1
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Xu X, Zhang J, Wang T, Li J, Rong Y, Wang Y, Bai C, Yan Q, Ran X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Jiang Q. Emerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1542-1559. [PMID: 38572098 PMCID: PMC10985036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-selective cytotoxicity of toxins limits the clinical relevance of the toxins. In recent years, toxins have been widely used as warheads for antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) due to their efficient killing activity against various cancer cells. Although ADCs confer certain targeting properties to the toxins, low drug loading capacity, possible immunogenicity, and other drawbacks also limit the potential application of ADCs. Recently, non-ADC delivery strategies for toxins have been extensively investigated. To further understand the application of toxins in anti-tumor, this paper provided an overview of prodrugs, nanodrug delivery systems, and biomimetic drug delivery systems. In addition, toxins and their combination strategies with other therapies were discussed. Finally, the prospect and challenge of toxins in cancer treatment were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukang Rong
- School of Education, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenxia Bai
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohua Ran
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Li M, Banerjee K, Friestad GK. Diastereocontrol in Radical Addition to β-Benzyloxy Hydrazones: Revised Approach to Tubuvaline and Synthesis of O-Benzyltubulysin V Benzyl Ester. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15139-15152. [PMID: 34636574 PMCID: PMC8576829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical addition to chiral N-acylhydrazones has generated unusual amino acids tubuphenylalanine (Tup) and tubuvaline (Tuv) that are structural components of the tubulysin family of picomolar antimitotic agents and previously led to a tubulysin tetrapeptide analog with a C-terminal alcohol. To improve efficiency in this synthetic route to tubulysins, and to address difficulties in oxidation of the C-terminal alcohol, here we present two alternative routes to Tuv that (a) improve step economy, (b) provide modified conditions for Mn-mediated radical addition in the presence of aromatic heterocycles, and (c) expose an example of double diastereocontrol in radical addition to a β-benzyloxyhydrazone with broader implications for asymmetric amine synthesis via radical addition. An efficient coupling sequence affords 11-O-benzyltubulysin V benzyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Koushik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory K. Friestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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3
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Liu X, Luo W, Zhang B, Lee YG, Shahriar I, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Design of Neuraminidase-Targeted Imaging and Therapeutic Agents for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Virus Infections. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1548-1553. [PMID: 34161726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The last step in influenza virus replication involves the assembly of viral components on the infected cell's plasma membrane followed by budding of intact virus from the host cell surface. Because viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin are both inserted into the host cell's membrane during this process, influenza virus-infected cells are distinguished from uninfected cells by the presence of viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin on their cell surfaces. In an effort to exploit this difference in cell surface markers for development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents, we have modified an influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, for targeting of attached imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to influenza viruses and virus-infected cells. We have designed here a zanamivir-conjugated rhodamine dye that allows visual monitoring of binding, internalization, and intracellular trafficking of the fluorescence-labeled neuraminidase in virus-infected cells. We also synthesize a zanamivir-99mTc radioimaging conjugate that permits whole body imaging of the virus's biodistribution and abundance in infected mice. Finally, we create both a zanamivir-targeted cytotoxic drug (i.e., zanamivir-tubulysin B) and a viral neuraminidase-targeted CAR T cell and demonstrate that they are both able to kill viral neuraminidase-expressing cells without damaging healthy cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, can be exploited to improve the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weichuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Boning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Imrul Shahriar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Rana A, Bhatnagar S. Advancements in folate receptor targeting for anti-cancer therapy: A small molecule-drug conjugate approach. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104946. [PMID: 33989916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery combined with controlled release of drugs has a crucial role in future of personalized medicine. The majority of cancer drugs are intended to interfere with one or more cellular events. Anticancer agents can also be toxic to healthy cells, as healthy cells may also need to proliferate and avoid apoptosis. The focus of this review covers the principles, advantages, drawbacks and summarize criteria that must be met for design of small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) to achieve the desired therapeutic potency with minimal toxicity. SMDCs are composed of a targeting ligand, a releasable bridge, a spacer, and a therapeutic payload. We summarize the criteria for the effective design that influences the selection of tumor specific receptor and optimum elements in the design of SMDCs. We also discuss the criteria for selecting the optimal therapeutic drug payload, spacer and linker. The linker chemistries and cleavage strategies are also discussed. Finally, we review the folate receptor targeting SMDCs that are in preclinical development and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Rana
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Patel TK, Adhikari N, Amin SA, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs): an emerging strategy for anticancer drug design and discovery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of how SMDCs work. Small molecule drugs are conjugated with the targeted ligand using pH sensitive linkers which allow the drug molecule to get released at lower lysosomal pH. It helps to accumulate the chemotherapeutic agents to be localized in the tumor environment upon cleaving of the pH-labile bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Sk. Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Swati Biswas
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
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6
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Pre-clinical studies of EC2629, a highly potent folate- receptor-targeted DNA crosslinking agent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12772. [PMID: 32728172 PMCID: PMC7391724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate receptor (FR)-targeted small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs) have shown promising results in early stage clinical trials with microtubule destabilizing agents, such as vintafolide and EC1456. In our effort to develop FR-targeted SMDCs with varying mechanisms of action, we synthesized EC2629, a folate conjugate of a DNA crosslinking agent based on a novel DNA-alkylating moiety. This agent was found to be extremely potent with an in vitro IC50 ~ 100× lower than folate SMDCs constructed with various microtubule inhibitors. EC2629 treatment of nude mice bearing FR-positive KB human xenografts led to cures in 100% of the test animals with very low dose levels (300 nmol/kg) following a convenient once a week schedule. The observed activity was not accompanied by any noticeable weight loss (up to 20 weeks post end of dosing). Complete responses were also observed against FR-positive paclitaxel (KB-PR) and cisplatin (KB-CR) resistant models. When evaluated against FR-positive patient derived xenograft (PDX) models of ovarian (ST070), endometrial (ST040) and triple negative breast cancers (ST502, ST738), EC2629 showed significantly greater anti-tumor activity compared to their corresponding standard of care treatments. Taken together, these studies thus demonstrated that EC2629, with its distinct DNA reacting mechanism, may be useful in treating FR-positive tumors, including those that are classified as drug resistant.
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7
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Vishwanatha TM, Giepmans B, Goda SK, Dömling A. Tubulysin Synthesis Featuring Stereoselective Catalysis and Highly Convergent Multicomponent Assembly. Org Lett 2020; 22:5396-5400. [PMID: 32584589 PMCID: PMC7372561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A concise and modular total synthesis of the highly potent N14-desacetoxytubulysin H (1) has been accomplished in 18 steps in an overall yield of up to 30%. Our work highlights the complexity-augmenting and route-shortening power of diastereoselective multicomponent reaction (MCR) as well as the role of bulky ligands to perfectly control both the regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of tubuphenylalanine in just two steps. The total synthesis not only provides an operationally simple and step economy but will also stimulate major advances in the development of new tubulysin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Giepmans
- University Medical College Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed K. Goda
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug
Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Courter JR, Hamilton JZ, Hendrick NR, Zaval M, Waight AB, Lyon RP, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ. Structure-activity relationships of tubulysin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127241. [PMID: 32527543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The tubulysins are an emerging antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payload that maintain potent anti-proliferative activity against cells that exhibit the multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype. These drugs possess a C-11 acetate known to be hydrolytically unstable in plasma, and loss of the acetate significantly attenuates cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship studies were undertaken to identify stable C-11 tubulysin analogues that maintain affinity for tubulin and potent cytotoxicity. After identifying several C-11 alkoxy analogues that possess comparable biological activity to tubulysin M with significantly improved plasma stability, additional analogues of both the Ile residue and N-terminal position were synthesized. These studies revealed that minor changes within the tubulin binding site of tubulysin can profoundly alter the activity of this chemotype, particularly against MDR-positive cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Courter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
| | - Joseph Z Hamilton
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | - Margo Zaval
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Andrew B Waight
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Patrick J Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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9
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Liu H, Bolleddula J, Nichols A, Tang L, Zhao Z, Prakash C. Metabolism of bioconjugate therapeutics: why, when, and how? Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:66-124. [PMID: 32045530 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1716784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation of therapeutic agents has been used as a selective drug delivery platform for many therapeutic areas. Bioconjugates are prepared by the covalent linkage of active compounds (small or large molecule) to a carrier molecule (lipids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and polymers) through a chemical linker. The linkage of the active component to a carrier molecule enhances the therapeutic window through a targeted delivery and by reducing toxicity. Bioconjugates also possess improved pharmacokinetic properties such as a long half-life, increased stability, and cleavage by intracellular enzymes/environment. However, premature cleavage of the bioconjugates and the resulting metabolites/catabolites may produce undesirable toxic effects and, hence, it is critical to understand cleavage mechanisms, metabolism of bioconjugates, and translatability to human in the discovery stages. This article provides a comprehensive overview of linker cleavage pathways and catabolism/metabolism of antibody-drug conjugates, glycoconjugates, polymer-drug conjugates, lipid-drug conjugates, folate-targeted small molecule-drug conjugates, and drug-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlan Liu
- KSQ Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Deneka AY, Boumber Y, Beck T, Golemis EA. Tumor-Targeted Drug Conjugates as an Emerging Novel Therapeutic Approach in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1297. [PMID: 31484422 PMCID: PMC6769513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few effective therapies for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a highly aggressive disease representing 15% of total lung cancers. With median survival <2 years, SCLC is one of the most lethal cancers. At present, chemotherapies and radiation therapy are commonly used for SCLC management. Few protein-targeted therapies have shown efficacy in improving overall survival; immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are promising agents, but many SCLC tumors do not express ICI targets such as PD-L1. This article presents an alternative approach to the treatment of SCLC: the use of drug conjugates, where a targeting moiety concentrates otherwise toxic agents in the vicinity of tumors, maximizing the differential between tumor killing and the cytotoxicity of normal tissues. Several tumor-targeted drug conjugate delivery systems exist and are currently being actively tested in the setting of SCLC. These include antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), radioimmunoconjugates (RICs), small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), and polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs). We summarize the basis of action for these targeting compounds, discussing principles of construction and providing examples of effective versus ineffective compounds, as established by preclinical and clinical testing. Such agents may offer new therapeutic options for the clinical management of this challenging disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Deneka
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Tim Beck
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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11
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Leamon CP, Reddy JA, Bloomfield A, Dorton R, Nelson M, Vetzel M, Kleindl P, Hahn S, Wang K, Vlahov IR. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Specific Antitumor Activity of a Self-Immolative Tubulysin Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1805-1813. [PMID: 31075200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Leamon
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Joseph A. Reddy
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Alicia Bloomfield
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ryan Dorton
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Marilynn Vetzel
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Paul Kleindl
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Spencer Hahn
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Kevin Wang
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Iontcho R. Vlahov
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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12
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Zhuang C, Guan X, Ma H, Cong H, Zhang W, Miao Z. Small molecule-drug conjugates: A novel strategy for cancer-targeted treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:883-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Szigetvari NM, Dhawan D, Ramos-Vara JA, Leamon CP, Klein PJ, Ruple AA, Heng HG, Pugh MR, Rao S, Vlahov IR, Deshuillers PL, Low PS, Fourez LM, Cournoyer AM, Knapp DW. Phase I/II clinical trial of the targeted chemotherapeutic drug, folate-tubulysin, in dogs with naturally-occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37042-37053. [PMID: 30651934 PMCID: PMC6319348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose was to determine the safety and antitumor activity of a folate-tubulysin conjugate (EC0531) in a relevant preclinical animal model, dogs with naturally-occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC). Canine iUC is an aggressive cancer with high folate receptor (FR) expression similar to that in certain forms of human cancer. Experimental Design A 3+3 dose escalation study of EC0531 (starting dose 0.2 mg/kg given intravenously at two-week intervals) was performed in dogs with iUC expressing high levels of FRs (>50% positive tumor cells). Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined. The dose cohort at the MTD was expanded to determine antitumor activity. Results The MTD of EC0531 was 0.26 mg/kg every two weeks, with grade 3-4 neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicity observed at higher doses. Treatment at the MTD was well tolerated. Clinical benefit was found in 20 of 28 dogs (71%), including three dogs with partial remission and 17 dogs with stable disease. Plasma EC0531 concentrations in the dogs far exceeded those required to inhibit proliferation of FR-expressing cell in vitro. Unlike human neutrophils, canine neutrophils were found to express FRs, which contributes to the neutropenia at higher doses of EC0531 in dogs. Conclusion EC0531 was well tolerated and had good antitumor activity in dogs with iUC. It is likely that humans will tolerate higher, potentially more effective doses of folate-tubulysin without myelotoxicity because of the absence of FRs on human neutrophils. The results clearly justify the evaluation of folate-tubulysin in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Szigetvari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - José A Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - A Audrey Ruple
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pierre L Deshuillers
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey M Fourez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ashleigh M Cournoyer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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14
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Reddy RB, Dudhe P, Chauhan P, Sengupta S, Chelvam V. Synthesis of tubuphenylalanine and epi-tubuphenylalanine via regioselective aziridine ring opening with carbon nucleophiles followed by hydroboration-oxidation of 1,1-substituted amino alkenes. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Pre-clinical evaluation of EC1456, a folate-tubulysin anti-cancer therapeutic. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8943. [PMID: 29895863 PMCID: PMC5997627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EC1456 is a folate-tubulysin conjugate constructed with an all-D enantiomeric spacer/linker configuration. When tested against folate receptor (FR)-positive cells, EC1456 demonstrated dose-responsive activity with an approximate 1000-fold level of specificity. Treatment of nude mice bearing FR-positive human xenografts (as large as 800 mm3) with non-toxic doses of EC1456 led to cures in 100% of the mice. Combinations of low dose EC1456 with standard of care agents such as platins, taxanes, topotecan and bevacizumab, safely and significantly augmented the growth inhibitory effects of these commonly used agents. When tested against FR-positive human tumor xenograft models having confirmed resistance to a folate-vinca alkaloid (vintafolide), cisplatin or paclitaxel, EC1456 was found to generate partial to curative responses. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that EC1456 has significant anti-proliferative activity against FR-positive tumors, including models which were anticancer drug resistant, thereby justifying a Phase 1 trial of this agent for the treatment of advanced human cancers.
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16
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Glucuronide-Linked Antibody–Tubulysin Conjugates Display Activity in MDR+ and Heterogeneous Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1752-1760. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Stark M, Assaraf YG. Structural recognition of tubulysin B derivatives by multidrug resistance efflux transporters in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28637003 PMCID: PMC5564821 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hindrance to curative chemotherapy of various human malignancies. Hence, novel chemotherapeutics must be evaluated for their recognition by MDR efflux transporters. Herein we explored the cytotoxic activity of synthetic tubulysin B (Tub-B, EC1009) derivatives (Tub-B-hydrazide/EC0347 and Tub-B bis-ether/EC1820), and their recognition by the MDR efflux transporters P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Originally isolated from Myxobacteria, tubulysins exhibited potent cytotoxic activity via microtubule depolymerization, and evaded recognition by these MDR efflux pumps. We show that subtle modifications in the natural Tub-B structure enhance its cytotoxicity and drug efflux efficiency. Whereas increasing the lipophilicity of Tub-B drugs enhanced their diffusion into the cell and consequently decreased the IC50 values (≥ 0.27 nM), increasing drug polarity enhanced their recognition by P-gp (>200-fold resistance in P-gp-overexpressing cells). Furthermore, restricting drug exposure time to the clinically relevant 4 h pulse, markedly enhanced efflux by P-gp, resulting in a 1000-fold increased resistance, which was further enhanced upon increased P-gp levels (i.e. an additional 3-fold increase in P-gp levels resulted in >6,000-fold resistance). The unique ability of EC1009 to evade recognition by MDR efflux pumps warrants drug development of tubulysin B derivatives as potent antitumor agents which overcome MDR in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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18
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Fernández M, Javaid F, Chudasama V. Advances in targeting the folate receptor in the treatment/imaging of cancers. Chem Sci 2018; 9:790-810. [PMID: 29675145 PMCID: PMC5890329 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a recognised biomarker for tumour cells due to its overexpression on a large number of tumours. Consequently, the FR has been exploited by many diagnostic and therapeutic tools to allow targeted delivery to, and imaging of, cancer cells. Herein, we describe the many different approaches by which this has been achieved, including the attachment of folate to potent chemotherapeutic drugs to form FR-targeting small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), FR-targeting antibodies (as antibody alone and as an antibody-drug conjugate), and in the form of complementary nanotechnology-folate platforms; as well as imaging variants thereof. The potential of exploiting the FR for targeted therapy/imaging has the potential to revolutionise the way several cancers are treated. These FR-targeted technologies can also pave the way for inspiring further sophisticated drug conjugates, especially as this receptor is being targeted by use of several complementary technologies: small molecule, nanoparticle and protein-based - thus providing broad and distinct knowledge in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernández
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London , UK
| | - Faiza Javaid
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London , UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London , UK
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal .
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19
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Cheung A, Bax HJ, Josephs DH, Ilieva KM, Pellizzari G, Opzoomer J, Bloomfield J, Fittall M, Grigoriadis A, Figini M, Canevari S, Spicer JF, Tutt AN, Karagiannis SN. Targeting folate receptor alpha for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52553-52574. [PMID: 27248175 PMCID: PMC5239573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising targeted treatments and immunotherapy strategies in oncology and advancements in our understanding of molecular pathways that underpin cancer development have reignited interest in the tumor-associated antigen Folate Receptor alpha (FRα). FRα is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein. Its overexpression in tumors such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers, low and restricted distribution in normal tissues, alongside emerging insights into tumor-promoting functions and association of expression with patient prognosis, together render FRα an attractive therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the role of FRα in cancer development, we consider FRα as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool, and we discuss different targeted treatment approaches with a specific focus on monoclonal antibodies. Renewed attention to FRα may point to novel individualized treatment approaches to improve the clinical management of patient groups that do not adequately benefit from current conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debra H Josephs
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Pellizzari
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Opzoomer
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacinta Bloomfield
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Fittall
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariangela Figini
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - James F Spicer
- Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Enhancing the therapeutic range of a targeted small-molecule tubulysin conjugate for folate receptor-based cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:1151-1160. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Sani M, Lazzari P, Folini M, Spiga M, Zuco V, De Cesare M, Manca I, Dall'Angelo S, Frigerio M, Usai I, Testa A, Zaffaroni N, Zanda M. Synthesis and Superpotent Anticancer Activity of Tubulysins Carrying Non-hydrolysable N-Substituents on Tubuvaline. Chemistry 2017; 23:5842-5850. [PMID: 28300330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tubulysins 24 a-m, containing non-hydrolysable N-substituents on tubuvaline (Tuv), were obtained in high purity and good overall yields using a multistep synthesis. A key step was the formation of differently N-substituted Ile-Tuv fragments 10 by using an aza-Michael reaction of azido-Ile derivatives 8 with the α,β-unsaturated oxo-thiazole 5. A structure-activity relationship study using a panel of human tumour cell lines showed strong anti-proliferative activity for all compounds 24 a-m, with IC50 values in the sub-nanomolar range, which were distinctly lower than those of tubulysin A, vinorelbine and paclitaxel. Furthermore, 24 a-m were able to overcome cross-resistance to paclitaxel and vinorelbine in two tumour cell lines with acquired resistance to doxorubicin. Compounds 24 e and 24 g were selected as leads to evaluate their mechanism of action. In vitro assays showed that both 24 e and 24 g interfere with tubulin polymerization in a vinca alkaloid-like manner and prevent paclitaxel-induced assembly of tubulin polymers. Both compounds exerted antimitotic activity and induced apoptosis in cancer cells at very low concentrations. Compound 24 e also exhibited potent antitumor activity at well tolerated doses on in vivo models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, such as MESOII peritoneal mesothelioma xenografts, the growth of which was not significantly affected by vinorelbine. These results indicate that synthetic tubulysins 24 could be used as standalone chemotherapeutic agents in difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sani
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- C.N.R. Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS di Cagliari, Edificio 5, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA), Italy
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Massimo Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI, Italy
| | - Igor Usai
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Testa
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
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22
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Truebenbach I, Gorges J, Kuhn J, Kern S, Baratti E, Kazmaier U, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Sequence-Defined Oligoamide Drug Conjugates of Pretubulysin and Methotrexate for Folate Receptor Targeted Cancer Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28371444 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of small molecule drugs to ligand containing carrier systems facilitates receptor targeted delivery. The folate receptor (FR) constitutes an ideal target for tumor selective therapy, being overexpressed on several tumor types. It can be targeted using the vitamin folic acid (FolA) or the structurally related drug methotrexate (MTX). Several sequence-defined oligoamides with mono- and multivalent FolA or MTX ligands and an additional thiol conjugation site are synthesized via solid-phase assisted synthesis. Their structure activity relationships are assessed in respect to dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, receptor mediated endocytosis, and cytotoxicity. Then, the tubulin-binding agent pretubulysin (PT), a highly potent drug exhibiting antitumoral, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic properties, is conjugated via an activated mercaptane derivative to the set of FR-targeting oligoamides. In a combined PT/MTX cytotoxicity study in FR-overexpressing KB and L1210 cells, a 2-arm MTX-PT construct or the 4-arm analog displays the highest potency in the respective cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Truebenbach
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Gorges
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P. O. Box 151150, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jasmin Kuhn
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Kern
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Emanuele Baratti
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P. O. Box 151150, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
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23
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Bandara NA, Bates CD, Lu Y, Hoylman EK, Low PS. Folate-Hapten-Mediated Immunotherapy Synergizes with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Treating Murine Models of Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:461-468. [PMID: 27980109 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of folate receptors (FR) on many human cancers has led to the development of folate-linked drugs for the imaging and therapy of FR-expressing cancers. In a recent phase I clinical trial of late-stage renal cell carcinoma patients, folate was exploited to deliver an immunogenic hapten, fluorescein, to FR+ tumor cells in an effort to render the cancer cells more immunogenic. Although >50% of the patients showed prolonged stable disease, all patients eventually progressed, suggesting that the folate-hapten immunotherapy was insufficient by itself to treat the cancer. In an effort to identify a companion therapy that might augment the folate-hapten immunotherapy, we explored coadministration of two approved cancer drugs that had been previously shown to also stimulate the immune system. We report that sunitinib and axitinib (VEGF receptor inhibitors that simultaneously mitigate immune suppression) synergize with the folate-hapten-targeted immunotherapy to reduce tumor growth in three different syngeneic murine tumor models. We further demonstrate that the combination therapy not only enhances tumor infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ effector cells, but surprisingly reduces tumor neovasculogenesis more than predicted. Subsequent investigation of the mechanism for this unexpected suppression of neovasculogenesis revealed that it is independent of elimination of any tumor cells, but instead likely derives from a reduction in the numbers of FR+ tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, that is, immunosuppressive cells that release significant quantities of VEGF. These data suggest that a reduction in stromal cells of myeloid origin can inhibit tumor growth by suppressing neovasculogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 461-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Achini Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Cody D Bates
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Emily K Hoylman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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24
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Tumey LN, Leverett CA, Vetelino B, Li F, Rago B, Han X, Loganzo F, Musto S, Bai G, Sukuru SCK, Graziani EI, Puthenveetil S, Casavant J, Ratnayake A, Marquette K, Hudson S, Doppalapudi VR, Stock J, Tchistiakova L, Bessire AJ, Clark T, Lucas J, Hosselet C, O’Donnell CJ, Subramanyam C. Optimization of Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Case Study in Addressing ADC Metabolism. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:977-982. [PMID: 27882194 PMCID: PMC5108037 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop new classes of tubulin inhibitor payloads for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) programs, we developed a tubulysin ADC that demonstrated excellent in vitro activity but suffered from rapid metabolism of a critical acetate ester. A two-pronged strategy was employed to address this metabolism. First, the hydrolytically labile ester was replaced by a carbamate functional group resulting in a more stable ADC that retained potency in cellular assays. Second, site-specific conjugation was employed in order to design ADCs with reduced metabolic liabilities. Using the later approach, we were able to identify a conjugate at the 334C position of the heavy chain that resulted in an ADC with considerably reduced metabolism and improved efficacy. The examples discussed herein provide one of the clearest demonstrations to-date that site of conjugation can play a critical role in addressing metabolic and PK liabilities of an ADC. Moreover, a clear correlation was identified between the hydrophobicity of an ADC and its susceptibility to metabolic enzymes. Importantly, this study demonstrates that traditional medicinal chemistry strategies can be effectively applied to ADC programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Nathan Tumey
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Leverett
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Beth Vetelino
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Fengping Li
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Brian Rago
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sylvia Musto
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Guoyun Bai
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Edmund I. Graziani
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sujiet Puthenveetil
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Jeffrey Casavant
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Anokha Ratnayake
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Kimberly Marquette
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sarah Hudson
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Joseph Stock
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Andrew J. Bessire
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Tracey Clark
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Judy Lucas
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Christine Hosselet
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
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25
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Leverett CA, Sukuru SCK, Vetelino BC, Musto S, Parris K, Pandit J, Loganzo F, Varghese AH, Bai G, Liu B, Liu D, Hudson S, Doppalapudi VR, Stock J, O’Donnell CJ, Subramanyam C. Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Novel Tubulysin Analogues as ADC Payloads. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:999-1004. [PMID: 27882198 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tubulysin class of natural products has attracted much attention from the medicinal chemistry community due to its potent cytotoxicity against a wide range of human cancer cell lines, including significant activity in multidrug-resistant carcinoma models. As a result of their potency, the tubulysins have become an important tool for use in targeted therapy, being widely pursued as payloads in the development of novel small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). A structure-based and parallel medicinal chemistry approach was applied to the synthesis of novel tubulysin analogues. These efforts led to the discovery of a number of novel and potent cytotoxic tubulysin analogues, providing a framework for our simultaneous report, which highlights the discovery of tubulysin-based ADCs, including use of site-specific conjugation to address in vivo stability of the C-11 acetate functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Leverett
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sai Chetan K. Sukuru
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth C. Vetelino
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sylvia Musto
- Oncology R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Kevin Parris
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Oncology R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Alison H. Varghese
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoyun Bai
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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26
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Co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by folic acid conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for the treatment of non-small lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42150-68. [PMID: 26517524 PMCID: PMC4747216 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An amphiphilic copolymer, folic acid (FA) modified poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (FA-PEG-PLGA) was prepared and explored as a nanometer carrier for the co-delivery of cisplatin (cis-diaminodichloroplatinum, CDDP) and paclitaxel (PTX). CDDP and PTX were encapsulated inside the hydrophobic inner core and chelated to the middle shell, respectively. PEG provided the outer corona for prolonged circulation. An in vitro release profile of the CDDP + PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles revealed that the PTX chelation cross-link prevented an initial burst release of CDDP. After an incubation period of 24 hours, the CDDP+PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles exhibited a highly synergistic effect for the inhibition of A549 (FA receptor negative) and M109 (FA receptor positive) lung cancer cell line proliferation. Pharmacokinetic experiment and distribution research shows that nanoparticles have longer circulation time in the blood and can prolong the treatment times of chemotherapeutic drugs. For the in vivo treatment of A549 cells xeno-graft lung tumor, the CDDP+PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles displayed an obvious tumor inhibiting effect with an 89.96% tumor suppression rate (TSR). This TSR was significantly higher than that of free chemotherapy drug combination or nanoparticles with a single drug. For M109 cells xeno-graft tumor, the TSR was 95.03%. In vitro and in vivo experiments have all shown that the CDDP+PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles have better targeting and antitumor effects in M109 cells than CDDP+PTX-loaded PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (p < 0.05). In addition, more importantly, the enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of the CDDP+PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles came with reduced side-effects. No obvious body weight loss or functional changes occurred within blood components, liver, or kidneys during the treatment of A549 and M109 tumor-bearing mice with the CDDP+PTX-encapsulated nanoparticles. Thus, the FA modified amphiphilic copolymer-based combination of CDDP and PTX may provide useful guidance for effective and safe cancer chemotherapy, especially in tumors with high FA receptor expression.
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Colombo R, Wang Z, Han J, Balachandran R, Daghestani HN, Camarco DP, Vogt A, Day BW, Mendel D, Wipf P. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tubulysin Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10302-10320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colombo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Junyan Han
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Mendel
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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28
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Rao SI, Pugh M, Nelson M, Reddy JA, Klein PJ, Leamon CP. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the novel folate-targeted small molecule drug conjugate EC1456 and its metabolites in tumor homogenates from mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 122:148-56. [PMID: 26855286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
EC1456 is a novel folate-targeted small molecule drug conjugate of tubulysin B hydrazide being developed as an anticancer agent for patients with advanced solid tumors expressing the folate receptor. To try and correlate circulating systemic levels of EC1456 and its metabolites to tumor concentrations and potentially develop a PK/PD model, a sensitive bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the quantitation of the analytes in KB tumor homogenates. The method involved homogenizing tumors with buffer containing N-maleoyl-β-alanine, mannitol and acetic acid, precipitation of the homogenate with acetone followed by heating at 55°C for 1h to convert tubulysin B hydrazide to its corresponding hydrazone. The extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method demonstrated good inter-day (3 runs, n=18) accuracy (-2.3% to 7.3%) and precision (1.7% to 10.3%) for all three analytes. Stability was established for three freeze-thaw cycles, 4h on the bench-top on ice, 20h in the autosampler at 8°C and for at least 46days frozen at -70°C. This method was successfully used to determine concentration of EC1456 and its metabolites tubulysin B hydrazide and tubulysin B in tumor homogenates in preliminary experiments with KB tumor bearing mice dosed intravenously with EC1456.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish I Rao
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Ave., Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Michael Pugh
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Ave., Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Ave., Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Joseph A Reddy
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Ave., Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Patrick J Klein
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Ave., Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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29
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Park Y, Sim M, Chang TS, Ryu JS. A concise synthesis of tubuphenylalanine and epi-tubuphenylalanine via a diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction of silyl ketene acetal. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:913-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02239h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A concise auxiliary-free synthetic route towards tBu-tubuphenylalanine (tBu-Tup) and tBu-epi-tubuphenylalanine (tBu-epi-Tup) has been developed via a diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction of silyl ketene acetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Park
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Sim
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Shin Chang
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sang Ryu
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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30
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He Z, Shi Z, Sun W, Ma J, Xia J, Zhang X, Chen W, Huang J. Hemocompatibility of folic-acid-conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel: treatment effects for non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7809-21. [PMID: 26695149 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used folic-acid-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (FA-PEG-PLGA) to encapsulate cisplatin and paclitaxel (separately or together), and evaluated their antitumor effects against lung cancer; this study was conducted in order to investigate the antitumor effects of the co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by a targeted drug delivery system. Blood compatibility assays and complement activation tests revealed that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles did not induce blood hemolysis, blood clotting, or complement activation. The results also indicated that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles had no biotoxic effects, the drug delivery system allowed controlled release of the cargo molecules, and the co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel efficiently induces cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle retardation. In addition, co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel showed the ability to suppress xenograft lung cancer growth and prolong the survival time of xenografted mice. These results implied that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles can function as effective carriers of cisplatin and paclitaxel, and that co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles results in more effective antitumor effects than the combination of free-drugs or single-drug-loaded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelai He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zengfang Shi
- Henan Polytechnic Institute, No 666, Kongming North Road, Nanyang Henan, 473000, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Junyong Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenjun Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jingwen Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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31
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Wayua C, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Selective Tumor Targeting of Desacetyl Vinblastine Hydrazide and Tubulysin B via Conjugation to a Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor (CCK2R) Ligand. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2477-83. [PMID: 26043355 PMCID: PMC4674820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As the delivery of selectively targeted
cytotoxic agents via antibodies
or small molecule ligands to malignancies has begun to show promise
in the clinic, the need to identify and validate additional cellular
targets for specific therapeutic delivery is critical. Although a
multitude of cancers have been targeted using the folate receptor,
PSMA, bombesin receptor, somatostatin receptor, LHRH, and αvβ3, there is a notable lack of specific small
molecule ligand/receptor pairs to cellular targets found within cancers
of the GI tract. Because of the selective GI tract expression of the
cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), we undertook the creation of conjugates
that would deliver microtubule-disrupting drugs to malignancies through
the specific targeting of CCK2R via a high affinity small molecule
ligand. The cytotoxic activity of these conjugates were shown to be
receptor mediated in vitro and in vivo with xenograft mouse models
exhibiting delayed growth or regression of tumors that expressed CCK2R.
Overall, this work demonstrates that ligands to CCK2R can be used
to create selectively targeted therapeutic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jyoti Roy
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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32
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Ab O, Whiteman KR, Bartle LM, Sun X, Singh R, Tavares D, LaBelle A, Payne G, Lutz RJ, Pinkas J, Goldmacher VS, Chittenden T, Lambert JM. IMGN853, a Folate Receptor-α (FRα)-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate, Exhibits Potent Targeted Antitumor Activity against FRα-Expressing Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1605-13. [PMID: 25904506 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A majority of ovarian and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cancers overexpress folate receptor α (FRα). Here, we report the development of an anti-FRα antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), consisting of a FRα-binding antibody attached to a highly potent maytansinoid that induces cell-cycle arrest and cell death by targeting microtubules. From screening a large panel of anti-FRα monoclonal antibodies, we selected the humanized antibody M9346A as the best antibody for targeted delivery of a maytansinoid payload into FRα-positive cells. We compared M9346A conjugates with various linker/maytansinoid combinations, and found that a conjugate, now denoted as IMGN853, with the N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)-2-sulfobutanoate (sulfo-SPDB) linker and N(2')-deacetyl-N(2')-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)-maytansine (DM4) exhibited the most potent antitumor activity in several FRα-expressing xenograft tumor models. The level of expression of FRα on the surface of cells was a major determinant in the sensitivity of tumor cells to the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate. Efficacy studies of IMGN853 in xenografts of ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and of a patient tumor-derived xenograft model demonstrated that the ADC was highly active against tumors that expressed FRα at levels similar to those found on a large fraction of ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer patient tumors, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. IMGN853 displayed cytotoxic activity against FRα-negative cells situated near FRα-positive cells (bystander cytotoxic activity), indicating its ability to eradicate tumors with heterogeneous expression of FRα. Together, these findings support the clinical development of IMGN853 as a novel targeted therapy for patients with FRα-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ab
- Department of Cell Biology, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.
| | - Kathleen R Whiteman
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Bartle
- Department of Cell Biology, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuxia Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Rajeeva Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Tavares
- Department of Antibody Engineering, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa LaBelle
- Department of Biomarkers, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Gillian Payne
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Robert J Lutz
- Department of Translational Research and Development, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Jan Pinkas
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - John M Lambert
- Research and Development, ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
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33
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Murray BC, Peterson MT, Fecik RA. Chemistry and biology of tubulysins: antimitotic tetrapeptides with activity against drug resistant cancers. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:654-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00036f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their first report in 2000, tubulysins have sparked great interest for development as anti-cancer agents due to their exceptionally potent anticancer activity.
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34
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Bandara NA, Hansen MJ, Low PS. Effect of receptor occupancy on folate receptor internalization. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1007-13. [PMID: 24446917 DOI: 10.1021/mp400659t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a GPI anchored cell surface glycoprotein that functions to facilitate folic acid uptake and mediate signal transduction. With the introduction of multiple folate-targeted drugs into the clinic, the question has arisen regarding how frequently a patient can be dosed with a FR-targeted drug or antibody and whether dosing frequency exerts any impact on the availability of FR for subsequent rounds of FR-mediated drug uptake. Although the rate of FR recycling has been examined in murine tumor models, little or no information exists on the impact of FR occupancy on its rate of endocytosis. The present study quantitates the number of cell surface FR-α and FR-β following exposure to saturating concentrations of a variety of folate-linked molecules and anti-FR antibodies, including the unmodified vitamin, folate-linked drug mimetics, multifolate derivatized nanoparticles, and monoclonal antibodies to FR. We report here that FR occupancy has no impact on the rate of FR internalization. We also demonstrate that multivalent conjugates that bind and cross-link FRs at the cell surface internalize at the same rate as monovalent folate conjugates that have no impact on FR clustering, even though the multivalent conjugates traffic through a different endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Achini Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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35
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Wang B, Galliford CV, Low PS. Guiding principles in the design of ligand-targeted nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:313-30. [PMID: 24552563 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicines for the treatment of most human pathologies are encumbered by unwanted side effects that arise from the deposition of an effective drug into the wrong tissues. The logical remedy for these undesirable properties involves selective targeting of the therapeutic agent to pathologic cells, thereby avoiding collateral toxicity to healthy cells. Since significant advantages can also accrue by incorporating a therapeutic or imaging agent into a nanoparticle, many laboratories are now combining both benefits into a single formulation. This review will focus on the major guiding principles in the design of ligand-targeted nanoparticles, including optimization of their chemical and physical properties, selection of the ideal targeting ligand, engineering of the appropriate surface passivation and linker strategies to achieve selective delivery of the entrapped cargo to the desired diseased cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chris V Galliford
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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36
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Reddy JA, Dorton R, Bloomfield A, Nelson M, Vetzel M, Guan J, Leamon CP. Rational combination therapy of vintafolide (EC145) with commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2104-14. [PMID: 24429878 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE When evaluated in patients with ovarian and other cancer, vintafolide (EC145), a potent folate-targeted vinca alkaloid conjugate, displayed a toxicity profile that seemed to be nonoverlapping with many standard-of-care cancer therapeutics. It was, therefore, hypothesized that combining vintafolide with certain approved anticancer drugs may afford greater therapeutic efficacy compared with single-agent therapy. To explore this concept, vintafolide was evaluated in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD; DOXIL), cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, topotecan, and irinotecan against folate receptor (FR)-positive models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FR-expressing KB, M109, IGROV, and L1210 cells were first exposed to graded concentrations of vintafolide, either alone or in combination with doxorubicin (active ingredient in PLD), and isobologram plots and combination index values generated. The vintafolide combinations were also studied in mice bearing various FR-expressing tumors. RESULTS Vintafolide displayed strong synergistic activity against KB cells when combined with doxorubicin, and no less-than-additive effects resulted when tested against M109, IGROV, and L1210 cells. In contrast, when either desacetylvinblastine hydrazide (DAVLBH; the vinca alkaloid moiety in vintafolide) or vindesine (the vinca alkaloid most structurally similar to DAVLBH) were tested in combination with doxorubicin, less-than-additive antitumor effects were observed. In vivo, all vintafolide drug combinations produced far greater antitumor effect (complete responses and cures) compared with the single agents alone, without significant increase in overall toxicity. Importantly, these benefits were not observed with combinations of PLD and DAVLBH or vindesine. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these encouraging preclinical results, clinical studies to evaluate vintafolide drug combination therapies are now under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Reddy
- Authors' Affiliation: Endocyte Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana
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37
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Shankar PS, Bigotti S, Lazzari P, Manca I, Spiga M, Sani M, Zanda M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of diastereoisomers and N-terminal analogues of tubulysin-U. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Small Targeted Cytotoxics: Current State and Promises from DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1384-402. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Entwicklung zielgerichteter niedermolekularer zytotoxischer Wirkstoffverbindungen mit DNA-codierten chemischen Bibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Liang X, Sun Y, Zeng W, Liu L, Ma X, Zhao Y, Fan J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a folate-targeted rhaponticin conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Shankar SP, Jagodzinska M, Malpezzi L, Lazzari P, Manca I, Greig IR, Sani M, Zanda M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of novel tubulysin U analogues – effect on cytotoxicity of structural variations in the tubuvaline fragment. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2273-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Liang X, Sun Y, Liu L, Ma X, Hu X, Fan J, Zhao Y. Folate-functionalized nanoparticles for controlled ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one delivery. Int J Pharm 2012; 441:1-8. [PMID: 23262423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic effect of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone), a folate-decorated ergone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (abbreviated FA-ergone-BSANPs) was prepared. The properties were extensively studied by Zetasizer Nano Particle Size Analyzer and TEM, which indicated the prepared nanoparticles were spherical in shape and uniform in size with a zeta potential of -23.8 mV. The drug-loading capacity also has been determined with drug loading content of 2.73% and encapsulation efficiency of 61.8%. In vitro release studies proved the much slow drug release from the nanoparticles during circulating in the blood stream and the increase of drug release at the target sites. The FA-ergone-BSANPs showed enhanced cellular uptake, increased targeting capacity, and increased cytotoxicity against KB cells over-expressing folate receptor (FR), which indicated that its potent cell-killing activity is specific for cells that express the FR. In vivo experiment also confirmed that FA-ergone-BSANPs represent a FR-targeted chemotherapeutic that can produce potent activity against FR-positive tumors. In conclusion, this report has a great significance in pharmacology and clinical medicine as well as methodology. Further detailed dose-optimization studies will be required for better understanding in vivo pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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43
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Abu Ajaj K, El-Abadla N, Welker P, Azab S, Zeisig R, Fichtner I, Kratz F. Comparative evaluation of the biological properties of reducible and acid-sensitive folate prodrugs of a highly potent doxorubicin derivative. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2054-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The main benefit of natural peptides, peptide analogs and newly designed peptides as therapeutics, lies in their high selectivity and affinity, which are frequently in the nanomolar range. New drugs targeting protein–protein interactions often require larger interaction sites than small molecules can offer. Thus, many peptidic drugs are already applied in therapy at the current state. The next generation of peptide-based therapeutic agents is currently on its way from basic research to clinical studies and eventually to the pharmaceutical market. Development of more robust and long-lasting drugs owing to well-known and new stabilization strategies is yielding novel and continuously improving peptide drugs. The introduction of smart linkers that exhibit stability towards blood plasma but intracellular lability will lead to target-oriented activity, which might successfully decrease side effects. In this review, peptidic therapeutics on the market, in clinical studies and some of those in basic research are characterized. Stabilization strategies and intelligent linkers are discussed with respect to their use in peptide drug therapy.
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45
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Vlahov IR, Leamon CP. Engineering folate-drug conjugates to target cancer: from chemistry to clinic. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1357-69. [PMID: 22667324 DOI: 10.1021/bc2005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a potentially useful biological target for the management of many human cancers. This membrane protein binds extracellular folates with very high affinity and, through an endocytic process, physically delivers them inside the cell for biological consumption. There are now many examples of how this physiological system can be exploited for the targeted delivery of biologically active molecules to cancer. In fact, strong preclinical as well as emerging clinical evidence exists showing how FR-positive cancers can be (i) anatomically identified using folate conjugates of radiodiagnostic imaging agents and (ii) effectively treated with companion folate-targeted chemotherapies. While the biological results are compelling, it is of equal importance to understand the conjugation chemistries that were developed to produce these active molecules. Therefore, this review will focus on the methods utilized to construct folate-based small-molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), with particular attention focused on modular design, hydrophilic spacers, and self-immolative linkers.
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Teng L, Xie J, Teng L, Lee RJ. Clinical translation of folate receptor-targeted therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:901-8. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.694863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligand targeted therapy (LTT) is a powerful pharmaceutical strategy to achieve selective drug delivery to pathological cells, for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, with the advantage of limited side effects and toxicity. This active drug targeting approach is based on the discovery that there are receptors overexpressed on pathological cells, compared to their expression in normal tissues. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to review recently published data on LTT with applications, both in the field of cancer therapy and other diseases. Moreover, data on LTT exploiting receptors overexpressed at cytoplasmatic level are also reviewed. METHODS Data were deduced from Medline (PubMed) and SciFinder and their selections were made with preference to papers where the most relevant receptors were involved. RESULTS Several groups have reported improved delivery of targeted nanocarriers, as compared to nontargeted ones, to pathological cells. LTT offers several advantages, but there are also limitations in the development of this strategy. Moreover, LTT have shown encouraging results in in vitro and in animal models in vivo; hence their clinical potential awaits investigation. CONCLUSION Recent studies highlight that the ligand density plays an important role in targeting efficacy. Furthermore, LTT applications in diseases different from cancer and those exploiting receptors overexpressed at cytoplasmatic level are growing.
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Floyd WC, Datta GK, Imamura S, Kieler-Ferguson HM, Jerger K, Patterson AW, Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ, Ellman JA. Chemotherapeutic evaluation of a synthetic tubulysin analogue-dendrimer conjugate in c26 tumor bearing mice. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:49-53. [PMID: 20973119 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pando O, Stark S, Denkert A, Porzel A, Preusentanz R, Wessjohann LA. The multiple multicomponent approach to natural product mimics: tubugis, N-substituted anticancer peptides with picomolar activity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7692-5. [PMID: 21528905 DOI: 10.1021/ja2022027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new generation of highly cytotoxic tubulysin analogues (i.e., tubugis) is described. In the key step, the rare, unstable, and synthetically difficult to introduce tertiary amide-N,O-acetal moiety required for high potency in natural tubulysins is replaced by a dipeptoid element formed in an Ugi four-component reaction. Two of the four components required are themselves produced by other multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Thus, the tubugis represent the first examples of the synthesis of natural-product-inspired compounds using three intertwined isonitrile MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Pando
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Yoon DJ, Liu CT, Quinlan DS, Nafisi PM, Kamei DT. Intracellular trafficking considerations in the development of natural ligand-drug molecular conjugates for cancer. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1235-51. [PMID: 21350890 PMCID: PMC3069328 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed receptors, characteristic of many cancers, have been targeted by various researchers to achieve a more specific treatment for cancer. A common approach is to use the natural ligand for the overexpressed receptor as a cancer-targeting agent which can deliver a chemically or genetically conjugated toxic molecule. However, it has been found that the therapeutic efficacy of such ligand-drug molecular conjugates can be limited, since they naturally follow the intracellular trafficking pathways of the endogenous ligands. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the intracellular trafficking properties of these ligands can lead to novel design criteria for engineering ligands to be more effective drug carriers. This review presents a few commonly used ligand/receptor systems where intracellular trafficking considerations can potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of the ligand-drug molecular conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Christina T. Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Devin S. Quinlan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Parsa M. Nafisi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Daniel T. Kamei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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