipophilicity, and interaction with transporter was observed in the trend of increasing the lipid chain length, that is, B-C12-cCDF > B-C6-cCDF > B-C2-cCDF. These results indicate that transporter-targeted lipid analogue of cCDF exhibits improved cellular accumulation along with higher transporter affinity and hence could be a viable strategy for the treatment of CMV retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitan R Gokulgandhi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
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20
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Pertusat F, Serpi M, McGuigan C. Medicinal Chemistry of Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs for Antiviral Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 22:181-203. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been focused on the development of phosphonate-containing drugs for application in many therapeutic areas. However, phosphonate diacids are deprotonated at physiological pH and thus phosphonate-containing drugs are not ideal for oral administration, an extremely desirable requisite for the treatment of chronic diseases. To overcome this limitation several prodrug structures of biologically active phosphonate analogues have been developed. The rationale behind the design of such agents is to achieve temporary blockade of the free phosphonic functional group until their systemic absorption and delivery, allowing the release of the active drug only once at the target. In this paper, an overview of acyclic and cyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs, designed as antiviral agents, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Krylov IS, Zakharova VM, Serpi M, Haiges R, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Structure of Cyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Ester Prodrugs: An Inquiry. J Org Chem 2012; 77:684-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
| | - Valeria M. Zakharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
| | - Michaela Serpi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744,
United States
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22
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a lifelong asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals. Infection of immunesuppressed individuals causes serious illness. Transplant and AIDS patients are highly susceptible to CMV leading to life-threatening end-organ disease. Another vulnerable population is the developing fetus in utero, where congenital infection can result in surviving newborns with long-term developmental problems. There is no vaccine licensed for CMV and current antivirals suffer from complications associated with prolonged treatment. These include drug toxicity and emergence of resistant strains. There is an obvious need for new antivirals. Candidate intervention strategies are tested in controlled preclinical animal models but species specificity of human CMV precludes the direct study of the virus in an animal model. AREAS COVERED This review explores the current status of CMV antivirals and development of new drugs. This includes the use of animal models and the development of new improved models such as humanized animal CMV and bioluminescent imaging of virus in animals in real time. EXPERT OPINION Various new CMV antivirals are in development, some with greater spectrum of activity against other viruses. Although the greatest need is in the setting of transplant patients, there remains an unmet need for a safe antiviral strategy against congenital CMV. This is especially important as an effective CMV vaccine remains an elusive goal. In this regard, greater emphasis should be placed on suitable preclinical animal models and greater collaboration between industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair McGregor
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, 2001 6th Street SE, MN 55455, USA.
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23
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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24
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Chen Y, Amantana A, Tyavanagimatt SR, Zima D, Yan XS, Kasi G, Weeks M, Stone MA, Weimers WC, Samuel P, Tan Y, Jones KF, Lee DR, Kickner SS, Saville BM, Lauzon M, McIntyre A, Honeychurch KM, Jordan R, Hruby DE, Leeds JM. Comparison of the safety and pharmacokinetics of ST-246® after i.v. infusion or oral administration in mice, rabbits and monkeys. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23237. [PMID: 21858040 PMCID: PMC3156126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ST-246® is an antiviral, orally bioavailable small molecule in clinical development for treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. An intravenous (i.v.) formulation may be required for some hospitalized patients who are unable to take oral medication. An i.v. formulation has been evaluated in three species previously used in evaluation of both efficacy and toxicology of the oral formulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The pharmacokinetics of ST-246 after i.v. infusions in mice, rabbits and nonhuman primates (NHP) were compared to those obtained after oral administration. Ten minute i.v. infusions of ST-246 at doses of 3, 10, 30, and 75 mg/kg in mice produced peak plasma concentrations ranging from 16.9 to 238 µg/mL. Elimination appeared predominately first-order and exposure dose-proportional up to 30 mg/kg. Short i.v. infusions (5 to 15 minutes) in rabbits resulted in rapid distribution followed by slower elimination. Intravenous infusions in NHP were conducted at doses of 1 to 30 mg/kg. The length of single infusions in NHP ranged from 4 to 6 hours. The pharmacokinetics and tolerability for the two highest doses were evaluated when administered as two equivalent 4 hour infusions initiated 12 hours apart. Terminal elimination half-lives in all species for oral and i.v. infusions were similar. Dose-limiting central nervous system effects were identified in all three species and appeared related to high C(max) plasma concentrations. These effects were eliminated using slower i.v. infusions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Pharmacokinetic profiles after i.v. infusion compared to those observed after oral administration demonstrated the necessity of longer i.v. infusions to (1) mimic the plasma exposure observed after oral administration and (2) avoid C(max) associated toxicity. Shorter infusions at higher doses in NHP resulted in decreased clearance, suggesting saturated distribution or elimination. Elimination half-lives in all species were similar between oral and i.v. administration. The administration of ST-246 was well tolerated as a slow i.v. infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Adams Amantana
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Daniela Zima
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - X. Steven Yan
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gopi Kasi
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Morgan Weeks
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | | | - Peter Samuel
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ying Tan
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin F. Jones
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Lee
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | | | - Martin Lauzon
- Charles River Laboratories, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | | | | | - Robert Jordan
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Hruby
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Janet M. Leeds
- SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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25
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Zakharova VM, Serpi M, Krylov IS, Peterson LW, Breitenbach JM, Borysko KZ, Drach JC, Collins M, Hilfinger JM, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Tyrosine-based 1-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine and -adenine ((S)-HPMPC and (S)-HPMPA) prodrugs: synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and in vivo transport studies. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5680-93. [PMID: 21812420 DOI: 10.1021/jm2001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eight novel single amino acid (6-11) and dipeptide (12, 13) tyrosine P-O esters of cyclic cidofovir ((S)-cHPMPC, 4) and its cyclic adenine analogue ((S)-cHPMPA, 3) were synthesized and evaluated as prodrugs. In vitro IC(50) values for the prodrugs (<0.1-50 μM) vs vaccinia, cowpox, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex type 1 virus were compared to those for the parent drugs ((S)-HPMPC, 2; (S)-HPMPA, 1; IC(50) 0.3-35 μM); there was no cytoxicity with KB or HFF cells at ≤100 μM. The prodrugs exhibited a wide range of half-lives in rat intestinal homogenate at pH 6.5 (<30-1732 min) with differences of 3-10× between phostonate diastereomers. The tyrosine alkylamide derivatives of 3 and 4 were the most stable. (l)-Tyr-NH-i-Bu cHPMPA (11) was converted in rat or mouse plasma solely to two active metabolites and had significantly enhanced oral bioavailability vs parent drug 1 in a mouse model (39% vs <5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Zakharova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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26
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Synthesis, transport and antiviral activity of Ala-Ser and Val-Ser prodrugs of cidofovir. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4045-9. [PMID: 21641218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of Ala-(Val-)l-Ser-CO(2)R prodrugs of 1, where a dipeptide promoiety is conjugated to the P(OH)(2) group of cidofovir (1) via esterification by the Ser side chain hydroxyl group and an ethyl group (4 and 5) or alone (6 and 7). In a murine model, oral administration of 4 or 5 did not significantly increase total cidofovir species in the plasma compared to 1 or 2, but 7 resulted in a 15-fold increase in a rat model and had an in vitro EC(50) value against human cytomegalovirus comparable to 1. Neither 6 nor 7 exhibited toxicity up to 100 μM in KB or HFF cells.
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27
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Zakharova VM, Krylov IS, Serpi M, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Approaches to Tyrosine-Linked Peptidomimetic Prodrugs of ( S)-HPMP-Based Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011; 186:968-969. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.526676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M. Zakharova
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Ivan S. Krylov
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Michaela Serpi
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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28
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Serpi M, Krylov IS, Zakharova VM, McKenna CE. Synthesis of peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic nucleoside phosphonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 15:Unit15.4. [PMID: 21154529 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1504s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleoside phosphonates connected through a P-O-C linkage to a promoiety represent a class of prodrugs designed to overcome the low oral bioavailability of parent antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. In our prodrug approach, a nontoxic promoiety, such as an amino acid or dipeptide, is conjugated to the cyclic form of the parent drug by esterification of the phosphonic acid moiety with an alcoholic amino acid side chain (Ser, Tyr, and Thr) or a glycol linker. For the biological evaluation and investigation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of these modified nucleoside phosphonates, a reliable synthetic procedure that allows preparation of sufficient amount of potential prodrugs is needed. This unit provides a procedure for synthesizing peptidomimetic conjugates of two broad-spectrum antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: (S)-HPMPC and (S)-HPMPA. Two alternate strategies allowing synthesizing selected amino acid, dipeptide, or ethylene glycol-linked amino acid prodrugs of (S)-HPMPC and (S)-HPMPA in solution and using a solid-phase approach are presented.
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29
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Peterson LW, Sala-Rabanal M, Krylov IS, Serpi M, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2349-61. [PMID: 20929265 DOI: 10.1021/mp100186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cidofovir (HPMPC), a broad spectrum antiviral agent, cannot be administered orally due to ionization of its phosphonic acid group at physiological pH. One prodrug approach involves conversion to the cyclic form (cHPMPC, 1) and esterification by the side chain hydroxyl group of a peptidomimetic serine. Transport studies in a rat model have shown enhanced levels of total cidofovir species in the plasma after oral dosing with L-Val-L-Ser-OMe cHPMPC, 2a. To explore the possibility that 2a and its three L/D stereoisomers 2b-d undergo active transport mediated by the peptide-specific intestinal transporter PEPT1, we performed radiotracer uptake and electrophysiology experiments applying the two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus laevis oocytes overexpressing human PEPT1 (hPEPT1, SLC15A1). 2a-d did not induce inward currents, indicating that they are not transported, but the stereoisomers with an L-configuration at the N-terminal valine (2a and 2b) potently inhibited transport of the hPEPT1 substrate glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar). A "reversed" dipeptide conjugate, L-Ser-L-Ala-OiPr cHPMPC (4), also did not exhibit detectable transport, but completely abolished the Gly-Sar signal, suggesting that affinity of the transporter for these prodrugs is not impaired by a proximate linkage to the drug in the N-terminal amino acid of the dipeptide. Single amino acid conjugates of cHPMPC (3a and 3b) or cHPMPA (5, 6a and 6b) were not transported and only weakly inhibited Gly-Sar transport. The known hPEPT1 prodrug substrate valacyclovir (7) and its L-Val-L-Val dipeptide analogue (8) were used to verify coupled transport by the oocyte model. The results indicate that the previously observed enhanced oral bioavailability of 2a relative to the parent drug is unlikely to be due to active transport by hPEPT1. Syntheses of the novel compounds 2b-d and 3-6 are described, including a convenient solid-phase method to prepare 5, 6a and 6b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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30
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Müller CE. Prodrug approaches for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low solubility. Chem Biodivers 2010; 6:2071-83. [PMID: 19937841 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low water solubility and low bioavailability are frequent problems in drug development, particularly in the area of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. This short review describes selected prodrug approaches which have been developed to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, especially that of poorly soluble drugs. Some of the most successful drugs on the market are prodrugs. With a better understanding of active-transport processes at cell membranes in the gut as well as at the blood-brain barrier, the importance of prodrug approaches will further increase in the future. Prodrug approaches will already be considered in the early phase of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn.
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31
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Tehler U, Nelson CH, Peterson LW, Provoda CJ, Hilfinger JM, Lee KD, McKenna CE, Amidon GL. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase: an antiviral prodrug activating enzyme. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:482-9. [PMID: 19969024 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cidofovir (HPMPC) is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, currently used to treat AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus retinitis. Cidofovir has recognized therapeutic potential for orthopox virus infections, although its use is hampered by its inherent low oral bioavailability. Val-Ser-cyclic HPMPC (Val-Ser-cHPMPC) is a promising peptide prodrug which has previously been shown by us to improve the permeability and bioavailability of the parent compound in rodent models (Eriksson et al., 2008. Molecular Pharmaceutics 5, 598-609). Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was partially purified from Caco-2 cell homogenates and identified as a prodrug activating enzyme for Val-Ser-cHPMPC. The prodrug activation process initially involves an enzymatic step where the l-Valine residue is removed by puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, a step that is bestatin-sensitive. Subsequent chemical hydrolysis results in the generation of cHPMPC. A recombinant puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was generated and its substrate specificity investigated. The k(cat) for Val-pNA was significantly lower than that for Ala-pNA, suggesting that some amino acids are preferred over others. Furthermore, the three-fold higher k(cat) for Val-Ser-cHPMPC as compared to Val-pNA suggests that the leaving group may play an important role in determining hydrolytic activity. In addition to its ability to hydrolyze a variety of substrates, these observations strongly suggest that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is an important enzyme for activating Val-Ser-cHPMPC in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase makes an attractive target for future prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Tehler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Molecular Drug Targeting, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, United States
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32
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Peterson LW, McKenna CE. Prodrug approaches to improving the oral absorption of antiviral nucleotide analogues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:405-20. [PMID: 19382883 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902824808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues have been well accepted as therapeutic agents active against a number of viruses. However, their use as antiviral agents is limited by the need for phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes, and if the analogue is orally administered, by low bioavailability due to the presence of an ionizable diacid group. To circumvent these limitations, a number of prodrug approaches have been proposed. The ideal prodrug achieves delivery of a parent drug by attachment of a non-toxic moiety that is stable during transport and delivery, but is readily cleaved to release the parent drug once at the target. Here, a brief overview of several promising prodrug strategies currently under development is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA.
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