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Ding Z, Gu T, Zhang M, Wang K, Sun D, Li J. Angstrom-Scale 2D Channels Designed For Osmotic Energy Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403593. [PMID: 39180252 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Confronting the impending exhaustion of traditional energy, it is urgent to devise and deploy sustainable clean energy alternatives. Osmotic energy contained in the salinity gradient of the sea-river interface is an innovative, abundant, clean, and renewable osmotic energy that has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Inspired by the impressively intelligent ion channels in nature, the developed angstrom-scale 2D channels with simple fabrication process, outstanding design flexibility, and substantial charge density exhibit excellent energy conversion performance, opening up a new era for osmotic energy harvesting. However, this attractive research field remains fraught with numerous challenges, particularly due to the complexities associated with the regulation at angstrom scale. In this review, the latest advancements in the design of angstrom-scale 2D channels are primarily outlined for harvesting osmotic energy. Drawing upon the analytical framework of osmotic power generation mechanisms and the insights gleaned from the biomimetic intelligent devices, the design strategies are highlighted for high-performance angstrom channels in terms of structure, functionalization, and application, with a particular emphasis on ion selectivity and ion transport resistance. Finally, current challenges and future prospects are discussed to anticipate the emergence of more anomalous properties and disruptive technologies that can promote large-scale power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Ding
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Hong H, Wei J, Lei X, Chen H, Sarro PM, Zhang G, Liu Z. Study on the controllability of the fabrication of single-crystal silicon nanopores/nanoslits with a fast-stop ionic current-monitored TSWE method. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:63. [PMID: 37206700 PMCID: PMC10188523 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of single-crystal silicon (SCS) nanopore structures in single-molecule-based analytical devices is an emerging approach for the separation and analysis of nanoparticles. The key challenge is to fabricate individual SCS nanopores with precise sizes in a controllable and reproducible way. This paper introduces a fast-stop ionic current-monitored three-step wet etching (TSWE) method for the controllable fabrication of SCS nanopores. Since the nanopore size has a quantitative relationship with the corresponding ionic current, it can be regulated by controlling the ionic current. Thanks to the precise current-monitored and self-stop system, an array of nanoslits with a feature size of only 3 nm was obtained, which is the smallest size ever reported using the TSWE method. Furthermore, by selecting different current jump ratios, individual nanopores of specific sizes were controllably prepared, and the smallest deviation from the theoretical value was 1.4 nm. DNA translocation measurement results revealed that the prepared SCS nanopores possessed the excellent potential to be applied in DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Wei
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Pasqualina M. Sarro
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zewen Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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Lin K, Chen C, Wang C, Lian P, Wang Y, Xue S, Sha J, Chen Y. Fabrication of solid-state nanopores. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:272003. [PMID: 35349996 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores are valuable single-molecule sensing tools that have been widely applied to the detection of DNA, RNA, proteins, viruses, glycans, etc. The prominent sensing platform is helping to improve our health-related quality of life and accelerate the rapid realization of precision medicine. Solid-state nanopores have made rapid progress in the past decades due to their flexible size, structure and compatibility with semiconductor fabrication processes. With the development of semiconductor fabrication techniques, materials science and surface chemistry, nanopore preparation and modification technologies have made great breakthroughs. To date, various solid-state nanopore materials, processing technologies, and modification methods are available to us. In the review, we outline the recent advances in nanopores fabrication and analyze the virtues and limitations of various membrane materials and nanopores drilling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Congsi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Lian
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjie Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
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Rangharajan KK, Prakash S. Voltage-gated nanofluidic devices for protein capture, concentration, and release. Analyst 2022; 147:3817-3821. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nanofluidic device with spatially, non-uniformly distributed gate electrodes is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K. Rangharajan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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5
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Jiang L. Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures. EXPLORATION 2021; 1:20210101. [PMCID: PMC10190948 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
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6
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Cai J, Ma W, Hao C, Sun M, Guo J, Xu L, Xu C, Kuang H. Artificial light-triggered smart nanochannels relying on optoionic effects. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Pal S, Ramkumar B, Jugade S, Rao A, Naik A, Chakraborty B, Varma MM. Effect of single nanoparticle-nanopore interaction strength on ionic current modulation. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2020; 325:128785. [PMID: 34321714 PMCID: PMC8312308 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.128785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores are rapidly emerging as promising platforms for developing various single molecule sensing applications. The modulation of ionic current through the pore due to translocation of the target molecule has been the dominant measurement modality in nanopore sensors. Here, we focus on the dwell time, which is the duration taken by the target molecule or particle to traverse the pore and study its dependence on the strength of interaction of the target with the pore using single gold nanoparticles (NPs) as targets interacting with a silicon nitride (SiN) nanopore. The strength of interaction, which in our case is electrostatic in nature, can be controlled by coating the nanoparticles with charged polymers. We report on an operating regime of this nanopore sensor, characterized by attractive interactions between the nanoparticle and the pore, where the dwell time is exponentially sensitive to the target-pore interaction. We used negatively and positively charged gold nanoparticles to control the strength of their interaction with the Silicon Nitride pore which is negatively charged. Our experiments revealed how this modulation of the electrostatic force greatly affects the dwell time. Positively charged NPs with strong attractive interactions with the pore resulted in increase of dwell times by 2-3 orders of magnitude, from 0.4 ms to 75.3 ms. This extreme sensitivity of the dwell time on the strength of interaction between a target and nanopore can be exploited in emerging nanopore sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Pal
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - B. Ramkumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sanket Jugade
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Akshay Naik
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Banani Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Manoj M. Varma
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Corresponding author. (M.M. Varma)
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8
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Zhou Y, Liao X, Han J, Chen T, Wang C. Ionic current rectification in asymmetric nanofluidic devices. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Liu FF, Zhao XP, Kang B, Xia XH, Wang C. Non-linear mass transport in confined nanofluidic devices for label-free bioanalysis/sensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Fu L, Zhai J. Biomimetic stimuli‐responsive nanochannels and their applications. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2058-2074. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Energy Materials and Devices School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Energy Materials and Devices School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
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11
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Le-The H, Tregouet C, Kappl M, Müller M, Kirchhoff K, Lohse D, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Eijkel JCT. Engulfment control of platinum nanoparticles into oxidized silicon substrates for fabrication of dense solid-state nanopore arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:065301. [PMID: 30523814 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We found that platinum (Pt) nanoparticles, upon annealing at high temperature of 1000 °C, are engulfed into amorphous fused-silica or thermal oxide silicon substrates. The same phenomenon was previously published for gold (Au) nanoparticles. Similar to the Au nanoparticles, the engulfed Pt nanoparticles connect to the surface of the substrates through conical nanopores, and the size of the Pt nanoparticles decreases with increasing depth of the nanopores. We explain the phenomena as driven by the formation of platinum oxide by reaction of the platinum with atmospheric oxygen, with platinum oxide evaporating to the environment. We found that the use of Pt provides much better controllability than the use of Au. Due to the high vapor pressure of platinum oxide, the engulfment of the Pt nanoparticles into oxidized silicon (SiO2) substrates is faster than of Au nanoparticles. At high temperature annealing we also find that the aggregation of Pt nanoparticles on the substrate surface is insignificant. As a result, the Pt nanoparticles are uniformly engulfed into the substrates, leading to an opportunity for patterning dense nanopore arrays. Moreover, the use of oxidized Si substrates enables us to precisely control the depth of the nanopores since the engulfment of Pt nanoparticles stops at a short distance above the SiO x /Si interface. After subsequent etching steps, a membrane with dense nanopore through-holes with diameters down to sub-30 nm is obtained. With its simple operation and high controllability, this fabrication method provides an alternative for rapid patterning of dense arrays of solid-state nanopores at low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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12
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Yang J, Zhu W, Zhang X, Chen F, Jiang L. Gated ion transport through layered graphene oxide membranes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gate-induced directional ion transport in 2D layered materials provides a new way for effective control over the transport behaviors in synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Fengxiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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13
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Park T, Lee SJ, Cha JH, Choi W. Scalable fabrication of nanopores in membranes via thermal annealing of Au nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22623-22634. [PMID: 30484792 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06441e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores are promising candidates for versatile sensing of micro- and nanomaterials. However, the fabrication of isolated nanopores with optimal dimensions and distributions requires complex processes that involve the use of high-cost equipment. Herein, we report a scalable fabrication of isolated conical nanopores with adjustable dimensions and distribution densities on a Si3N4 membrane via thermal annealing of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNP-dispersed solution was dropped and evaporated on the membrane, while the pH value and concentration of AuNPs controlled the zeta potential difference and the distribution density of the attached AuNPs. The optimized thermal annealing directly fabricated conical nanopores at the positions of the AuNPs because of the quasi-liquid state of the AuNPs and their interaction with the Si3N4 lattices. The 50, 100, and 200 nm AuNPs enabled one-step fabrication of 8-, 26-, and 63 nm nanopores, while the inter-distances and distribution densities were controllable over the membrane. The physicochemical analyses elucidated the underlying mechanisms of direct nanopore formation, and the precise adjustment of thermal annealing developed three unique nanopores that differently interacted with the AuNPs: (1) Au-residue-embedded nanopores, (2) isolated nanopores, and (3) nanopores with the remaining Au droplet. The AuNPs-driven fabrication of versatile nanopore membranes enables new applications for sensing and transporting small-scale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Sun JB, Almquist BD. Interfacial Contact is Required for Metal-Assisted Plasma Etching of Silicon. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2018; 5:1800836. [PMID: 30613462 PMCID: PMC6314446 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201800836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, fabrication of semiconductor devices has utilized well-established etching techniques to create complex nanostructures in silicon. The most common dry process is reactive ion etching which fabricates nanostructures through the selective removal of unmasked silicon. Generalized enhancements of etching have been reported with mask-enhanced etching with Al, Cr, Cu, and Ag masks, but there is a lack of reports exploring the ability of metallic films to catalytically enhance the local etching of silicon in plasmas. Here, metal-assisted plasma etching (MAPE) is performed using patterned nanometers-thick gold films to catalyze the etching of silicon in an SF6/O2 mixed plasma, selectively increasing the rate of etching by over 1000%. The catalytic enhancement of etching requires direct Si-metal interfacial contact, similar to metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE), but is different in terms of the etching mechanism. The mechanism of MAPE is explored by characterizing the degree of enhancement as a function of Au catalyst configuration and relative oxygen feed concentration, along with the catalytic activities of other common MACE metals including Ag, Pt, and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Seidenstücker A, Beirle S, Enderle F, Ziemann P, Marti O, Plettl A. Nanoporous silicon nitride-based membranes of controlled pore size, shape and areal density: Fabrication as well as electrophoretic and molecular filtering characterization. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1390-1398. [PMID: 29977673 PMCID: PMC6009373 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new route will be presented for an all-parallel fabrication of highly flexible, freestanding membranes with well-defined porosity. This fabrication is based on arrays of well-defined Au nanoparticles (NPs) exhibiting a high degree of hexagonal order as obtained in a first step by a proven micellar approach. These NP arrays serve as masks in a second reactive ion etching (RIE) step optimized for etching Si and some important Si compounds (silicon oxide, silicon nitride) on the nanoscale. Application to commercially available silicon nitride membranes of well-defined thickness, delivers a diaphragm with millions of nanopores of intended and controlled size, shape, and areal density with narrow distributions of these parameters. Electrophoretic transport measurements indicated a very low flow resistance of these porous membranes in ionic solutions as expected theoretically. Size-selective separation of protein molecules was demonstrated by real-time fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Seidenstücker
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Beirle
- Institute for Applied Materials, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabian Enderle
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Othmar Marti
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfred Plettl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Electrochemically-Driven Insertion of Biological Nanodiscs into Solid State Membrane Pores as a Basis for "Pore-In-Pore" Membranes. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040237. [PMID: 29652841 PMCID: PMC5923567 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous membranes are of increasing interest for many applications, such as molecular filters, biosensors, nanofluidic logic and energy conversion devices. To meet high-quality standards, e.g., in molecular separation processes, membranes with well-defined pores in terms of pore diameter and chemical properties are required. However, the preparation of membranes with narrow pore diameter distributions is still challenging. In the work presented here, we demonstrate a strategy, a "pore-in-pore" approach, where the conical pores of a solid state membrane produced by a multi-step top-down lithography procedure are used as a template to insert precisely-formed biomolecular nanodiscs with exactly defined inner and outer diameters. These nanodiscs, which are the building blocks of tobacco mosaic virus-deduced particles, consist of coat proteins, which self-assemble under defined experimental conditions with a stabilizing short RNA. We demonstrate that the insertion of the nanodiscs can be driven either by diffusion due to a concentration gradient or by applying an electric field along the cross-section of the solid state membrane. It is found that the electrophoresis-driven insertion is significantly more effective than the insertion via the concentration gradient.
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Li R, Fan X, Liu Z, Zhai J. Smart Bioinspired Nanochannels and their Applications in Energy-Conversion Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702983. [PMID: 28833604 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Smart bioinspired nanochannels exhibiting ion-transport properties similar to biological ion channels have attracted extensive attention. Like ion channels in nature, smart bioinspired nanochannels can respond to various stimuli, which lays a solid foundation for mass transport and energy conversion. Fundamental research into smart bioinspired nanochannels not only furthers understanding of life processes in living bodies, but also inspires researchers to construct smart nanodevices to meet the increasing demand for the use of renewable resources. Here, a brief summary of recent research progress regarding the design and preparation of smart bioinspired nanochannels is presented. Moreover, representative applications of smart bioinspired nanochannels in energy-conversion systems are also summarized. Finally, an outlook for future challenges in this field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Smart bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Smart bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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18
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Huang K, Szleifer I. Design of Multifunctional Nanogate in Response to Multiple External Stimuli Using Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6422-6430. [PMID: 28421749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses the interplay between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of disordered proteins to orchestrate complicated molecular gates such as the nuclear pore complex to control the transport of biological masses. Inspired by nature, we here theoretically show that well-defined gate shape, sensitive response to pH and salt concentration, and selectivity in cargo transport can be simultaneously achieved by grafting amphiphilic diblock copolymers made of sequence-controlled hydrophobic and ionizable monomers on the inner surface of solid-state nanopore. As a result, multiple functions such as ionic gating and molecular filtering can be implemented into one single copolymer nanogate. The gate structure and thermodynamics is a result of the self-assembly of the sequence-designed copolymer in the confined geometry that minimizes the free energy of the system. Our theory further predicts a phase transition and discontinuous charge regulation of the confined copolymer that allows logical gating in biosensors and nanofluidic devices. As an example of application, a nanolocker with the potential of molecular pumping has also been designed with the cooperation of two amphiphilic copolymer gates. Our results highlight the importance of polymer sequence in nanogating, and these insights can be used to guide the rational design of polymer-coated smart nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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19
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Wang J, Fang R, Hou J, Zhang H, Tian Y, Wang H, Jiang L. Oscillatory Reaction Induced Periodic C-Quadruplex DNA Gating of Artificial Ion Channels. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3022-3029. [PMID: 28226213 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many biological ion channels controlled by biochemical reactions have autonomous and periodic gating functions, which play important roles in continuous mass transport and signal transmission in living systems. Inspired by these functional biological ion channel systems, here we report an artificial self-oscillating nanochannel system that can autonomously and periodically control its gating process under constant conditions. The system is constructed by integrating a chemical oscillator, consisting of BrO3-, Fe(CN)64-, H+, and SO32-, into a synthetic proton-sensitive nanochannel modified with C-quadruplex (C4) DNA motors. The chemical oscillator, containing H+-producing and H+-consuming reactions, can cyclically drive conformational changes of the C4-DNA motors on the channel wall between random coil and folded i-motif structures, thus leading to autonomous gating of the nanochannel between open and closed states. The autonomous gating processes are confirmed by periodic high-low ionic current oscillations of the channel monitored under constant reaction conditions. The utilization of a chemical oscillator integrated with DNA molecules represents a method to directly convert chemical energy of oscillating reactions to kinetic energy of conformational changes of the artificial nanochannels and even to achieve diverse autonomous gating functions in artificial nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ye Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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20
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Lian C, Gallegos A, Liu H, Wu J. Non-scaling behavior of electroosmotic flow in voltage-gated nanopores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:450-457. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionic size effects and electrostatic correlations result in the non-monotonic dependence of the electrical conductivity on the pore size. For ion transport at a high gating voltage, the conductivity oscillates with the pore size due to a significant overlap of the electric double layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
| | - Alejandro Gallegos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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21
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Wang D, Wang G. Dynamics of ion transport and electric double layer in single conical nanopores. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Li MY, Sui M, Pandey P, Zhang QZ, Kunwar S, Salamo GJ, Lee J. Precise control of configuration, size and density of self-assembled Au nanostructures on 4H-SiC (0001) by systematic variation of deposition amount, annealing temperature and duration. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02439k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexagonal Au nano-crystals, round dome-shaped droplets and irregular nano-mounds were fabricated on GaN (0001) based on the combinational effects of thermal dewetting and surface free energy minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Li
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
| | - Mao Sui
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
| | - Puran Pandey
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
| | - Quan-zhen Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
| | - Sundar Kunwar
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
| | - Gregory. J. Salamo
- Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville, USA
| | - Jihoon Lee
- College of Electronics and Information
- Kwangwoon University
- Nowon-gu, South Korea
- Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
- University of Arkansas
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23
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Lee J, Pandey P, Sui M, Li MY, Zhang Q, Kunwar S. Evolution of Self-Assembled Au NPs by Controlling Annealing Temperature and Dwelling Time on Sapphire (0001). NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:494. [PMID: 26704710 PMCID: PMC4690826 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized in a wide range of device applications as well as catalysts for the fabrication of nanopores and nanowires, in which the performance of the associated devices and morphology of nanopores and nanowires are strongly dependent on the size, density, and configuration of the Au NPs. In this paper, the evolution of the self-assembled Au nanostructures and NPs on sapphire (0001) is systematically investigated with the variation of annealing temperature (AT) and dwelling time (DT). At the low-temperature range between 300 and 600 °C, three distinct regimes of the Au nanostructure configuration are observed, i.e., the vermiform-like Au piles, irregular Au nano-mounds, and Au islands. Subsequently, being provided with relatively high thermal energy between 700 and 900 °C, the round dome-shaped Au NPs are fabricated based on the Volmer-Weber growth model. With the increased AT, the size of the Au NPs is gradually increased due to a more favorable surface diffusion while the density is gradually decreased as a compensation. On the other hand, with the increased DT, the size and density of Au NPs decrease due to the evaporation of Au at relatively high annealing temperature at 950 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Lee
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
- Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Puran Pandey
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
| | - Mao Sui
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
| | - Ming-Yu Li
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
| | - Sundar Kunwar
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
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24
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Li MY, Sui M, Pandey P, Zhang Q, Kim ES, Lee J. Systematic Control of Self-Assembled Au Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Through the Variation of Deposition Amount, Annealing Duration, and Temperature on Si (111). NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:380. [PMID: 26428015 PMCID: PMC4883281 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The size, density, and configurations of Au nanoparticles (NPs) can play important roles in controlling the electron mobility, light absorption, and localized surface plasmon resonance, and further in the Au NP-assisted nanostructure fabrications. In this study, we present a systematical investigation on the evolution of Au NPs and nanostructures on Si (111) by controlling the deposition amount (DA), annealing temperature (AT), and dwelling time (DT). Under an identical growth condition, the morphologies of Au NPs and nanostructures drastically evolve when the DA is only slightly varied, based on the Volmer-Weber and coalescence models: i.e. I: mini NPs, II: mid-sized round dome-shaped Au NPs, III: large Au NPs, and IV: coalesced nanostructures. With the AT control, three distinctive ranges are observed: i.e., NP nucleation, Au NPs maturation and melting. The gradual dimensional expansion of Au NPs is always compensated with the density reduction, which is explained with the thermodynamic theory. The DT effect is relatively minor on Au NPs, a sharp contrast to other metallic NPs, which is discussed based on the Ostwald-ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Li
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea
| | - Mao Sui
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea
| | - Puran Pandey
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Kim
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, South Korea.
- Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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25
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Harms ZD, Haywood DG, Kneller AR, Jacobson SC. Conductivity-based detection techniques in nanofluidic devices. Analyst 2015; 140:4779-91. [PMID: 25988434 PMCID: PMC4756766 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers conductivity detection in fabricated nanochannels and nanopores. Improvements in nanoscale sensing are a direct result of advances in fabrication techniques, which produce devices with channels and pores with reproducible dimensions and in a variety of materials. Analytes of interest are detected by measuring changes in conductance as the analyte accumulates in the channel or passes transiently through the pore. These detection methods take advantage of phenomena enhanced at the nanoscale, such as ion current rectification, surface conductance, and dimensions comparable to the analytes of interest. The end result is the development of sensing technologies for a broad range of analytes, e.g., ions, small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Harms
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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26
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27
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Wang H, Hou S, Wang Q, Wang Z, Fan X, Zhai J. Dual-response for Hg 2+ and Ag + ions based on biomimetic funnel-shaped alumina nanochannels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1699-1705. [PMID: 32262442 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic dual-ion-responsive nanochannels were developed by the principles of metal-ion-mediated base pairs of the responsive T-/C-rich single strand DNA (ssDNA). The responsive ssDNA was immobilized into the funnel-shaped alumina nanochannels, which were fabricated using the anodization technology and pore-widening process. In neutral solution, the conformation of the ssDNA changed from a loosely packed structure into a duplex structure by interacting with Hg2+ or Ag+ ions (T-Hg2+-T or C-Ag+-C complexes). The decreasing ionic currents through the nanochannels were utilized to detect concentrations of Hg2+ or Ag+ ions. The conversion of duplex-quadruplex of Ag+ ions and DNA could be triggered by changing the pH value of aqueous solutions to 4.5, whereas it did not happen in Hg2+ ions solution. Thus, the ssDNA-modified alumina nanochannels selectively responded to Hg2+ and Ag+ ions at pH 4.5 with different ionic transportation properties. The biomimetic dual-ion-responsive nanochannels promised great potential in multiplexed ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
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28
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Chang F, Chen C, Xie X, Chen L, Li M, Zhu Z. A bidirection-adjustable ionic current rectification system based on a biconical micro-channel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15316-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple, cheap and bidirectional ionic current rectification system based on the integration of a biconical micro-channel, working electrode and reference electrode. This system may have potential and realistic future value for studying two-way ionic transport in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Lisha Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Meixian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
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29
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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30
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Nasir S, Ali M, Ramirez P, Gómez V, Oschmann B, Muench F, Tahir MN, Zentel R, Mafe S, Ensinger W. Fabrication of single cylindrical Au-coated nanopores with non-homogeneous fixed charge distribution exhibiting high current rectifications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:12486-12494. [PMID: 25051046 DOI: 10.1021/am502419j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed and characterized a cylindrical nanopore that exhibits high electrochemical current rectification ratios at low and intermediate electrolyte concentrations. For this purpose, the track-etched single cylindrical nanopore in polymer membrane was coated with a gold (Au) layer via electroless plating technique. Then, a non-homogeneous fixed charge distribution inside the Au-coated nanopore was obtained by incorporating thiol-terminated uncharged poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains in series to poly(4-vinylpyridine) chains, which were positively charged at acidic pH values. The functionalization reaction was checked by measuring the current-voltage curves prior to and after the chemisorption of polymer chains. The experimental nanopore characterization included the effects of temperature, adsorption of chloride ions, electrolyte concentration, and pH of the external solutions. The results obtained are further explained in terms of a theoretical continuous model. The combination of well-established chemical procedures (thiol and self-assembled monolayer formation chemistry, electroless plating, ion track etching) and physical models (two-region pore and Nernst-Planck equations) permits the obtainment of a new nanopore with high current rectification ratios. The single pore could be scaled up to multipore membranes of potential interest for pH sensing and chemical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Nasir
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Materials Analysis, Technische Universität Darmstadt , D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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31
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Zhu X, Qiao Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Yin X, Gu J, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Li M, Shao Y. Fabrication of metal nanoelectrodes by interfacial reactions. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7001-8. [PMID: 24958198 DOI: 10.1021/ac501119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite great improvements in the past decades, the controllable fabrication of metal nanoelectrodes still remains very challenging. In this work, a simple and general way to fabricate metal nanoelectrodes (Ag, Au, and Pt) is developed. On the basis of interfacial reactions at nano-liquid/liquid interfaces supported at nanopipettes, the nanoparticles can be formed in situ and have been used to block the orifices of pipettes to make nanoelectrodes. The effect of the driving force for interfacial reaction at the liquid/liquid interface, the ratio of redox species in organic and aqueous phases, and the surface charge of the inner wall of a pipette have been studied. The fabricated nanoelectrodes have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical techniques. A silver electrode with about 10 nm in radius has been employed as the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) probe to explore the thickness of a water/nitrobenzene (W/NB) interface, and this value is equal to 0.8 ± 0.1 nm (n = 5). This method of fabrication of nanoelectrodes can be extended to other metal or semiconductor electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Deng T, Chen J, Li M, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Liu Z. Controllable shrinking of inverted-pyramid silicon nanopore arrays by dry-oxygen oxidation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:505303. [PMID: 24285505 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/50/505303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel and simple technique for the controllable shrinkage of inverted-pyramid silicon (Si) nanopore arrays is reported. The Si nanopore arrays with sizes from 60 to 150 nm, made using a combination of dry and wet etching, were shrunk to sub 10 nm, or even closed, using direct dry-oxygen oxidation at 900 ° C. The shrinkage process of the pyramidal nanopore induced by oxidation was carefully modeled and simulated. The simulation was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data within most of the oxidation time range. Using this method, square nanopore arrays with an average size of 30 nm, and rectangular nanopores and nanoslits with feature sizes as small as 8 nm, have been obtained. Furthermore, focused ion beam cutting experiments revealed that the inner structure of the nanopore after the shrinkage kept its typical inverted-pyramid shape, which is of importance in many fields such as biomolecular sensors and ionic analogs of electronic devices, as well as nanostencils for surface nano-patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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33
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Park J, Kalinin YV, Kadam S, Randall CL, Gracias DH. Design for a Lithographically Patterned Bioartificial Endocrine Pancreas. Artif Organs 2013; 37:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yevgeniy V. Kalinin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Sachin Kadam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Christina L. Randall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
- Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
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34
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Hu Z, Zhang Q, Gao J, Liu Z, Zhai J, Jiang L. Photocatalysis-triggered ion rectification in artificial nanochannels based on chemically modified asymmetric TiO2 nanotubes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4806-12. [PMID: 23517411 DOI: 10.1021/la400624p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ion rectification is one of the important characteristics of biological ion channels. Inspired by the function of biological ion channels, creation of artificial nanochannels that show analogous ion rectification characteristics has attracted a great interest recently. Herein, we demonstrate a new type of artificial solid-state nanochannel with ion rectification characteristics. The creation of artificial nanochannels includes the formation of asymmetric TiO2 nanotubes by electrochemical anodization of Ti metal, followed by chemical modification with octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) molecules. The carboxylic groups are introduced onto the tip side of TiO2 nanotubes via photocatalytic decomposition of OTS molecules by TiO2 photocatalysis under ultraviolet light. When the radius of tip side of TiO2 nanotubular channels is comparable to the thickness of electric double layer, the negatively charged surface in neutral electrolyte in combination with the asymmetric pore geometry contributes to the ion rectification characteristics. Compared with previous artificial nanochannels, our new type of artificial nanochannel is more facile to fabricate and behaves as a diode that rectifies the ion transport, which also shows some other potential applications, such as sensor and separation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P R China
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