1
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Zhang S, Xia F, Demoustier-Champagne S, Jonas AM. Layer-by-layer assembly in nanochannels: assembly mechanism and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7471-7497. [PMID: 33870383 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile technology to construct multifunctional nanomaterials using various supporting substrates, enabled by the large selection freedom of building materials and diversity of possible driving forces. The fine regulation over the film thickness and structure provides an elegant way to tune the physical/chemical properties by mild assembly conditions (e.g. pH, ion strength). In this review, we focus on LbL in nanochannels, which exhibit a different growth mechanism compared to "open", convex substrates. The assembly mechanism in nanochannels is discussed in detail, followed by the summary of applications of LbL assemblies liberated from nanochannel templates which can be used as nanoreactors, drug carriers and transporting channels across cell membranes. For fluidic applications, robust membrane substrates are required to keep in place nanotube arrays for membrane-based separation, purification, biosensing and energy harvesting, which are also discussed. The good compatibility of LbL with crossover technologies from other fields allows researchers to further extend this technology to a broader range of research fields, which is expected to result in an increased number of applications of LbL technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Sophie Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.02, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Alain M Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.02, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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2
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Jackson K, Peivandi A, Fogal M, Tian L, Hosseinidoust Z. Filamentous Phages as Building Blocks for Bioactive Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2262-2273. [PMID: 35014350 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are semiflexible proteinous nanofilaments with high aspect ratios for which the surface chemistry can be controlled with atomic precision via genetic engineering. That, in addition to their ability to self-propagate and replicate a nearly monodisperse batch of biologically and chemically identical nanofilaments, makes these bionanofilaments superior to most synthetic nanoparticles and thus a powerful tool in the bioengineers' toolbox. Furthermore, filamentous phages form liquid crystalline structures at high concentrations; these ordered assemblies create hierarchically ordered macro-, micro-, and nanostructures that, once cross-linked, can form hierarchically ordered hydrogels, hydrated soft material with a variety of physical and chemical properties suitable for biomedical applications (e.g., wound dressings and tissue engineering scaffolds) as well as biosensing, diagnostic assays. We provide a critical review of these hydrogels of filamentous phage, and their physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties and current applications, as well as an overview of limitations and challenges and outlook for future applications. In addition, we present a list of design parameters for filamentous phage hydrogels to serve as a guide for the (bio)engineer and (bio)chemist interested in utilizing these powerful bionanofilaments for designing smart, bioactive materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Jackson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Azadeh Peivandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Meea Fogal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.,Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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3
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CRP-binding bacteriophage as a new element of layer-by-layer assembly carbon nanofiber modified electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107629. [PMID: 32818758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bacteriophage particles have started to be applied as a new biomaterial for developing sensing platforms. They can be used as both a recognition element or/and as building blocks, template/scaffold. In this paper, we studied a bacteriophage selected through phage-display technology. The chosen bacteriophage acted as a building block for creating a carbon nanofiber-based electrode and as a new receptor/binding element that recognizes C-reactive protein (CRP) - one of the markers of inflammatory processes in the human body. The binding efficiency of the selected phage towards CRP is two orders of magnitude higher than in the wild type. We demonstrate that the phage-based sensor is selective against other proteins. Finally, we show that layer-by-layer methods are suitable for deposition of negatively charged phages (wild or CRP-binding) with positively charged carbon nanofibers for electrode surface modification. A three-layered electrode was successfully used for molecular recognition of CRP, and the molecular interactions were studied using electrochemical, biological, and optical methods, including microscopic and spectroscopic analyses.
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4
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Torbensen K, Patel AN, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Bataille L, Michon T, Grelet E. Immuno-Based Molecular Scaffolding of Glucose Dehydrogenase and Ferrocene Mediator on fd Viral Particles Yields Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bataille
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032-33882 CEDEX Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032-33882 CEDEX Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Eric Grelet
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, UMR 5031 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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5
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Abstract
Within the materials science community, proteins with cage-like architectures are being developed as versatile nanoscale platforms for use in protein nanotechnology. Much effort has been focused on the functionalization of protein cages with biological and non-biological moieties to bring about new properties of not only individual protein cages, but collective bulk-scale assemblies of protein cages. In this review, we report on the current understanding of protein cage assembly, both of the cages themselves from individual subunits, and the assembly of the individual protein cages into higher order structures. We start by discussing the key properties of natural protein cages (for example: size, shape and structure) followed by a review of some of the mechanisms of protein cage assembly and the factors that influence it. We then explore the current approaches for functionalizing protein cages, on the interior or exterior surfaces of the capsids. Lastly, we explore the emerging area of higher order assemblies created from individual protein cages and their potential for new and exciting collective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Aumiller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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6
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Sawada T, Serizawa T. Filamentous Viruses as Building Blocks for Hierarchical Self-Assembly toward Functional Soft Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-17 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550
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7
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Nguyen HG, Metavarayuth K, Wang Q. Upregulation of osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells with virus-based thin films. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:42-58. [PMID: 29291162 PMCID: PMC5743837 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A major aim of tissue engineering is to develop biomimetic scaffolding materials that can guide the proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation of multipotent stem cells into specific lineages. Cellular functions can be controlled by the interactions between cells and biomaterials. Therefore, the surface chemistry and topography of support materials play a pivotal role in modulating cell behaviors at many stages of cell growth and development. Due to their highly ordered structure and programmable surface chemistries, which provide unique topography as biomaterials, viral nanoparticles have been utilized as building blocks for targeted cell growth and differentiation. This review article discusses the fabrication of two-dimensional virus-based thin film on substrates and highlights the study of the effect of chemical and physical cues introduced by plant virus nanoparticle thin films on the promotion of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Giang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kamolrat Metavarayuth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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8
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Tiu BDB, Advincula RC, Steinmetz NF. Nanomanufacture of Free-Standing, Porous, Janus-Type Films of Polymer-Plant Virus Nanoparticle Arrays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:143-157. [PMID: 29869239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a facile method for preparing hierarchical assemblies of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles adsorbed onto patterned polypyrrole copolymer arrays, which can be released as a freely standing and microporous polymer-protein membrane with a Janus-type structure. The patterning protocol is based on colloidal sphere lithography wherein a sacrificial honeycomb pattern composed of colloidal polystyrene (PS) microspheres is assembled on an electrode. A thin layer of polypyrrole film is electropolymerized within the interstices of the template and monitored using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EC-QCM-D) and microscopy. Dissolving the PS template reveals an inverse opaline pattern capable of electrostatically capturing the CPMV particles. Through an electrochemical trigger, the polypyrrole-CPMV delaminates from the surface producing a self-sustaining polymer-protein membrane that can potentially be used for sensing and nanocargo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brylee David B Tiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Maassen SJ, van der Ham AM, Cornelissen JJLM. Combining Protein Cages and Polymers: from Understanding Self-Assembly to Functional Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:987-994. [PMID: 35607217 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages, such as viruses, are well-defined biological nanostructures which are highly symmetrical and monodisperse. They are found in various shapes and sizes and can encapsulate or template non-native materials. Furthermore, the proteins can be chemically or genetically modified giving them new properties. For these reasons, these protein structures have received increasing attention in the field of polymer-protein hybrid materials over the past years, however, advances are still to be made. This Viewpoint highlights the different ways polymers and protein cages or their subunits have been combined to understand self-assembly and create functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan J. Maassen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van der Ham
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Tiu BDB, Tiu SB, Wen AM, Lam P, Steinmetz NF, Advincula RC. Free-Standing, Nanopatterned Janus Membranes of Conducting Polymer-Virus Nanoparticle Arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6185-93. [PMID: 27244119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured mesoscale materials find wide-ranging applications in medicine and energy. Top-down manufacturing schemes are limited by the smallest dimension accessible; therefore, we set out to study a bottom-up approach mimicking biological systems, which self-assemble into systems that orchestrate complex energy conversion functionalities. Inspired by nature, we turned toward protein-based nanoparticle structures formed by plant viruses, specifically the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). We report the formation of hierarchical CPMV nanoparticle assemblies on colloidal-patterned, conducting polymer arrays using a protocol combining colloidal lithography, electrochemical polymerization, and electrostatic adsorption. In this approach, a hexagonally close-packed array of polystyrene microspheres was assembled on a conductive electrode to function as the sacrificial colloidal template. A thin layer of conducting polypyrrole material was electrodeposited within the interstices of the colloidal microspheres and monitored in situ using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EC-QCM-D). Etching the template revealed an inverse opaline conducting polymer pattern capable of forming strong electrostatic interactions with CPMV and therefore enabling immobilization of CPMV on the surface. The CPMV-polymer films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, molecular probe diffusion experiments revealed selective ion transport properties as a function of the presence of the CPMV nanoparticles on the surface. Lastly, by utilizing its electromechanical behavior, the polymer/protein membrane was electrochemically released as a free-standing film, which can potentially be used for developing high surface area cargo delivery systems, stimuli-responsive plasmonic devices, and chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brylee David B Tiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sicily B Tiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Patricia Lam
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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11
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Abstract
Long fascinating to biologists, viruses offer nanometer-scale benchtops for building molecular-scale devices and materials. Viruses tolerate a wide range of chemical modifications including reaction conditions, pH values, and temperatures. Recent examples of nongenetic manipulation of viral surfaces have extended viruses into applications ranging from biomedical imaging, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensors to materials for catalysis and energy generation. Chemical reactions on the phage surface include both covalent and noncovalent modifications, including some applied in conjunction with genetic modifications. Here, we survey viruses chemically augmented with capabilities limited only by imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mohan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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12
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Chen XC, Ren KF, Chen JY, Wang J, Zhang H, Ji J. Self-wrinkling polyelectrolyte multilayers: construction, smoothing and the underlying mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31168-31174. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous formation of these surface features can be attributed to swelling-induced film deformation during the assembling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Ke-feng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jia-yan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - He Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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13
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Kim WG, Kim K, Ha SH, Song H, Yu HW, Kim C, Kim JM, Oh JW. Virus based Full Colour Pixels using a Microheater. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13757. [PMID: 26334322 PMCID: PMC4558721 DOI: 10.1038/srep13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimicking natural structures has been received considerable attentions, and there have been a few practical advances. Tremendous efforts based on a self-assembly technique have been contributed to the development of the novel photonic structures which are mimicking nature’s inventions. We emulate the photonic structures from an origin of colour generation of mammalian skins and avian skin/feathers using M13 phage. The structures can be generated a full range of RGB colours that can be sensitively switched by temperature and substrate materials. Consequently, we developed an M13 phage-based temperature-dependent actively controllable colour pixels platform on a microheater chip. Given the simplicity of the fabrication process, the low voltage requirements and cycling stability, the virus colour pixels enable us to substitute for conventional colour pixels for the development of various implantable, wearable and flexible devices in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Geun Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University
| | - Kyujung Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Ha
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University
| | - Hyerin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Yu
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University.,Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University.,Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ho D, Zou J, Zdyrko B, Iyer KS, Luzinov I. Capillary force lithography: the versatility of this facile approach in developing nanoscale applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:401-414. [PMID: 25331773 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception as a simple, low cost alternative to more complicated lithographic techniques such as electron-beam and dip-pen lithography, capillary force lithography (CFL) has developed into a versatile tool to form sub-100 nm patterns. Utilizing the concept of a polymer melt, structures and devices generated by the technique have been used in applications varying from surfaces regulating cell growth to gas sensing. In this review, we discuss various CFL methodologies which have evolved, their application in both biological and non-biological research, and finally a brief outlook in areas of research where CFL is destined to make an enormous impact in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Ho
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Perth, Australia.
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15
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Hosseinidoust Z, Olsson AL, Tufenkji N. Going viral: Designing bioactive surfaces with bacteriophage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 124:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Polyelectrolyte multilayers as anti-adhesive membrane coatings for virus concentration and recovery. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Song S, Qian Y, Wu Q, Fu P, Wang Z. Properties of Fluids Composed of Polyelectrolyte and Double-Chain Anionic Surfactant: Branched Polyethyleneimine and Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2013.860034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Courchesne NMD, Klug MT, Chen PY, Kooi SE, Yun DS, Hong N, Fang NX, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. Assembly of a bacteriophage-based template for the organization of materials into nanoporous networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3398-404. [PMID: 24648015 PMCID: PMC4043913 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
M13 bacteriophages are assembled via a covalent layer-by-layer process to form a highly nanoporous network capable of organizing nanoparticles and acting as a scaffold for templating metal-oxides. The morphological and optical properties of the film itself are presented as well as its ability to organize and disperse metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew T. Klug
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven E. Kooi
- The Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dong Soo Yun
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Nanotechnology Materials Core, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nina Hong
- J.A. Woollam Co., Inc., 645 M Street, STE 102, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA
| | - Nicholas X. Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angela M. Belcher
- Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Burchardt M, Wittstock G. Micropatterned multienzyme devices with adjustable amounts of immobilized enzymes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15090-15099. [PMID: 24200032 DOI: 10.1021/la402561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multienzyme microstructures of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were prepared by layer-by-layer deposition inside microfluidic networks on glass substrates in order to allow both site-specific deposition and control of the amount of immobilized enzymes. The obtained microstructures were characterized by scanning force microscopy for the topography of the deposited layers. The local enzyme activity was characterized by the substrate-generation/tip-collection mode and the enzyme-mediated feedback mode of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). These measurements provided quantitative information about the immobilized enzyme activity as a basis for adjusting enzyme loading for multienzyme structures that realize logical operations based on enzymatic conversions. Information about local HRP activity can also be obtained by optical readout using an Amplex UltraRed fluorgenic substrate and reading with a confocal laser scanning microscope with a much higher repetition rate for image acquisition. Using these principles, a layout with HRP and GOx microstructures was realized that showed the functionality of an OR Boolean logic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Burchardt
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , School of Mathematics and Sciences, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Department of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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20
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Moon H, Kim WG, Lim S, Kang YJ, Shin HH, Ko H, Hong SY, Kang S. Fabrication of uniform layer-by-layer assemblies with complementary protein cage nanobuilding blocks via simple His-tag/metal recognition. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4504-4510. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Sawada T, Serizawa T. Immobilization of highly oriented filamentous viruses onto polymer substrates. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:149-152. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Yang SH, Chung WJ, McFarland S, Lee SW. Assembly of bacteriophage into functional materials. CHEM REC 2012; 13:43-59. [PMID: 23280916 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For the last decade, the fabrication of ordered structures of phage has been of great interest as a means of utilizing the outstanding biochemical properties of phage in developing useful materials. Combined with other organic/inorganic substances, it has been demonstrated that phage is a superior building block for fabricating various functional devices, such as the electrode in lithium-ion batteries, photovoltaic cells, sensors, and cell-culture supports. Although previous research has expanded the utility of phage when combined with genetic engineering, most improvements in device functionality have relied upon increases in efficiency owing to the compact, more densely packable unit size of phage rather than on the unique properties of the ordered nanostructures themselves. Recently, self-templating methods, which control both thermodynamic and kinetic factors during the deposition process, have opened up new routes to exploiting the ordered structural properties of hierarchically organized phage architectures. In addition, ordered phage films have exhibited unexpected functional properties, such as structural color and optical filtering. Structural colors or optical filtering from phage films can be used for optical phage-based sensors, which combine the structural properties of phage with target-specific binding motifs on the phage-coat proteins. This self-templating method may contribute not only to practical applications, but also provide insight into the fundamental study of biomacromolecule assembly in in vivo systems under complicated and dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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23
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Bai Y, Ho S, Kotov NA. Direct-write maskless lithography of LBL nanocomposite films and its prospects for MEMS technologies. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4393-8. [PMID: 22740054 PMCID: PMC3427742 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Application of nanocomposites in MEMS, flexible electronics, and biomedical devices is likely to demonstrate new performance standards and resolve a number of difficult technical problems enabled by the unique combinations of electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. This study explores the possibility of making microscale nanocomposite patterns using the fusion of two highly versatile techniques: direct-write maskless UV patterning and layer-by-layer assembly (LBL). Together they can be applied to the production of a wide variety of nanostructured coatings with complex patterns. Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and gold nanoparticle LBL nanocomposites assembled with chitosan (CH) were made into prototypical patterns such as concentric helices and bus-line-and-stimulation-pads (BLASPs) used in flexible antennas and neuroprosthetic devices. The spatial resolution of the technique was established with the standard line grids to be at least 1 μm. Gold nanoparticle films revealed better accuracy and higher resolution in direct-write patterning than SWNT composites, possibly due to the granular rather than fibrous nature of the composites. The conductivity of the patterned composites was 6.45 × 10(-5)Ω m and 3.80 × 10(-6)Ω m at 20 °C for nanotube and nanoparticle composites, respectively; in both cases it exceeds electrical parameters of similar composites. Fundamental and technological prospects of nanocomposite MEMS devices in different areas including implantable biomedical, sensing, and optical devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiao Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2136, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Szushen Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2136, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2136, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2136, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2136, USA
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24
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Polyvalent display of RGD motifs on turnip yellow mosaic virus for enhanced stem cell adhesion and spreading. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2978-85. [PMID: 22522012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is a stable 28 nm icosahedral plant virus that can be isolated in gram quantities. In order to study the polyvalent effect of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) clustering on the response of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), an RGD motif was genetically displayed on the coat protein of the TYMV capsid. Composite films composed of either wild-type TYMV or TYMV-RGD44, in combination with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), were fabricated by a layer-by-layer adsorption of virus and PAH. The deposition process was studied by quartz crystal microbalance, UV-visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. BMSC adhesion assays showed enhanced cell adhesion and spreading on TYMV-RGD44 coated substrates compared to native TYMV. These results demonstrate the potential of TYMV as a viable scaffold for bioactive peptide display and cell culturing studies.
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Yeo SJ, Kang H, Kim YH, Han S, Yoo PJ. Layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers in three-dimensional inverse opal structured templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2107-2115. [PMID: 22439630 DOI: 10.1021/am300072p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel means of layer-by-layer deposition (LbL) of polyelectrolyte multilayers on three-dimensionally porous inverse opal (3D-IO) structures is presented. The 3D-IO structures comprising UV-curable polymer are highly flexible and can be readily demonstrated as free-standing films with double-sided open porosity over a large scale. A conflict between the intrinsically hydrophobic polymeric structures and waterborne characteristics of the LbL deposition process is overcome by employing a mixed solvent system of water and alcohol. The deposition pH of the LbL assembly can strongly affect the charge density and the degree of entanglement of polyelectrolyte chains, resulting in contrastingly different film deposition and growth behaviors. Since this method utilizes a three-dimensionally structured surface as a deposition substrate, 3D-IO films with a thickness of tens of micrometers can be uniformly and completely deposited with polyelectrolyte multilayers using only several tens of bilayer depositions, which can offer a new pathway of fabricating functionalized polymeric films. Finally, the LbL treated 3D-IO films are applied to nanofiltration membranes for removing multivalent metallic cations. Due to the enhanced Donnan exclusion effect as a result of multiple interfaces formed inside the 3D-IO structures and the relatively large volumetric ratio of water-permeable polyelectrolyte complexes, outstanding membrane performance was observed. Specifically, a good rejection rate of metal ions was achieved even under highly diluted feed conditions without sacrificing the high permeation flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ju Yeo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kim YH, Lee YM, Lee JY, Ko MJ, Yoo PJ. Hierarchical nanoflake surface driven by spontaneous wrinkling of polyelectrolyte/metal complexed films. ACS NANO 2012; 6:1082-1093. [PMID: 22236171 DOI: 10.1021/nn203226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A mechanical or physical change observed in nanocomposite thin films has recently offered new opportunities to generate intriguing nanostructures. In this study, we present a novel means of creating a hierarchically developed nanoflake structure by exploiting surface wrinkles that occur during the incorporation process of metallic nanoparticles into layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) thin films. The PEM film composed with linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) allows for facilitated cationic exchange reaction within the film even after the electrostatic complexation and chemical cross-linking reaction. The subsequent reduction process induces an in situ complexation of metallic nanoparticles with a PEM matrix, causing an accumulation of lateral compressive stress for surface wrinkling. The wrinkling characteristics of the complexed films can be theoretically interpreted by employing the gradationally swollen film model, whereby a gradual change in the elastic property along the axial direction of the film can be appropriately reflected. In addition, wrinkled surfaces are further processed to form vertically aligned and hierarchically ordered nanoflakes after selective removal of the PEM matrix with plasma ashing. Consequently, superhydrophobic surface properties (water contact angle = 170°, sliding angle <1°) can be attained from the hierarchical nanoflake structure. The method presented here is advantageous in that large-scale preparation can be readily implemented by a stepwise dipping process without resorting to specific patterning or a serially applied complex structuring process, which can provide a promising platform technique for various surface engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liu Z, Qiao J, Niu Z, Wang Q. Natural supramolecular building blocks: from virus coat proteins to viral nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6178-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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29
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Lee SY, Lim JS, Harris MT. Synthesis and application of virus-based hybrid nanomaterials. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:16-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Kiryukhin MV, Man SM, Sadovoy AV, Low HY, Sukhorukov GB. Peculiarities of polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly on patterned surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8430-8436. [PMID: 21639401 DOI: 10.1021/la200939p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer assembly of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) is studied on templates with imprinted arrays of microwells ranging from 2 to 25 μm and different aspect ratios. The thickness and microstructure of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are measured using scanning electron microscopy. At 0.2 M ionic strength, the PEM film evenly coats the template both inside and outside the microwells. If the film is thinner than the critical value of about 400 nm, PEM microstructures collapse upon dissolving the template. Euler's model of critical stress is used to describe the collapse. At 2 M ionic strength, a substantially thinner PEM film is assembled inside the 25 μm wells than outside. If the well diameter is reduced to 7 and 2 μm, a much thicker PEM film is formed inside the microwells. These observations have been attributed to the changing of polyelectrolyte conformation in the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research link, 117602, Singapore.
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31
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Yoo PJ. Fabrication of bacteria and virus microarrays based on polymeric capillary force lithography. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 671:147-160. [PMID: 20967628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-551-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest on the fabrication of bacteria and virus microarray owing to their great potential in many biological applications ranging from diagnostic devices to advanced platforms for fundamental studies on molecular biology. Over the past decade, a number of studies with regard to the biomolecular patterning have been presented. Capillary force lithography (CFL) for polymeric thin films can provide well-ordered microarray structures over a large area in a facile and cost-efficient way while maintaining its biocompatibility during a process. Patterned polymeric structures can be utilized either to physical barriers for the confinement of bacteria or to physicochemical template for the subsequent binding of viruses. In this chapter, we have shown that the patterned structures of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing polymer enables a selective binding of Escherichia coli, leading to a physically guided microarray of bacteria. Additionally, we demonstrate the fabrication of virus microarray of M13 viruses via electrostatic interactions with a prepatterned microstructure of polyelectrolyte multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil J Yoo
- Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Kim YH, Lee YM, Park J, Ko MJ, Park JH, Jung W, Yoo PJ. Spontaneous surface flattening via layer-by-layer assembly of interdiffusing polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17756-17763. [PMID: 20883048 DOI: 10.1021/la103282m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile means to achieve planarization of nonflat or patterned surfaces by utilizing the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of highly diffusive polyelectrolytes. The polyelectrolyte pair of linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is known to maintain intrinsic diffusive mobility atop or even inside ionically complexed films prepared by LbL deposition. Under highly hydrated and swollen conditions during the sequential film buildup process, the LbL-assembled film of LPEI/PAA undergoes a topological self-deformation for minimizing surface area to satisfy the minimum-energy state of the surface, which eventually induces surface planarization along with spontaneous filling of surface textures or nonflat structures. This result is clearly different from other cases of applying nondiffusive polyelectrolytes onto patterned surfaces or confined structures, wherein surface roughening or incomplete filling is developed with the LbL assembly. Therefore, the approach proposed in this study can readily allow for surface planarization with the deposition of a relatively thin layer of polyelectrolyte multilayers. In addition, this strategy of planarization was extended to the surface modification of an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, where surface smoothing and enhanced optical transmittance were obtained without sacrificing the electronic conductivity. Furthermore, we investigated the potential applicability of surface-treated ITO substrates as photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells prepared at room temperature. As a result, an enhanced photoconversion efficiency and improved device characteristics were obtained because of the synergistic role of polyelectrolyte deposition in improving the optical properties and acting as a blocking layer to prevent electron recombination with the electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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33
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Li K, Chen Y, Li S, Nguyen HG, Niu Z, You S, Mello CM, Lu X, Wang Q. Chemical modification of M13 bacteriophage and its application in cancer cell imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1369-77. [PMID: 20499838 DOI: 10.1021/bc900405q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The M13 bacteriophage has been demonstrated to be a robust scaffold for bionanomaterial development. In this paper, we report on the chemical modifications of three kinds of reactive groups, i.e., the amino groups of lysine residues or N-terminal, the carboxylic acid groups of aspartic acid or glutamic acid residues, and the phenol group of tyrosine residues, on M13 surface. The reactivity of each group was identified through conjugation with small fluorescent molecules. Furthermore, the regioselectivity of each reaction was investigated by HPLC-MS-MS. By optimizing the reaction condition, hundreds of fluorescent moieties could be attached to create a highly fluorescent M13 bacteriophage. In addition, cancer cell targeting motifs such as folic acid could also be conjugated onto the M13 surface. Therefore, dual-modified M13 particles with folic acid and fluorescent molecules were synthesized via the selective modification of two kinds of reactive groups. Such dual-modified M13 particles showed very good binding affinity to human KB cancer cells, which demonstrated the potential applications of M13 bacteriophage in bioimaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, P. R. China
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Horn A, Hiltl S, Fery A, Böker A. Ordering and printing virus arrays: a straightforward way to functionalize surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2122-2125. [PMID: 20818624 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Horn
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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35
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Gerasopoulos K, McCarthy M, Banerjee P, Fan X, Culver JN, Ghodssi R. Biofabrication methods for the patterned assembly and synthesis of viral nanotemplates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:055304. [PMID: 20051613 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/5/055304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on novel methodologies for the patterning and templated synthesis of virus-structured nanomaterials in two- and three-dimensional microfabricated architectures using the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The TMV is a high aspect ratio biological molecule which can be engineered to include amino acids with enhanced binding properties. These modifications facilitate self-assembly of the TMV onto various substrates and enable its use as a template for the synthesis of nanostructured materials. This work focuses on the combination of this bottom-up biologically inspired fabrication method with standard top-down micromachining processes that allow direct integration of the virus-structured materials into batch-fabricated devices. Photolithographic patterning of uncoated as well as nickel-coated TMV nanostructures has been achieved using a lift-off process in both solvent and mild basic solutions and their assembly onto three-dimensional polymer and silicon microstructures is demonstrated. In addition to these patterning techniques, in situ formation of metal oxide TMV coatings in patterned microfabricated environments is shown using atomic layer deposition directly on the nickel-coated viruses. The biofabrication 'process toolbox' presented in this work offers a simple and versatile alternative for the hierarchical patterning and incorporation of biotemplated nanomaterials into micro/nanofabrication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gerasopoulos
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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36
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Uchida M, Kang S, Reichhardt C, Harlen K, Douglas T. The ferritin superfamily: Supramolecular templates for materials synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:834-45. [PMID: 20026386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ferritin superfamily are multi-subunit cage-like proteins with a hollow interior cavity. These proteins possess three distinct surfaces, i.e. interior and exterior surfaces of the cages and interface between subunits. The interior cavity provides a unique reaction environment in which the interior reaction is separated from the external environment. In biology the cavity is utilized for sequestration of irons and biomineralization as a mechanism to render Fe inert and sequester it from the external environment. Material scientists have been inspired by this system and exploited a range of ferritin superfamily proteins as supramolecular templates to encapsulate nanoparticles and/or as well-defined building blocks for fabrication of higher order assembly. Besides the interior cavity, the exterior surface of the protein cages can be modified without altering the interior characteristics. This allows us to deliver the protein cages to a targeted tissue in vivo or to achieve controlled assembly on a solid substrate to fabricate higher order structures. Furthermore, the interface between subunits is utilized for manipulating chimeric self-assembly of the protein cages and in the generation of symmetry-broken Janus particles. Utilizing these ideas, the ferritin superfamily has been exploited for development of a broad range of materials with applications from biomedicine to electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Plascencia-Villa G, Saniger JM, Ascencio JA, Palomares LA, Ramírez OT. Use of recombinant rotavirus VP6 nanotubes as a multifunctional template for the synthesis of nanobiomaterials functionalized with metals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:871-81. [PMID: 19655393 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The structural characteristics and predefined constant size and shape of viral assemblies make them useful tools for nanobiotechnology, in particular as scaffolds for constructing highly organized novel nanomaterials. In this work it is shown for the first time that nanotubes formed by recombinant rotavirus VP6 protein can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of hybrid nanocomposites. Rotavirus VP6 was produced by the insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system. Nanotubes of several micrometers in length and various diameters in the nanometer range were functionalized with Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd through strong (sodium borohydride) or mild (sodium citrate) chemical reduction. The nanocomposites obtained were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering, and their characteristic plasmon resonance. The outer surface of VP6 nanotubes had intrinsic affinity to metal deposition that allowed in situ synthesis of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the use of preassembled recombinant protein structures resulted in highly ordered integrated materials. It was possible to obtain different extents and characteristics of the metal coverage by manipulating the reaction conditions. TEM revealed either a continuous coverage with an electrodense thin film when using sodium citrate as reductant or a discrete coverage with well-dispersed metal nanoparticles of diameters between 2 and 9 nm when using sodium borohydride and short reaction times. At long reaction times and using sodium borohydride, the metal nanoparticles coalesced and resulted in a thick metal layer. HRTEM-EDS confirmed the identity of the metal nanoparticles. Compared to other non-recombinant viral scaffolds used until now, the recombinant VP6 nanotubes employed here have important advantages, including a longer axial dimension, a dynamic multifunctional hollow structure, and the possibility of producing them massively by a safe and efficient bioprocess. Such characteristics confer important potential applications in nanotechnology to the novel nanobiomaterials produced here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, CP 62250, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Pojják K, Mészáros R. Novel self-assemblies of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and surfactants in the presence of neutral polymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13336-13339. [PMID: 19874012 DOI: 10.1021/la903761r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, the effect of addition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on the nature of the self-assemblies of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is investigated. We demonstrate that the neutral polymer adsorbs onto the surface of the polyelectrolyte/surfactant nanoparticles, which may result in sterically stabilized colloidal dispersions of the nanoparticles with hydrophobic core and hydrophilic corona. The kinetic stability is maintained even at high ionic strengths, where the charge stabilization of the PEI/SDS dispersions is inefficient. These results might be exploited to improve the efficiency of those formulations, which contain oppositely charged macromolecules and amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Pojják
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, 1117 Budapest, Pazmany Peter setany 1/A, Hungary
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39
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Yang SH, Lee KB, Kong B, Kim JH, Kim HS, Choi I. Biomimetic Encapsulation of Individual Cells with Silica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9160-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Yang SH, Lee KB, Kong B, Kim JH, Kim HS, Choi I. Biomimetic Encapsulation of Individual Cells with Silica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee SH, Kim HN, Kwak RK, Suh KY. Effects of mold rising angle and polymer concentration in solvent-assisted molding. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12024-12029. [PMID: 19821619 DOI: 10.1021/la903236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the capillary rise of a thin polymer solution in a simple soft lithographic technique termed "solvent-assisted molding (SAMo)" by using various mold rising angles and polymer concentrations in a good solvent. For patterning and mold materials, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, M(w) = 120,000) in toluene and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) were mostly used. It was found that the capillary rise takes place in two steps: (i) a low-viscosity polymer solution rapidly rises into the cavity (<10 s) with the aid of solvent wetting and (ii) continuous solvent absorption into the mold and evaporation into air. In addition, five distinct microstructures were observed by testing 24 different experimental combinations, which can be classified into completely molded (I), humped (II), completely molded but non-fully filled (III), partially filled (IV), and partially filled meniscal (V) microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, World Class University Program on Multiscale Mechanical Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Kang S, Suci PA, Broomell CC, Iwahori K, Kobayashi M, Yamashita I, Young M, Douglas T. Janus-like protein cages. Spatially controlled dual-functional surface modifications of protein cages. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:2360-2366. [PMID: 19441792 DOI: 10.1021/nl9009028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages have been used both as size-constrained reaction vessels for nanomaterials synthesis and as nanoscale building blocks for higher order nanostructures. We generated Janus-like protein cages, which are dual functionalized with a fluorescent and an affinity label, and demonstrated control over both the stoichiometry and spatial distribution of the functional groups. The capability to toposelectively functionalize protein cages has allowed us to manipulate hierarchical assembly using the layer-by-layer assembly process. Janus-like protein cages expand the toolkit of nanoplatforms that can be used for directed assembly of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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Park JS, Cho SM, Han GY, Sim SJ, Park J, Yoo PJ. Phase controllable transfer printing of patterned polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2575-2581. [PMID: 19437742 DOI: 10.1021/la804038z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple and robust method for varying the phase of the patterns in transfer printing of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Simply transferred positive patterns, edge-defined intermediate patterns, and negatively engraved patterns were obtained by manipulating the capillarity of the plasticized polymeric layer from weak to strong. A phase diagram of the pattern transfer was suggested to account for the influences of the temporal and spatial factors in the experiments. In addition, the main role of adhesion at the interfaces in the successful realization of multilayer transfer printing was investigated. It is anticipated that the strategy and ability to control the phase of the patterns transferred may offer a variety of opportunities for functional devices in optics, organic electronics, membranes, and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Seob Park
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Yang S, Choi I. Bio-Inspired Silicification on Patterned Surfaces Generated by Microcontact Printing and Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:382-5. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schweikart A, Horn A, Böker A, Fery A. Controlled Wrinkling as a Novel Method for the Fabrication of Patterned Surfaces. COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS I 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Horn A, Schoberth HG, Hiltl S, Chiche A, Wang Q, Schweikart A, Fery A, Böker A. Nanostructured wrinkled surfaces for templating bionanoparticles—controlling and quantifying the degree of order. Faraday Discuss 2009; 143:143-50; discussion 169-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b902721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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