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Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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2
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Kausar A. Carbon nanopeapod encapsulating fullerene and inorganic nanoparticle toward polymeric nanocomposite: tailored features and promises. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2069039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Shimizu T, Lungerich D, Harano K, Nakamura E. Time-Resolved Imaging of Stochastic Cascade Reactions over a Submillisecond to Second Time Range at the Angstrom Level. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9797-9805. [PMID: 35609254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical reactions, such as multistep catalytic cycles, are cascade reactions in which a series of transient intermediates appear and disappear stochastically over an extended period. The mechanisms of such reactions are challenging to study, even in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. The dimerization of a van der Waals dimer of [60]fullerene producing a short carbon nanotube is a typical cascade reaction and is probably the most frequently studied in carbon materials chemistry. As many as 23 intermediates were predicted by theory, but only the first stable one has been verified experimentally. With the aid of fast electron microscopy, we obtained cinematographic recordings of individual molecules at a maximum frame rate of 1600 frames per second. Using Chambolle total variation algorithm processing and automated cross-correlation image matching analysis, we report on the identification of several metastable intermediates by their shape and size. Although the reaction events occurred stochastically, varying the lifetime of each intermediate accordingly, the average lifetime for each intermediate structure could be obtained from statistical analysis of many cinematographic images for the cascade reaction. Among the shortest-living intermediates, we detected one that lasted less than 3 ms in three independent cascade reactions. We anticipate that the rapid technological development of microscopy and image processing will soon initiate an era of cinematographic studies of chemical reactions and cinematic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Nanomedicine (CNM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), IBS Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Jordan JW, Fung KLY, Skowron ST, Allen CS, Biskupek J, Newton GN, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Single-molecule imaging and kinetic analysis of intermolecular polyoxometalate reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7377-7387. [PMID: 34163827 PMCID: PMC8171355 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We induce and study reactions of polyoxometalate (POM) molecules, [PW12O40]3- (Keggin) and [P2W18O62]6- (Wells-Dawson), at the single-molecule level. Several identical carbon nanotubes aligned side by side within a bundle provided a platform for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of ca. 100 molecules encapsulated within the nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the entrapment of POM molecules their proximity to one another is effectively controlled, limiting molecular motion in two dimensions but leaving the third dimension available for intermolecular reactions between pairs of neighbouring molecules. By coupling the information gained from high resolution structural and kinetics experiments via the variation of key imaging parameters in the TEM, we shed light on the reaction mechanism. The dissociation of W-O bonds, a key initial step of POM reactions, is revealed to be reversible by the kinetic analysis, followed by an irreversible bonding of POM molecules to their nearest neighbours, leading to a continuous tungsten oxide nanowire, which subsequently transforms into amorphous tungsten-rich clusters due to progressive loss of oxygen atoms. The overall intermolecular reaction can therefore be described as a step-wise reductive polycondensation of POM molecules, via an intermediate state of an oxide nanowire. Kinetic analysis enabled by controlled variation of the electron flux in TEM revealed the reaction to be highly flux-dependent, which leads to reaction rates too fast to follow under the standard TEM imaging conditions. Although this presents a challenge for traditional structural characterisation of POM molecules, we harness this effect by controlling the conditions around the molecules and tuning the imaging parameters in TEM, which combined with theoretical modelling and image simulation, can shed light on the atomistic mechanisms of the reactions of POMs. This approach, based on the direct space and real time chemical reaction analysis by TEM, adds a new method to the arsenal of single-molecule kinetics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd. Didcot OX11 0DE UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3HP UK
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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Sandoval S, Tobias G. Encapsulation of Fullerenes: A Versatile Approach for the Confinement and Release of Materials Within Open-Ended Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:644793. [PMID: 33777916 PMCID: PMC7987908 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed fullerenes as versatile agents to "cork" the open tips of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and as promoting species for the release of the inorganic material filled within the nanotubes' cavities. High Z element compounds, namely, PbI2, ZnI2, and CeI3, were chosen to easily determine the presence of the filler inside the hosting nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fullerenes can isolate inorganic nanostructures confined within the hollow cavities of MWCNTs, which allows the removal of the external material remnant after the filling. Otherwise, taking advantage of the affinity of fullerenes with selected solvents, we have confirmed the ability of the C60 molecules to promote the displacement of the inorganic guest from the host. We propose two different strategies to trigger the release, employing vapor and liquid phase treatments. The first protocol involves annealing filled MWCNTs in presence of fullerenes (to obtain C60PbI2@MWCNTs) and the subsequent washing of the sample in ethanol under mild conditions. On the other hand, the simultaneous introduction of the C60 molecules and the liberation of the guest are produced by a single step wet procedure; the latter being potentially useful when materials that are not stable at high temperatures are employed for filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sandoval
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Shimizu T, Lungerich D, Stuckner J, Murayama M, Harano K, Nakamura E. Real-Time Video Imaging of Mechanical Motions of a Single Molecular Shuttle with Sub-Millisecond Sub-Angstrom Precision. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Joshua Stuckner
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Murayama
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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7
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Abstract
The present paper describes rotations of C60 fullerene molecules in the solid phase of a fullerite. The conducted studies show that these relatively large molecules rotate according to the same laws as macroscopic bodies, i.e., according to the laws of classical mechanics. The performed calculations confirm that fullerene rotations do not cause friction. We suggest a method for a strong increase in the internal energy of the material that does not lead to its destruction. It is theoretically shown that in standard fullerite, in the absence of electric and magnetic fields, fullerene rotations occur with an average angular frequency of 0.34·× 1012 rad·s−1, which is consistent with the experimental data obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance. By means of calculations, we found that alternating magnetic fields of a certain configuration wind fullerenes encapsulated by iron. In this case, two temperatures arise in the fullerite crystal: a high rotational temperature and a vibrational temperature close to normal. For the purpose of determining this velocity, as well as the nature of rotations, the present paper suggests a way of integrating the dynamic Euler equations for the projections of a molecule’s angular velocity vector onto the coordinate axes associated with the fullerene. The stages of computer simulation of fullerene movements, which was carried out without using previously developed packages of molecular-dynamic modelling, are consistently described.
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Lee JK, Bulut I, Rickhaus M, Sheng Y, Li X, Han GGD, Briggs GAD, Anderson HL, Warner JH. Metal Atom Markers for Imaging Epitaxial Molecular Self-Assembly on Graphene by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7252-7260. [PMID: 31117373 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct imaging of single molecules has to date been primarily achieved using scanning probe microscopy, with limited success using transmission electron microscopy due to electron beam damage and low contrast from the light elements that make up the majority of molecules. Here, we show single complex molecule interactions can be imaged using annular dark field scanning TEM (ADF-STEM) by inserting heavy metal markers of Pt atoms and detecting their positions. Using the high angle ADF-STEM Z1.7 contrast, combined with graphene as an electron transparent support, we track the 2D monolayer self-assembly of solution-deposited individual linear porphyrin hexamer (Pt-L6) molecules and reveal preferential alignment along the graphene zigzag direction. The epitaxial interactions between graphene and Pt-L6 drive a reduction in the interporphyrin distance to allow perfect commensuration with the graphene. These results demonstrate how single metal atom markers in complex molecules can be used to study large scale packing and chain bending at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyung Lee
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - G Andrew D Briggs
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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9
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Sinha S, Sheng Y, Griffiths I, Young NP, Zhou S, Kirkland AI, Porfyrakis K, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10439-10451. [PMID: 30256088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (Gd3N@C80) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd. We show that hydrogen can be used to reduce the temperature of MF fragmentation and metal ejection, enabling Gd nanocluster formation on graphene surfaces at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The process of MF fragmentation and metal ejection is captured in situ and reveals that after metal release, the C80 cage opens further and fuses with the surface monolayer carbon glass on graphene, creating a highly stable carbon layer for further Gd adatom adhesion. Small voids and defects (∼1 nm) in the surface carbon glass act as trapping sites for Gd atoms, leading to atomic self-assembly of 2D monolayer Gd clusters. These results show that MFs can adhere to graphene surfaces at temperatures well above their bulk sublimation point, indicating that the surface bound MFs have strong adhesion to dangling bonds on graphene surfaces. The ability to create dispersed single Gd adatoms and Gd nanoclusters on graphene may have impact in spintronics and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Griffiths
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center , Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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10
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Meng H, Zhao C, Nie M, Wang C, Wang T. Triptycene molecular rotors mounted on metallofullerene Sc 3C 2@C 80 and their spin-rotation couplings. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18119-18123. [PMID: 30238937 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines have received considerable attention due to their various applications. Except for mechanical motion, it is essential to design advanced molecular machines with integrated functions. In this study, the triptycene rotor has been covalently linked to paramagnetic metallofullerene Sc3C2@C80 with an unpaired electron spin, resulting in a coupled system between spin flip and rotor speed. Two types of triptycene rotors were employed, one is pristine triptycene and another one has a sterically hindered methyl group. Temperature-dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed that spin-rotor coupling can be modulated by the rotation speed of triptycene rotors, which was further illustrated by variable-temperature 1H NMR. EPR simulation revealed that the rotations of the attached triptycene rotors can greatly influence the spin relaxation and spin-metal hyperfine couplings of Sc3C2@C80, realizing remote control on neighboring electron spin states. These findings of the coupled system between the molecular rotor and spin flip would provide an approach to design advanced molecular machines with magnetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Zahera M, Khan SA, Khan IA, Elgorban AM, Bahkali AH, Alghamdi SM, Khan MS. Enhancing using glucose encapsulation, the efficacy of CdO NPs against multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:42-48. [PMID: 29635050 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, monodispersed, highly biocompatible and substantially stable glucose encapsulated CdO nanoparticles (G-CdO NPs) of uniform sizes were synthesized using a sol-gel route. In addition, naked CdO (n-CdO) NPs without any capping or surface functionalization were synthesized using the same method. These NPs were uniformly dispersed in an aqueous solution. The synthesis of G-CdO and n-CdO NP was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering analyses. The average size of G-CdO and n-CdO NP was found to be 17±1and 27 ± 1 nm, under TEM, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis of G-CdO and n-CdO NPs confirmed their sizes to be 18.83 and 28.41 nm, respectively, and revealed their cubic crystal structures with no impurity. The surface functionalization of G-CdO NPs with glucose was confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. As per our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the potencies of G-CdO and n-CdO NPs against gram-negative and gram-positive multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of G-CdO and n-CdO NPs were6.42 and 16.29 μg/ml, respectively, against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2571-MDR), whereas 7.5 μg/ml & 11.6 μg/ml, respectively against S. aureus (NCIM- 2079) as determined by the double dilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration was determined at the concentration for which no growth was observed. TEM analysis of E. coli cells treated with G-CdO NPs revealed cell shrinkage and degraded cell membranes, while the cell surfaces of untreated viable cells were smooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaal Zahera
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Shamim Ahmad Khan
- Department of Physics (Nanoscience), Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Irfan Ali Khan
- Department of Physics (Nanoscience), Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud M Alghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
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12
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Danjo H, Nakagawa T, Morii A, Muraki Y, Sudoh K. Preparation of Peapod Polymer via the Supramolecular Chain Formation by Tris(spiroborate) Twin Bowl. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:62-65. [PMID: 35651106 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successive guest-containing tubular polymer was prepared by the olefin metathesis polymerization of tris(spiroborate) twin bowl after the formation of supramolecular polymer. The cationic iridium(III) complexes were topologically fixed inside the polymer to form a peapod-like structure. The polymer was evaluated by SEC, ICP-AES, and DLS analyses, and string-like structures were found in the AFM observation of the peapod polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koichi Sudoh
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1
Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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13
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Choe J, Lee Y, Fang L, Lee GD, Bao Z, Kim K. Direct imaging of rotating molecules anchored on graphene. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13174-13180. [PMID: 27333828 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant research interest in controlling and imaging molecular dynamics, such as translational and rotational motions, especially at a single molecular level. Here we applied aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (ACTEM) to actuate and directly image the rotational motions of molecules anchored on a single-layer-graphene sheet. Nanometer-sized carbonaceous molecules anchored on graphene provide ideal systems for monitoring rotational motions via ACTEM. We observed the preferential registry of longer molecular axis along graphene zigzag or armchair lattice directions due to the stacking-dependent molecule-graphene energy landscape. The calculated cross section from elastic scattering theory was used to experimentally estimate the rotational energy barriers of molecules on graphene. The observed energy barrier was within the range of 1.5-12 meV per atom, which is in good agreement with previous calculation results. We also performed molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed that the edge atoms of the molecule form stably bonds to graphene defects and can serve as a pivot point for rotational dynamics. Our study demonstrates the versatility of ACTEM for the investigation of molecular dynamics and configuration-dependent energetics at a single molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongheon Choe
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea.
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14
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Galandáková A, Franková J, Ambrožová N, Habartová K, Pivodová V, Zálešák B, Šafářová K, Smékalová M, Ulrichová J. Effects of silver nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:946-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115611969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been rapidly increasing. Owing to their strong antimicrobial activity, AgNPs are used in dermatology in the treatment of wounds and burns. However, recent evidence for their cytotoxicity gives rise to safety concerns. This study was undertaken as a part of an ongoing programme in our laboratory to develop a topical agent for wound healing. Here, we investigated the potential toxicity of AgNPs using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with the aim of comparing the effects of AgNPs and ionic silver (Ag-I). Besides the effect of AgNPs and Ag-I on cell viability, the inflammatory response and DNA damage in AgNPs and Ag-I–treated cells were examined. The results showed that Ag-I were significantly more toxic than AgNPs both on NHDF and NHEK. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of AgNPs and Ag-I did not induce DNA strand breaks and did not affect inflammatory markers, except for a transient increase in interleukin 6 levels in Ag-I–treated NHDF. The results showed that AgNPs are more suitable for the intended application as a topical agent for wound healing up to the concentration 25 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galandáková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Franková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - N Ambrožová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - K Habartová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - V Pivodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - B Zálešák
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - K Šafářová
- Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Smékalová
- Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Recent toxicological investigations of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian models in vitro and in vivo: DNA damaging potential, and relevant physicochemical characteristics. Mol Cell Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-014-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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de Juan A, Pérez EM. Getting tubed: mechanical bond in endohedral derivatives of carbon nanotubes? NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7141-8. [PMID: 23759875 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01683h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a brief overview of some of the most prominent examples of encapsulation of molecules inside carbon nanotubes. We then relate them to mechanically interlocked molecules, and in particular rotaxanes, by examining the most prominent features of the mechanical bond (topology, dynamic properties, and stability) and comparing them to those of endohedral derivatives of nanotubes. Our analysis shows that there is a surprisingly clear link between these two apparently disparate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7723-60. [PMID: 22907208 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal-cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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19
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Nakanishi R, Kitaura R, Warner JH, Yamamoto Y, Arai S, Miyata Y, Shinohara H. Thin single-wall BN-nanotubes formed inside carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1385. [PMID: 23459405 PMCID: PMC3587887 DOI: 10.1038/srep01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a high yield synthesis of single-wall boron nitride nanotubes (SWBNNTs) inside single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), a nano-templated reaction, using ammonia borane complexes (ABC) as a precursor. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), high angle annular dark field (HAADF)-scanning TEM (STEM), electron energy loss spectra (EELS) and high resolution EELS mapping using aberration-corrected TEM system clearly show the formation of thin SWBNNTs inside SWCNTs. We have found that the yield of the SWBNNT formation is high and that the most of ABC molecules decompose and fuse to form the thin BNNTs at a temperature of 1,673 K having a narrow diameter distribution of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm. Optical absorption measurements suggest that the band gap of the thin SWBNNTs is about 6.0 eV, which provide the ideal insulator nanotubes with very small diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitaura
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jamie H. Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Ecotopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shigeo Arai
- Ecotopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Miyata
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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20
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Nakamura E. Filme molekularer Bewegungen und Reaktionen: Einzelmolekültransmissionselektronenmikroskopie in Echtzeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Nakamura E. Movies of molecular motions and reactions: the single-molecule, real-time transmission electron microscope imaging technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:236-52. [PMID: 23280645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"The truth is, the Science of Nature has been already too long made only a work of the Brain and the Fancy: It is now high time that it should return to the plainness and soundness of Observations on material and obvious things," proudly declared Robert Hooke in his highly successful picture book of microscopic and telescopic images, "Micrographia" in 1665. Hooke's statement has remained true in chemistry, where a considerable work of the brain and the fancy is still necessary. Single-molecule, real-time transmission electron microscope (SMRT-TEM) imaging at an atomic resolution now allows us to learn about molecules simply by watching movies of them. Like any dream come true, the new analytical technique challenged the old common sense of the communities, and offers new research opportunities that are unavailable by conventional methods. With its capacity to visualize the motions and the reactions of individual molecules and molecular clusters, the SMRT-TEM technique will become an indispensable tool in molecular science and the engineering of natural and synthetic substances, as well as in science education.
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22
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Spatial control of defect creation in graphene at the nanoscale. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1144. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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23
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Hudecová A, Kusznierewicz B, Rundén-Pran E, Magdolenová Z, Hasplová K, Rinna A, Fjellsbø LM, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Sandberg WJ, Refsnes M, Skuland T, Schwarze P, Brunborg G, Bjøras M, Collins A, Miadoková E, Gálová E, Dusinská M. Silver nanoparticles induce premutagenic DNA oxidation that can be prevented by phytochemicals from Gentiana asclepiadea. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:759-69. [PMID: 22940646 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have the broadest and most commercial applications due to their antibacterial properties, highlighting the need for exploring their potential toxicity and underlying mechanisms of action. Our main aim was to investigate whether AgNPs exert toxicity by inducing oxidative damage to DNA in human kidney HEK 293 cells. In addition, we tested whether this damage could be counteracted by plant extracts containing phytochemicals such as swertiamarin, mangiferin and homoorientin with high antioxidant abilities. We show that AgNPs (20 nm) are taken up by cells and localised in vacuoles and cytoplasm. Exposure to 1, 25 or 100 µg/ml AgNPs leads to a significant dose-dependent increase in oxidised DNA base lesions (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine or 8-oxoG) detected by the comet assay after incubation of nucleoids with 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase. Oxidised DNA base lesions and strand breaks caused by AgNPs were diminished by aqueous and methanolic extracts from both haulm and flower of Gentiana asclepiadea.
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24
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Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Rance GA, Chuvilin A, Alexander TJ, Bichoutskaia E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Size, structure, and helical twist of graphene nanoribbons controlled by confinement in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3943-53. [PMID: 22483078 DOI: 10.1021/nn300137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) act as efficient nanoreactors, templating the assembly of sulfur-terminated graphene nanoribbons (S-GNRs) with different sizes, structures, and conformations. Spontaneous formation of nanoribbons from small sulfur-containing molecules is efficiently triggered by heat treatment or by an 80 keV electron beam. S-GNRs form readily in CNTs with internal diameters between 1 and 2 nm. Outside of this optimum range, nanotubes narrower than 1 nm do not have sufficient space to accommodate the 2D structure of S-GNRs, while nanotubes wider than 2 nm do not provide efficient confinement for unidirectional S-GNR growth, thus neither can support nanoribbon formation. Theoretical calculations show that the thermodynamic stability of nanoribbons is dependent on the S-GNR edge structure and, to a lesser extent, the width of the nanoribbon. For nanoribbons of similar widths, the polythiaperipolycene-type edges of zigzag S-GNRs are more stable than the polythiophene-type edges of armchair S-GNRs. Both the edge structure and the width define the electronic properties of S-GNRs which can vary widely from metallic to semiconductor to insulator. The encapsulated S-GNRs exhibit diverse dynamic behavior, including rotation, translation, and helical twisting inside the nanotube, which offers a mechanism for control of the electronic properties of the graphene nanoribbon via confinement at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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25
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Allen CS, Ito Y, Robertson AW, Shinohara H, Warner JH. Two-dimensional coalescence dynamics of encapsulated metallofullerenes in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2011; 5:10084-9. [PMID: 22053786 DOI: 10.1021/nn204003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the coalescence of a two-dimensional (2D) chain of La@C(82) metallofullerene molecules encapsulated inside a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT). 2D packing of metallofullerenes is known to adopt a zigzag arrangement and cause elliptical distortion to the cross-section of the SWNT host. We show that after coalescence of the metallofullerenes into an inner nanotube the carbon nanotube host returns to its original circular cross-section. This is due to a relaxation of the strain caused by the packing of the encapsulated La@C(82) molecules into the nanotube. We identify the formation of some novel but transient fullerene-based structures formed during the intermediate stages of coalescence of the La@C(82) into an inner nanotube. These results highlight the flexible nature of SWNTs and their ability to adapt their cross-sectional profile depending upon forces induced by material encapsulated within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Allen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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26
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Abstract
Confinement of molecules and atoms inside carbon nanotubes provides a powerful strategy for studying structures and chemical properties of individual molecules at the nanoscale. In this issue of ACS Nano, Allen et al. explore the nanotube as a template leading to the formation of unusual supramolecular and covalent structures. The potential of carbon nanotubes as reactors for synthesis on the nano- and macroscales is discussed in light of recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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27
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Ran K, Zuo JM, Chen Q, Shi Z. Electron beam stimulated molecular motions. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3367-3372. [PMID: 21428451 DOI: 10.1021/nn2006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy with advances in aberration correction has the power to resolve atoms in single molecules. However, its application is limited by electron irradiation induced molecular motions. A better understanding of damage mechanisms is required to achieve the full potential of electron imaging. Here, we report a direct observation of molecular motions stimulated by an electron beam, which allows us to study the breakdown and formation of molecular bonds using C(60)'s encapsulated inside single-walled carbon nanotubes as a model system. An activation energy of 100 s meV is estimated for the observed molecular motions based on van der Waals interactions. We demonstrate that the molecular confinement can significantly increase the electron energy threshold for breaking the vdW bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ran
- Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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28
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Barreiro A, Rurali R, Hernández ER, Bachtold A. Structured graphene devices for mass transport. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:775-780. [PMID: 21290598 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reversible atomic-mass transport along graphene devices has been achieved. The motion of Al and Au in the form of atoms or clusters is driven by applying an electric field between the metal electrodes that contact the graphene sheet. It is shown that Al moves in the direction of the applied electric field whereas Au tends to diffuse in all directions. The control of the motion of Al is further demonstrated by achieving a 90° turn, using a graphene device patterned in a crossroads configuration. The controlled motion of Al is attributed to the charge transfer from Al onto the graphene so that the Al is effectively charged and can be accelerated by the applied electric field. To get further insight into the actuation mechanism, theoretical simulations of individual Al and Au impurities on a perfect graphene sheet were performed. The direct (electrostatic) force was found to be ∼1 pN and dominant over the wind force. These findings hold promise for practical use in future mass transport in complex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Barreiro
- CIN2 (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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29
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Poklonski NA, Vyrko SA, Kislyakov EF, Hieu NN, Bubel' ON, Popov AM, Lozovik YE, Knizhnik AA, Lebedeva IV, Viet NA. Effect of Peierls transition in armchair carbon nanotube on dynamical behaviour of encapsulated fullerene. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:216. [PMID: 21711764 PMCID: PMC3211273 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The changes of dynamical behaviour of a single fullerene molecule inside an armchair carbon nanotube caused by the structural Peierls transition in the nanotube are considered. The structures of the smallest C20 and Fe@C20 fullerenes are computed using the spin-polarized density functional theory. Significant changes of the barriers for motion along the nanotube axis and rotation of these fullerenes inside the (8,8) nanotube are found at the Peierls transition. It is shown that the coefficients of translational and rotational diffusions of these fullerenes inside the nanotube change by several orders of magnitude. The possibility of inverse orientational melting, i.e. with a decrease of temperature, for the systems under consideration is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Poklonski
- Physics Department, Belarusian State University, pr. Nezavisimosti 4, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Sergey A Vyrko
- Physics Department, Belarusian State University, pr. Nezavisimosti 4, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Eugene F Kislyakov
- Physics Department, Belarusian State University, pr. Nezavisimosti 4, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | | | - Oleg N Bubel'
- Physics Department, Belarusian State University, pr. Nezavisimosti 4, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Andrei M Popov
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Fizicheskaya Str. 5, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia, 142190
| | - Yurii E Lozovik
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Fizicheskaya Str. 5, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia, 142190
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
| | - Andrey A Knizhnik
- RRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, Russia, 123182
- Kintech Lab Ltd, Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Irina V Lebedeva
- RRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, Russia, 123182
- Kintech Lab Ltd, Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, Russia, 123182
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
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30
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Warner JH, Plant SR, Young NP, Porfyrakis K, Kirkland AI, Briggs GAD. Atomic scale growth dynamics of nanocrystals within carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1410-1417. [PMID: 21268597 DOI: 10.1021/nn1031802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The confined interior region of carbon nanotubes has proved to be an effective "nano-test-tube" to conduct chemical reactions in a restricted volume. It also benefits from being thin and relatively transparent to electrons, enabling structural characterization using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This permits real-time monitoring of chemical reactions with atomic resolution. Here, we have studied the dynamics of single Pr atoms released from Pr(2)@C(72) metallofullerenes. We show that the Pr atoms form small nanoclusters that subsequently coalesce to ordered, stable nanocrystals within the confines of a carbon nanotube. This process has been tracked in situ with atomic-resolution using low-voltage aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We reveal that nanocrystal formation within a nanotube does not generally occur by the addition of single atoms to one pre-existing cluster but rather through aggregation of several smaller clusters. These results provide some of the deepest insights into the dynamics of single-atom behavior in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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31
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Giacalone F, Martín N. New concepts and applications in the macromolecular chemistry of fullerenes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4220-4248. [PMID: 20799291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new classification on the different types of fullerene-containing polymers is presented according to their different properties and applications they exhibit in a variety of fields. Because of their interest and novelty, water-soluble and biodegradable C(60)-polymers are discussed first, followed by polyfullerene-based membranes where unprecedented supramolecular structures are presented. Next are compounds that involve hybrid materials formed from fullerenes and other components such as silica, DNA, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) where the most recent advances have been achieved. A most relevant topic is still that of C(60)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers. Since their application in photovoltaics D-A polymers are among the most realistic applications of fullerenes in the so-called molecular electronics. The most relevant aspects in these covalently connected fullerene/polymer hybrids as well as new concepts to improve energy conversion efficiencies are presented.The last topics disccused relate to supramolecular aspects that are in involved in C(60)-polymer systems and in the self-assembly of C(60)-macromolecular structures, which open a new scenario for organizing, by means of non-covalent interactions, new supramolecular structures at the nano- and micrometric scale, in which the combination of the hydrofobicity of fullerenes with the versatility of the noncovalent chemistry afford new and spectacular superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giacalone
- Department of Organic Chemistry "E. Paternò", Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze s/n, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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33
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Warner JH, Wilson M. Elastic distortions of carbon nanotubes induced by chiral fullerene chains. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4011-4016. [PMID: 20695516 DOI: 10.1021/nn101111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We show that when Y@C82 metallofullerenes are inserted into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with large diameters of 2 nm, the minimum energy configuration is a double-helix chiral structure extending over hundreds of nanometers. We demonstrate rotation of the double-helix fullerene chain within the nanotube host that induces real time elastic distortions of the nanotube in a crank-shaft manner. Molecular dynamics simulations, employing an atomic description of the confining SWNT and a reduced description of Y@C82, reproduce the key experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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34
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Analysis of the reactivity and selectivity of fullerene dimerization reactions at the atomic level. Nat Chem 2010; 2:117-24. [PMID: 21124402 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has proved useful for its ability to provide time-resolved images of small molecules and their movements. One of the next challenges in this area is to visualize chemical reactions by monitoring time-dependent changes in the atomic positions of reacting molecules. Such images may provide information that is not available with other experimental methods. Here we report a study on bimolecular reactions of fullerene and metallofullerene molecules inside carbon nanotubes as a function of electron dose. Images of how the fullerenes move during the dimerization process reveal the specific orientations in which two molecules interact, as well as how bond reorganization occurs after their initial contact. Studies on the concentration, specimen temperature, effect of catalyst and accelerating voltage indicate that the reactions can be imaged under a variety of conditions.
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35
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Ito Y, Warner JH, Brown R, Zaka M, Pfeiffer R, Aono T, Izumi N, Okimoto H, Morton JJL, Ardavan A, Shinohara H, Kuzmany H, Peterlik H, Briggs GAD. Controlling intermolecular spin interactions of La@C(82) in empty fullerene matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1618-23. [PMID: 20126778 DOI: 10.1039/b913593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ESR properties and crystal structures of solid-state La@C(82) in empty fullerene matrices were investigated by changing the concentration of La@C(82) and the species of an empty fullerene matrix: C(60), C(70), C(78)(C(2v)(3)), C(82)(C(2)) and C(84)(D(2d)(4)). The rotational correlation time of La@C(82) molecules tended to be shorter when La@C(82) is dispersed in larger fullerene matrices because large C(2n) molecules provide more space for La@C(82) molecules for rotating. La@C(82) dispersed in a hcp-C(82) matrix showed the narrowest hyperfine structure (hfs) due to the ordered nature of La@C(82) molecules in the C(82) crystal. On the other hand, in a C(60) matrix, La@C(82) molecules formed clusters because of the large different solubility, which leads to the ESR spectra being broad sloping features due to strong dipole-dipole and exchange interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Materials, Quantum Information Processing Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration (QIP IRC), University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, UKOX1 3PH.
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36
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Warner JH, Ito Y, Rümmeli MH, Büchner B, Shinohara H, Briggs GAD. Capturing the motion of molecular nanomaterials encapsulated within carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh temporal resolution. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3037-3044. [PMID: 19743832 DOI: 10.1021/nn900747r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We use in situ low-voltage aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy with a temporal resolution of 80 ms to track the motional dynamics of nanostructures encapsulated within carbon nanotubes. Two different nanostructures are examined and both are produced by electron beam irradiation of peapods containing La@C(82) metallofullerenes. The first novel nanostructure consists of a LaC(2) metal cluster attached to carbon nanotube inside a nanotube host. It exhibits repeated nanopiston-like behavior over a 5 min duration, driven by energy supplied by electron beam irradiation. Interaction of the metal cluster with the nanotube host is also examined, revealing that the metal cluster can open up the nanotube sidewall, exit, and then seal the hole in the wall back up with carbon from the surrounding region. Finally, the intrinsic motional dynamics of an isolated single fullerene within a SWNT is captured and we report velocities up to 112 nm/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, Quantum Information Processing Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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37
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Chen S, Kobayashi K, Miyata Y, Imazu N, Saito T, Kitaura R, Shinohara H. Morphology and Melting Behavior of Ionic Liquids inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14850-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keita Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Imazu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitaura
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Warner JH, Rümmeli MH, Ge L, Gemming T, Montanari B, Harrison NM, Büchner B, Briggs GAD. Structural transformations in graphene studied with high spatial and temporal resolution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:500-504. [PMID: 19662011 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has remarkable electronic properties, such as ballistic transport and quantum Hall effects, and has also been used as a support for samples in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and as a transparent electrode in photovoltaic devices. There is now a demand for techniques that can manipulate the structural and physical properties of graphene, in conjunction with the facility to monitor the changes in situ with atomic precision. Here, we show that irradiation with an 80 kV electron beam can selectively remove monolayers in few-layer graphene sheets by means of electron-beam-induced sputtering. Aberration-corrected, low-voltage, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with sub-ångström resolution is used to examine the structural reconstruction occurring at the single atomic level. We find preferential termination for graphene layers along the zigzag orientation for large hole sizes. The temporal resolution can also be reduced to 80 ms, enabling real-time observation of the reconstruction of carbon atoms during the sputtering process. We also report electron-beam-induced rapid displacement of monolayers, fast elastic distortions and flexible bending at the edges of graphene sheets. These results reveal how energy transfer from the electron beam to few-layer graphene sheets leads to unique structural transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, Quantum Information Processing Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Warner JH, Schäffel F, Zhong G, Rümmeli MH, Büchner B, Robertson J, Briggs GAD. Investigating the diameter-dependent stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1557-1563. [PMID: 19462964 DOI: 10.1021/nn900362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the long-standing question of whether electrons accelerated at 80 kV are below the knock-on damage threshold for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy is used to directly image the atomic structure of the SWNTs and provides in situ monitoring of the structural modification induced by electron beam irradiation at 80 kV. We find that SWNTs with small diameters of 1 nm are damaged by the electron beam, and defects are produced in the side walls that can lead to their destruction. SWNTs with diameters of 1.3 nm and larger are more stable against degradation, and stability increases with diameter. The effect of diameter, defects, and exterior contamination on the inherent stability of SWNTs under electron beam irradiation is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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40
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Kuwahara S, Sugai T, Shinohara H. A new AFM-HRTEM combined technique for probing isolated carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:225702. [PMID: 19436091 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/22/225702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new technique has been developed for characterizing individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This technique combines atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements with an independent determination of the CNT structure obtained by using thin carbon grid membranes for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements. The membrane grids are easily transferred onto silicon oxide substrates, where they are observed by AFM and an optical charged-coupled device. Electrostatic force microscopy measurements are also performed on single- and double-walled CNTs whose structures had previously been determined by HRTEM. The results reveal that the diameter and outer tube length have a greater effect on determining the capacitance of the nanotubes than the presence of the inner tube of double-walled CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kuwahara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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41
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Singh N, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Griffiths SM, Williams PM, Maffeis TGG, Wright CJ, Doak SH. NanoGenotoxicology: the DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3891-914. [PMID: 19427031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion in the nanotechnology industry, it is essential that the safety of engineered nanomaterials and the factors that influence their associated hazards are understood. A vital area governing regulatory health risk assessment is genotoxicology (the study of genetic aberrations following exposure to test agents), as DNA damage may initiate and promote carcinogenesis, or impact fertility. Of late, considerable attention has been given to the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, but the importance of their genotoxic potential on human health has been largely overlooked. This comprehensive review focuses on the reported abilities of metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, and fibrous nanomaterials, to damage or interact with DNA, and their ecogenotoxicity is also considered. Many of the engineered nanomaterials assessed were found to cause genotoxic responses, such as chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breakages, point mutations, oxidative DNA adducts and alterations in gene expression profiles. However, there are clear inconsistencies in the literature and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the physico-chemical features of nanomaterials that promote genotoxicity, largely due to study design. Hence, areas that require that further attention are highlighted and recommendations to improve our understanding of the genotoxic potential of engineered nanomaterials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neenu Singh
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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