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Mim JJ, Hasan M, Chowdhury MS, Ghosh J, Mobarak MH, Khanom F, Hossain N. A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29244. [PMID: 38628721 PMCID: PMC11016983 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the immense capacity of nanowires, nanostructures characterized by unbounded dimensions, to profoundly transform the field of biomedicine. Nanowires, which are created by combining several materials using techniques such as electrospinning and vapor deposition, possess distinct mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. As a result, they are well-suited for use in nanoscale electronic devices, drug delivery systems, chemical sensors, and other applications. The utilization of techniques such as the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach and template-assisted approaches enables the achievement of precision in synthesis. This precision allows for the customization of characteristics, which in turn enables the capability of intracellular sensing and accurate drug administration. Nanowires exhibit potential in biomedical imaging, neural interfacing, and tissue engineering, despite obstacles related to biocompatibility and scalable manufacturing. They possess multifunctional capabilities that have the potential to greatly influence the intersection of nanotechnology and healthcare. Surmounting present obstacles has the potential to unleash the complete capabilities of nanowires, leading to significant improvements in diagnostics, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and next-generation point-of-care medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jannat Mim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakil Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Jubaraz Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hosne Mobarak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Khanom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Nayem Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
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Malik S, Singh J, Goyat R, Saharan Y, Chaudhry V, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Akbar S, Ameen S, Baskoutas S. Nanomaterials-based biosensor and their applications: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19929. [PMID: 37809900 PMCID: PMC10559358 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensor can be called ideal or perfect if it is enriched with certain characteristics viz., superior detections range, high sensitivity, selectivity, resolution, reproducibility, repeatability, and response time with good flow. Recently, biosensors made of nanoparticles (NPs) have gained very high popularity due to their excellent applications in nearly all the fields of science and technology. The use of NPs in the biosensor is usually done to fill the gap between the converter and the bioreceptor, which is at the nanoscale. Simultaneously the uses of NPs and electrochemical techniques have led to the emergence of biosensors with high sensitivity and decomposition power. This review summarizes the development of biosensors made of NPssuch as noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs, nanowires (NWs), nanorods (NRs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and dendrimers and their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Goyat
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Yajvinder Saharan
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED)Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED)Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sadia Ameen
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Advanced Science Campus, Jeonbuk National University, 56212, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sotirios Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
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Goswami PP, Deshpande T, Rotake DR, Singh SG. Near perfect classification of cardiac biomarker Troponin-I in human serum assisted by SnS2-CNT composite, explainable ML, and operating-voltage-selection-algorithm. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Spatially hierarchical nano-architecture for real time detection of Interleukin-8 cancer biomarker. Talanta 2022; 246:123436. [PMID: 35489096 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we have developed two hierarchical nano-architectures based electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of interleukin-8 (IL-8) cytokine tumor biomarker. A comparative study has been performed for spatial nano-architectures and their relative sensing to establish the model for real time monitoring. With the first platform, the recognition layer consisted with immobilised IL-8 on aminothiol modified gold electrodes. In the second approach, the activated multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) were added in the functionalisation process by covalent attachment between the functionalities NH2 of aminothiol and the functionalities COOH of carbon nanotubes. The surface topology of the recognition layer has been characterised by atomic force spectroscopy (AFM) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The electrochemical response of the developed sensor was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A side-by-side comparison showed that aminothiol/activated MWCNTs/anti-IL-8 based impedimetric immunosensor exhibits high reproducibility (The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) = 3.2%, n = 3) with high stability. The present sensor allows evaluating a lower detection limit of 0.1 pg mL-1 with a large dynamic sensitivity range from 1 pg mL-1to 1000 pg mL-1 covering the entire clinical therapeutic window. The developed MWCNTs based immunosensor has been calibrated by determining IL-8 in artificial plasma and showed a selective response to IL-8 even in the interfering environment of other cytokines such as Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6).
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Zhou L, Wu S, Zhang X, Liu J, Yu X. Preparation and photoelectric properties of the polycrystalline silicon solar cells depositing Sb2O
x
nano-films. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rapid single-molecule digital detection of protein biomarkers for continuous monitoring of systemic immune disorders. Blood 2021; 137:1591-1602. [PMID: 33275650 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital protein assays have great potential to advance immunodiagnostics because of their single-molecule sensitivity, high precision, and robust measurements. However, translating digital protein assays to acute clinical care has been challenging because it requires deployment of these assays with a rapid turnaround. Herein, we present a technology platform for ultrafast digital protein biomarker detection by using single-molecule counting of immune-complex formation events at an early, pre-equilibrium state. This method, which we term "pre-equilibrium digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay" (PEdELISA), can quantify a multiplexed panel of protein biomarkers in 10 µL of serum within an unprecedented assay incubation time of 15 to 300 seconds over a 104 dynamic range. PEdELISA allowed us to perform rapid monitoring of protein biomarkers in patients manifesting post-chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy cytokine release syndrome, with ∼30-minute sample-to-answer time and a sub-picograms per mL limit of detection. The rapid, sensitive, and low-input volume biomarker quantification enabled by PEdELISA is broadly applicable to timely monitoring of acute disease, potentially enabling more personalized treatment.
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Zheng Z, Zhang H, Zhai T, Xia F. Overcome Debye Length Limitations for Biomolecule Sensing Based on Field Effective Transistors
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
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Fabrication of Low Cost and Low Temperature Poly-Silicon Nanowire Sensor Arrays for Monolithic Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122488. [PMID: 33322344 PMCID: PMC7763022 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the poly-Si nanowire (NW) field-effect transistor (FET) sensor arrays were fabricated by adopting low-temperature annealing (600 °C/30 s) and feasible spacer image transfer (SIT) processes for future monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) applications. Compared with other fabrication methods of poly-Si NW sensors, the SIT process exhibits the characteristics of highly uniform poly-Si NW arrays with well-controlled morphology (about 25 nm in width and 35 nm in length). Conventional metal silicide and implantation techniques were introduced to reduce the parasitic resistance of source and drain (SD) and improve the conductivity. Therefore, the obtained sensors exhibit >106 switching ratios and 965 mV/dec subthreshold swing (SS), which exhibits similar results compared with that of SOI Si NW sensors. However, the poly-Si NW FET sensors show the Vth shift as high as about 178 ± 1 mV/pH, which is five times larger than that of the SOI Si NW sensors. The fabricated poly-Si NW sensors with 600 °C/30 s processing temperature and good device performance provide feasibility for future monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) applications.
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Arkusz K, Paradowska E. Impedimetric Detection of Femtomolar Levels of Interleukin6, Interleukin 8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Based on Thermally Modified Nanotubular Titanium Dioxide Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2399. [PMID: 33266223 PMCID: PMC7760759 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive, easy to prepare, and label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensor has been developed for the selective detection of human interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (CXCL8, IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)-potential inflammatory cancer biomarkers. We describe a, so far, newly developed and unexplored method to immobilize antibodies onto a titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) array by physical adsorption. Immobilization of anti-IL-6, anti-IL-8, and anti-TNFα on TNT and the detection of human IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The impedimetric immunosensor demonstrates good selectivity and high sensitivity against human biomarker analytes and can detect IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα at concentrations as low as 5 pg/mL, equivalent to the standard concentration of these proteins in human blood. The calibration curves evidenced that elaborated biosensors are sensitive to three cytokines within 5 ÷ 2500 pg/mL in the 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Arkusz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Licealna 9 Street, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland;
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10
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Rani D, Singh Y, Salker M, Vu XT, Ingebrandt S, Pachauri V. Point-of-care-ready nanoscale ISFET arrays for sub-picomolar detection of cytokines in cell cultures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6777-6788. [PMID: 32725311 PMCID: PMC7496041 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and frequent screening of cytokines as immunomodulation agents is necessary for precise interventions in severe pathophysiological conditions. In addition to high-sensitivity detection of such analytes in complex biological fluids such as blood, saliva, and cell culture medium samples, it is also crucial to work out miniaturized bioanalytical platforms with potential for high-density integration enabling screening of multiple analytes. In this work, we show a compact, point-of-care-ready bioanalytical platform for screening of cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) based on one-dimensional ion-sensitive field-effect transistors arrays (nanoISFETs) of silicon fabricated at wafer-scale via nanoimprint lithography. The nanoISFETs biofunctionalized with receptor proteins alpha IL-4 and alpha IL-2 were deployed for screening cytokine secretion in mouse T helper cell differentiation culture media, respectively. Our nanoISFETs showed robust sensor signals for specific molecular binding and can be readily deployed for real-time screening of cytokines. Quantitative analyses of the nanoISFET-based bioanalytical platform was carried out for IL-4 concentrations ranging from 25 fg/mL (1.92 fM) to 2.5 μg/mL (192 nM), showing a limit of detection down to 3-5 fM, which was found to be in agreement with ELISA results in determining IL-4 concentrations directly in complex cell culture media. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Rani
- Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri Salker
- Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Thang Vu
- Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibruecken, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 (IWE1), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibruecken, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 (IWE1), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vivek Pachauri
- Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibruecken, Germany.
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 (IWE1), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Smith R, Geary SM, Salem AK. Silicon Nanowires and their Impact on Cancer Detection and Monitoring. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8522-8536. [PMID: 36733606 PMCID: PMC9891666 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of silicon nanowires (SINWs)-based biosensors in 2001, SINWs employed in various detection schemes have routinely demonstrated label-free, real-time, sub femtomolar detection of both protein and nucleic acid analytes. This has allowed SiNW-based biosensors to integrate into the field of cancer detection and cancer monitoring and thus have the potential to be a paradigm shift in how cancer biomarkers are detected and monitored. Combining this with several promising fields such as liquid biopsies and targeted oncology, SiNW based biosensors represents an opportunity for cancer monitoring and treatment to be a more dynamic process. Such advances provide clinicians with more information on the molecular landscape of cancer patients which can better inform cancer treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheid Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
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12
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A review on nanomaterial-based field effect transistor technology for biomarker detection. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:739. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Xu Y, Liu J, Cui Y, Yin R, Wang X, Wu S, Yu X. Efficient polycrystalline silicon solar cells with double metal oxide layers. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3687-3694. [PMID: 30801079 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline silicon solar cells can achieve high power conversion efficiency and can be successfully commercialized; however, the exploration of optimization strategies is still necessary. Here, we demonstrated improved performance of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell by depositing Sb2Ox/CdO double layers onto a Si wafer via a low-cost route. The metal oxide layers, forming effective heterojunctions, suppressed carrier recombination and reduced surface reflection. Additionally, the heterojunctions of Sb2Ox/CdO/Si enhanced the transmission of electrons and holes and simultaneously, a wider response range in the solar spectrum was realized. The power conversion efficiency improved from 12.6 to 16.7% in a polycrystalline silicon solar cell, with relative increase of 33%. It is expected that the metal oxide-enhanced devices will have tremendous potential in commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China.
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Doucey MA, Carrara S. Nanowire Sensors in Cancer. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:86-99. [PMID: 30126620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, the group of Dr C.M. Lieber pioneered the field of nanowire sensors by fabricating devices for the ultra-sensitive label-free detection of biological macromolecules. Since then, nanowire sensors have demonstrated their ability to detect cancer-associated analytes in peripheral blood, tumor tissue, and the exhaled breath of cancer patients. These innovative developments have marked a new era with unprecedented detection performance, capable of addressing crucial needs such as cancer diagnosis and monitoring disease progression and patient response to therapy. The ability of nanowire sensors to identify molecular features of patient tumor represents a first step toward precision medicine, and their integration into portable devices has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Department of Oncolology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Branch, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Sandro Carrara
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/CarraraSandro
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15
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Ma S, Li X, Lee YK, Zhang A. Direct label-free protein detection in high ionic strength solution and human plasma using dual-gate nanoribbon-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:276-282. [PMID: 29909199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on direct label-free protein detection in high ionic strength solution and human plasma by a dual-gate nanoribbon-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (NR-ISFET) biosensor system with excellent sensitivity and specificity in both solution-gate (SG) and dual-gate (DG) modes. Compared with previously reported results, the NR-ISFET biosensor enables selective prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection based on antibody-antigen binding in broader detection range with lower LOD. For the first time, real-time specific detection of PSA of 10 pM to 1 μM in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB) was demonstrated by conductance measurements using the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified NR-ISFET biosensors in DG mode with the back-gate bias (VBG) of 20 V. Due to larger maximum transconductance value resulting from the modulation of NR-ISFET channel by the back gate in DG mode, the detection range can be broadened with larger linear detection region (100 pM to 100 nM) and lower limit of detection (LOD, 10 pM) as compared to those in SG mode. Moreover, the influence of different back-gate bias from VBG = 5 V to VBG = 25 V on the biosensor performance has been investigated. Furthermore, direct PSA detection of 100 pM to 1 μM in human plasma was demonstrated by using the PEG-modified NR-ISFET in DG mode, enabling direct detection of protein in human blood for clinical applications since the LOD of 100 pM PSA can meet the clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhui Ma
- School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Guangdong Shunde Xi'an Jiaotong University Academy, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China.
| | - Yi-Kuen Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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Ouyang W, Han J, Wang W. Enabling electrical biomolecular detection in high ionic concentrations and enhancement of the detection limit thereof by coupling a nanofluidic crystal with reconfigurable ion concentration polarization. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3772-3784. [PMID: 28983543 PMCID: PMC5675812 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The regulation effect of surface charges on the transport of electrons in nanomaterials and ions in nanofluidic devices has been widely used to develop highly sensitive and label-free electrical biosensors. The intrinsic limitation to the clinical application of surface charge-effect nano-electrical biosensors is that they usually do not function in physiological conditions normally with high ionic concentrations (∼160 mM), in which the surface charges are screened within a short distance (<1 nm at 160 mM). In this work, we developed a general strategy that enables surface charge-effect electrical biomolecular detection in physiological conditions with an integrated mechanism for enhancement of the limit of detection (LOD) by in situ preconcentration of target molecules during incubation and creation of a transient low ionic concentration environment during the signal read-out step using reconfigurable ion concentration polarization (ICP). We demonstrated the effectiveness of this strategy in a simple nanofluidic biosensor named a nanofluidic crystal (NFC), which can be prepared within hours and without expensive equipment. Our results indicate that the ion depletion effect of ICP could lower the ionic concentration by at least 200 fold and provide a stable ionic environment for over 15 s, enabling electrical detection of proteins and DNAs in serum and urine with LODs of 1-10 nM. We further reconfigured the device to preconcentrate target biomolecules before detection using the enrichment effect of ICP, obtaining LODs of 10-100 pM for proteins and DNAs in physiological conditions. By overcoming the inherent constraint on buffer conditions and the issues regarding fabrication, we believe that this work represents significant progress towards the practical application of surface charge-effect nano-electrical biosensors in point-of-care diagnostics and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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17
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Yeh SS, Chang WY, Lin JJ. Probing nanocrystalline grain dynamics in nanodevices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700135. [PMID: 28691094 PMCID: PMC5482555 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical structural defects exist naturally in a wide variety of solids. They fluctuate temporally and hence can deteriorate the performance of many electronic devices. Thus far, the entities of these dynamic objects have been identified to be individual atoms. On the other hand, it is a long-standing question whether a nanocrystalline grain constituted of a large number of atoms can switch, as a whole, reversibly like a dynamical atomic defect (that is, a two-level system). This is an emergent issue considering the current development of nanodevices with ultralow electrical noise, qubits with long quantum coherence time, and nanoelectromechanical system sensors with ultrahigh resolution. We demonstrate experimental observations of dynamic nanocrystalline grains that repeatedly switch between two or more metastable coordinate states. We study temporal resistance fluctuations in thin ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) metal nanowires and extract microscopic parameters, including relaxation time scales, mobile grain sizes, and the bonding strengths of nanograin boundaries. These material parameters are not obtainable by other experimental approaches. When combined with previous in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, our electrical method can be used to infer rich information about the structural dynamics of a wide variety of nanodevices and new two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Shiuan Yeh
- Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yao Chang
- Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Juhn-Jong Lin
- Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Corresponding author.
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Zulfiqar A, Patou F, Pfreundt A, Papakonstantinopoulos C, Svendsen WE, Dimaki M. In-situ doped junctionless polysilicon nanowires field effect transistors for low-cost biosensors. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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19
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Sun K, Zeimpekis I, Hu C, Ditshego NMJ, Thomas O, de Planque MRR, Chong HMH, Morgan H, Ashburn P. Effect of subthreshold slope on the sensitivity of nanoribbon sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:285501. [PMID: 27255984 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/28/285501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate how the sensitivity of a nanowire or nanoribbon sensor is influenced by the subthreshold slope of the sensing transistor. Polysilicon nanoribbon sensors are fabricated with a wide range of subthreshold slopes and the sensitivity is characterized using pH measurements. It is shown that there is a strong relationship between the sensitivity and the device subthreshold slope. The sensitivity is characterized using the current sensitivity per pH, which is shown to increase from 1.2% ph(-1) to 33.6% ph(-1) as the subthreshold slope improves from 6.2 V dec(-1) to 0.23 V dec(-1) respectively. We propose a model that relates current sensitivity per pH to the subthreshold slope of the sensing transistor. The model shows that sensitivity is determined only on the subthreshold slope of the sensing transistor and the choice of gate insulator. The model fully explains the values of current sensitivity per pH for the broad range of subthreshold slopes obtained in our fabricated nanoribbon devices. It is also able to explain values of sensitivity reported in the literature, which range from 2.5% pH(-1) to 650% pH(-1) for a variety of nanoribbon and nanowire sensors. Furthermore, it shows that aggressive device scaling is not the key to high sensitivity. For the first time, a figure-of-merit is proposed to compare the performance of nanoscale field effect transistor sensors fabricated using different materials and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sun
- Zepler Institute, Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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20
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Zeimpekis I, Sun K, Hu C, Ditshego NMJ, Thomas O, de Planque MRR, Chong HMH, Morgan H, Ashburn P. Dual-gate polysilicon nanoribbon biosensors enable high sensitivity detection of proteins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:165502. [PMID: 26954011 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/16/165502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the advantages of dual-gate polysilicon nanoribbon biosensors with a comprehensive evaluation of different measurement schemes for pH and protein sensing. In particular, we compare the detection of voltage and current changes when top- and bottom-gate bias is applied. Measurements of pH show that a large voltage shift of 491 mV pH(-1) is obtained in the subthreshold region when the top-gate is kept at a fixed potential and the bottom-gate is varied (voltage sweep). This is an improvement of 16 times over the 30 mV pH(-1) measured using a top-gate sweep with the bottom-gate at a fixed potential. A similar large voltage shift of 175 mV is obtained when the protein avidin is sensed using a bottom-gate sweep. This is an improvement of 20 times compared with the 8.8 mV achieved from a top-gate sweep. Current measurements using bottom-gate sweeps do not deliver the same signal amplification as when using bottom-gate sweeps to measure voltage shifts. Thus, for detecting a small signal change on protein binding, it is advantageous to employ a double-gate transistor and to measure a voltage shift using a bottom-gate sweep. For top-gate sweeps, the use of a dual-gate transistor enables the current sensitivity to be enhanced by applying a negative bias to the bottom-gate to reduce the carrier concentration in the nanoribbon. For pH measurements, the current sensitivity increases from 65% to 149% and for avidin sensing it increases from 1.4% to 2.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zeimpekis
- Zepler Institute, Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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21
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AC and Phase Sensing of Nanowires for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27104577 PMCID: PMC4931475 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are label-free sensors that allow real-time measurements. They are economical and pave the road for point-of-care applications but require complex readout and skilled personnel. We propose a new model and technique for sensing nanowire sensors using alternating currents (AC) to capture both magnitude and phase information from the sensor. This approach combines the advantages of complex impedance spectroscopy with the noise reduction performances of lock-in techniques. Experimental results show how modifications of the sensors with different surface chemistries lead to the same direct-current (DC) response but can be discerned using the AC approach.
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Hu C, Zeimpekis I, Sun K, Anderson S, Ashburn P, Morgan H. Low-Cost Nanoribbon Sensors for Protein Analysis in Human Serum Using a Miniature Bead-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4872-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Hu
- Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Anderson
- Sharp Laboratories of Europe, Oxford OX4 4GB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ashburn
- Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Braiek M, Yang Y, Farre C, Chaix C, Bessueille F, Baraket A, Errachid A, Zhang A, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes Modified with Fe3O4@Au Magnetic Nanocomposites as Sensitive Platform for Detection of a Cancer Biomarker, Interleukin-8. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Braiek
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 PR China
| | - Carole Farre
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Carole Chaix
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - François Bessueille
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Abdoullatif Baraket
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 PR China
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- University of Lyon; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 5280 CNRS, UCBL, ENS; 69100 Villeurbanne France
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Controllable electrical and physical breakdown of poly-crystalline silicon nanowires by thermally assisted electromigration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19314. [PMID: 26782708 PMCID: PMC4726027 DOI: 10.1038/srep19314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si) in semiconductor manufacturing is rapidly increasing due to its highly controllable conductivity and excellent, uniform deposition quality. With the continuing miniaturization of electronic components, low dimensional structures such as 1-dimensional nanowires (NWs) have attracted a great deal of attention. But such components have a much higher current density than 2- or 3- dimensional films, and high current can degrade device lifetime and lead to breakdown problems. Here, we report on the electrical and thermal characteristics of poly-Si NWs, which can also be used to control electrical and physical breakdown under high current density. This work reports a controllable catastrophic change of poly-Si NWs by thermally-assisted electromigration and underlying mechanisms. It also reports the direct and real time observation of these catastrophic changes of poly-Si nanowires for the first time, using scanning electron microscopy.
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25
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Label-free cytokine micro- and nano-biosensing towards personalized medicine of systemic inflammatory disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:90-103. [PMID: 26408791 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory disorders resulting from infection, trauma, surgery, and severe disease conditions pose serious threats to human health leading to organ dysfunction, organ failure, and mortality. The highly complex and dynamic nature of the immune system experiencing acute inflammation makes immunomodulatory therapy blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines very challenging. Successful therapy requires the ability to determine appropriate anti-cytokine drugs to be delivered at a right dose in a timely manner. Label-free micro- and nano-biosensors hold the potential to overcome the current challenges, enabling cytokine-targeted treatments to be tailored according to the immune status of an individual host with their unique cytokine biomarker detection capabilities. This review studies the recent progress in label-free cytokine biosensors, summarizes their performances and potential merits, and discusses future directions for their advancements to meet challenges towards personalized anti-cytokine drug delivery.
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Shamir A, Amit I, Englander D, Horvitz D, Rosenwaks Y. Potential barrier height at the grain boundaries of a poly-silicon nanowire. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:355201. [PMID: 26245190 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/35/355201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the potential barrier height and its dependence on grain size in poly-silicon nanowire (P-SiNW) arrays. Measurements conducted using Kelvin probe force microscopy coupled with electrostatic simulations, enabled us also to extract the density of the grain boundary interface states and their energy distribution. In addition it was shown that the barrier height scales with the grain size as the square of the grain radius.
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27
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Aroonyadet N, Wang X, Song Y, Chen H, Cote RJ, Thompson ME, Datar RH, Zhou C. Highly scalable, uniform, and sensitive biosensors based on top-down indium oxide nanoribbons and electronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1943-51. [PMID: 25636984 DOI: 10.1021/nl5047889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructure field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have shown great promise for ultra sensitive biomolecular detection. Top-down assembly of these sensors increases scalability and device uniformity but faces fabrication challenges in achieving the small dimensions needed for sensitivity. We report top-down fabricated indium oxide (In2O3) nanoribbon FET biosensors using highly scalable radio frequency (RF) sputtering to create uniform channel thicknesses ranging from 50 to 10 nm. We combine this scalable sensing platform with amplification from electronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to achieve high sensitivity to target analytes such as streptavidin and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 proteins. Our approach circumvents Debye screening in ionic solutions and detects p24 protein at 20 fg/mL (about 250 viruses/mL or about 3 orders of magnitude lower than commercial ELISA) with a 35% conduction change in human serum. The In2O3 nanoribbon biosensors have 100% device yield and use a simple 2 mask photolithography process. The electrical properties of 50 In2O3 nanoribbon FETs showed good uniformity in on-state current, on/off current ratio, mobility, and threshold voltage. In addition, the sensors show excellent pH sensitivity over a broad range (pH 4 to 9) as well as over the physiological-related pH range (pH 6.8 to 8.2). With the demonstrated sensitivity, scalability, and uniformity, the In2O3 nanoribbon sensor platform makes great progress toward clinical testing, such as for early diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Aroonyadet
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Liu F, Luber EJ, Huck LA, Olsen BC, Buriak JM. Nanoscale plasmonic stamp lithography on silicon. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2184-93. [PMID: 25654172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale lithography on silicon is of interest for applications ranging from computer chip design to tissue interfacing. Block copolymer-based self-assembly, also called directed self-assembly (DSA) within the semiconductor industry, can produce a variety of complex nanopatterns on silicon, but these polymeric films typically require transformation into functional materials. Here we demonstrate how gold nanopatterns, produced via block copolymer self-assembly, can be incorporated into an optically transparent flexible PDMS stamp, termed a plasmonic stamp, and used to directly functionalize silicon surfaces on a sub-100 nm scale. We propose that the high intensity electric fields that result from the localized surface plasmons of the gold nanoparticles in the plasmonic stamps upon illumination with low intensity green light, lead to generation of electron-hole pairs in the silicon that drive spatially localized hydrosilylation. This approach demonstrates how localized surface plasmons can be used to enable functionalization of technologically relevant surfaces with nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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29
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Zeimpekis I, Sun K, Hu C, Thomas O, de Planque MRR, Chong HMH, Morgan H, Ashburn P. Study of parasitic resistance effects in nanowire and nanoribbon biosensors. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:79. [PMID: 25852375 PMCID: PMC4385057 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate sensor design approaches for eliminating the effects of parasitic resistance in nanowire and nanoribbon biosensors. Measurements of pH with polysilicon nanoribbon biosensors are used to demonstrate a reduction in sensitivity as the sensor length is reduced. The sensitivity (normalised conductance change) is reduced from 11% to 5.5% for a pH change from 9 to 3 as the sensing window length is reduced from 51 to 11 μm. These results are interpreted using a simple empirical model, which is also used to demonstrate how the sensitivity degradation can be alleviated by a suitable choice of sensor window length. Furthermore, a differential sensor design is proposed that eliminates the detrimental effects of parasitic resistance. Measurements on the differential sensor give a sensitivity of 15%, which is in good agreement with the predicted maximum sensitivity obtained from modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zeimpekis
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Kai Sun
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Chunxiao Hu
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Owain Thomas
- />Oxford Instruments Plasma Technology, Yatton, Bristol, BS49 4AP UK
| | - Maurits RR de Planque
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Harold MH Chong
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Hywel Morgan
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Peter Ashburn
- />Zepler Institute, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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30
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Lee SH, Lee TI, Lee SJ, Lee SM, Yun I, Myoung JM. Electrical characteristics of metal catalyst-assisted etched rough silicon nanowire depending on the diameter size. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:929-934. [PMID: 25526518 DOI: 10.1021/am507478q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of electrical properties of rough and cylindrical Si nanowires (NWs) synthesized by diameter-controllable metal catalyst-assisted etching (MCE) on the size of the NW's diameter was demonstrated. Using a decal-printing and transfer process assisted by Al2O3 sacrificial layer, the Si NW field effect transistor (FET) embedded in a polyvinylphenol adhesive and dielectric layer were fabricated. As the diameter of Si NW increased, the mobility of FET increased from 80.51 to 170.95 cm(2)/V·s and the threshold voltage moved from -7.17 to 0 V because phonon-electron wave function overlaps, surface scattering, and defect scattering decreased and gate coupling increased as the ratio of surface-to-volume got reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul, Korea
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31
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Huang W, Diallo AK, Dailey JL, Besar K, Katz HE. Electrochemical processes and mechanistic aspects of field-effect sensors for biomolecules. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2015; 3:6445-6470. [PMID: 29238595 PMCID: PMC5724786 DOI: 10.1039/c5tc00755k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronic biosensing is a leading technology for determining concentrations of biomolecules. In some cases, the presence of an analyte molecule induces a measured change in current flow, while in other cases, a new potential difference is established. In the particular case of a field effect biosensor, the potential difference is monitored as a change in conductance elsewhere in the device, such as across a film of an underlying semiconductor. Often, the mechanisms that lead to these responses are not specifically determined. Because improved understanding of these mechanisms will lead to improved performance, it is important to highlight those studies where various mechanistic possibilities are investigated. This review explores a range of possible mechanistic contributions to field-effect biosensor signals. First, we define the field-effect biosensor and the chemical interactions that lead to the field effect, followed by a section on theoretical and mechanistic background. We then discuss materials used in field-effect biosensors and approaches to improving signals from field-effect biosensors. We specifically cover the biomolecule interactions that produce local electric fields, structures and processes at interfaces between bioanalyte solutions and electronic materials, semiconductors used in biochemical sensors, dielectric layers used in top-gated sensors, and mechanisms for converting the surface voltage change to higher signal/noise outputs in circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdou Karim Diallo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kalpana Besar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Liu Y, Yobas L. Label-free specific detection of femtomolar cardiac troponin using an integrated nanoslit array fluidic diode. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6983-90. [PMID: 25366228 DOI: 10.1021/nl5032524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here for the first time the utility of an integrated nanofluidic diode for detecting and quantifying physiologically relevant macromolecules. Troponin T, a key human cardiac protein biomarker, was selectively and rapidly detected free of labels for concentrations down to 10 fg/mL (∼ 0.3 fM) in buffer as well as 10 pg/mL (∼ 300 fM) in untreated human serum. This ultrasensitive detection arises from monolithic integration of a unique nanofluidic diode structure that is highly robust and amenable to site-specific surface modification. The structure features a planar nanoslit array where each nanoslit is defined at a nominal width of 70 nm over a micrometer-scale silicon trench without the use of high-resolution patterning techniques. Through vapor deposition, a glass layer is placed at a nonuniform thickness, tapering the trench profile upward and contributing to the triangular nanoslit structure. This asymmetric profile is essential for ionic current rectification noted here at various pH values, ionic strengths, and captured target species, which modulate the surface-charge density within the sensitive region of the nanoslit. The nanoslit, unlike nanopores, offers only 1D confinement, which appears to be adequate for reasonable rectification. The measurements are found in quantitative agreement with the diode simulations for the first time based on a pH- and salt-dependent surface-charge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S. A. R
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Kailashiya J, Singh N, Singh SK, Agrawal V, Dash D. Graphene oxide-based biosensor for detection of platelet-derived microparticles: A potential tool for thrombus risk identification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 65:274-80. [PMID: 25461169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report here design of a graphene oxide-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), a major risk factor for arterial pro-thrombotic pathologies like acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Electrodes were fabricated with immobilized layers of graphene oxide and a specific antibody targeted against active conformation of integrin αIIbβ3 on PMP surface. Results showed progressive rise in impedance in Nyquist plots with increasing number of PMPs in analyte. The sensor was highly specific for PMPs and did not identify microparticles originating from other cells. Blood obtained from patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction exhibited significantly higher values of impedance, consistent with larger number of circulating PMPs in these patients, as compared to samples from healthy individuals, thus validating biosensor as a specific, sensitive, label-free and cost-effective tool for rapid point-of-care detection of PMPs at bedside. Our biosensor is most ideal for mass population screening programs at periphery-level healthcare units with limited resources. It is aimed at early detection of individuals having higher imminent cardiovascular risk, as well as for routine analysis, which in turn would contribute to better management and survival of screened 'high-risk' subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Kailashiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nitesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India
| | - Vikas Agrawal
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Adam T, Hashim U. Highly sensitive silicon nanowire biosensor with novel liquid gate control for detection of specific single-stranded DNA molecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:656-61. [PMID: 25453738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The study demonstrates the development of a liquid-based gate-control silicon nanowire biosensor for detection of specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules. The sensor was fabricated using conventional photolithography coupled with an inductively coupled plasma dry etching process. Prior to the application of DNA to the device, its linear response to pH was confirmed by serial dilution from pH 2 to pH 14. Then, the sensor surface was silanized and directly aminated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane to create a molecular binding chemistry for biofunctionalization. The resulting Si‒O‒Si‒ components were functionalized with receptor ssDNA, which interacted with the targeted ssDNA to create a field across the silicon nanowire and increase the current. The sensor shows selectivity for the target ssDNA in a linear range from target ssDNA concentrations of 100 pM to 25 nM. With its excellent detection capabilities, this sensor platform is promising for detection of specific biomarkers and other targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijjani Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - U Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
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35
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Kwon S, Chen ZCY, Noh H, Lee JH, Liu H, Cha JN, Xiang J. Selective functionalization and loading of biomolecules in crystalline silicon nanotube field-effect-transistors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:7847-7852. [PMID: 24926535 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01508h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline silicon nanotubes (Si NTs) provide distinctive advantages as electrical and biochemical analysis scaffolds through their unique morphology and electrical tunability compared to solid nanowires or amorphous/non-conductive nanotubes. Such potential is investigated in this report. Gate-dependent four-probe current-voltage analysis reveals electrical properties such as resistivity to differ by nearly 3 orders of magnitude between crystalline and amorphous Si NTs. Analysis of transistor transfer characteristics yields a field effect mobility of 40.0 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) in crystalline Si NTs. The hollow morphology also allows selective inner/outer surface functionalization and loading capability either as a carrier for molecular targets or as a nanofluidic channel for biomolecular assays. We present for the first time a demonstration of internalization of fluorescent dyes (rhodamine) and biomolecules (BSA) in Si NTs as long as 22 μm in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonshin Kwon
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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36
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Duan X, Rajan NK, Izadi MH, Reed MA. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon nanowire biofield-effect transistors as affinity biosensors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 8:1839-51. [PMID: 24156488 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity biosensors use biorecognition elements and transducers to convert a biochemical event into a recordable signal. They provides the molecule binding information, which includes the dynamics of biomolecular association and dissociation, and the equilibrium association constant. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon (Si) nanowires configured as a field-effect transistor (NW FET) have shown significant advantages for real-time, label-free and highly sensitive detection of a wide range of biomolecules. Most research has focused on reducing the detection limit of Si-NW FETs but has provided less information about the real binding parameters of the biomolecular interactions. Recently, Si-NW FETs have been demonstrated as affinity biosensors to quantify biomolecular binding affinities and kinetics. They open new applications for NW FETs in the nanomedicine field and will bring such sensor technology a step closer to commercial point-of-care applications. This article summarizes the recent advances in bioaffinity measurement using Si-NW FETs, with an emphasis on the different approaches used to address the issues of sensor calibration, regeneration, binding kinetic measurements, limit of detection, sensor surface modification, biomolecule charge screening, reference electrode integration and nonspecific molecular binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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37
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Xue S, Zeng H, Yang J, Nakajima H, Uchiyama K. A compact immunoassay platform based on a multicapillary glass plate. SENSORS 2014; 14:9132-44. [PMID: 24859022 PMCID: PMC4063063 DOI: 10.3390/s140509132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, rapid immunoassay performed in the multi-channels of a micro-well array consisting of a multicapillary glass plate (MCP) and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slide is described. The micro-dimensions and large surface area of the MCP permitted the diffusion distance to be decreased and the reaction efficiency to be increased. To confirm the concept of the method, human immunoglobulin A (h-IgA) was measured using both the proposed immunoassay system and the traditional 96-well plate method. The proposed method resulted in a 1/5-fold decrease of immunoassay time, and a 1/56-fold cut in reagent consumption with a 0.05 ng/mL of limit of detection (LOD) for IgA. The method was also applied to saliva samples obtained from healthy volunteers. The results correlated well to those obtained by the 96-well plate method. The method has the potential for use in disease diagnostic or on-site immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Xue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Hulie Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Hizuru Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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38
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Fu Y, Chen L, Sun W, Chen T, Sun Y, Zhao J. Simulation for diffusion behaviour of molecules in nanopattern-supported lipid bilayers based on random walk theory. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.803553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Huang W, Besar K, LeCover R, Dulloor P, Sinha J, Martínez Hardigree JF, Pick C, Swavola J, Everett AD, Frechette J, Bevan M, Katz HE. Label-free brain injury biomarker detection based on highly sensitive large area organic thin film transistor with hybrid coupling layer. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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40
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He Y, Su Y. Silicon-Based Platform for Biosensing Applications. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54668-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Zhang C, Gu L, Kaskhedikar N, Cui G, Maier J. Preparation of silicon@silicon oxide core-shell nanowires from a silica precursor toward a high energy density Li-ion battery anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12340-12345. [PMID: 24229329 DOI: 10.1021/am402930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bulk-quantity silicon@silicon oxide nanowires have been successfully synthesized via a facile high-temperature approach using environment-friendly silica mixed with titanium powders. It is confirmed that the obtained nanowires process a crystalline core and amorphous oxide sheath. The obtained nanowires grow along the [111] direction which catalyzed by spherical silicon@siilcon oxide nanoparticles. The unique one-dimensional structure and thin oxide sheath result in the favorable electrochemical performances, which may be beneficial to the high energy density silicon anode for lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjian Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
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42
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Lee SH, Lee TI, Moon KJ, Myoung JM. A route for modulating the diameter of cylindrical silicon nanowires by using thermal self-ordering silver nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11777-11782. [PMID: 24156659 DOI: 10.1021/am403454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the synthesis of uniform sub-80-nm silicon nanowires (Si NWs), we introduce a metal-assisted chemical etching (MCE)-based facile and high-yield route, employing simple thermal annealing and vacuum deposition processes. Under rapid thermal annealing, an ultrathin silver (Ag) film on a Si substrate is self-organized into Ag nanoparticles (NPs), which are used for making Si nanoholes through a short MCE process. After sputter deposition of Au (10 nm)/Ag (20 nm) on the caved Si substrate with nanoholes, a nanomesh is obtained. Finally, with the nanomesh as an etching mask, Si NWs are successfully produced through a second MCE process. The size of the Si NWs can be modulated by controlling the thickness of the initial Ag film. The minimum diameter of the synthesized Si NWs is 30 ± 5 nm, and the maximum diameter is 68 ± 10 nm. Furthermore, to determine the uniformity of our Si NWs, bottom-gate field-effect transistors were fabricated and the linearity of the on-current level of these transistors with the number of addressed Si NWs was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul, Korea
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43
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Fabrication and characterization of silicon nanostructures based on metal-assisted chemical etching. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Duan X, Rajan NK, Routenberg DA, Huskens J, Reed MA. Regenerative electronic biosensors using supramolecular approaches. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4014-4021. [PMID: 23566420 PMCID: PMC3665757 DOI: 10.1021/nn306034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular interface for Si nanowire FETs has been developed with the aim of creating regenerative electronic biosensors. The key to the approach is Si-NWs functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), to which receptor moieties can be attached with an orthogonal supramolecular linker. Here we demonstrate full recycling using the strongest biomolecular system known, streptavidin (SAv)-biotin. The bound SAv and the linkers can be selectively removed from the surface through competitive desorption with concentrated β-CD, regenerating the sensor for repeated use. An added advantage of β-CD is the possibility of stereoselective sensors, and we demonstrate here the ability to quantify the enantiomeric composition of chiral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Duan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Nitin K. Rajan
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - David A. Routenberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Hachuda S, Otsuka S, Kita S, Isono T, Narimatsu M, Watanabe K, Goshima Y, Baba T. Selective detection of sub-atto-molar Streptavidin in 10(13)-fold impure sample using photonic crystal nanolaser sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:12815-12821. [PMID: 23736500 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors selectively detecting a very small amount of biomarker protein in human blood are desired for early and reliable diagnoses of severe diseases. This paper reports the detection of protein (streptavidin: SA) in ultra-low concentration, with an ultra-high selectivity against contaminants, using photonic crystal nanolasers. For biotin-modified nanolasers in pure water with SA, an extremely-low detection limit of 16 zM is evaluated. Even in a mixture with 1 μM bovine serum albumin as the contaminant, 100 zM SA is detected, meaning a selectivity of 10(13). These are remarkable capabilities that are promising for practical biosensing in the medical applications mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hachuda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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BioFET-SIM web interface: implementation and two applications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45379. [PMID: 23056201 PMCID: PMC3466287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a web interface which allows us to conveniently set up calculations based on the BioFET-SIM model. With the interface, the signal of a BioFET sensor can be calculated depending on its parameters, as well as the signal dependence on pH. As an illustration, two case studies are presented. In the first case, a generic peptide with opposite charges on both ends is inverted in orientation on a semiconducting nanowire surface leading to a corresponding change in sign of the computed sensitivity of the device. In the second case, the binding of an antibody/antigen complex on the nanowire surface is studied in terms of orientation and analyte/nanowire surface distance. We demonstrate how the BioFET-SIM web interface can aid in the understanding of experimental data and postulate alternative ways of antibody/antigen orientation on the nanowire surface.
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