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Anisotropic charge trapping in phototransistors unlocks ultrasensitive polarimetry for bionic navigation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6629. [PMID: 36333339 PMCID: PMC9636252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to probe the polarization states of light is crucial for applications from medical diagnostics and intelligent recognition to information encryption and bio-inspired navigation. Current state-of-the-art polarimeters based on anisotropic semiconductors enable direct linear dichroism photodetection without the need for bulky and complex external optics. However, their polarization sensitivity is restricted by the inherent optical anisotropy, leading to low dichroic ratios of typically smaller than ten. Here, we unveil an effective and general strategy to achieve more than 2,000-fold enhanced polarization sensitivity by exploiting an anisotropic charge trapping effect in organic phototransistors. The polarization-dependent trapping of photogenerated charge carriers provides an anisotropic photo-induced gate bias for current amplification, which has resulted in a record-high dichroic ratio of >104, reaching over the extinction ratios of commercial polarizers. These findings further enable the demonstration of an on-chip polarizer-free bionic celestial compass for skylight-based polarization navigation. Our results offer a fundamental design principle and an effective route for the development of next-generation highly polarization-sensitive optoelectronics.
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2
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Charoenpakdee J, Suntijitrungruang O, Boonchui S. Chirality effects on an electron transport in single-walled carbon nanotube. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18949. [PMID: 33144653 PMCID: PMC7641154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In our work, we investigate characteristics of conductivity for single-walled carbon nanotubes caused by spin–orbit interaction. In the case study of chirality indexes, we especially research on the three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes which are the zigzag, the chiral, and the armchair. The mathematical analysis employed for our works is the Green-Kubo Method. For the theoretical results of our work, we discover that the chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes impacts the interaction leading to the spin polarization of conductivity. We acknowledge such asymmetry characteristics by calculating the longitudinal current–current correlation function difference between a positive and negative wave vector in which there is the typical chiral-dependent. We also find out that the temperature and the frequency of electrons affect the function producing the different characteristics of the conductivity. From particular simulations, we obtain that the correlation decrease when the temperature increase for a low frequency of electrons. For high frequency, the correlation is nonmonotonic temperature dependence. The results of the phenomena investigated from our study express different degrees of spin polarization in each chiral of single-walled carbon nanotube and significant effects on temperature-dependent charge transport according to carrier backscattering. By chiral-induced spin selectivity that produces different spin polarization, our work could be applied for intriguing optimization charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charoenpakdee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - S Boonchui
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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3
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Yang F, Wang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zheng M, Li Y. Chirality Pure Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Sorting, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2693-2758. [PMID: 32039585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been attracting tremendous attention owing to their structure (chirality) dependent outstanding properties, which endow them with great potential in a wide range of applications. The preparation of chirality-pure SWCNTs is not only a great scientific challenge but also a crucial requirement for many high-end applications. As such, research activities in this area over the last two decades have been very extensive. In this review, we summarize recent achievements and accumulated knowledge thus far and discuss future developments and remaining challenges from three aspects: controlled growth, postsynthesis sorting, and characterization techniques. In the growth part, we focus on the mechanism of chirality-controlled growth and catalyst design. In the sorting part, we organize and analyze existing literature based on sorting targets rather than methods. Since chirality assignment and quantification is essential in the study of selective preparation, we also include in the last part a comprehensive description and discussion of characterization techniques for SWCNTs. It is our view that even though progress made in this area is impressive, more efforts are still needed to develop both methodologies for preparing ultrapure (e.g., >99.99%) SWCNTs in large quantity and nondestructive fast characterization techniques with high spatial resolution for various nanotube samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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McCulley DR, Senger MJ, Bertoni A, Perebeinos V, Minot ED. Extremely Efficient Photocurrent Generation in Carbon Nanotube Photodiodes Enabled by a Strong Axial Electric Field. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:433-440. [PMID: 31847521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) photodiodes have the potential to convert light into electrical current with high efficiency. However, previous experiments have revealed the photocurrent quantum yield (PCQY) to be well below 100%. In this work, we show that the axial electric field increases the PCQY of CNT photodiodes. Under optimal conditions, our data suggest PCQY > 100%. We studied, both experimentally and theoretically, CNT photodiodes at room temperature using optical excitation corresponding to the S22, S33, and S44 exciton resonances. The axial electric field inside the pn junction was controlled using split gates that are capacitively coupled to the suspended CNT. Our results give new insight into the photocurrent generation pathways in CNTs and the field dependence and diameter dependence of PCQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R McCulley
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Mitchell J Senger
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Andrea Bertoni
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Via Campi 213a , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Vasili Perebeinos
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Ethan D Minot
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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5
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Wang R, Wang T, Hong T, Xu YQ. Probing photoresponse of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube doped ultrathin MoS 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:345205. [PMID: 29869994 PMCID: PMC6086608 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaca69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile method to produce ultrathin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) hybrids with polarized near-infrared (NIR) photoresponses, in which horizontally-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are integrated with single- and few-layer MoS2 through a two-step chemical vapor deposition process. The photocurrent generation mechanisms in SWNT-MoS2 hybrids are systematically investigated through wavelength- and polarization-dependent scanning photocurrent measurements. When the incident photon energy is above the direct bandgap of MoS2, isotropic photocurrent signals are observed, which can be primarily attributed to the direct bandgap transition in MoS2. In contrast, if the incident photon energy in the NIR region is below the direct bandgap of MoS2, the maximum photocurrent response occurs when the incident light is polarized in the direction along the SWNTs, indicating that photocurrent signals mainly result from the anisotropic absorption of SWNTs. More importantly, these two-dimensional (2D) hybrid structures inherit the electrical transport properties from MoS2, displaying n-type characteristics at a zero gate voltage. These fundamental studies provide a new way to produce ultrathin MoS2 hybrids with inherited electrical properties and polarized NIR photoresponses, opening doors for engineering various 2D hybrid materials for future broadband optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tu Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Durán-Valdeiglesias E, Zhang W, Alonso-Ramos C, Serna S, Le Roux X, Maris-Morini D, Caselli N, Biccari F, Gurioli M, Filoramo A, Cassan E, Vivien L. Tailoring carbon nanotubes optical properties through chirality-wise silicon ring resonators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11252. [PMID: 30050165 PMCID: PMC6062534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNT) have an immense potential for the development of active optoelectronic functionalities in ultra-compact hybrid photonic circuits. Specifically, s-SWNT have been identified as a very promising solution to implement light sources in the silicon photonics platform. Still, two major challenges remain to fully exploit the potential of this hybrid technology: the limited interaction between s-SWNTs and Si waveguides and the low quantum efficiency of s-SWNTs emission. Silicon micro-ring resonators have the potential capability to overcome these limitations, by providing enhanced light s-SWNT interaction through resonant light recirculation. Here, we demonstrate that Si ring resonators provide SWNT chirality-wise photoluminescence resonance enhancement, releasing a new degree of freedom to tailor s-SWNT optical properties. Specifically, we show that judicious design of the micro-ring geometry allows selectively promoting the emission enhancement of either (8,6) or (8,7) SWNT chiralities present in a high-purity polymer-sorted s-SWNT solution. In addition, we present an analysis of nanometric-sized silicon-on-insulator waveguides that predicts stronger light s-SWNT interaction for transverse-magnetic (TM) modes than for conventionally used transverse-electric (TE) modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Durán-Valdeiglesias
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France.,Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Carlos Alonso-Ramos
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Samuel Serna
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Delphine Maris-Morini
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Niccolò Caselli
- Department of Physics, University of Florence. European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesco Biccari
- Department of Physics, University of Florence. European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Massimo Gurioli
- Department of Physics, University of Florence. European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Arianna Filoramo
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE (UMR 3685), LICSEN, Bât. 125, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Cassan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laurent Vivien
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France.
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7
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Thitapura T, Liewrian W, Jutarosaga T, Boonchui S. Curvature effect on polarization of light emitted from chiral carbon nanotubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:25588-25601. [PMID: 29041224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate that effect of the curvature on induced hybridization and modification of emission profiles for each chiral's index single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). According to the Schwinger two particle pair state method, we provide an analytical expression by calculating polar of spot intensity as a function of the polar angle. The emission profiles for indirect transition have an asymmetric shape as a function of the electron wave vector of the axis direction kt and depend on the chiral index. Here we show polarization-dependent, given analytically by expanding the matrix element into the scalar product of the light polarization vector and the dipole vector. These scalar products having a maximum value depend on the summation of phase factors of spinors of electrons in the conduction band Φc and valence band Φv. In the case of direct transition, dipole vector tube axis is maximum at the phase summation of Φc and Φv is 0 or 2π. In contrast, the maximum dipole vector circumference is obtained at the phase summation of π for the case of indirect transition. We can predict a strong emission peak and emission profiles which can be used to identify optical transitions in an individual SWCNT with different chiral indices experimentally.
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8
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Alam A, Dehm S, Hennrich F, Zakharko Y, Graf A, Pfohl M, Hossain IM, Kappes MM, Zaumseil J, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Photocurrent spectroscopy of dye-sensitized carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11205-11213. [PMID: 28749520 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monochiral (7,5) single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are integrated into a field effect transistor device in which the built-in electric field at the nanotube/metal contact allows for exciton separation under illumination. Variable wavelength spectroscopy and 2D surface mapping of devices consisting of 10-20 nanotubes are performed in the visible region and a strong correlation between the nanotube's second optical transition (S22) and the photocurrent is found. After integration, the SWCNTs are non-covalently modified with three different fluorescent dye molecules with off-resonant absorption maxima at 532 nm, 565 nm, and 610 nm. The dyes extend the absorption properties of the nanotube and contribute to the photocurrent. This approach holds promise for the development of photo-detectors and for applications in photovoltaics and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiful Alam
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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9
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Chang SW, Hazra J, Amer M, Kapadia R, Cronin SB. A Comparison of Photocurrent Mechanisms in Quasi-Metallic and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube pn-Junctions. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11551-11556. [PMID: 26498635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a comparative study of quasi-metallic (Eg ∼ 100 meV) and semiconducting (Eg ∼ 1 eV) suspended carbon nanotube pn-junctions introduced by electrostatic gating. While the built-in fields of the quasi-metallic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than those of the semiconducting CNTs, their photocurrent is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding semiconducting CNT devices under the same experimental conditions. Here, the large exciton binding energy in semiconducting nanotubes (∼400 meV) makes it difficult for excitons to dissociate into free carriers that can contribute to an externally measured photocurent. As such, semiconducting nanotubes require a phonon to assist in the exciton dissociation process, in order to produce a finite photocurrent, while quasi-metallic nanotubes do not. The quasi-metallic nanotubes have much lower exciton binding energies (∼50 meV) as well as a continuum of electronic states to decay into and, therefore, do not require the absorption of a phonon in order to dissociate, making it much easier for these excitons to produce a photocurrent. We performed detailed simulations of the band energies in quasi-metallic and semiconducting nanotube devices in order to obtain the electric field profiles along the lengths of the nanotubes. These simulations predict maximum built-in electric field strengths of 2.3 V/μm for semiconducting and 0.032-0.22 V/μm for quasi-metallic nanotubes under the applied gate voltages used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moh Amer
- Department of Electrical Engineering University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology , Riyadh 12612, Saudi Arabia
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10
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High energetic excitons in carbon nanotubes directly probe charge-carriers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9681. [PMID: 25959462 PMCID: PMC4426596 DOI: 10.1038/srep09681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts peculiar features for excited-state dynamics in one dimension (1D) that are difficult to be observed experimentally. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are an excellent approximation to 1D quantum confinement, due to their very high aspect ratio and low density of defects. Here we use ultrafast optical spectroscopy to probe photogenerated charge-carriers in (6,5) semiconducting SWNTs. We identify the transient energy shift of the highly polarizable S33 transition as a sensitive fingerprint of charge-carriers in SWNTs. By measuring the coherent phonon amplitude profile we obtain a precise estimate of the Stark-shift and discuss the binding energy of the S33 excitonic transition. From this, we infer that charge-carriers are formed instantaneously (<50 fs) even upon pumping the first exciton, S11. The decay of the photogenerated charge-carrier population is well described by a model for geminate recombination in 1D.
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11
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Adam T, Hashim U. Highly sensitive silicon nanowire biosensor with novel liquid gate control for detection of specific single-stranded DNA molecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:656-61. [PMID: 25453738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The study demonstrates the development of a liquid-based gate-control silicon nanowire biosensor for detection of specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules. The sensor was fabricated using conventional photolithography coupled with an inductively coupled plasma dry etching process. Prior to the application of DNA to the device, its linear response to pH was confirmed by serial dilution from pH 2 to pH 14. Then, the sensor surface was silanized and directly aminated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane to create a molecular binding chemistry for biofunctionalization. The resulting Si‒O‒Si‒ components were functionalized with receptor ssDNA, which interacted with the targeted ssDNA to create a field across the silicon nanowire and increase the current. The sensor shows selectivity for the target ssDNA in a linear range from target ssDNA concentrations of 100 pM to 25 nM. With its excellent detection capabilities, this sensor platform is promising for detection of specific biomarkers and other targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijjani Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - U Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
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12
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Kumamoto Y, Yoshida M, Ishii A, Yokoyama A, Shimada T, Kato YK. Spontaneous exciton dissociation in carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:117401. [PMID: 24702413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous photoluminescence and photocurrent measurements on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes reveal spontaneous dissociation of excitons into free electron-hole pairs. The correlation of luminescence intensity and photocurrent shows that a significant fraction of excitons are dissociating before recombination. Furthermore, the combination of optical and electrical signals also allows for extraction of the absorption cross section and the oscillator strength. Our observations explain the reasons why photoconductivity measurements in single-walled carbon nanotubes are straightforward despite the large exciton binding energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kumamoto
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - M Yoshida
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - A Ishii
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - A Yokoyama
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - T Shimada
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Y K Kato
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Deborde T, Aspitarte L, Sharf T, Kevek JW, Minot ED. Photothermoelectric effect in suspended semiconducting carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:216-221. [PMID: 24354300 DOI: 10.1021/nn403137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have performed scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements of field-effect transistors (FETs) made from individual ultraclean suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We investigate the spatial-dependence, polarization-dependence, and gate-dependence of photocurrent and photovoltage in this system. While previous studies of surface-bound CNT FET devices have identified the photovoltaic effect as the primary mechanism of photocurrent generation, our measurements show that photothermoelectric phenomena play a critical role in the optoelectronic properties of suspended CNT FETs. We have quantified the photothermoelectric mechanisms and identified regimes where they overwhelm the photovoltaic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Deborde
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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14
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Amer MR, Chang SW, Dhall R, Qiu J, Cronin SB. Zener tunneling and photocurrent generation in quasi-metallic carbon nanotube pn-devices. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5129-5134. [PMID: 24127786 DOI: 10.1021/nl402334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic and optoelectronic properties of quasi-metallic nanotube pn-devices, which have smaller band gaps than most known bulk semiconductors. These carbon nanotube-based devices deviate from conventional bulk semiconductor device behavior due to their low-dimensional nature. We observe rectifying behavior based on Zener tunneling of ballistic carriers instead of ideal diode behavior, as limited by the diffusive transport of carriers. We observe substantial photocurrents at room temperature, suggesting that these quasi-metallic pn-devices may have a broader impact in optoelectronic devices. A new technique based on photocurrent spectroscopy is presented to identify the unique chirality of nanotubes in a functional device. This chirality information is crucial in obtaining a theoretical understanding of the underlying device physics that depends sensitively on nanotube chirality, as is the case for quasi-metallic nanotube devices. A detailed model is developed to fit the observed I-V characteristics, which enables us to verify the band gap from these measurements as well as the dimensions of the insulating tunneling barrier region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh R Amer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science, and §Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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15
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Malapanis A, Perebeinos V, Sinha DP, Comfort E, Lee JU. Quantum efficiency and capture cross section of first and second excitonic transitions of single-walled carbon nanotubes measured through photoconductivity. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3531-3538. [PMID: 23899132 DOI: 10.1021/nl400939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparing photoconductivity measurements, using p-n diodes formed along individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), with modeling results, allows determination of the quantum efficiency, optical capture cross section, and oscillator strength of the first (E11) and second (E22) excitonic transitions of SWNTs. This is in the infrared region of the spectrum, where little experimental work on SWNT optical absorption has been reported to date. We estimate quantum efficiency (η) ~1-5% and provide a correlation of η, capture cross section, and oscillator strength for E11 and E22 with nanotube diameter. This study uses the spectral weight of the exciton resonances as the determining parameter in optical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Malapanis
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203, United States
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16
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Zhang D, Yang J, Li Y. Spectroscopic characterization of the chiral structure of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes and the edge structure of isolated graphene nanoribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1284-1304. [PMID: 23529997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chiral structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and the edge structure of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) play an important role in determining their electronic and phonon structures. Spectroscopic methods, which require simple sample preparation and cause minimal sample damage, are the most commonly utilized techniques for determining the structures of SWNTs and graphene. In this review the current status of various spectroscopic methods are presented in detail, including resonance Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and Rayleigh scattering spectroscopies, for determination of the chiral structure of individual SWNTs and the edge structure of isolated graphene, especially of graphene nanoribbons. The different photophysical processes involved in each spectroscopic method are reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the electronic and phonon properties of SWNTs and graphene. The advantages and limitations of each spectroscopic method as well as the challenges in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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