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Su T, Yu Y, Ross CA. Directed Self-Assembly of Oxide Nanocomposites by Ion-Beam Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:195-201. [PMID: 38117033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned self-assembled nanocomposite films have provided a unique platform to study magnetoelectric effects and other forms of coupling between complex oxides. However, the distribution in the locations and sizes of the phase-separated nanostructures limits their utility. In this work, we demonstrate a process to template the locations of the self-assembled structure using ion lithography, which is effective for general insulating substrates. This process was used to produce a nanocomposite consisting of fin-shaped vertical nanostructures of ferroelectric BiFeO3 and ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 with a feature size of 100 nm on (111)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates. Cross-sectional imaging of the three-phase perovskite-spinel-substrate epitaxial interface reveals the selective nucleation of CoFe2O4 in the trenches of the patterned substrate, and the magnetic domains of CoFe2O4 were manipulated by applying an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- International Applications Center, Raith America, Inc., Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Cheng CC, Chen YJ, Lin SH, Wang HM, Lin GP, Chung TK. Magnetic-Field-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Domain Switching of a Magnetic Single Domain in a Multiferroic/Magnetoelectric Ni Nanochevron/[Pb(Mg 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3] 0.68-[PbTiO 3] 0.32 (PMN-PT) Layered Structure. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:36. [PMID: 38258155 PMCID: PMC10820072 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the magnetic-field-assisted electric-field-controlled domain switching of a magnetic single domain in a multiferroic/magnetoelectric Ni nanochevrons/[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.68-[PbTiO3]0.32 (PMN-PT) layered structure. Initially, a magnetic field was applied in the transverse direction across single-domain Ni nanochevrons to transform each of them into a two-domain state. Subsequently, an electric field was applied to the layered structure, exerting the converse magnetoelectric effect to transform/release the two-domain Ni nanochevrons into one of two possible single-domain states. Finally, the experimental results showed that approximately 50% of the single-domain Ni nanochevrons were switched permanently after applying our approach (i.e., the magnetization direction was permanently rotated by 180 degrees). These results mark important advancements for future nanoelectromagnetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
| | - Shin-Hung Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
| | - Hsin-Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
| | - Guang-Ping Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
| | - Tien-Kan Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (G.-P.L.)
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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3
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Ahlawat A, Khan AA, Deshmukh P, Bhartiya S, Satapathy S, Shirolkar MM, Wang H, Choudhary RJ. Strain assisted magnetoelectric coupling in ordered nanomagnets of CoFe 2O 4/SrRuO 3/(Pb(Mg 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3-PbTiO 3) heterostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:305801. [PMID: 35561671 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6fa6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the electric field controlled magnetization in the nanodot CoFe2O4/SrRuO3/PMN-PT (CFO/SRO/PMN-PT) heterostructures. Ordered ferromagnetic CFO nanodots (∼300 nm lateral dimension) are developed on the PMN-PT substrate (ferroelectric as well as piezoelectric) using a nanostencil-mask pattering method during pulsed laser deposition. The nanostructures reveal electric field induced magnetization reversal in the single domain CFO nanodots through transfer of piezostrains from the piezoelectric PMN-PT substrate to the CFO. Further, electric field modulated spin structure of CFO nanomagnets is analyzed by using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The XMCD analysis reveals cations (Fe3+/Co2+) redistribution on the octahedral and tetrahedral site in the electric field poled CFO nanodots, establishing the strain induced magneto-electric coupling effects. The CFO/SRO/PMN-PT nanodots structure demonstrate multilevel switching of ME coupling coefficient (α) by applying selective positive and negative electric fields in a non-volatile manner. The retention of two stable states ofαis illustrated for ∼106seconds, which can be employed to store the digital data in non-volatile memory devices. Thus the voltage controlled magnetization in the nanodot structures leads a path towards the invention of energy efficient high-density memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Ahlawat
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Indore, India
| | - Azam Ali Khan
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Pratik Deshmukh
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Sushmita Bhartiya
- Laser and Functional Materials Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
| | - S Satapathy
- Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Mandar M Shirolkar
- Symbiosis Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (SCNN), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Lavale, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqian Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - R J Choudhary
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Indore, India
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4
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Sasaki SS, Udalov OG, Kurish JA, Ishii M, Beloborodov IS, Tolbert SH. Tuning Exchange Coupling in a New Family of Nanocrystal-Based Granular Multiferroics Using an Applied Electric Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16505-16514. [PMID: 35353487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate an experimental realization of a granular multiferroic composite, where the magnetic state of a nanocrystal array is modified by tuning the interparticle exchange coupling using an applied electric field. Previous theoretical models of a granular multiferroic composite predicted a unique magnetoelectric coupling mechanism, in which the magnetic spins of the ensemble are governed by interparticle exchange. The extent of these exchange interactions can be controlled by varying the local dielectric environment between grains. We specifically utilize the strong dielectric dependence of ferroelectric materials to modify the interparticle coupling of closely spaced magnetic nanoparticles using either a change in temperature or an electric field. This coupling modifies the ensemble magnetic coercivity and thus the superparamagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition temperature. Through the use of two different ferroelectrics, our results suggest that this magnetoelectric coupling mechanism could be generalized as a new class of multiferroic material, applicable to a broad range of ferroelectric/magnetic nanocrystal composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Oleg G Udalov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russia
| | - Jeffrey A Kurish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Momoko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Igor S Beloborodov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- The California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Liu XL, Li D, Zhao HX, Dong XW, Long LS, Zheng LS. Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Molecular Materials: From Multiferroic to Magnetoelectric. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004542. [PMID: 33829543 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hybrid molecular multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials, similar to multiferroic oxide compounds, have recently attracted increasing attention because they exhibit diverse architectures, a flexible framework, fascinating physics, and potential magnetoelectric functionalities in novel multifunctional devices such as energy transformation devices, sensors, and information storage systems. Herein, the classification of multiferroicity and magnetoelectricity is briefly outlined and then the recent advances in the multiferroicity and magnetoelectricity of inorganic-organic hybrid molecular materials, particularly magnetoelectricity and the relevant magnetoelectric mechanisms and their categories are summarized. In addition, a personal perspective and an outlook are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Wei Dong
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - La-Sheng Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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6
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Huang J, Zhang D, Qi Z, Zhang B, Wang H. Hybrid Ag-LiNbO 3 nanocomposite thin films with tailorable optical properties. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1121-1126. [PMID: 36133298 PMCID: PMC9417351 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ag nanostructures exhibit extraordinary optical properties, which are important for photonic device integration. Herein, we deposited Ag-LiNbO3 (LNO) nanocomposite thin films with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into the LNO matrix by the co-deposition of Ag and LNO using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The density and size of Ag NPs were tailored by varying the Ag composition. Low-density and high-density Ag-LNO nanocomposite thin films were deposited and their optical properties, such as transmittance spectra, ellipsometry measurement, as well as angle-dependent and polarization-resolved reflectivity spectra, were explored. The Ag-LNO films show surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the visible range, tunable optical constants and optical anisotropy, which are critical for photonic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Huang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Zhimin Qi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bruce Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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7
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Gradauskaite E, Meisenheimer P, Müller M, Heron J, Trassin M. Multiferroic heterostructures for spintronics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor next-generation technology, magnetic systems are of interest due to the natural ability to store information and, through spin transport, propagate this information for logic functions. Controlling the magnetization state through currents has proven energy inefficient. Multiferroic thin-film heterostructures, combining ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, hold promise for energy efficient electronics. The electric field control of magnetic order is expected to reduce energy dissipation by 2–3 orders of magnitude relative to the current state-of-the-art. The coupling between electrical and magnetic orders in multiferroic and magnetoelectric thin-film heterostructures relies on interfacial coupling though magnetic exchange or mechanical strain and the correlation between domains in adjacent functional ferroic layers. We review the recent developments in electrical control of magnetism through artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures, domain imprint, emergent physics and device paradigms for magnetoelectric logic, neuromorphic devices, and hybrid magnetoelectric/spin-current-based applications. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of experiments that probe the crucial dynamics of the magnetoelectric switching and optical tuning of ferroelectric states towards all-optical control of magnetoelectric switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gradauskaite
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Marvin Müller
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - John Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Morgan Trassin
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
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8
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Liu X, Pyatakov AP, Ren W. Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroic Bilayer VS_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:247601. [PMID: 33412016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.247601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the first-principles prediction, we report the magnetoelectric coupling effect in two-dimensional multiferroic bilayer VS_{2}. The ground-state 3R-type stacking breaks space inversion symmetry, therefore introducing a spontaneous polarization perpendicular to the layer plane. We further reveal that the out-of-plane ferroelectric polarization of bilayer VS_{2} can be reversed upon interlayer sliding of an in-plane translation. Each VS_{2} layer has a ferromagnetic state with an opposite magnetic moment between two antiferromagnetically ordered layers. We found that ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism can be coupled together by a ferrovalley in bilayer VS_{2} to realize electronic control of magnetism. Remarkably, a net magnetic moment is generated by reducing the interlayer distance, and an electric field is able to achieve linear and second-order nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling in bilayer VS_{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingen Liu
- Physics Department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, and International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Materials Genome Institute, and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Alexander P Pyatakov
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Wei Ren
- Physics Department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, and International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Materials Genome Institute, and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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9
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Wang N, Luo X, Han L, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Olin H, Yang Y. Structure, Performance, and Application of BiFeO 3 Nanomaterials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:81. [PMID: 34138095 PMCID: PMC7770668 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic nanomaterials have attracted great interest due to simultaneous two or more properties such as ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and ferroelasticity, which can promise a broad application in multifunctional, low-power consumption, environmentally friendly devices. Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO) exhibits both (anti)ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties at room temperature. Thus, it has played an increasingly important role in multiferroic system. In this review, we systematically discussed the developments of BFO nanomaterials including morphology, structures, properties, and potential applications in multiferroic devices with novel functions. Even the opportunities and challenges were all analyzed and summarized. We hope this review can act as an updating and encourage more researchers to push on the development of BFO nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Luo
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Zhong Road, Anshan, 114051, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyun Zhang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Ya Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongrui Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
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11
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Yin L, Mi W. Progress in BiFeO 3-based heterostructures: materials, properties and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:477-523. [PMID: 31850428 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BiFeO3-based heterostructures have attracted much attention for potential applications due to their room-temperature multiferroic properties, proper band gaps and ultrahigh ferroelectric polarization of BiFeO3, such as data storage, optical utilization in visible light regions and synapse-like function. Here, this work aims to offer a systematic review on the progress of BiFeO3-based heterostructures. In the first part, the optical, electric, magnetic, and valley properties and their interactions in BiFeO3-based heterostructures are briefly reviewed. In the second part, the morphologies of BiFeO3 and medium materials in the heterostructures are discussed. Particularly, in the third part, the physical properties and underlying mechanism in BiFeO3-based heterostructures are discussed thoroughly, such as the photovoltaic effect, electric field control of magnetism, resistance switching, and two-dimensional electron gas and valley characteristics. The fourth part illustrates the applications of BiFeO3-based heterostructures based on the materials and physical properties discussed in the second and third parts. This review also includes a future prospect, which can provide guidance for exploring novel physical properties and designing multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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12
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Liu T, Wei X, Cao J. Modulation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in FePt/PbTiO 3 heterostructures by ferroelectric polarization. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:395801. [PMID: 31239422 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2cb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the power consumption required for magnetization reversal is an urgent problem for spin storage device. Electric-field control of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) using multiferroics materials is a promising method to solve this problem. Based on density functional theory, we investigated the effects of the ferroelectric polarization on MAE of FePt/PbTiO3 multiferroic heterostructures. The MAEs of FePt monolayer with different polarization intensity are calculated. Our results indicated that the interfaces coupling between ferroelectric terminals and ferromagnetic terminals have a very large impact on the MAE of FePt monolayer. Moreover, with the reversal of the polarization orientation of ferroelectric PbTiO3 films, the MAE of ferromagnetic FePt monolayer has a monotonous but non-linear change. We demonstrated that the reversal of the polarization orientation results in a redistribution of charge density at the interface, thus resulting in a monotonic change in MAE with polarization intensity. It is provided an effective way to modulate the MAE by controlling the polarization intensity of ferroelectric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China. Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
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13
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Chen A, Dai Y, Eshghinejad A, Liu Z, Wang Z, Bowlan J, Knall E, Civale L, MacManus‐Driscoll JL, Taylor AJ, Prasankumar RP, Lookman T, Li J, Yarotski D, Jia Q. Competing Interface and Bulk Effect-Driven Magnetoelectric Coupling in Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901000. [PMID: 31592418 PMCID: PMC6774036 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature magnetoelectric (ME) coupling is developed in artificial multilayers and nanocomposites composed of magnetostrictive and electrostrictive materials. While the coupling mechanisms and strengths in multilayers are widely studied, they are largely unexplored in vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs), even though theory has predicted that VANs exhibit much larger ME coupling coefficients than multilayer structures. Here, strong transverse and longitudinal ME coupling in epitaxial BaTiO3:CoFe2O4 VANs measured by both optical second harmonic generation and piezoresponse force microscopy under magnetic fields is reported. Phase field simulations have shown that the ME coupling strength strongly depends on the vertical interfacial area which is ultimately controlled by pillar size. The ME coupling in VANs is determined by the competition between the vertical interface coupling effect and the bulk volume conservation effect. The revealed mechanisms shed light on the physical insights of vertical interface coupling in VANs in general, which can be applied to a variety of nanocomposites with different functionalities beyond the studied ME coupling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Yaomin Dai
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Ahmad Eshghinejad
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Theoretical DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- Department of Quantum and Energy MaterialsInternational Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryBraga4715‐330Portugal
| | - John Bowlan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Erik Knall
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | | | - Judith L. MacManus‐Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage Rd.CambridgeCB3 OFSUK
| | - Antoinette J. Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Rohit P. Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Turab Lookman
- Theoretical DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Dmitry Yarotski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Quanxi Jia
- Department of Materials Design and InnovationUniversity at Buffalo—The State University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA
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14
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Ghidini M, Mansell R, Maccherozzi F, Moya X, Phillips LC, Yan W, Pesquera D, Barnes CHW, Cowburn RP, Hu JM, Dhesi SS, Mathur ND. Shear-strain-mediated magnetoelectric effects revealed by imaging. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:840-845. [PMID: 31110346 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Large changes in the magnetization of ferromagnetic films can be electrically driven by non-180° ferroelectric domain switching in underlying substrates, but the shear components of the strains that mediate these magnetoelectric effects have not been considered so far. Here we reveal the presence of these shear strains in a polycrystalline film of Ni on a 0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3 substrate in the pseudo-cubic (011)pc orientation. Although vibrating sample magnetometry records giant magnetoelectric effects that are consistent with the hitherto expected 90° rotations of a global magnetic easy axis, high-resolution vector maps of magnetization (constructed from photoemission electron microscopy data, with contrast from X-ray magnetic circular dichroism) reveal that the local magnetization typically rotates through smaller angles of 62-84°. This shortfall with respect to 90° is a consequence of the shear strain associated with ferroelectric domain switching. The non-orthogonality represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the development and miniaturization of magnetoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghidini
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK.
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R Mansell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - X Moya
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L C Phillips
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Yan
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Pesquera
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C H W Barnes
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J-M Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - N D Mathur
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Kikuchi Y, Tanaka T. Strengthen of magnetic anisotropy of Au/Co/Au nanostructure by surface plasmon resonance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8630. [PMID: 31201342 PMCID: PMC6570655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated the increase of in-plane magnetic anisotropy in Au/Co/Au nanostructures by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). When an array of Au/Co/Au square patch nanostructures was illuminated with linearly polarized light whose wavelength was 750 nm, the localized surface plasmons were resonantly excited in the nanostructures. From the measurement results of polar magneto-optical Kerr effect curves, we observed the magnetic anisotropy field increase in the Au/Co/Au nanostructure due to the excited surface plasmons. The in-plane magnetic anisotropy energy density was increased about 24%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kikuchi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguroku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuo Tanaka
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguroku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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16
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Chen A, Su Q, Han H, Enriquez E, Jia Q. Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: A Perspective from Strain, Defect, and Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803241. [PMID: 30368932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films with ordered two phases, grown epitaxially on substrates, have attracted tremendous interest in the past decade. These unique nanostructured composite thin films with large vertical interfacial area, controllable vertical lattice strain, and defects provide an intriguing playground, allowing for the manipulation of a variety of functional properties of the materials via the interplay among strain, defect, and interface. This field has evolved from basic growth and characterization to functionality tuning as well as potential applications in energy conversion and information technology. Here, the remarkable progress achieved in vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films from a perspective of tuning functionalities through control of strain, defect, and interface is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Qing Su
- Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hyungkyu Han
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Erik Enriquez
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Quanxi Jia
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
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17
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Yang Y, Liu G, Liu J, Wei M, Wang Z, Hao X, Maheswar Repaka DV, Ramanujan RV, Tao X, Qin W, Zhang Q. Anisotropic Magnetoelectric Coupling and Cotton-Mouton Effects in the Organic Magnetic Charge-Transfer Complex Pyrene-F 4TCNQ. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44654-44659. [PMID: 30507119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric coupling is of high current interest because of its potential applications in multiferroic memory devices. Although magnetoelectric coupling has been widely investigated in inorganic materials, such observations in organic materials are extremely rare. Here, we report our discovery that organic charge-transfer (CT) complex pyrene-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (pyrene-F4TCNQ) can display anisotropic magnetoelectric coupling. Investigation of the crystal structure of pyrene-F4TCNQ complex demonstrates that the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient along the π-π interaction direction is much larger than the value along other directions. Furthermore, magnetoelectric coupling and magnetization can be tuned by changing the fluorine content in complexes. Besides, the Cotton-Mouton effect in pyrene-F4TCNQ is observed, enabling the control of optomagnetic devices. These results can pave the way for a new method for the future development of organic CT complexes and their applications in perpendicular memory devices and energy-transfer-related multiferroics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Mengmeng Wei
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Zhongxuan Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - D V Maheswar Repaka
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 , Singapore
| | - Raju V Ramanujan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 , Singapore
| | - Xutang Tao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
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18
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Chaturvedi S, Singh SK, Shyam P, Shirolkar MM, Krishna S, Boomishankar R, Ogale S. Nanoscale LuFeO 3: shape dependent ortho/hexa-phase constitution and nanogenerator application. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21406-21413. [PMID: 30427039 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07825d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In multiferroic LuFeO3 the hexagonal (-h) phase is an intermediate metastable phase encountered during the amorphous to orthorhombic (-o) transformation and is ferroelectric in nature. Thus far it has only been stabilized in a substrate-supported few layered ultrathin film form. Herein we show that the surface-induced strain field intrinsically present in nano-systems can self-stabilize this phase and the hexagonal to orthorhombic phase constitution ratio depends on the shape of the nanomaterial. Thus, nanoparticles (nanofibres) strain-stabilize the o : h ratio of about 75 : 25 (23 : 77). The inclusion of nano-LuFeO3 into PDMS renders impressive nanogenerator performance, consistent with the ferroelectric phase content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Chaturvedi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune - 411008, India.
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19
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Nanopillars with E-field accessible multi-state (N ≥ 4) magnetization having giant magnetization changes in self-assembled BiFeO 3-CoFe 2O 4/Pb(Mg 1/3Nb 2/3)-38at%PbTiO 3 heterostructures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1628. [PMID: 29374177 PMCID: PMC5786110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have deposited self-assembled BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 (BFO-CFO) thin films on (100)-oriented SrRuO3-buffered Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.62Ti0.38O3 (PMN-38PT) single crystal substrates. These heterostructures were used for the study of real-time changes in the magnetization with applied DC electric field (EDC). With increasing EDC, a giant magnetization change was observed along the out-of-plane (easy) axis. The induced magnetization changes of the CFO nanopillars in the BFO/CFO layer were about ΔM/MrDC = 93% at EDC = −3 kv/cm. A giant converse magnetoelectric (CME) coefficient of 1.3 × 10−7 s/m was estimated from the data. By changing EDC, we found multiple(N ≥ 4) unique possible values of a stable magnetization with memory on the removal of the field.
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20
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Abstract
Due to the demand of controlling magnetism by electric fields for future storage devices, materials with magnetoelectric coupling are of great interests. Based on first-principles calculations, we study the electronic and magnetic properties of a double perovskite Sr2CoMoO6 (SCMO) in a hybrid heterostructure combined with BaTiO3 (BTO) in different polarization states. The calculations show that by introducing ferroelectric state in BTO, SCMO transforms from an antiferromagnetic semiconductor to a half-metal. Specially, altering the polarization direction not only controls the interfacial magnetic moment, but also changes the orbital occupancy of the Co-3d state. This novel multiple magnetoelectric coupling opens possibilities for designing new type of spintronic and microelectronic devices with controllable degree of freedom of interfacial electrons in the heterostructures.
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21
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McDannald A, Ye L, Cantoni C, Gollapudi S, Srinivasan G, Huey BD, Jain M. Switchable 3-0 magnetoelectric nanocomposite thin film with high coupling. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3246-3251. [PMID: 28225123 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08674h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A mixed precursor solution method was used to deposit 3-0 nanocomposite thin films of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) and CoFe2O4 (CFO). The piezoelectric behavior of PZT and magnetostrictive behavior of CFO allow for magnetoelectric (ME) coupling through strain transfer between the respective phases. High ME coupling is desired for many applications including memory devices, magnetic field sensors, and energy harvesters. The spontaneous phase separation in the 3-0 nanocomposite film was observed, with 25 nm CFO particle or nanophases distributed in discrete layers through the thickness of the PZT matrix. Magnetic-force microscopy images of the nanocomposite thin film under opposite magnetic poling conditions revealed in-plane pancake-like regions of higher concentration of the CFO nanoparticles. The constraints on the size and distribution of the CFO nanoparticles created a unique distribution in a PZT matrix and achieved values of ME coupling of 3.07 V cm-1 Oe-1 at a DC bias of 250 Oe and 1 kHz, increasing up to 25.0 V cm-1 Oe-1 at 90 kHz. Piezo-force microscopy was used to investigate the ferroelectric domain structure before and after opposite magnetic poling directions. It was found that in this nanocomposite, the polarization of the ferroelectric domains switched direction as a result of switching the direction of the magnetization by magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin McDannald
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Linghan Ye
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sreenivasulu Gollapudi
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Gopalan Srinivasan
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Menka Jain
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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22
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Ojha S, Nunes WC, Aimon NM, Ross CA. Magnetostatic Interactions in Self-Assembled CoxNi1-xFe2O4/BiFeO3 Multiferroic Nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7657-7664. [PMID: 27434047 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled vertically aligned oxide nanocomposites consisting of magnetic pillars embedded in a ferroelectric matrix have been proposed for logic devices made from arrays of magnetostatically interacting pillars. To control the ratio between the nearest neighbor interaction field and the switching field of the pillars, the pillar composition CoxNi1-xFe2O4 was varied over the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, which alters the magnetoelastic and magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the saturation magnetization. Nanocomposites were templated into square arrays of pillars in which the formation of a "checkerboard" ground state after ac-demagnetization indicated dominant magnetostatic interactions. The effect of switching field distribution in disrupting the antiparallel nearest neighbor configuration was analyzed using an Ising model and compared with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Ojha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wallace C Nunes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicolas M Aimon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Probing of multiple magnetic responses in magnetic inductors using atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20794. [PMID: 26852801 PMCID: PMC4745108 DOI: 10.1038/srep20794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though nanoscale analysis of magnetic properties is of significant interest, probing methods are relatively less developed compared to the significance of the technique, which has multiple potential applications. Here, we demonstrate an approach for probing various magnetic properties associated with eddy current, coil current and magnetic domains in magnetic inductors using multidimensional magnetic force microscopy (MMFM). The MMFM images provide combined magnetic responses from the three different origins, however, each contribution to the MMFM response can be differentiated through analysis based on the bias dependence of the response. In particular, the bias dependent MMFM images show locally different eddy current behavior with values dependent on the type of materials that comprise the MI. This approach for probing magnetic responses can be further extended to the analysis of local physical features.
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24
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Kim DH, Sun X, Kim TC, Eun YJ, Lee T, Jeong SG, Ross CA. Magnetic Phase Formation in Self-Assembled Epitaxial BiFeO3-MgO and BiFeO3-MgAl2O4 Nanocomposite Films Grown by Combinatorial Pulsed Laser Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2673-2679. [PMID: 26750565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled epitaxial BiFeO3-MgO and BiFeO3-MgAl2O4 nanocomposite thin films were grown on SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A two-phase columnar structure was observed for BiFeO3-MgO codeposition within a small window of growth parameters, in which the pillars consisted of a magnetic spinel phase (Mg,Fe)3O4 within a BiFeO3 matrix, similar to the growth of BiFeO3-MgFe2O4 nanocomposites reported elsewhere. Further, growth of a nanocomposite with BiFeO3-(CoFe2O4/MgO/MgFe2O4), in which the minority phase was grown from three different targets, gave spinel pillars with a uniform (Mg,Fe,Co)3O4 composition due to interdiffusion during growth, with a bifurcated shape from the merger of neighboring pillars. BiFeO3-MgAl2O4 did not form a well-defined vertical nanocomposite in spite of having lower lattice mismatch, but instead formed a two-phase film with in which the spinel phase contained Fe. These results illustrate the redistribution of Fe between the oxide phases during oxide codeposition to form a ferrimagnetic phase from antiferromagnetic or nonmagnetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin 120-728, Republic of Korea
| | - XueYin Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tae Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin 120-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jae Eun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin 120-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin 120-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin 120-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Tian G, Zhang F, Yao J, Fan H, Li P, Li Z, Song X, Zhang X, Qin M, Zeng M, Zhang Z, Yao J, Gao X, Liu J. Magnetoelectric Coupling in Well-Ordered Epitaxial BiFeO3/CoFe2O4/SrRuO3 Heterostructured Nanodot Array. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1025-1032. [PMID: 26651132 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) composites exhibit sizable ME coupling at room temperature, promising applications in a wide range of novel devices. For high density integrated devices, it is indispensable to achieve a well-ordered nanostructured array with reasonable ME coupling. For this purpose, we explored the well-ordered array of isolated epitaxial BiFeO3/CoFe2O4/SrRuO3 heterostructured nanodots fabricated by nanoporous anodic alumina (AAO) template method. The arrayed heterostructured nanodots demonstrate well-established epitaxial structures and coexistence of piezoelectric and ferromagnetic properties, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and peizoeresponse/magnetic force microscopy (PFM/MFM). It was found that the heterostructured nanodots yield apparent ME coupling, likely due to the effective transfer of interface couplings along with the substantial release of substrate clamping. A noticeable change in piezoelectric response of the nanodots can be triggered by magnetic field, indicating a substantial enhancement of ME coupling. Moreover, an electric field induced magnetization switching in these nanodots can be observed, showing a large reverse ME effect. These results offer good opportunities of the nanodots for applications in high-density ME devices, e.g., high density recording (>100 Gbit/in.(2)) or logic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junxiang Yao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peilian Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minghui Qin
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianjun Yao
- Asylum Research , Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Xingsen Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junming Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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26
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Hu JM, Chen LQ, Nan CW. Multiferroic Heterostructures Integrating Ferroelectric and Magnetic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:15-39. [PMID: 26551616 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic heterostructures can be synthesized by integrating monolithic ferroelectric and magnetic materials, with interfacial coupling between electric polarization and magnetization, through the exchange of elastic, electric, and magnetic energy. Although the nature of the interfaces remains to be unraveled, such cross coupling can be utilized to manipulate the magnetization (or polarization) with an electric (or magnetic) field, known as a converse (or direct) magnetoelectric effect. It can be exploited to significantly improve the performance of or/and add new functionalities to many existing or emerging devices such as memory devices, tunable microwave devices, sensors, etc. The exciting technological potential, along with the rich physical phenomena at the interface, has sparked intensive research on multiferroic heterostructures for more than a decade. Here, we summarize the most recent progresses in the fundamental principles and potential applications of the interface-based magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic heterostructures, and present our perspectives on some key issues that require further study in order to realize their practical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Mian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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27
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Strelcov E, Belianinov A, Hsieh YH, Chu YH, Kalinin SV. Constraining Data Mining with Physical Models: Voltage- and Oxygen Pressure-Dependent Transport in Multiferroic Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6650-6657. [PMID: 26312554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of new generation electronic devices necessitates understanding and controlling the electronic transport in ferroic, magnetic, and optical materials, which is hampered by two factors. First, the complications of working at the nanoscale, where interfaces, grain boundaries, defects, and so forth, dictate the macroscopic characteristics. Second, the convolution of the response signals stemming from the fact that several physical processes may be activated simultaneously. Here, we present a method of solving these challenges via a combination of atomic force microscopy and data mining analysis techniques. Rational selection of the latter allows application of physical constraints and enables direct interpretation of the statistically significant behaviors in the framework of the chosen physical model, thus distilling physical meaning out of raw data. We demonstrate our approach with an example of deconvolution of complex transport behavior in a bismuth ferrite-cobalt ferrite nanocomposite in ambient and ultrahigh vacuum environments. Measured signal is apportioned into four electronic transport patterns, showing different dependence on partial oxygen and water vapor pressure. These patterns are described in terms of Ohmic conductance and Schottky emission models in the light of surface electrochemistry. Furthermore, deep data analysis allows extraction of local dopant concentrations and barrier heights empowering our understanding of the underlying dynamic mechanisms of resistive switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Alexei Belianinov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Hui Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica , Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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28
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Qin W, Chen X, Li H, Gong M, Yuan G, Grossman JC, Wuttig M, Ren S. Room Temperature Multiferroicity of Charge Transfer Crystals. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9373-9379. [PMID: 26257033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature multiferroics has been a frontier research field by manipulating spin-driven ferroelectricity or charge-order-driven magnetism. Charge-transfer crystals based on electron donor and acceptor assembly, exhibiting simultaneous spin ordering, are drawing significant interests for the development of all-organic magnetoelectric multiferroics. Here, we report that a remarkable anisotropic magnetization and room temperature multiferroicity can be achieved through assembly of thiophene donor and fullerene acceptor. The crystal motif directs the dimensional and compositional control of charge-transfer networks that could switch magnetization under external stimuli, thereby opening up an attractive class of all-organic nanoferronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, China
| | - Huashan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maogang Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, China
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manfred Wuttig
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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29
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Abstract
In artificial neural networks, neurons are usually implemented with highly dissipative CMOS-based operational amplifiers. A more energy-efficient implementation is a 'spin-neuron' realized with a magneto-tunneling junction (MTJ) that is switched with a spin-polarized current (representing weighted sum of input currents) that either delivers a spin transfer torque or induces domain wall motion in the soft layer of the MTJ to mimic neuron firing. Here, we propose and analyze a different type of spin-neuron in which the soft layer of the MTJ is switched with mechanical strain generated by a voltage (representing weighted sum of input voltages) and term it straintronic spin-neuron. It dissipates orders of magnitude less energy in threshold operations than the traditional current-driven spin neuron at 0 K temperature and may even be faster. We have also studied the room-temperature firing behaviors of both types of spin neurons and find that thermal noise degrades the performance of both types, but the current-driven type is degraded much more than the straintronic type if both are optimized for maximum energy-efficiency. On the other hand, if both are designed to have the same level of thermal degradation, then the current-driven version will dissipate orders of magnitude more energy than the straintronic version. Thus, the straintronic spin-neuron is superior to current-driven spin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan K Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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30
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Chen X, Zhu X, Xiao W, Liu G, Feng YP, Ding J, Li RW. Nanoscale magnetization reversal caused by electric field-induced ion migration and redistribution in cobalt ferrite thin films. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4210-4218. [PMID: 25794422 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversible nanoscale magnetization reversal controlled merely by electric fields is still challenging at the moment. In this report, first-principles calculation indicates that electric field-induced magnetization reversal can be achieved by the appearance of unidirectional magnetic anisotropy along the (110) direction in Fe-deficient cobalt ferrite (CoFe(2-x)O4, CFO), as a result of the migration and local redistribution of the Co(2+) ions adjacent to the B-site Fe vacancies. In good agreement with the theoretical model, we experimentally observed that in the CFO thin films the nanoscale magnetization can be reversibly and nonvolatilely reversed at room temperature via an electrical ion-manipulation approach, wherein the application of electric fields with appropriate polarity and amplitude can modulate the size of magnetic domains with different magnetizations up to 70%. With the low power consumption (subpicojoule) characteristics and the elimination of external magnetic field, the observed electric field-induced magnetization reversal can be used for the construction of energy-efficient spintronic devices, e.g., low-power electric-write and magnetic-read memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Xiao
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | | | - Yuan Ping Feng
- §Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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31
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Aimon NM, Kim DH, Sun X, Ross CA. Multiferroic behavior of templated BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 self-assembled nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2263-2268. [PMID: 25559139 DOI: 10.1021/am506089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 nanocomposites were templated into ordered structures in which the ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 pillars form square arrays of periods 60-100 nm in a ferroelectric BiFeO3 matrix. The ferroelectricity, magnetism, conductivity, and magnetoelectric coupling of the ordered nanocomposites were characterized by scanning probe microscopy. The insulating BiFeO3 matrix exhibited ferroelectric domains, whereas the resistive CoFe2O4 pillars exhibited single-domain magnetic contrast with high anisotropy due to the magnetoelasticity of the spinel phase. Magnetoelectric coupling was observed in which an applied voltage led to reversal of the magnetic pillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Aimon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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32
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Cai B, Zhao M, Ma Y, Ye Z, Huang J. Bioinspired formation of 3D hierarchical CoFe2O4 porous microspheres for magnetic-controlled drug release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1327-33. [PMID: 25539822 DOI: 10.1021/am507689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired by the morphology of dandelion pollen grains, we successfully prepared a template-free solution-based method for the large-scale preparation of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical CoFe2O4 porous microspheres. Besides, on the basis of the effect of the reaction time on the morphology evolution of the precursor, we proposed an in situ dissolution-recrystallization growth mechanism with morphology and phase change to understand the formation of dandelion pollenlike microspheres. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, an anticancer drug, is efficiently loaded into the CoFe2O4 microspheres. The magnetic nanoparticles as field-controlled drug carriers offer a unique power of magnetic guidance and field-triggered drug-release behavior. Therefore, 3D hierarchical CoFe2O4 porous microspheres demonstrate the great potential for drug encapsulation and controlled drug-release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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33
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Lu XL, Zhang JW, Zhang CF, Zhang JC, Hao Y. Highly ordered core–shell CoFe2O4–BiFeO3 nanocomposite arrays from dimension confined phase separation and their interfacial magnetoelectric coupling properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With dimension confinement, highly ordered core–shell CoFe2O4–BiFeO3 nanocomposite arrays were obtained from the self-assembly phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. L. Lu
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology
- School of Microelectronics
- Xidian University
- 710071 Xi'an
- China
| | - J. W. Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology
- School of Microelectronics
- Xidian University
- 710071 Xi'an
- China
| | - C. F. Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology
- School of Microelectronics
- Xidian University
- 710071 Xi'an
- China
| | - J. C. Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology
- School of Microelectronics
- Xidian University
- 710071 Xi'an
- China
| | - Y. Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology
- School of Microelectronics
- Xidian University
- 710071 Xi'an
- China
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34
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Comes RB, Siebein K, Lu J, Wolf SA. Microstructural effects of chemical island templating in patterned matrix-pillar oxide nanocomposites. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Fang YW, Ding HC, Tong WY, Zhu WJ, Shen X, Gong SJ, Wan XG, Duan CG. First-principles studies of multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Choi HK, Aimon NM, Kim DH, Sun XY, Gwyther J, Manners I, Ross CA. Hierarchical templating of a BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 multiferroic nanocomposite by a triblock terpolymer film. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9248-9254. [PMID: 25184546 DOI: 10.1021/nn503100s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A process route to fabricate templated BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 (BFO/CFO) vertical nanocomposites is presented in which the self-assembly of the BFO/CFO is guided using a self-assembled triblock terpolymer. A linear triblock terpolymer was selected instead of a diblock copolymer in order to produce a square-symmetry template, which had a period of 44 nm. The triblock terpolymer pattern was transferred to a (001) Nb:SrTiO3 substrate to produce pits that formed preferential sites for the nucleation of CFO crystals, in contrast to the BFO, which wetted the flat regions of the substrate. The crystallographic orientation and magnetic properties of the templated BFO/CFO were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kyoon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Luo H, Li J, Viehland D. Magnetoelectric assisted 180° magnetization switching for electric field addressable writing in magnetoresistive random-access memory. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7793-7800. [PMID: 25093903 DOI: 10.1021/nn503369y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetization-based memories, e.g., hard drive and magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), use bistable magnetic domains in patterned nanomagnets for information recording. Electric field (E) tunable magnetic anisotropy can lower the energy barrier between two distinct magnetic states, promising reduced power consumption and increased recording density. However, integration of magnetoelectric heterostructure into MRAM is a highly challenging task owing to the particular architecture requirements of each component. Here, we show an epitaxial growth of self-assembled CoFe2O4 nanostripes with bistable in-plane magnetizations on Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) substrates, where the magnetic switching can be triggered by E-induced elastic strain effect. An unprecedented magnetic coercive field change of up to 600 Oe was observed with increasing E. A near 180° magnetization rotation can be activated by E in the vicinity of the magnetic coercive field. These findings might help to solve the 1/2-selection problem in traditional MRAM by providing reduced magnetic coercive field in E field selected memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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38
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Chang WS, Liu HJ, Tra VT, Chen JW, Wei TC, Tzeng WY, Zhu Y, Kuo HH, Hsieh YH, Lin JC, Zhan Q, Luo CW, Lin JY, He JH, Wu CL, Chu YH. Tuning electronic transport in a self-assembled nanocomposite. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6242-6249. [PMID: 24841152 DOI: 10.1021/nn501682t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanocomposites with a high interface-to-volume ratio offer an opportunity to overcome limitations in current technology, where intriguing transport behaviors can be tailored by the choice of proper interactions of constituents. Here we integrated metallic perovskite oxide SrRuO3-wurzite semiconductor ZnO nanocomposites to investigate the room-temperature metal-insulator transition and its effect on photoresponse. We demonstrate that the band structure at the interface can be tuned by controlling the interface-to-volume ratio of the nanocomposites. Photoinduced carrier injection driven by visible light was detected across the nanocomposites. This work shows the charge interaction of the vertically integrated multiheterostructures by incorporating a controllable interface-to-volume ratio, which is essential for optimization of the design and functionality of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sea Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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39
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Yedra L, Eljarrat A, Rebled JM, López-Conesa L, Dix N, Sánchez F, Estradé S, Peiró F. EELS tomography in multiferroic nanocomposites: from spectrum images to the spectrum volume. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6646-6650. [PMID: 24816972 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope offers the possibility of extracting high accuracy maps of composition and electronic properties through EELS spectrum images (EELS-SI). Acquiring EELS-SI for different tilt angles, a 3D tomographic reconstruction of EELS information can be achieved. In the present work we show that an EELS spectrum volume (EELS-SV), a 4D dataset where every voxel contains a full EELS spectrum, can be reconstructed from the EELS-SI tilt series by the application of multivariate analysis. We apply this novel approach to characterize a nanocomposite material consisting of CoFe2O4 nanocolumns embedded in a BiFeO3 matrix grown on a LaNiO3 buffered LaAlO3 (001) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Yedra
- Laboratory of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS)-MIND/IN2UB, Dept. d'Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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40
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Aimon NM, Choi HK, Sun XY, Kim DH, Ross CA. Templated self-assembly of functional oxide nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3063-3067. [PMID: 24677515 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In perovskite/spinel self-assembled oxide nanocomposites, the substrate surface plays a dominant role in determining the final morphology. Topgraphic features, such as pits and trenches, are written in the substrate using either Focused Ion Beam or wet etching through a block co-polymer mask. These features are effective at templating the self-assembly, resulting in a wide range of attainable nano-assemblies.
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41
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Qin W, Jasion D, Chen X, Wuttig M, Ren S. Charge-transfer magnetoelectrics of polymeric multiferroics. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3671-3677. [PMID: 24654686 DOI: 10.1021/nn500323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The renaissance of multiferroics has yielded a deeper understanding of magneto-electric coupling of inorganic single-phase multiferroics and composites. Here, we report charge-transfer polymeric multiferroics, which exhibit external field-controlled magnetic, ferroelectric, and microwave response, as well as magneto-dielectric coupling. The charge-transfer-controlled ferroic properties result from the magnetic field-tunable triplet exciton which has been validated by the dynamic polaron-bipolaron transition model. In addition, the temperature-dependent dielectric discontinuity and electric-field-dependent polarization confirms room temperature ferroelectricity of crystalline charge-transfer polymeric multiferroics due to the triplet exciton, which allows the tunability of polarization by the photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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42
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Imai A, Cheng X, Xin HL, Eliseev EA, Morozovska AN, Kalinin SV, Takahashi R, Lippmaa M, Matsumoto Y, Nagarajan V. Epitaxial Bi5Ti3FeO15-CoFe2O4 pillar-matrix multiferroic nanostructures. ACS NANO 2013; 7:11079-11086. [PMID: 24215598 DOI: 10.1021/nn404779x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial self-assembled ferro(i)magnetic spinel (CoFe2O4 (CFO)) and ferroelectric bismuth layered perovskite (Bi5Ti3FeO15 (BTFO)) pillar-matrix nanostructures are demonstrated on (001) single-crystalline strontium titanate substrates. The CFO remains embedded in the BTFO matrix as vertical pillars (∼50 nm in diameter) up to a volume fraction of 50%. Piezoresponse force microscopy experiments evidence a weak out-of-plane and a strong in-plane ferroelectricity in the BTFO phase, despite previously reported paraelectricity along the c-axis in a pure BTFO film. Phenomenological Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire-based thermodynamic computations show that the radial stress induced by the CFO nanopillars can influence these ferroelectric phases, thus signifying the importance of the nanopillars. The CFO pillars demonstrate robust ferromagnetic hysteresis loops with little degradation in the saturation magnetization (ca. 4 μB/f.u.). Thus BTFO-CFO nanocomposites show significant promise as a lead-free magnetoelectric materials system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imai
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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43
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Fix T, Choi EM, Robinson JWA, Lee SB, Chen A, Prasad B, Wang H, Blamire MG, Macmanus-Driscoll JL. Electric-field control of ferromagnetism in a nanocomposite via a ZnO phase. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5886-5890. [PMID: 24283467 DOI: 10.1021/nl402775h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
La2CoMnO6 (LcmO)-ZnO nanocomposite thin films grown on SrTiO3 and Nb-SrTiO3 (001) are investigated. The films grow in the form of self-assembled epitaxial vertically aligned structures. We show that, at 120 K, an electric field applied across the nanocomposite reversibly alters magnetic properties of LcmO. The effect is consistent with charge-mediated coupling between magnetism and an electric field that can be induced by changes in ion valences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fix
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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44
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Liu HJ, Tra VT, Chen YJ, Huang R, Duan CG, Hsieh YH, Lin HJ, Lin JY, Chen CT, Ikuhara Y, Chu YH. Large magnetoresistance in magnetically coupled SrRuO₃ -CoFe₂O₄ self-assembled nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4753-4759. [PMID: 23847088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new way to induce a large magnetoresistance has been achieved by self-assembled nanostructures consisting of ferromagnetic spinel CoFe₂O₄ (CFO) and metallic perovskite SrRuO₃ (SRO). The interdiffused Fe³⁺ ions in SRO have paved the way to strong magnetic couplings with CFO nanopillars, resulting in the suppression of spin-polarized electron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan ROC
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45
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Chotorlishvili L, Khomeriki R, Sukhov A, Ruffo S, Berakdar J. Dynamics of localized modes in a composite multiferroic chain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:117202. [PMID: 24074117 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.117202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In a coupled ferroelectric-ferromagnetic system, i.e., a composite multiferroic, the propagation of magnetic or ferroelectric excitations across the whole structure is a key issue for applications. Of special interest is the dynamics of localized magnetic or ferroelectric modes (LM) across the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic interface, particularly when the LM's carrier frequency is in the band of the ferroelectric and in the band gap of the ferromagnet. For a proper choice of the system's parameters, we find that there is a threshold amplitude above which the interface becomes transparent and an in-band ferroelectric LM penetrates the ferromagnetic array. Below that threshold, the LM is fully reflected. Slightly below this transmission threshold, the addition of noise may lead to energy transmission, provided that the noise level is neither too low nor too high, an effect that resembles stochastic resonance. These findings represent an important step towards the application of ferroelectric and/or ferromagnetic LM-based logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chotorlishvili
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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46
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Electric in-plane polarization in multiferroic CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 nanocomposite tuned by magnetic fields. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2051. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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47
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Ghidini M, Pellicelli R, Prieto J, Moya X, Soussi J, Briscoe J, Dunn S, Mathur N. Non-volatile electrically-driven repeatable magnetization reversal with no applied magnetic field. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1453. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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48
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Liu HJ, Chen LY, He Q, Liang CW, Chen YZ, Chien YS, Hsieh YH, Lin SJ, Arenholz E, Luo CW, Chueh YL, Chen YC, Chu YH. Epitaxial photostriction-magnetostriction coupled self-assembled nanostructures. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6952-6959. [PMID: 22746982 DOI: 10.1021/nn301976p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled vertical nanostructures take advantage of high interface-to-volume ratio and can be used to design new functionalities by the choice of a proper combination of constituents. However, most of the studies to date have emphasized the functional controllability of the nanostructures using external electric or magnetic fields. In this study, to introduce light (or photons) as an external control parameter in a self-assembled nanostructure system, we have successfully synthesized oxide nanostructures with CoFe(2)O(4) nanopillars embedded in a SrRuO(3) matrix. The combination of photostrictive SrRuO(3) and magnetostrictive CoFe(2)O(4) in the intimately assembled nanostructures leads to a light-induced, ultrafast change in magnetization of the CoFe(2)O(4) nanopillars. Our work demonstrates a novel concept on oxide nanostructure design and opens an alternative pathway for the explorations of diverse functionalities in heteroepitaxial self-assembled oxide nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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49
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Vaz CAF. Electric field control of magnetism in multiferroic heterostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:333201. [PMID: 22824827 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/33/333201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review the recent developments in the electric field control of magnetism in multiferroic heterostructures, which consist of heterogeneous materials systems where a magnetoelectric coupling is engineered between magnetic and ferroelectric components. The magnetoelectric coupling in these composite systems is interfacial in origin, and can arise from elastic strain, charge, and exchange bias interactions, with different characteristic responses and functionalities. Moreover, charge transport phenomena in multiferroic heterostructures, where both magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters are used to control charge transport, suggest new possibilities to control the conduction paths of the electron spin, with potential for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Vaz
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Lukashev PV, Burton JD, Jaswal SS, Tsymbal EY. Ferroelectric control of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Fe/BaTiO(3)(001) interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:226003. [PMID: 22551672 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/22/226003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Density-functional calculations are employed to investigate the effect of ferroelectric polarization of BaTiO(3) on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Fe /BaTiO(3)(001) interface. It is found that the interface magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy changes from 1.33 to 1.02 erg cm (-2) when the ferroelectric polarization is reversed. This strong magnetoelectric coupling is explained in terms of the changing population of the Fe 3d orbitals at the Fe/BaTiO(3) interface driven by polarization reversal. Our results indicate that the electronically assisted magnetoelectric effects at the ferromagnetic/ferroelectric interfaces may be a viable alternative to the strain mediated coupling in related heterostructures and the electric field-induced effects on the interface magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnet/dielectric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Lukashev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0299, USA.
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