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Dwyer AB, Sandy W, Hern FY, Penrhyn-Lowe OB, McKeating S, Flynn S, Wright S, Pate S, Chambon P, Rannard SP. Employing transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT) and atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) to form complex polyester-polymethacrylate branched-linear star copolymer hybrids via orthogonal initiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10116-10119. [PMID: 39101208 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
TBRT and ATRP are orthogonal initiation chemistries used in vinyl polymerisations. Here, we present the first combination of these techniques to readily create high molecular weight branched polyester macroinitiators capable of forming star copolymers from a range of methacrylate monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - William Sandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Faye Y Hern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Oliver B Penrhyn-Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel McKeating
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sean Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Stephen Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sophie Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK.
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
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2
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Hlushko R, Pozharski E, Prabhu VM, Andrianov AK. Directly visualizing individual polyorganophosphazenes and their single-chain complexes with proteins. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:36. [PMID: 38817739 PMCID: PMC11139433 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Polyorganophosphazenes are water-soluble macromolecules with immunoadjuvant activity that self-assemble with proteins to enable biological functionality. Direct imaging by cryogenic electron microscopy uncovers the coil structure of those highly charged macromolecules. The successful visualization of individual polymer chains within the vitrified state is achieved in the absence of additives for contrast enhancement and is attributed to the high mass contrast of the inorganic backbone. Upon assembly with proteins, multiple protein copies bind at the single polymer chain level resulting in structures reminiscent of compact spherical complexes or stiffened coils. The outcome depends on protein characteristics and cannot be deduced by commonly used characterization techniques, such as light scattering, thus revealing direct morphological insights crucial for understanding biological activity. Atomic force microscopy supports the morphology outcomes while advanced analytical techniques confirm protein-polymer binding. The chain visualization methodology provides tools for gaining insights into the processes of supramolecular assembly and mechanistic aspects of polymer enabled vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Hlushko
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology‡, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
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3
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Andrianov A, Hlushko R, Pozharski E, Prabhu V. Cryo-EM and AFM visualize linear polyorganophosphazene: individual chains and single-chain assemblies with proteins. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3411603. [PMID: 37961436 PMCID: PMC10635375 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3411603/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyorganophosphazenes are biodegradable macromolecules with potent immunoadjuvant activity that self-assemble with protein antigens to provide biological activity. Direct imaging by cryogenic electron microscopy reveals the coil structure of the highly-charged high molecular mass synthetic polyorganophosphazenes within the vitrified state without any additives for contrast enhancement for the first time. Upon mixing with protein antigens under a controlled stoichiometric ratio, multiple proteins bind at the single chain level revealing a structural change reminiscent of compact spherical complexes or stiffened coils depending on the bound protein antigen. The structural outcome depends on the protein charge density that cannot be deduced by methods, such as dynamic light scattering, thus revealing direct morphological insight necessary to understand in vivo biological activity. Complementary atomic force microscopy supports the binding morphology outcomes as well as additional analytical techniques that indicate binding. These observations open opportunities to understand supramolecular assembly of proteins and other biomacromolecules at the single chain level with highly charged polyelectrolytes for vaccines as well as important to developing fields such as polyelectrolyte complex coacervation.
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Zhu Y, Jiang H, Wu W, Xu XQ, Wang XQ, Li WJ, Xu WT, Liu G, Ke Y, Wang W, Yang HB. Stimuli-responsive rotaxane-branched dendronized polymers with tunable thermal and rheological properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5307. [PMID: 37652914 PMCID: PMC10471591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming at the creation of polymers with attractive dynamic properties, herein, rotaxane-branched dendronized polymers (DPs) with rotaxane-branched dendrons attached onto the polymer chains are proposed. Starting from macromonomers with both rotaxane-branched dendrons and polymerization site, targeted rotaxane-branched DPs are successfully synthesized through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Interestingly, due to the existence of multiple switchable [2]rotaxane branches within the attached dendrons, anion-induced reversible thickness modulation of the resultant rotaxane-branched DPs is achieved, which further lead to tunable thermal and rheological properties, making them attractive platform for the construction of smart polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - GengXin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
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5
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Ghéczy N, Tao S, Pour-Esmaeil S, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Performance of a Flow-Through Enzyme Reactor Prepared from a Silica Monolith and an α-Poly(D-Lysine)-Enzyme Conjugate. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200465. [PMID: 36598452 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently bound in aqueous solution to polycationic α-poly(D-lysine) chains of ≈1000 repeating units length, PDL, via a bis-aryl hydrazone bond (BAH). Under the experimental conditions used, about 15 HRP molecules are bound along the PDL chain. The purified PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate is very stable when stored at micromolar HRP concentration in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution at 4 °C. When a defined volume of such a conjugate solution of desired HRP concentration (i.e., HRP activity) is added to a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith with pore sizes of 20-30 µm as well as below 30 nm, quantitative and stable noncovalent conjugate immobilization is achieved. The HRP-containing monolith can be used as flow-through enzyme reactor for bioanalytical applications at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, as demonstrated for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in diluted honey. The conjugate can be detached from the monolith by simple enzyme reactor washing with an aqueous solution of pH 5.0, enabling reloading with fresh conjugate solution at pH 7.2. Compared to previously investigated polycationic dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates with approximately the same average polymer chain length, the PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate appears to be equally suitable for HRP immobilization on silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Tao
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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6
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Dockhorn R, Sommer JU. Theory of chain walking catalysis: From disordered dendrimers to dendritic bottle-brushes. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chain walking (CW) polymerization technique has the unique property of a movable catalyst synthesizing its own path by creating branch-on-branch structures. By successive attachment of monomers, the resulting architecture ranges from dendritic to linear growth depending on the walking rate, which is defined by the ratio of walking steps and reaction events of the catalyst. The transition regime is characterized by local dendritic sub-structures (dendritic blobs) and a global linear chain feature forming a dendritic bottle-brush. A scaling model for structures obtained by CW catalysis is presented and validated by computer simulation relating the extensions of CW structures to the catalyst’s walking ability. The limiting case of linear (low walking rate) and dendritic growth (high walking rate) is recovered, and the latter is shown to bear analogies to the Barabási–Albert graph and Bernoulli growth random walk. We could quantify the size of the dendritic blob as a function of the walking rate by using spectral properties of the connectivity matrix of the simulated macromolecules. This allows us to fit the numerical constants in the scaling approach. We predict that independent of the underlying chemical process, all CW polymerization syntheses involving a highly mobile catalyst ultimately result in bottle-brush structures whose properties depend on a unique parameter: the walking rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dockhorn
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - J.-U. Sommer
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Murphy JG, Raybin JG, Sibener SJ. Correlating polymer structure, dynamics, and function with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Murphy
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan G. Raybin
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Steven J. Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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Apartsin E, Caminade A. Supramolecular Self-Associations of Amphiphilic Dendrons and Their Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:17976-17998. [PMID: 34713506 PMCID: PMC9298340 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review presents precisely defined amphiphilic dendrons, their self-association properties, and their different uses. Dendrons, also named dendritic wedges, are composed of a core having two different types of functions, of which one type is used for growing or grafting branched arms, generally multiplied by 2 at each layer by using 1→2 branching motifs. A large diversity of structures has been already synthesized. In practically all cases, their synthesis is based on the synthesis of known dendrimers, such as poly(aryl ether), poly(amidoamine) (in particular PAMAM), poly(amide) (in particular poly(L-lysine)), 1→3 branching motifs (instead of 1→2), poly(alkyl ether) (poly(glycerol) and poly(ethylene glycol)), poly(ester), and those containing main group elements (poly(carbosilane) and poly(phosphorhydrazone)). In most cases, the hydrophilic functions are on the surface of the dendrons, whereas one or two hydrophobic tails are linked to the core. Depending on the structure of the dendrons, and on the experimental conditions used, the amphiphilic dendrons can self-associate at the air-water interface, or form micelles (eventually tubular, but most generally spherical), or form vesicles. These associated dendrons are suitable for the encapsulation of low-molecular or macromolecular bioactive entities to be delivered in cells. This review is organized depending on the nature of the internal structure of the amphiphilic dendrons (aryl ether, amidoamine, amide, quaternary carbon atom, alkyl ether, ester, main group element). The properties issued from their self-associations are described all along the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Apartsin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS205 route de Narbonne31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine630090NovosibirskRussia
- Novosibirsk State University630090NovosibirskRussia
| | - Anne‐Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS205 route de Narbonne31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS31077Toulouse cedex 4France
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9
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Shibuya A, Nokami T. Electrochemical Assembly for Synthesis of Middle-Sized Organic Molecules. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2389-2396. [PMID: 34101967 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods offer a powerful, reliable, and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of small organic molecules, and such methods are useful not only for the transformation of small molecules, but also for the preparation of oligomers and polymers. Electrochemical assembly is a concept that allows structurally well-defined middle-sized organic molecules to be synthesized by applying electrochemical methods. The preparation of dendrimers, dendronized polymers, and oligosaccharides are introduced as examples of such an approach. Automated electrochemical assembly of oligosaccharides is also demonstrated using the electrochemical synthesizer developed by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan.,Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori city, 680-8552 Tottori, Japan
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10
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Vereroudakis E, Bang KT, Karouzou M, Ananiadou A, Noh J, Choi TL, Loppinet B, Floudas G, Vlassopoulos D. Multi-scale Structure and Dynamics of Dendronized Polymers with Varying Generations. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Vereroudakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Karouzou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Benoit Loppinet
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Bondareva JV, Evlashin SA, Lukin OV. Sulfonimide-Based Dendrimers: Progress in Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2987. [PMID: 33333758 PMCID: PMC7765173 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 50 families of dendrimers, and some of which, such as polyamidoamine PAMAM, are well studied, and some are just starting to attract the attention of researchers. One promising type of dendrimers is sulfonimide-based dendrimers (SBDs). To date, SBDs are used in organic synthesis as starting reagents for the convergent synthesis of higher generations dendrimers, in materials science as alternative electrolyte solutions for fuel cells, and in medicinal chemistry as potential substances for drug transfer procedures. Despite the fact that most dendrimers are amorphous substances among the SBDs, several structures are distinguished that are prone to the formation of crystalline solids with melting points in the range of 120-250 °C. Similar to those of other dendrimers, the chemical and physical properties of SBDs depend on their outer shell, which is formed by functional groups. To date, SBDs decorated with end groups such as naphthyl, nitro, methyl, and methoxy have been successfully synthesized, and each of these groups gives the dendrimers specific properties. Analysis of the structure of SBD, their synthesis methods, and applications currently available in the literature reveals that these dendrimers have not yet been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Bondareva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stanislav A. Evlashin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Lukin
- Life Chemicals Inc., 5 Murmanskaya St., 02660 Kiev, Ukraine;
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12
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Yuan W, Li Z, Xie X, Zhang ZY, Bian L. Bisphosphonate-based nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:819-831. [PMID: 32637746 PMCID: PMC7321771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydrogels consist of polymeric network embedded with functional nanoparticles or nanostructures, which not only contribute to the enhanced mechanical properties but also exhibit the bioactivities for regulating cell behavior. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are capable of coordinating with various metal ions and modulating bone homeostasis. Thanks to the inherent dynamic properties of metal-ligand coordination bonds, BP-based nanocomposite hydrogels possess tunable mechanical properties, highly dynamic structures, and the capability to mediate controlled release of encapsulated therapeutic agents, thereby making them highly versatile for various biomedical applications. This review presents the comprehensive overview of recent developments in BP-based nanocomposite hydrogels with an emphasis on the properties of embedded nanoparticles (NPs) and interactions between hydrogel network and NPs. Furthermore, various challenges in the biomedical applications of these hydrogels are discussed to provide an outlook of potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Xian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, PR China
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
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13
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Wade MA, Walsh D, Lee JCW, Kelley E, Weigandt K, Guironnet D, Rogers SA. Color, structure, and rheology of a diblock bottlebrush copolymer solution. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4919-4931. [PMID: 32393953 PMCID: PMC11253116 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A structure-property-process relation is established for a diblock bottlebrush copolymer solution, through a combination of rheo-neutron scattering, imaging, and rheological measurements. Polylactic acid-b-polystyrene diblock bottlebrush copolymers were dispersed in toluene with a concentration of 175 mg ml-1, where they self-assembled into a lamellar phase. All measurements were carried out at 5 °C. The solution color, as observed in reflection, is shown to be a function of the shear rate. Under equilibrium and near-equilibrium conditions, the solution has a green color. At low shear rates the solution remains green, while at intermediate rates the solution is cyan. At the highest rates applied the solution is indigo. The lamellar spacing is shown to be a decreasing function of shear rate, partially accounting for the color change. The lamellae are oriented 'face-on' with the wall under quiescence and low shear rates, while a switch to 'edge-on' is observed at the highest shear rates, where the reflected color disappears. The intramolecular distance between bottlebrush polymers does not change with shear rate, although at high shear rates, the bottlebrush polymers are preferentially aligned in the vorticity direction within the lamellae. We therefore form a consistent relation between structure and function, spanning a wide range of length scales and shear rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Wade
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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14
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Bondareva J, Kolotylo M, Rozhkov V, Burilov V, Lukin O. A convergent approach to sulfonimide-based dendrimers and dendrons. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Alexandris S, Peponaki K, Petropoulou P, Sakellariou G, Vlassopoulos D. Linear Viscoelastic Response of Unentangled Polystyrene Bottlebrushes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Alexandris
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
| | - Katerina Peponaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Petropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
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16
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Liu X, Liu F, Liu W, Gu H. ROMP and MCP as Versatile and Forceful Tools to Fabricate Dendronized Polymers for Functional Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1723022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Prokacheva VM, Polotsky AA, Birshtein TM. Structure of a Planar Brush of Grafted Polyelectrolyte Stars. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Scherz LF, Schroyen B, Pepicelli M, Schlüter DA, Vermant J, Vlassopoulos D. Molecularly Designed Interfacial Viscoelasticity by Dendronized Polymers: From Flexible Macromolecules to Colloidal Objects. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14217-14229. [PMID: 31743645 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and rheological properties of densely packed dendronized polymers (DPs) at water-air interfaces were studied here for first- and fourth-generation DPs (PG1, PG4) with both small (Pn ≈ 50) and large (Pn ≈ 500) backbone degrees of polymerization. The excellent control over the structural characteristics of these polymers enabled us to investigate how the interfacial properties change as we go from thin, flexible macromolecules toward thicker molecular objects that display colloidal features. The effects of the dendron generation, affecting the persistence length, as well as the degree of polymerization and surface pressure on the formation of DP layers at the water-air interface were studied. Surface pressure measurements and interfacial rheology suggest the existence of significant attractive interactions between the molecules of the higher generation DPs. While all DPs featured reproducible Π-A diagrams, successive compression-expansion cycles and surface pressure relaxation experiments revealed differences in the stability of the formed films, which are consistent with the variations in shape persistence and interactions between the studied DPs. Atomic force microscopy after Langmuir-Blodgett transfer of the films displayed a nanostructuring that can be attributed to the increase in attractive forces with increasing polymer generation and anisotropy. The importance of such structures on the surface properties was probed by interfacial shear rheology, which validated the existence of strong albeit brittle structures for fourth-generation DPs. Ultimately, we demonstrate how in particular rod-like DPs can be used as robust foam stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F Scherz
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Bram Schroyen
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Vermant
- Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , FORTH, 70013 Heraklion , Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology , University of Crete , 70013 Heraklion , Greece
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19
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Bondareva J, Rozhkov V, Kachala VV, Fetyukhin V, Lukin O. An optimized divergent synthesis of sulfonimide-based dendrimers achieving the fifth generation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1676909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bondareva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Costanzo S, Scherz L, Floudas G, Pasquino R, Kröger M, Schlüter AD, Vlassopoulos D. Hybrid Dendronized Polymers as Molecular Objects: Viscoelastic Properties in the Melt. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Costanzo
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
- DICMAPI, University of Naples, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Leon Scherz
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rossana Pasquino
- DICMAPI, University of Naples, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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21
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Schwartz PO, Moingeon F, Roeser J, Couzigné E, Voirin E, Masson P, Méry S. Preparation of multi-allylic dendronized polymers via atom-transfer radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Messmer D, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Tacke S, Yu H, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Wepf R, Kröger M, Halperin A, Mezzenga R, Schlüter AD. Can one determine the density of an individual synthetic macromolecule? SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6547-6556. [PMID: 31359025 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendronized polymers (DPs) are large and compact main-chain linear polymers with a cylindrical shape and cross-sectional diameters of up to ∼15 nm. They are therefore considered molecular objects, and it was of interest whether given their experimentally accessible, well-defined dimensions, the density of individual DPs could be determined. We present measurements on individual, deposited DP chains, providing molecular dimensions from scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mass-per-length values from quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy. These results are compared with density values obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering on annealed bulk specimen and with classical envelope density measurements, obtained using hydrostatic weighing or a density gradient column. The samples investigated comprise a series of DPs with side groups of dendritic generations g = 1-8. The key findings are a very large spread of the density values over all samples and methods, and a consistent increase of densities with g over all methods. While this work highlights the advantages and limitations of the applied methods, it does not provide a conclusive answer to the question of which method(s) to use for the determination of densities of individual molecular objects. We are nevertheless confident that these first attempts to answer this challenging question will stimulate more research into this important aspect of polymer and soft matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roger Wepf
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Avraham Halperin
- Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique, CNRS University Joseph Fourier, BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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23
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Messmer D, Bertran O, Kissner R, Alemán C, Schlüter AD. Main-chain scission of individual macromolecules induced by solvent swelling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6125-6139. [PMID: 31360419 PMCID: PMC6585601 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive investigation of main-chain scission processes affecting peripherally charged and neutral members of a class of dendronized polymers (DPs) studied in our laboratory. In these thick, sterically highly congested macromolecules, scission occurs by exposure to solvents, in some cases at room temperature, in others requiring modest heating. Our investigations rely on gel permeation chromatography and atomic force microscopy and are supported by molecular dynamics simulations as well as by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Strikingly, DP main-chain scission depends strongly on two factors: first the solvent, which must be highly polar to induce scission of the DPs, and second the dendritic generation g. In DPs of generations 1 ≤ g ≤ 8, scission occurs readily only for g = 5, no matter whether the polymer is charged or neutral. Much more forcing conditions are required to induce degradation in DPs of g ≠ 5. We propose solvent swelling as the cause for the main-chain scission in these individual polymer molecules, explaining in particular the strong dependence on g: g < 5 DPs resemble classical polymers and are accessible to the strongly interacting, polar solvents, whereas g > 5 DPs are essentially closed off to solvent due to their more closely colloidal character. g = 5 DPs mark the transition between these two regimes, bearing strongly sterically congested side chains which are still solvent accessible to some degree. Our results suggest that, even in the absence of structural elements which favour scission such as cross-links, solvent swelling may be a generally applicable mechanochemical trigger. This may be relevant not only for DPs, but also for other types of sterically strongly congested macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Oscar Bertran
- Department of Physics , EETAC , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , c/ Esteve Terrades, 7 , 08860 , Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Reinhard Kissner
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) , Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 , Barcelona , Spain
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
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24
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Sun H, Haque FM, Zhang Y, Commisso A, Mohamed MA, Tsianou M, Cui H, Grayson SM, Cheng C. Linear-Dendritic Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10572-10576. [PMID: 31141618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the design, synthesis, and characterization of an unprecedented copolymer consisting of alternating linear and dendritic segments is described. First, a 4th-generation Hawker-type dendron with two azide groups was synthesized, followed by a step-growth azide-alkyne "click" reaction between the 4th-generation diazido dendron and poly(ethylene glycol) diacetylene to create the target polymers. Unequal reactivity of the functional groups was observed in the step-growth polymerization. The resulting copolymers, with alternating hydrophilic linear and hydrophobic dendritic segments, can spontaneously associate into a unique type of microphase-segregated nanorods in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Farihah M Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Alex Commisso
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Mohamed Alaa Mohamed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Marina Tsianou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
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25
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Sun H, Haque FM, Zhang Y, Commisso A, Mohamed MA, Tsianou M, Cui H, Grayson SM, Cheng C. Linear‐Dendritic Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Alex Commisso
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Mohamed Alaa Mohamed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
- Department of Chemistry Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Marina Tsianou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
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26
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Anantharaman SB, Messmer D, Sadeghpour A, Salentinig S, Nüesch F, Heier J. Excitonic channels from bio-inspired templated supramolecular assembly of J-aggregate nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6929-6938. [PMID: 30916072 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies with controlled morphology are of paramount importance for energy transport in organic semiconductors. Despite considerable freedom in molecular design, the preparation of dyes that form one dimensional J-aggregates is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a simple and effective route to functionalize dendronized polymers (DPs) with J-aggregates to construct tubular DP/J-aggregate nanowires. When J-aggregates are adsorbed onto DPs anchored to glass substrates, they assemble into microcrystalline domains typical for J-aggregates adsorbed on functionalized surfaces. Differently, the complexation between the dendronized polymer and J-aggregates in solution leads to dense packing of J-aggregate strands on the periphery of the DPs. Using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique, DPs loaded with J-aggregates can also be adsorbed onto a DP monolayer. In this case, the thin film absorption spectra are narrower and indicate higher ratios of J-aggregate to monomer and dimer absorption than bare J-aggregates deposited similarly. The demonstration of J-aggregate adsorption on filamentous polymeric templates is a promising step toward artificial 1D light harvesting antennas, with potential applications in opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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27
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Messmer D, Böttcher C, Yu H, Halperin A, Binder K, Kröger M, Schlüter AD. 3D Conformations of Thick Synthetic Polymer Chains Observed by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3466-3473. [PMID: 30835993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The backbone conformations of individual, unperturbed synthetic macromolecules have so far not been observed directly in spite of their fundamental importance to polymer physics. Here we report the dilute solution conformations of two types of linear dendronized polymers, obtained by cryogenic transmission electron stereography and tomography. The three-dimensional trajectories show that the wormlike chain model fails to adequately describe the scaling of these thick macromolecules already beyond a few nanometers in chain length, in spite of large apparent persistence lengths and long before a signature of self-avoidance appears. This insight is essential for understanding the limitations of polymer physical models, and it motivated us to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach in comparison to the commonly applied scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie und Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstr. 36a , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hao Yu
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Avraham Halperin
- Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique , CNRS University Joseph Fourier , BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex , France
| | - Kurt Binder
- Institute of Physics , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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28
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Peng B, Liang H, Li Y, Dong C, Shen J, Mao H, Leong KW, Chen Y, Liu L. Tuned Cationic Dendronized Polymer: Molecular Scavenger for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4254-4258. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Huiyi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yuyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Cong Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of RadiologySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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29
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Peng B, Liang H, Li Y, Dong C, Shen J, Mao H, Leong KW, Chen Y, Liu L. Tuned Cationic Dendronized Polymer: Molecular Scavenger for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Huiyi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yuyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Cong Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of RadiologySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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30
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Qian Z, Koh YP, Pallaka MR, Chang AB, Lin TP, Guzmán PE, Grubbs RH, Simon SL, McKenna GB. Linear Rheology of a Series of Second-Generation Dendronized Wedge Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yung P. Koh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Madhusudhan R. Pallaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Alice B. Chang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tzu-Pin Lin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pablo E. Guzmán
- Energetic Technology Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sindee L. Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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31
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Huurne GM, Vantomme G, Bersselaar BWL, Thota BNS, Voets IK, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. The effect of dendritic pendants on the folding of amphiphilic copolymers via supramolecular interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs M. Huurne
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. L. Bersselaar
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Bala N. S. Thota
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB, 5600, Eindhoven The Netherlands
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32
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Chen T, Hou K, Ren Q, Chen G, Wei P, Zhu M. Nanoparticle-Polymer Synergies in Nanocomposite Hydrogels: From Design to Application. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800337. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
| | - Qianyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
| | - Guoyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
| | - Peiling Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P.R. China
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33
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Messmer D, Kröger M, Schlüter AD. Pushing Synthesis toward the Maximum Generation Range of Dendritic Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Peterson GI, Bang KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Denpols: Synthesis and Ultrasound-Induced Chain Scission of Polyphenylene-Based Dendronized Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8599-8608. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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35
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Liu X, Mu S, Qiu G, Long Y, Ling Q, He J, Gu H. ROMP synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl dendronized polymers with triethylene glycol branches as recyclable nanoreactors for Cu(I) “click” catalysis reaction in water. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Mikhailov IV, Leermakers FAM, Borisov OV, Zhulina EB, Darinskii AA, Birshtein TM. Impact of Macromolecular Architecture on Bending Rigidity of Dendronized Surfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Mikhailov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Frans A. M. Leermakers
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg
National
University of Informational Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg
National
University of Informational Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly A. Darinskii
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg
National
University of Informational Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Birshtein
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 198904 St. Petersburg, Russia
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37
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Polotsky AA, Birshtein TM, Mercurieva AA, Leermakers FAM, Borisov OV. Unfolding of a comb-like polymer in a poor solvent: translation of macromolecular architecture in the force-deformation spectra. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:9147-9161. [PMID: 29177317 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A numerical self-consistent field modeling approach was employed to study the mechanical unfolding of a globule made by comb-like polymers in a poor solvent with the aim of unraveling how the macromolecular architecture affects the shape of the single-molecule force-deformation curves. We demonstrate that the dependence of the restoring force on the imposed extension of the main chain of the comb-like polymer exhibits a characteristic oscillatory shape in the intermediate deformation range. Theoretical arguments are developed that enable us to relate the shape of the patterns on the force-deformation curves to the molecular architecture (grafting density and length of the side chains) and interaction parameters. Thus, the results of our study suggest a new approach for the determination of macromolecular topology from single-molecule mechanical unfolding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Polotsky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences 31 Bolshoy pr, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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38
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Liu X, Ling Q, Zhao L, Qiu G, Wang Y, Song L, Zhang Y, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Gu H. New ROMP Synthesis of Ferrocenyl Dendronized Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistryand Engineering of Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Qiangjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistryand Engineering of Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistryand Engineering of Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Guirong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistryand Engineering of Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Universities of Sichuan Province of Natural Product and Micromolecule Synthesis, College of ChemistryLeshan Normal University Leshan 614004 P. R. China
| | - Lianxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Universities of Sichuan Province of Natural Product and Micromolecule Synthesis, College of ChemistryLeshan Normal University Leshan 614004 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Universities of Sichuan Province of Natural Product and Micromolecule Synthesis, College of ChemistryLeshan Normal University Leshan 614004 P. R. China
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- ISMUniversité de Bordeaux UMR CNRS 5255 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - Didier Astruc
- ISMUniversité de Bordeaux UMR CNRS 5255 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistryand Engineering of Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
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39
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Scherz LF, Costanzo S, Huang Q, Schlüter AD, Vlassopoulos D. Dendronized Polymers with Ureidopyrimidinone Groups: An Efficient Strategy To Tailor Intermolecular Interactions, Rheology, and Fracture. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon F. Scherz
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Costanzo
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Qian Huang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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40
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Maltar-Strmečki N, Yu H, Messmer D, Zhang B, Schlüter AD, Hinderberger D. Exploring the Loading Capacity of Generation Six to Eight Dendronized Polymers in Aqueous Solution. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2767-72. [PMID: 27273228 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of size, structural (im)perfection, inner density, and guest molecule loading capacity of dendronized polymers (DPs) of high generation (6≤g≤8) in aqueous solution are studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on amphiphilic, spin-labeled guest molecules. The results show that the interior of the charged DPs is strongly polar, especially in comparison to their lower generation (1-4) analogues. This is a direct sign that large amounts of water penetrate the DP surface, reflecting the structural (im)perfections of these high-generation DPs and much lower segmental densities than theoretically achievable. Images obtained with atomic force microscopy reveal that the high-generation DPs do not aggregate and give further insights into the structural imperfections. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic data further show that despite their structural imperfections, these DPs can bind and release large numbers of amphiphilic molecules. It is concluded that attention should be paid to their synthesis, for which a protocol needs to be developed that avoids the relatively large amount of defects generated in the direct conversion of a generation g=4 DP to a generation g=6 DP, which had to be used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Chemie, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.,Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hao Yu
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Baozhong Zhang
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Lund University, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Chemie, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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41
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Costanzo S, Scherz LF, Schweizer T, Kröger M, Floudas G, Schlüter AD, Vlassopoulos D. Rheology and Packing of Dendronized Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Costanzo
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Leon F. Scherz
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schweizer
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Floudas
- Department
of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department
of Materials, Institute of Polymers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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42
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Gstrein C, Zhang B, Abdel-Rahman MA, Bertran O, Alemán C, Wegner G, Schlüter AD. Solvatochromism of dye-labeled dendronized polymers of generation numbers 1-4: comparison to dendrimers. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4644-4652. [PMID: 30155112 PMCID: PMC6013770 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of dendronized polymers (DPs) of generations g = 1-4 with different levels of dendritic substitution (low and high) and a solvatochromic probe at g = 1 level are used to study their swelling behavior in a collection of solvents largely differing in polarity as indicated by the Kamlet-Taft parameters. This is done by measuring the UV-Vis spectra of all samples in all solvents and determining the longest wavelength absorptions (λmax). The λmax values fall into a range defined by the extreme situations, when the solvatochromic probe is either fully surrounded by solvent or completely shielded against it. The former situation is achieved in a model compound and the latter situation is believed to be reached when in a poor solvent the dendritic shell around the backbone is fully collapsed. We observe that solvent penetration into the interior of the DPs decreases with increasing g and does so faster for the more highly dendritically substituted series than for the less highly substituted one. Interestingly, the swelling of the more highly substituted DP series already at the g = 4 level has decreased to approximately 20% of that at the g = 1 level which supports an earlier proposal that high g DPs can be viewed as nano-sized molecular objects. Furthermore, when comparing these two DP series with a g = 1-6 series of dendrimers investigated by Fréchet et al. it becomes evident that even the less substituted series of DPs is much less responsive to solvent changes as assessed by the solvatochromic probe than the dendrimers, suggesting the branches around the (polymeric) core in DPs to be more densely packed compared to those in dendrimers, thus, establishing a key difference between these two dendritic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gstrein
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Baozhong Zhang
- Centre of Analysis and Synthesis , Lund University , P.O. Box 124 , SE-22100 Lund , Sweden .
| | | | - Oscar Bertran
- Departament de Física Aplicada , EEI , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Av. Pla de la Massa, 8 , 08700 Igualada , Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament de Física Aplicada , EEI , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Av. Pla de la Massa, 8 , 08700 Igualada , Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica , E. T. S. d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona , Universitat Politechnica de Catalunya , Diagonal 647 , Barcelona , E-08028 , Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Campus Sud, Edifici C', C/Pasqual i Vila s/n , Barcelona E-08028 , Spain
| | - Gerhard Wegner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
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43
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44
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Gstrein C, Walde P, Schlüter AD, Nauser T. Shielding effects in spacious macromolecules: a case study with dendronized polymers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:964-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00191b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first experimental evidence is shown for the obvious suggestion that diffusion into the backbone of a dendronized polymer is increasingly hindered with increasing dendron generation, i.e. size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gstrein
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
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45
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Li Y, Bai Y, Zheng N, Liu Y, Vincil GA, Pedretti BJ, Cheng J, Zimmerman SC. Crosslinked dendronized polyols as a general approach to brighter and more stable fluorophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3781-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent, aqueous-soluble, crosslinked dendronized polyols (CDPs) are obtained through a sequential process involving ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), intra-chain ring-closing metathesis (RCM), and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Yugang Bai
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Gretchen A. Vincil
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | | | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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46
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Biondi M, Borzacchiello A, Mayol L, Ambrosio L. Nanoparticle-Integrated Hydrogels as Multifunctional Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2015; 1:162-178. [PMID: 30674171 PMCID: PMC6318588 DOI: 10.3390/gels1020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most recent developments in the field of nanocomposite hydrogels intended for biomedical applications. Nanocomposite hydrogels are hydrated polymeric networks with a physically or covalently crosslinked three-dimensional (3D) structure swollen with water, in the presence of nanoparticles or nanostructures. A wide array of nanomaterials (polymeric, carbon-based, metallic, ceramic) can be incorporated within the hydrogel network to obtain reinforced nanocomposite hydrogels. Nanocomposites represent a new class of materials with properties absent in the individual components. In particular, the incorporation of nanomaterials within a polymeric hydrogel network is an attractive approach to tailor the mechanical properties of the hydrogels and/or to provide the nanocomposite with responsiveness to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biondi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB-CNR), P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Laura Mayol
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB-CNR), P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Tecnologie dei Materiali (DSCTM-CNR), P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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47
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Mayans E, Ballano G, Casanovas J, Díaz A, Pérez-Madrigal MM, Estrany F, Puiggalí J, Cativiela C, Alemán C. Self-Assembly of Tetraphenylalanine Peptides. Chemistry 2015; 21:16895-905. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Rogers HE, Chambon P, Auty SER, Hern FY, Owen A, Rannard SP. Synthesis, nanoprecipitation and pH sensitivity of amphiphilic linear-dendritic hybrid polymers and hyperbranched-polydendrons containing tertiary amine functional dendrons. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7005-7015. [PMID: 26241924 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00673b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of linear polymers with dendritic chain-ends has led to numerous studies of linear-dendritic polymer hybrid materials. Interchain branching within the linear segment of these materials has recently extended this concept to the formation of soluble hyperbranched-polydendrons. Here, the introduction of amphiphilicity into hyperbranched-polydendrons has been achieved for the first time through the use of tertiary amine functional dendritic chain-ends and branched hydrophobic polymer segments. The synthesis and aqueous nanoprecipitation of these branched materials is compared with their linear-dendritic polymer analogues, showing that chain-end chemistry/generation, precipitation medium pH and polymer architecture are all capable of influencing the ability to generate nanoparticles, the resulting nanoparticle diameter and dispersity, and subsequent response to changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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49
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Barkley DA, Koga T, Rudick JG. Homeotropically Aligned Self-Organizing Dendronized Polymer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502522s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Barkley
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Rudick
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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50
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Thoniyot P, Tan MJ, Karim AA, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composites: Concept, Design, and Applications of These Promising, Multi-Functional Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1400010. [PMID: 27980900 PMCID: PMC5115280 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
New technologies rely on the development of new materials, and these may simply be the innovative combination of known components. The structural combination of a polymer hydrogel network with a nanoparticle (metals, non-metals, metal oxides, and polymeric moieties) holds the promise of providing superior functionality to the composite material with applications in diverse fields, including catalysis, electronics, bio-sensing, drug delivery, nano-medicine, and environmental remediation. This mixing may result in a synergistic property enhancement of each component: for example, the mechanical strength of the hydrogel and concomitantly decrease aggregation of the nanoparticles. These mutual benefits and the associated potential applications have seen a surge of interest in the past decade from multi-disciplinary research groups. Recent advances in nanoparticle-hydrogel composites are herein reviewed with a focus on their synthesis, design, potential applications, and the inherent challenges accompanying these exciting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Thoniyot
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Mein Jin Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Anis Abdul Karim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - David James Young
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore; School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway 47500 Malaysia
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore; Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117576 Singapore
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