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Karan S, Jung E, Boone C, Steinmetz NF. Synergistic combination therapy using cowpea mosaic virus intratumoral immunotherapy and Lag-3 checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:51. [PMID: 38349406 PMCID: PMC10864561 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) for cancer can yield dramatic clinical responses; however, these may only be observed in a minority of patients. These responses can be further limited by subsequent disease recurrence and resistance. Combination immunotherapy strategies are being developed to overcome these limitations. We have previously reported enhanced efficacy of combined intratumoral cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy (CPMV IIT) and ICT approaches. Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a next-generation inhibitory immune checkpoint with broad expression across multiple immune cell subsets. Its expression increases on activated T cells and contributes to T cell exhaustion. We observed heightened efficacy of a combined CPMV IIT and anti-LAG-3 treatment in a mouse model of melanoma. Further, LAG-3 expression was found to be increased within the TME following intratumoral CPMV administration. The integration of CPMV IIT with LAG-3 inhibition holds significant potential to improve treatment outcomes by concurrently inducing a comprehensive anti-tumor immune response, enhancing local immune activation, and mitigating T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Karan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Boone
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Jones RAC, Congdon BS. Australian Cool-Season Pulse Seed-Borne Virus Research: 1. Alfalfa and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses and Less Important Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:144. [PMID: 38257844 PMCID: PMC10819373 DOI: 10.3390/v16010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the research undertaken since the 1950s in Australia's grain cropping regions on seed-borne virus diseases of cool-season pulses caused by alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We present brief background information about the continent's pulse industry, virus epidemiology, management principles and future threats to virus disease management. We then take a historical approach towards all past investigations with these two seed-borne pulse viruses in the principal cool-season pulse crops grown: chickpea, faba bean, field pea, lentil, narrow-leafed lupin and white lupin. With each pathosystem, the main focus is on its biology, epidemiology and management, placing particular emphasis on describing field and glasshouse experimentation that enabled the development of effective phytosanitary, cultural and host resistance control strategies. Past Australian cool-season pulse investigations with AMV and CMV in the less commonly grown species (vetches, narbon bean, fenugreek, yellow and pearl lupin, grass pea and other Lathyrus species) and those with the five less important seed-borne pulse viruses also present (broad bean stain virus, broad bean true mosaic virus, broad bean wilt virus, cowpea mild mottle virus and peanut mottle virus) are also summarized. The need for future research is emphasized, and recommendations are made regarding what is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. C. Jones
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Congdon
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia;
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3
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Ye MY, Lan HJ, Liu JZ. GmCBP60b Plays Both Positive and Negative Roles in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:378. [PMID: 38203547 PMCID: PMC10778643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
CBP60b (CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60b) is a member of the CBP60 transcription factor family. In Arabidopsis, AtCBP60b not only regulates growth and development but also activates the transcriptions in immune responses. So far, CBP60b has only been studied extensively in the model plant Arabidopsis and rarely in crops. In this study, Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-mediated gene silencing (BPMV-VIGS) was used to silence GmCBP60b.1/2 in soybean plants. The silencing of GmCBP60b.1/2 resulted in typical autoimmunity, such as dwarfism and enhanced resistance to both Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). To further understand the roles of GmCBP60b in immunity and circumvent the recalcitrance of soybean transformation, we generated transgenic tobacco lines that overexpress GmCBP60b.1. The overexpression of GmCBP60b.1 also resulted in autoimmunity, including spontaneous cell death on the leaves, highly induced expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes, significantly elevated accumulation of defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), and significantly enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syrangae pv. tomato DC3000). The transient coexpression of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the promoter of soybean SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (GmSARD1) (ProGmSARD1::LUC), together with GmCBP60b.1 driven by the 35S promoter, led to the activation of the LUC reporter gene, suggesting that GmCBP60b.1 could bind to the core (A/T)AATT motifs within the promoter region of GmSARD1 and, thus, activate the expression of the LUC reporter. Taken together, our results indicate that GmCBP60b.1/2 play both positive and negative regulatory roles in immune responses. These results also suggest that the function of CBP60b is conserved across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jiao Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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4
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Meziadi C, Alvarez-Diaz JC, Thareau V, Gratias A, Marande W, Soler-Garzon A, Miklas PN, Pflieger S, Geffroy V. Fine-mapping and evolutionary history of R-BPMV, a dominant resistance gene to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theor Appl Genet 2023; 137:8. [PMID: 38092992 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE R-BPMV is located within a recently expanded TNL cluster in the Phaseolus genus with suppressed recombination and known for resistance to multiple pathogens including potyviruses controlled by the I gene. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a comovirus that infects common bean and legumes in general. BPMV is distributed throughout the world and is a major threat on soybean, a closely related species of common bean. In common bean, BAT93 was reported to carry the R-BPMV resistance gene conferring resistance to BPMV and linked with the I resistance gene. To fine map R-BPMV, 182 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross BAT93 × JaloEEP558 were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers developed using genome assemblies from G19833 and BAT93, as well as BAT93 BAC clone sequences. Analysis of RILs carrying key recombination events positioned R-BPMV to a target region containing at least 16 TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) sequences in BAT93. Because the I cluster presents a suppression of recombination and a large number of repeated sequences, none of the 16 TNLs could be excluded as R-BPMV candidate gene. The evolutionary history of the TNLs for the I cluster were reconstructed using microsynteny and phylogenetic analyses within the legume family. A single I TNL was present in Medicago truncatula and lost in soybean, mirroring the absence of complete BPMV resistance in soybean. Amplification of TNLs in the I cluster predates the divergence of the Phaseolus species, in agreement with the emergence of R-BPMV before the separation of the common bean wild centers of diversity. This analysis provides PCR-based markers useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and laid the foundation for cloning of R-BPMV resistance gene in order to transfer the resistance into soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chouaïb Meziadi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Juan-Camilo Alvarez-Diaz
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Thareau
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ariane Gratias
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Alvaro Soler-Garzon
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State Univ, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Phillip N Miklas
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, USDA ARS, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Pflieger
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Geffroy
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, Rue Noetzlin, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Singh N, Khan RR, Xu W, Whitham SA, Dong L. Plant Virus Sensor for the Rapid Detection of Bean Pod Mottle Virus Using Virus-Specific Nanocavities. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3902-3913. [PMID: 37738225 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a miniaturized sensor for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in soybean plants. The sensor employs molecularly imprinted polymer technology to generate BPMV-specific nanocavities in porous polypyrrole. Leveraging the porous structure, high surface reactivity, and electron transfer properties of polypyrrole, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 143 μA ng-1 mL cm-2, a concentration range of 0.01-100,000 ng/mL, a detection time of less than 2 min, and a detection limit of 41 pg/mL. These capabilities outperform those of conventional methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. The sensor possesses the ability to distinguish BPMV-infected soybean plants from noninfected ones while rapidly quantifying virus levels. Moreover, it can reveal the spatial distribution of virus concentration across distinct leaves, a capability not previously attained by cost-effective sensors for such detailed viral data within a plant. The BPMV-specific nanocavities can also be easily restored and reactivated for multiple uses through a simple wash with acetic acid. While MIP-based sensors for plant virus detection have been relatively understudied, our findings demonstrate their potential as portable, on-site diagnostic tools that avoid complex and time-consuming sample preparation procedures. This advancement addresses a critical need in plant virology, enhancing the detection and management of plant viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Raufur Rahman Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Weihui Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Barreno L, Sevane N, Valdivia G, Alonso-Miguel D, Suarez-Redondo M, Alonso-Diez A, Fiering S, Beiss V, Steinmetz NF, Perez-Alenza MD, Peña L. Transcriptomics of Canine Inflammatory Mammary Cancer Treated with Empty Cowpea Mosaic Virus Implicates Neutrophils in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14034. [PMID: 37762335 PMCID: PMC10531449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer in dogs serving as a valuable animal model for its human counterpart, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), both lacking effective therapies. Intratumoral immunotherapy (IT-IT) with empty cowpea mosaic virus (eCPMV) nanoparticles has shown promising results, demonstrating a reduction in tumor size, longer survival rates, and improved quality of life. This study compares the transcriptomic profiles of tumor samples from female dogs with IMC receiving eCPMV IT-IT and medical therapy (MT) versus MT alone. Transcriptomic analyses, gene expression profiles, signaling pathways, and cell type profiling of immune cell populations in samples from four eCPMV-treated dogs with IMC and four dogs with IMC treated with MT were evaluated using NanoString Technologies using a canine immune-oncology panel. Comparative analyses revealed 34 differentially expressed genes between treated and untreated samples. Five genes (CXCL8, S100A9, CCL20, IL6, and PTGS2) involved in neutrophil recruitment and activation were upregulated in the treated samples, linked to the IL17-signaling pathway. Cell type profiling showed a significant increase in neutrophil populations in the tumor microenvironment after eCPMV treatment. These findings highlight the role of neutrophils in the anti-tumor response mediated by eCPMV IT-IT and suggest eCPMV as a novel therapeutic approach for IBC/IMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Barreno
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - Natalia Sevane
- Department of Animal Production, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Valdivia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - María Suarez-Redondo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - Angela Alonso-Diez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (N.F.S.)
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Perez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (A.A.-D.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.P.)
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7
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Valdivia G, Alonso-Miguel D, Perez-Alenza MD, Zimmermann ABE, Schaafsma E, Kolling FW, Barreno L, Alonso-Diez A, Beiss V, Affonso de Oliveira JF, Suárez-Redondo M, Fiering S, Steinmetz NF, vom Berg J, Peña L, Arias-Pulido H. Neoadjuvant Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Cowpea Mosaic Virus Induces Local and Systemic Antitumor Efficacy in Canine Mammary Cancer Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2241. [PMID: 37759464 PMCID: PMC10527658 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of optimal models to evaluate novel agents is delaying the development of effective immunotherapies against human breast cancer (BC). In this prospective open label study, we applied neoadjuvant intratumoral immunotherapy with empty cowpea mosaic virus-like particles (eCPMV) to 11 companion dogs diagnosed with canine mammary cancer (CMC), a spontaneous tumor resembling human BC. We found that two neoadjuvant intratumoral eCPMV injections resulted in tumor reduction in injected tumors in all patients and in noninjected tumors located in the ipsilateral and contralateral mammary chains of injected dogs. Tumor reduction was independent of clinical stage, tumor size, histopathologic grade, and tumor molecular subtype. RNA-seq-based analysis of injected tumors indicated a decrease in DNA replication activity and an increase in activated dendritic cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated significant intratumoral increases in neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, and plasma cells. eCPMV intratumoral immunotherapy demonstrated antitumor efficacy without any adverse effects. This novel immunotherapy has the potential for improving outcomes for human BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Maria Dolores Perez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | | | | | - Fred W. Kolling
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA (S.F.)
| | - Lucia Barreno
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Angela Alonso-Diez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (J.F.A.d.O.); (N.F.S.)
| | | | - María Suárez-Redondo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Steven Fiering
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA (S.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (J.F.A.d.O.); (N.F.S.)
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano Immuno-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Johannes vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.B.E.Z.); (J.v.B.)
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.); (D.A.-M.); (M.D.P.-A.); (L.B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.S.-R.); (L.P.)
| | - Hugo Arias-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Ghani MA, Bangar A, Yang Y, Jung E, Sauceda C, Mandt T, Shukla S, Webster NJG, Steinmetz NF, Newton IG. Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Multimodal In Situ Vaccination Using Cryoablation and a Plant Virus Immunostimulant. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 34:1247-1257.e8. [PMID: 36997021 PMCID: PMC10829876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that cryoablation combined with intratumoral immunomodulating nanoparticles from cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) as an in situ vaccination approach induces systemic antitumoral immunity in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with bilateral, subcutaneous RIL-175 cell-derived HCCs were randomized to 4 groups: (a) phosphate-buffered saline (control), (b) cryoablation only (Cryo), (c) CPMV-treated only (CPMV), and (d) cryoablation plus CPMV-treated (Cryo + CPMV) (N = 11-14 per group). Intratumoral CPMV was administered every 3 days for 4 doses, with cryoablation performed on the third day. Contralateral tumors were monitored. Tumor growth and systemic chemokine/cytokine levels were measured. A subset of tumors and spleens were harvested for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry. One- or 2-way analysis of variance was performed for statistical comparisons. A P value of <.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance. RESULTS At 2 weeks after treatment, the Cryo and CPMV groups, alone or combined, outperformed the control group in the treated tumor; however, the Cryo + CPMV group showed the strongest reduction and lowest variance (1.6-fold ± 0.9 vs 6.3-fold ± 0.5, P < .0001). For the untreated tumor, only Cryo + CPMV significantly reduced tumor growth compared with control (9.2-fold ± 0.9 vs 17.8-fold ± 2.1, P = .01). The Cryo + CPMV group exhibited a transient increase in interleukin-10 and persistently decreased CXCL1. Flow cytometry revealed natural killer cell enrichment in the untreated tumor and increased PD-1 expression in the spleen. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes increased in Cryo + CPMV-treated tumors by IHC. CONCLUSIONS Cryoablation and intratumoral CPMV, alone or combined, demonstrated potent efficacy against treated HCC tumors; however, only cryoablation combined with CPMV slowed the growth of untreated tumors, consistent with an abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur A Ghani
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amandip Bangar
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Consuelo Sauceda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tyler Mandt
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Isabel G Newton
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
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9
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Mao C, Beiss V, Ho GW, Fields J, Steinmetz NF, Fiering S. In situ vaccination with cowpea mosaic virus elicits systemic antitumor immunity and potentiates immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005834. [PMID: 36460333 PMCID: PMC9723958 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In situ vaccination (ISV) is a cancer immunotherapy strategy in which immunostimulatory reagents are introduced directly into a tumor to stimulate antitumor immunity both against the treated tumor and systemically against untreated tumors. Recently, we showed that cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a potent multi-toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist with potent efficacy for treating tumors in mice and dogs by ISV. However, ISV with CPMV alone does not uniformly treat all mouse tumor models tested, however this can be overcome through strategic combinations. More insight is needed to delineate potency and mechanism of systemic antitumor immunity and abscopal effect. METHOD We investigated the systemic efficacy (abscopal effect) of CPMV ISV with a two-tumor mouse model using murine tumor lines B16F10, 4T1, CT26 and MC38. Flow cytometry identified changes in cell populations responsible for systemic efficacy of CPMV. Transgenic knockout mice and depleting antibodies validated the role of relevant candidate cell populations and cytokines. We evaluated these findings and engineered a multicomponent combination therapy to specifically target the candidate cell population and investigated its systemic efficacy, acquired resistance and immunological memory in mouse models. RESULTS ISV with CPMV induces systemic antitumor T-cell-mediated immunity that inhibits growth of untreated tumors and requires conventional type-1 dendritic cells (cDC1s). Furthermore, using multiple tumor mouse models resistant to anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) therapy, we tested the hypothesis that CPMV along with local activation of antigen-presenting cells with agonistic anti-CD40 can synergize and strengthen antitumor efficacy. Indeed, this combination ISV strategy induces an influx of CD8+ T cells, triggers regression in both treated local and untreated distant tumors and potentiates tumor responses to anti-PD-1 therapy. Moreover, serial ISV overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy and establishes tumor-specific immunological memory. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into in situ TLR activation and cDC1 recruitment as effective strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy in treated and untreated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Mao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory W Ho
- Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jennifer Fields
- Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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10
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Affonso de Oliveira JF, Chan SK, Omole AO, Agrawal V, Steinmetz NF. In Vivo Fate of Cowpea Mosaic Virus In Situ Vaccine: Biodistribution and Clearance. ACS Nano 2022; 16:18315-18328. [PMID: 36264973 PMCID: PMC9840517 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a nucleoprotein nanoparticle that functions as a highly potent immunomodulator when administered intratumorally and is used as an in situ vaccine. CPMV in situ vaccination remodels the tumor microenvironment and primes a highly potent, systemic, and durable antitumor immune response against the treated and untreated, distant metastatic sites (abscopal effect). Potent efficacy was demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and, most importantly, in canine cancer patients with spontaneous tumors. Data indicate that presence of anti-CPMV antibodies are not neutralizing and that in fact opsonization leads to enhanced efficacy. Plant viruses are part of the food chain, but to date, there is no information on human exposure to CPMV. Therefore, patient sera were tested for the presence of immunoglobulins against CPMV, and indeed, >50% of deidentified patient samples tested positive for CPMV antibodies. To get a broader sense of plant virus exposure and immunogenicity in humans, we also tested sera for antibodies against tobacco mosaic virus (>90% patients tested positive), potato virus X (<20% patients tested positive), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (no antibodies were detected). Further, patient sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the coliphage Qβ, a platform technology currently undergoing clinical trials for in situ vaccination; we found that 60% of patients present with anti-Qβ antibodies. Thus, data indicate human exposure to CPMV and other plant viruses and phages. Next, we thought to address agronomical safety; i.e., we examined the fate of CPMV after intratumoral treatment and oral gavage (to mimic consumption by food). Because live CPMV is used, an important question is whether there is any evidence of shedding of infectious particles from mice or patients. CPMV is noninfectious toward mammals; however, it is infectious toward plants including black-eyed peas and other legumes. Biodistribution data in tumor-bearing and healthy mice indicate little leaching from tumors and clearance via the reticuloendothelial system followed by biliary excretion. While there was evidence of shedding of RNA in stool, there was no evidence of infectious particles when plants were challenged with stool extracts, thus indicating agronomical safety. Together these data aid the translational development of CPMV as a drug candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Anthony O Omole
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Vanshika Agrawal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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11
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Singh AK, Raina SK, Kumar M, Aher L, Ratnaparkhe MB, Rane J, Kachroo A. Modulation of GmFAD3 expression alters abiotic stress responses in soybean. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 110:199-218. [PMID: 35779188 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study focused on enhancing resilience of soybean crops to drought and salinity stresses by overexpression of GmFAD3A gene, which plays an important role in modulating membrane fluidity and ultimately influence plants response to various abiotic stresses. Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are a class of enzymes that mediate desaturation of fatty acids by introducing double bonds. They play an important role in modulating membrane fluidity in response to various abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of GmFAD3 in drought and salinity stress tolerance in soybean is lacking. We used bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-based vector for achieving rapid and efficient overexpression as well as silencing of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase gene from Glycine max (GmFAD3) to assess the functional role of GmFAD3 in abiotic stress responses in soybean. Higher levels of recombinant BPMV-GmFAD3A transcripts were detected in overexpressing soybean plants. Overexpression of GmFAD3A in soybean resulted in increased levels of jasmonic acid and higher expression of GmWRKY54 as compared to mock-inoculated, vector-infected and FAD3-silenced soybean plants under drought and salinity stress conditions. The GmFAD3A-overexpressing plants showed higher levels of chlorophyll content, efficient photosystem-II, relative water content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, proline content and also cooler canopy under drought and salinity stress conditions as compared to mock-inoculated, vector-infected and FAD3-silenced soybean plants. Results from the current study revealed that GmFAD3A-overexpressing soybean plants exhibited tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. However, soybean plants silenced for GmFAD3 were vulnerable to drought and salinity stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Singh
- National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, 413115, India.
| | - Susheel Kumar Raina
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 191132, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, 413115, India
| | - Lalitkumar Aher
- National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, 413115, India
| | | | - Jagadish Rane
- National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, 413115, India
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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12
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Todd JC, Stewart LR, Redinbaugh MG, Wilson JR. Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding Behavior is Largely Unchanged by Soybean Mosaic Virus but Significantly Altered by the Beetle-Transmitted Bean Pod Mottle Virus. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1059-1068. [PMID: 35569031 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an economically important invasive pest of soybean. In addition to damage caused by soybean aphid feeding on the phloem sap, this insect also transmits many plant viruses, including soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Previous work has shown that plant viruses can change plant host phenotypes to alter the behavior of their insect vectors to promote virus spread, known as the vector manipulation hypothesis. In this study, we used electropenetography (EPG) to examine the effects of two plant viruses on soybean aphid feeding behavior: SMV, which is transmitted by many aphid species including the soybean aphid, and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), which is transmitted by chrysomelid and some coccinellid beetles but not aphids. These two viruses often co-occur in soybean production and can act synergistically. Surprisingly, our results showed little to no effect of SMV on soybean aphid feeding behaviors measured by EPG, but profound differences were observed in aphids feeding on BPMV-infected plants. Aphids took longer to find the vascular bundle of BPMV-infected plants, and once found, spent more time entering and conditioning the phloem than ingesting phloem sap. Interestingly, these observed alterations are similar to those of aphids feeding on insect-resistant soybean plants. The cause of these changes in feeding behavior is not known, and how they impact virus transmission and soybean aphid populations in the field will require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Todd
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Wilson
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
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13
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Abstract
We have previously shown the plant virus Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) to be an efficacious in situ cancer vaccine, providing elimination of tumors and tumor-specific immune memory. Additionally, we have shown that CPMV recruits Natural Killer (NK) cells within the tumor microenvironment. Here we aimed to determine whether a combination of CPMV and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody agonist to stimulate tumor-resident and CPMV-recruited NK cells is an effective dual therapy approach to improve NK cell function and in situ cancer vaccination efficacy. Using murine models of metastatic colon carcinomatosis and intradermal melanoma, intratumorally administered CPMV + anti-4-1BB dual therapy provided a robust antitumor response, improved elimination of primary tumors, and reduced mortality compared to CPMV and anti-4-1BB monotherapies. Additionally, on tumor rechallenge there was significant delay/prevention of tumor development and improved survival, highlighting that the CPMV + anti-4-1BB dual therapy enables potent and durable antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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14
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Hu WX, Seo EY, Cho IS, Kim JK, Song Z, Kim KH, Eom WS, Jung SH, Hammond J, Lim HS. Reassortment of Infectious Clones of Radish Mosaic Virus Shows that Systemic Necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana Is Determined by RNA1. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1361-1372. [PMID: 35113673 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three infectious clones of radish mosaic virus (RaMV) were generated from isolates collected in mainland Korea (RaMV-Gg) and Jeju Island (RaMV-Aa and RaMV-Bb). These isolates differed in sequences and pathogenicity. Examination of the wild-type isolates and reassortants between the genomic RNA1 and RNA2 of these three isolates revealed that severe symptoms were associated with RNA1 of isolates Aa or Gg causing systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, or with RNA1 of isolate Bb for induction of veinal necrosis and severe mosaic symptoms in radish. Reverse transcription, followed by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), results from infected N. benthamiana confirmed that viral RNA2 accumulation level was correlated to RaMV necrosis-inducing ability, and that the RNA2 accumulation level was mostly dependent on the origin of RNA1. However, in radish, Q-RT-PCR results showed more similar viral RNA2 accumulation levels regardless of the ability of the isolate to induce necrosis. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic RNAs sequence including previously characterized isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia suggest possible recombination within RNA1, while analysis of concatenated RNA1+RNA2 sequences indicates that reassortment of RNA1 and RNA2 has been more important in the evolution of RaMV isolates than recombination. Korean isolate Aa is a potential reassortant between isolates RaMV-J and RaMV-TW, while isolate Bb might have evolved from reassortment between isolates RaMV-CA and RaMV-J. The Korean isolates were shown to also be able to infect Chinese cabbage, raising concerns that RaMV may spread from radish fields to the Chinese cabbage crop in Korea, causing further economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Hu
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Cho
- National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengxing Song
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hee Kim
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seob Eom
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hammond
- U.S. National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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15
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Nkanga C, Ortega-Rivera OA, Shin MD, Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Steinmetz NF. Injectable Slow-Release Hydrogel Formulation of a Plant Virus-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1812-1825. [PMID: 35344365 PMCID: PMC9003890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a potent immunogenic adjuvant and epitope display platform for the development of vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019. However, the proteinaceous CPMV nanoparticles are rapidly degraded in vivo. Multiple doses are therefore required to ensure long-lasting immunity, which is not ideal for global mass vaccination campaigns. Therefore, we formulated CPMV nanoparticles in injectable hydrogels to achieve slow particle release and prolonged immunostimulation. Liquid formulations were prepared from chitosan and glycerophosphate (GP) before homogenization with CPMV particles at room temperature. The formulations containing high-molecular-weight chitosan and 0-4.5 mg mL-1 CPMV gelled rapidly at 37 °C (5-8 min) and slowly released cyanine 5-CPMV particles in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, when a hydrogel containing CPMV displaying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein epitope 826 (amino acid 809-826) was administered to mice as a single subcutaneous injection, it elicited an antibody response that was sustained over 20 weeks, with an associated shift from Th1 to Th2 bias. Antibody titers were improved at later time points (weeks 16 and 20) comparing the hydrogel versus soluble vaccine candidates; furthermore, the soluble vaccine candidates retained Th1 bias. We conclude that CPMV nanoparticles can be formulated effectively in chitosan/GP hydrogels and are released as intact particles for several months with conserved immunotherapeutic efficacy. The injectable hydrogel containing epitope-labeled CPMV offers a promising single-dose vaccine platform for the prevention of future pandemics as well as a strategy to develop long-lasting plant virus-based nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
Isalomboto Nkanga
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Oscar A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of California San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Moores
Cancer Center, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Materials Discovery and Design, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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16
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Alonso-Miguel D, Valdivia G, Guerrera D, Perez-Alenza MD, Pantelyushin S, Alonso-Diez A, Beiss V, Fiering S, Steinmetz NF, Suarez-Redondo M, Vom Berg J, Peña L, Arias-Pulido H. Neoadjuvant in situ vaccination with cowpea mosaic virus as a novel therapy against canine inflammatory mammary cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004044. [PMID: 35277459 PMCID: PMC8919457 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInflammatory mammary cancer (IMC), the counterpart of human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), is the deadliest form of canine mammary tumors. IMC patients lack specific therapy and have poor outcomes. This proof-of-principle preclinical study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and effect on survival of neoadjuvant intratumoral (in situ) empty cowpea mosaic virus (eCPMV) immunotherapy in companion dogs diagnosed with IMC.MethodsTen IMC-bearing dogs were enrolled in the study. Five dogs received medical therapy, and five received weekly neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy (0.2–0.4 mg per injection) and medical therapy after the second eCPMV injection. Efficacy was evaluated by reduction of tumor growth; safety by hematological and biochemistry changes in blood and plasma; and patient outcome by survival analysis. eCPMV-induced immune changes in blood cells were analyzed by flow cytometry; changes in the tumor microenvironment were evaluated by CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), FoxP3 (Treg lymphocytes), myeloperoxidase (MPO; neutrophils), Ki-67 (proliferation index, PI; tumor cell proliferation), and Cleaved Caspase-3 (CC-3; apoptosis) immunohistochemistry.ResultsTwo neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV injections resulted in tumor shrinkage in all patients by day 14 without systemic adverse events. Although surgery for IMC is generally not an option, reduction in tumor size allowed surgery in two IMC patients. In peripheral blood, in situ eCPMV immunotherapy was associated with a significant decrease of Treg+/CD8+ ratio and changes in CD8+Granzyme B+ T cells, which behave as a lagging predictive biomarker. In the TME, higher neutrophilic infiltration and MPO expression, lower tumor Ki-67 PI, increase in CD3+ lymphocytes, decrease in FoxP3+/CD3+ ratio (p<0.04 for all comparisons), and no changes in CC-3+ immunostainings were observed in post-treatment tumor tissues when compared with pretreatment tumor samples. eCPMV-treated IMC patients had a statistically significant (p=0.033) improved overall survival than patients treated with medical therapy.ConclusionsNeoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy and improved survival in IMC patients without systemic adverse effects. eCPMV-induced changes in immune cells point to neutrophils as a driver of immune response. Neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy could be a groundbreaking immunotherapy for canine IMC and a potential future immunotherapy for human IBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Valdivia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dolores Perez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angela Alonso-Diez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of NannoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of NannoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria Suarez-Redondo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Arias-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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17
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Koellhoffer EC, Mao C, Beiss V, Wang L, Fiering SN, Boone CE, Steinmetz NF. Inactivated Cowpea Mosaic Virus in Combination with OX40 Agonist Primes Potent Antitumor Immunity in a Bilateral Melanoma Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:592-601. [PMID: 34978197 PMCID: PMC9207558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral immunotherapies are being recognized in cancer treatment, with several currently approved or undergoing clinical testing. While contemporary approaches have focused on oncolytic viral therapies, our efforts center on the development of plant virus-based cancer immunotherapies. In a previous work, we demonstrated the potent efficacy of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus that does not replicate in animals, applied as an in situ vaccine. CPMV is an immunostimulatory drug candidate, and intratumoral administration remodels the tumor microenvironment leading to activation of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Efficacy has been demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and canine cancer patients. As wild-type CPMV is infectious toward various legumes and because shedding of infectious virus from patients may be an agricultural concern, we developed UV-inactivated CPMV (termed inCPMV) which is not infectious toward plants. We report that as a monotherapy, wild-type CPMV outperforms inCPMV in mouse models of dermal melanoma or disseminated colon cancer. Efficacy of inCPMV is less than that of CPMV and similar to that of RNA-free CPMV. Immunological investigation using knockout mice shows that inCPMV does not signal through TLR7 (toll-like receptor); structure-function studies indicate that the RNA is highly cross-linked and therefore unable to activate TLR7. Wild-type CPMV signals through TLR2, -4, and -7, whereas inCPMV more closely resembles RNA-free CPMV which signals through TLR2 and -4 only. The structural features of inCPMV explain the increased potency of wild-type CPMV through the triple pronged TLR activation. Strikingly, when inCPMV is used in combination with an anti-OX40 agonist antibody (administered systemically), exceptional efficacy was demonstrated in a bilateral B16F10 dermal melanoma model. Combination therapy, with in situ vaccination applied only into the primary tumor, controlled the progression of the secondary, untreated tumors, with 10 out of 14 animals surviving for at least 100 days post tumor challenge without development of recurrence or metastatic disease. This study highlights the potential of inCPMV as an in situ vaccine candidate and demonstrates the power of combined immunotherapy approaches. Strategic immunocombination therapies are the formula for success, and the combination of in situ vaccination strategies along with therapeutic antibodies targeting the cancer immunity cycle is a particularly powerful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical System, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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18
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Ortega-Rivera O, Shin MD, Chen A, Beiss V, Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Reynoso M, Wang H, Hurst BL, Wang J, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Trivalent Subunit Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19 and Their Delivery Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14748-14765. [PMID: 34490778 PMCID: PMC8442557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for platform technologies enabling rapid development of vaccines for emerging viral diseases. The current vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus far have shown tremendous efficacy. However, the need for cold-chain distribution, a prime-boost administration schedule, and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) call for diligence in novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches. We studied 13 peptide epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 and identified three neutralizing epitopes that are highly conserved among the VOCs. Monovalent and trivalent COVID-19 vaccine candidates were formulated by chemical conjugation of the peptide epitopes to cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Efficacy of this approach was validated first using soluble vaccine candidates as solo or trivalent mixtures and subcutaneous prime-boost injection. The high thermal stability of our vaccine candidates allowed for formulation into single-dose injectable slow-release polymer implants, manufactured by melt extrusion, as well as microneedle (MN) patches, obtained through casting into micromolds, for prime-boost self-administration. Immunization of mice yielded high titers of antibodies against the target epitope and S protein, and data confirms that antibodies block receptor binding and neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 against infection of human cells. We present a nanotechnology vaccine platform that is stable outside the cold-chain and can be formulated into delivery devices enabling single administration or self-administration. CPMV or Qβ VLPs could be stockpiled, and epitopes exchanged to target new mutants or emergent diseases as the need arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar
A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Angela Chen
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Lopez-Ramirez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Maria Reynoso
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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19
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Gautam A, Beiss V, Wang C, Wang L, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viral Nanoparticle Conjugated with Anti-PD-1 Peptide for Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189733. [PMID: 34575893 PMCID: PMC8467759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds tremendous potential in cancer therapy, in particular, when treatment regimens are combined to achieve synergy between pathways along the cancer immunity cycle. In previous works, we demonstrated that in situ vaccination with the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) activates and recruits innate immune cells, therefore reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment toward an immune-activated state, leading to potent anti-tumor immunity in tumor mouse models and canine patients. CPMV therapy also increases the expression of checkpoint regulators on effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as PD-1/PD-L1, and we demonstrated that combination with immune checkpoint therapy improves therapeutic outcomes further. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that CPMV could be combined with anti-PD-1 peptides to replace expensive antibody therapies. Specifically, we set out to test whether a multivalent display of anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) would enhance efficacy over a combination of CPMV and soluble peptide. Efficacy of the approaches were tested using a syngeneic mouse model of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer. CPMV combination with anti-PD-1 peptides (SNTSESF) resulted in increased efficacy; however, increased potency against metastatic ovarian cancer was only observed when SNTSESF was conjugated to CPMV, and not added as a free peptide. This can be explained by the differences in the in vivo fates of the nanoparticle formulation vs. the free peptide; the larger nanoparticles are expected to exhibit prolonged tumor residence and favorable intratumoral distribution. Our study provides new design principles for plant virus-based in situ vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushma Gautam
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (V.B.); (C.W.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Shukla S, Wang C, Beiss V, Cai H, Washington T, Murray AA, Gong X, Zhao Z, Masarapu H, Zlotnick A, Fiering S, Steinmetz NF. The unique potency of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) in situ cancer vaccine. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5489-5503. [PMID: 32914796 PMCID: PMC8086234 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment enables cancer to resist immunotherapies. We have established that intratumoral administration of plant-derived Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles as an in situ vaccine overcomes the local immunosuppression and stimulates a potent anti-tumor response in several mouse cancer models and canine patients. CPMV does not infect mammalian cells but acts as a danger signal that leads to the recruitment and activation of innate and subsequently, adaptive immune cells. In the present study we addressed whether other icosahedral viruses or virus-like particles (VLPs) of plant, bacteriophage and mammalian origin can be similarly employed as intratumoral immunotherapy. Our results indicate that CPMV in situ vaccine outperforms Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), Physalis mosaic virus (PhMV), Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV), bacteriophage Qβ VLPs, or Hepatitis B virus capsids (HBVc). Furthermore, ex vivo and in vitro assays reveal unique features of CPMV that makes it an inherently stronger immune stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Torus Washington
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - Abner A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xingjian Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhongchao Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Hema Masarapu
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA and Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA and Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
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21
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Tian SN, Liu DD, Zhong CL, Xu HY, Yang S, Fang Y, Ran J, Liu JZ. Silencing GmFLS2 enhances the susceptibility of soybean to bacterial pathogen through attenuating the activation of GmMAPK signaling pathway. Plant Sci 2020; 292:110386. [PMID: 32005391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM)-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play important roles in pathogen defense. One of the first cloned RLKs is the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), which specifically recognizes a conserved 22 amino acid N-terminal sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000 (Pst) flagellin protein (flg22). Although extensively studied in Arabidopsis, the functions of RLKs in crop plants remain largely uninvestigated. To understand the roles of RLKs in soybean (Glycine max), GmFLS2 was silenced via virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). No significant morphological differences were observed between GmFLS2-silenced plants and the vector control plants. However, silencing GmFLS2 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of the soybean plants to Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea (Psg). Kinase activity assay showed that silencing GmFLS2 significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of GmMPK6 in response to flg22 treatment. However, reduced phosphorylation level of both GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 in response to Psg infection was observed in GmFLS2-silenced plants, implying that defense response is likely transduced through activation of the downstream GmMAPK signaling pathway upon recognition of bacterial pathogen by GmFLS2. The core peptides of flg22 from Pst and Psg were highly conserved and only 4 amino acid differences were seen at their N-termini. Interestingly, it appeared that the Psg-flg22 was more effective in activating soybean MAPKs than activating Arabidopsis MAPKs, and conversely, Pst-flg22 was more effective in activating Arabidopsis MAPKs than activating soybean MAPKs, suggesting that the cognate recognition is more potent than heterologous recognition in activating downstream signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the function of FLS2 is conserved in immunity against bacteria pathogens across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Chen-Li Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Hui-Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
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22
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Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are self-assembling units that are being developed and applied for a variety of applications. While most clinical uses involve animal viruses, a plant-derived virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been shown to have antitumor properties in mice when applied as in situ vaccine. Here we describe the production and characterization of CPMV and its use as in situ vaccines in the context of cancer. Subsequent analyses to obtain efficacy or mechanistic data are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abner A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mee Rie Sheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A Veliz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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23
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Berardi A, Evans DJ, Baldelli Bombelli F, Lomonossoff GP. Stability of plant virus-based nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1667-1679. [PMID: 29231944 PMCID: PMC5804478 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a plant virus which is being extensively investigated as a drug delivery and vaccine nanocarrier for parenteral administration. However, to date little is known about the suitability of plant-based nanocarriers for oral delivery. In this study, the colloidal (i.e. aggregation), physical (i.e. denaturation) and chemical (i.e. digestion of the polypeptides) stability of CPMV and its empty virus-like particles (eVLPs) in conditions resembling the gastrointestinal fluids were evaluated. The nanoparticles were incubated in various simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and in pig gastric and intestinal fluids. CPMV and eVLPs had similar stabilities. In simulated gastric media, they were stable at pH ≥ 2.5. At lower pH destabilisation of the particle structure occurred, which, in turn, rendered the polypeptides extremely sensitive to pepsin digestion. However, both CPMV and eVLPs were stable in simulated intestinal fluids, in pig gastric fluids and in pig intestinal fluids. Thus CPMV, despite being a protein-based nanoparticle, was much more resistant to the harsh GI conditions than soluble proteins. Remarkably, both CPMV and eVLPs incubated in pig gastric and intestinal fluids were not subject to protein adsorption, with no formation of a detectable protein corona. The lack of a protein corona on CPMV and eVLP surfaces in GI fluids would imply that, if orally administered, these nanoparticles could maintain their native surface characteristics; thus, their biological interactions would remain predictable and unchanged. In summary, CPMV and eVLPs can be considered promising nanocarriers for applications requiring oral delivery, given their chemical, physical and colloidal stability and lack of protein adsorption from the environment in most of the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan. and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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24
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Tiu BDB, Tiu SB, Wen AM, Lam P, Steinmetz NF, Advincula RC. Free-Standing, Nanopatterned Janus Membranes of Conducting Polymer-Virus Nanoparticle Arrays. Langmuir 2016; 32:6185-93. [PMID: 27244119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured mesoscale materials find wide-ranging applications in medicine and energy. Top-down manufacturing schemes are limited by the smallest dimension accessible; therefore, we set out to study a bottom-up approach mimicking biological systems, which self-assemble into systems that orchestrate complex energy conversion functionalities. Inspired by nature, we turned toward protein-based nanoparticle structures formed by plant viruses, specifically the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). We report the formation of hierarchical CPMV nanoparticle assemblies on colloidal-patterned, conducting polymer arrays using a protocol combining colloidal lithography, electrochemical polymerization, and electrostatic adsorption. In this approach, a hexagonally close-packed array of polystyrene microspheres was assembled on a conductive electrode to function as the sacrificial colloidal template. A thin layer of conducting polypyrrole material was electrodeposited within the interstices of the colloidal microspheres and monitored in situ using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EC-QCM-D). Etching the template revealed an inverse opaline conducting polymer pattern capable of forming strong electrostatic interactions with CPMV and therefore enabling immobilization of CPMV on the surface. The CPMV-polymer films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, molecular probe diffusion experiments revealed selective ion transport properties as a function of the presence of the CPMV nanoparticles on the surface. Lastly, by utilizing its electromechanical behavior, the polymer/protein membrane was electrochemically released as a free-standing film, which can potentially be used for developing high surface area cargo delivery systems, stimuli-responsive plasmonic devices, and chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brylee David B Tiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sicily B Tiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Patricia Lam
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Radiology, ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Ganguly R, Wen AM, Myer AB, Czech T, Sahu S, Steinmetz NF, Raman P. Anti-atherogenic effect of trivalent chromium-loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. Nanoscale 2016; 8:6542-6554. [PMID: 26935414 PMCID: PMC5136293 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a major macrovascular complication associated with diabetes, poses a tremendous burden on national health care expenditure. Despite extensive efforts, cost-effective remedies are unknown. Therapies for atherosclerosis are challenged by a lack of targeted drug delivery approaches. Toward this goal, we turn to a biology-derived drug delivery system utilizing nanoparticles formed by the plant virus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The aim herein is to investigate the anti-atherogenic potential of the beneficial mineral nutrient, trivalent chromium, loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) under hyperglycemic conditions. A non-covalent loading protocol is established yielding CrCl3-loaded CPMV (CPMV-Cr) carrying 2000 drug molecules per particle. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that CPMV-Cr is readily taken up by HASMC in vitro. In glucose (25 mM)-stimulated cells, 100 nM CPMV-Cr inhibits HASMC proliferation concomitant to attenuated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, proliferation marker) expression. This is accompanied by attenuation in high glucose-induced phospho-p38 and pAkt expression. Moreover, CPMV-Cr inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), in glucose-stimulated HASMCs. Finally glucose-stimulated lipid uptake is remarkably abrogated by CPMV-Cr, revealed by Oil Red O staining. Together, these data provide key cellular evidence for an atheroprotective effect of CPMV-Cr in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) under hyperglycemic conditions that may promote novel therapeutic ventures for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ganguly
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashley B Myer
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Tori Czech
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Soumyadip Sahu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Radiology, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Matić S, Rinaldi R, Masenga V, Noris E. Efficient production of chimeric human papillomavirus 16 L1 protein bearing the M2e influenza epitope in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:106. [PMID: 22085463 PMCID: PMC3248878 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) L1 protein has the capacity to self-assemble into capsomers or virus-like particles (VLPs) that are highly immunogenic, allowing their use in vaccine production. Successful expression of HPV-16 L1 protein has been reported in plants, and plant-produced VLPs have been shown to be immunogenic after administration to animals. RESULTS We investigated the potential of HPV-16 L1 to act as a carrier of two foreign epitopes from Influenza A virus: (i) M2e2-24, ectodomain of the M2 protein (M2e), that is highly conserved among all influenza A isolates, or (ii) M2e2-9, a shorter version of M2e containing the N-terminal highly conserved epitope, that is common for both M1 and M2 influenza proteins. A synthetic HPV-16 L1 gene optimized with human codon usage was used as a backbone gene to design four chimeric sequences containing either the M2e2-24 or the M2e2-9 epitope in two predicted surface-exposed L1 positions. All chimeric constructs were transiently expressed in plants using the Cowpea mosaic virus-derived expression vector, pEAQ-HT. Chimeras were recognized by a panel of linear and conformation-specific anti HPV-16 L1 MAbs, and two of them also reacted with the anti-influenza MAb. Electron microscopy showed that chimeric proteins made in plants spontaneously assembled in higher order structures, such as VLPs of T = 1 or T = 7 symmetry, or capsomers. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report for the first time the transient expression and the self-assembly of a chimeric HPV-16 L1 bearing the M2e influenza epitope in plants, representing also the first record of a successful expression of chimeric HPV-16 L1 carrying an epitope of a heterologous virus in plants. This study further confirms the usefulness of human papillomavirus particles as carriers of exogenous epitopes and their potential relevance for the production in plants of monovalent or multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinaldi
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Vera Masenga
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Sun QY, Ding LW, Lomonossoff GP, Sun YB, Luo M, Li CQ, Jiang L, Xu ZF. Improved expression and purification of recombinant human serum albumin from transgenic tobacco suspension culture. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:164-72. [PMID: 21762733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most human serum albumin (HSA) for medical applications is derived from human plasma due to the lack of suitable heterologous expression systems for recombinant HSA (rHSA). To determine whether plant cell cultures could provide an alternative source, we employed the hyper-translatable cowpea mosaic virus protein expression system (CPMV-HT) to stably express rHSA in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells. rHSA was stably produced with yield up to 11.88μg/ml in the culture medium, accounting for 0.7% of total soluble protein, in a 25-ml flask. Cultivation of transgenic cells in modified Murashige and Skoog medium with a pH of 8.0 improved the yield of rHSA two-fold, which may be the result of reduced proteolytic activity in the modified medium. A simple purification scheme was developed to purify the rHSA from culture medium, resulting in a recovery of 48.41% of the secreted rHSA. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequence analysis of the purified rHSA revealed that plant cell-derived rHSA is identical to that of the plasma-derived HSA. Our results show that the CPMV-HT system, which was originally developed as a transient expression system for use in whole plants, can also be used for high-level expression of rHSA, a protein highly susceptible to proteolysis, in transgenic tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Singh P, Prasuhn D, Yeh RM, Destito G, Rae CS, Osborn K, Finn MG, Manchester M. Bio-distribution, toxicity and pathology of cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles in vivo. J Control Release 2007; 120:41-50. [PMID: 17512998 PMCID: PMC2849971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) from a variety of sources are being developed for biomedical and nanotechnology applications that include tissue targeting and drug delivery. However, the fate of most of those particles in vivo has not been investigated. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant comovirus, has been found to be amenable to the attachment of a variety of molecules to its coat protein, as well as to modification of the coat protein sequence by genetic means. We report here the results of studies of the bio-distribution, toxicology, and pathology of CPMV in mice. Plasma clearance and tissue biodistribution were measured using CPMV particles derivatized with lanthanide metal complexes. CPMV particles were cleared rapidly from plasma, falling to undetectable levels within 20 min. By 30 min the majority of the injected VNPs were trapped in the liver and to a lesser extent the spleen with undetectable amounts in other tissues. At doses of 1 mg, 10 mg and 100 mg per kg body weight, no toxicity was noted and the mice appeared to be normal. Hematology was essentially normal, although with the highest dose examined, the mice were somewhat leukopenic with relative decreases in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Histological examination of the spleen showed cellular infiltration, which upon flow cytometry analyses revealed elevated B lymphocytes on the first day following virus administration that subsequently subsided. Microscopic evaluation of various other tissues revealed a lack of apparent tissue degeneration or necrosis. Overall, CPMV appears to be a safe and non-toxic platform for in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Singh
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Duane Prasuhn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert M. Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Giuseppe Destito
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro Viale Europa, Campus Universitario di Germaneto 88100, Catanzaro, ITALY
| | - Chris S. Rae
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kent Osborn
- Department of Animal Resources, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - M. G. Finn
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Corresponding authors: M.G. Finn, CB248, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8845, Fax : 858 784 2139, e-mail: . Marianne Manchester, CB 262, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8086, Fax : 858 784 7979, e-mail:
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Corresponding authors: M.G. Finn, CB248, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8845, Fax : 858 784 2139, e-mail: . Marianne Manchester, CB 262, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8086, Fax : 858 784 7979, e-mail:
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Shteĭn-Margolina VA. [Cytopathology of plants infected with viruses. Ultrastructure of leguminous leaves infected with red clover mottle virus]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2000:17-26. [PMID: 10881423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We studied ultrathin sections of clover, pea, and cowpea leaves from intact plants and after infection by red clover mottle virus (RCMV, comovirus, 28 nm isometric virions) under an electron microscope. Significant pathological changes were observed in the leaf cells after the infection: RCMV virions accumulated in the cytoplasm and vacuoles, tubular structures containing the virion-like particles, as well as vesicular aggregates were observed. Large membrane-containing inclusions with long tubules (approximately 35 nm in diameter) were found in the cytoplasm of the infected clover chlorenchyma cells. Apparently, these novel inclusions correspond to virus-induced protein synthesis.
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Taylor KM, Porta C, Lin T, Johnson JE, Barker PJ, Lomonossoff GP. Position-dependent processing of peptides presented on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus. Biol Chem 1999; 380:387-92. [PMID: 10223342 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been developed as an epitope-presentation system. Numerous epitopes have been expressed in the betaB-betaC loop of the CPMV small coat protein, all of which undergo a cleavage reaction between their two carboxy-terminal residues. Although many peptides presented in this manner give an authentic immune response, this was not the case for the NIm-1A epitope from human rhinovirus-14. Crystallography revealed significant differences between the structure of NIm-1A on CPMV compared with its native configuration. The 3D structure of C PMV expressing NIm-1A was used to design alterations to the context of the NIm-1A graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Taylor
- Dept. of Virus Research, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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