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Fang Y, Jiang Y, Cherukara MJ, Shi F, Koehler K, Freyermuth G, Isheim D, Narayanan B, Nicholls AW, Seidman DN, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Tian B. Alloy-assisted deposition of three-dimensional arrays of atomic gold catalyst for crystal growth studies. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2014. [PMID: 29222439 PMCID: PMC5722855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale assembly of individual atoms over smooth surfaces is difficult to achieve. A configuration of an atom reservoir, in which individual atoms can be readily extracted, may successfully address this challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that a liquid gold–silicon alloy established in classical vapor–liquid–solid growth can deposit ordered and three-dimensional rings of isolated gold atoms over silicon nanowire sidewalls. We perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulation and unveil a surprising single atomic gold-catalyzed chemical etching of silicon. Experimental verification of this catalytic process in silicon nanowires yields dopant-dependent, massive and ordered 3D grooves with spacing down to ~5 nm. Finally, we use these grooves as self-labeled and ex situ markers to resolve several complex silicon growths, including the formation of nodes, kinks, scale-like interfaces, and curved backbones. Parallel patterning of atoms over a large surface would represent a major advance over current serial methods of single atom manipulation. Here, the authors explore a periodic instability from liquid alloy droplets for high-throughput atom printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mathew J Cherukara
- The X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Fengyuan Shi
- The Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Kelliann Koehler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - George Freyermuth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dieter Isheim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,The Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Badri Narayanan
- The Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alan W Nicholls
- The Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - David N Seidman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,The Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- The Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA. .,Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Gamalski AD, Tersoff J, Kodambaka S, Zakharov DN, Ross FM, Stach EA. The Role of Surface Passivation in Controlling Ge Nanowire Faceting. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8211-8216. [PMID: 26539668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy observations of nanowire morphologies indicate that during Au-catalyzed Ge nanowire growth, Ge facets can rapidly form along the nanowire sidewalls when the source gas (here, digermane) flux is decreased or the temperature is increased. This sidewall faceting is accompanied by continuous catalyst loss as Au diffuses from the droplet to the wire surface. We suggest that high digermane flux and low temperatures promote effective surface passivation of Ge nanowires with H or other digermane fragments inhibiting diffusion and attachment of Au and Ge on the sidewalls. These results illustrate the essential roles of the precursor gas and substrate temperature in maintaining nanowire sidewall passivation, necessary to ensure the growth of straight, untapered, ⟨111⟩-oriented nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Gamalski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - J Tersoff
- IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - S Kodambaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - D N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - F M Ross
- IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - E A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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Alam SB, Panciera F, Hansen O, Mølhave K, Ross FM. Creating New VLS Silicon Nanowire Contact Geometries by Controlling Catalyst Migration. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6535-6541. [PMID: 26367351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-assembled contacts between vapor-liquid-solid grown silicon nanowires and flat silicon surfaces was imaged in situ using electron microscopy. By measuring the structural evolution of the contact formation process, we demonstrate how different contact geometries are created by adjusting the balance between silicon deposition and Au migration. We show that electromigration provides an efficient way of controlling the contact. The results point to novel device geometries achieved by direct nanowire growth on devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar B Alam
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Federico Panciera
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Ole Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frances M Ross
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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Systematic Study on the Self-Assembled Hexagonal Au Voids, Nano-Clusters and Nanoparticles on GaN (0001). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134637. [PMID: 26285135 PMCID: PMC4540317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Au nano-clusters and nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely utilized in various electronic, optoelectronic, and bio-medical applications due to their great potentials. The size, density and configuration of Au NPs play a vital role in the performance of these devices. In this paper, we present a systematic study on the self-assembled hexagonal Au voids, nano-clusters and NPs fabricated on GaN (0001) by the variation of annealing temperature and deposition amount. At relatively low annealing temperatures between 400 and 600°C, the fabrication of hexagonal shaped Au voids and Au nano-clusters are observed and discussed based on the diffusion limited aggregation model. The size and density of voids and nano-clusters can systematically be controlled. The self-assembled Au NPs are fabricated at comparatively high temperatures from 650 to 800°C based on the Volmer-Weber growth model and also the size and density can be tuned accordingly. The results are symmetrically analyzed and discussed in conjunction with the diffusion theory and thermodynamics by utilizing AFM and SEM images, EDS maps and spectra, FFT power spectra, cross-sectional line-profiles and size and density plots.
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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