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Nekoubin N, Hardt S, Sadeghi A. Improved ionic current rectification utilizing cylindrical nanochannels coated with polyelectrolyte layers of non-uniform thickness. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3641-3652. [PMID: 38623003 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Conical nanochannels employed to create ionic current rectification (ICR) in nanofluidic devices are prone to clogging due to the contraction at one end. As an alternative approach for creating ICR, a cylindrical nanochannel covered with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) of variable thickness is proposed in the present study. The efficacy of the proposed design is studied by numerically solving the governing equations including the Poisson, Nernst-Planck, and Stokes-Brinkman equations. Furthermore, the fundamental mechanism behind ICR is explained using a simplified one-dimensional model. The effects of the nanochannel radius, concentration of PEL fixed charges, and bulk ionic concentration on the rectification factor are then investigated in detail. It is shown that the proposed nanochannel provides larger rectification factors as compared to conical nanochannels over wide ranges of the fixed charge concentration and bulk ionic concentration. Such a performance can be achieved even at channel radii much larger than the tip radius of conical nanochannels, indicating not only the better performance of the proposed nanochannel but also its likely longer service life, because of reducing the probability of total ionic current blockage. This means that the proposed nanochannel could find widespread use in fluidic devices, as a replacement for conical nanofluidic diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Nekoubin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Steffen Hardt
- Institute for Nano- and Microfluidics, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Arman Sadeghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
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2
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Liu S, Zhang X, Yang Y, Hu N. Ion Transport in Multi-Nanochannels Regulated by pH and Ion Concentration. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5648-5657. [PMID: 38556994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanochannels are a powerful technique for detecting a wide range of biomolecules without labeling. The ion transport phenomena in nanochannel arrays differ from those in single nanochannels and are caused by interchannel communication. This study uses a fully coupled Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) and Navier-Stokes model to investigate ion transport in nanochannel arrays. Instead of being set at a constant value, the surface charge density used in this study is established by the protonation and deprotonation of the silanol groups that are present on the walls of the silicon-based nanochannels. The surface charge density of the nanochannel walls varies with the number of nanochannels, the channel lateral distance, and the background solution properties, which consequently influence the ionic concentration distribution, flow velocity, and electric field strength. For example, in different numbers of nanochannel systems, the ion concentration in nanochannels is not much different, but it is different in reservoirs, especially near the openings of nanochannels. The number of nanochannels and the distance between nanochannels can also affect the formation of electro-convective vortex zones under certain conditions. These findings can aid in optimizing the nanochannel array design by regulating the number and distance of nanochannels and facilitating the construction of solid-state nanochannel arrays with any desired nanochannel dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- School of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjian Yang
- School of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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3
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Hou Y, Ling Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen Y, Li X, Hou X. Learning from the Brain: Bioinspired Nanofluidics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2891-2900. [PMID: 36927003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The human brain completes intelligent behaviors such as the generation, transmission, and storage of neural signals by regulating the ionic conductivity of ion channels in neuron cells, which provides new inspiration for the development of ion-based brain-like intelligence. Against the backdrop of the gradual maturity of neuroscience, computer science, and micronano materials science, bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics, as an emerging interdisciplinary subject that focuses on the regulation of ionic conductivity of nanofluidic systems to realize brain-like functionalities, has attracted the attention of many researchers. This Perspective provides brief background information and the state-of-the-art progress of nanofluidic intelligent systems. Two main categories are included: nanofluidic transistors and nanofluidic memristors. The prospects of nanofluidic iontronics' interdisciplinary progress in future artificial intelligence fields such as neuromorphic computing or brain-computer interfaces are discussed. This Perspective aims to give readers a clear understanding of the concepts and prospects of this emerging interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yixin Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanqiong Wang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yeyun Chen
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
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4
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Wang M, Jiang J. Designing Nanofluidic Diode from a Hybrid-Bilayer Covalent Organic Framework: Molecular Simulation Investigation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206382. [PMID: 36519638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic diodes are potentially useful in many important applications such as sensing, electronics, and energy conversion. However, the manufacturing of controllable nanopores for nanofluidic diodes is technically challenging. Herein, a nanofluidic diode is designed from a highly programmatic covalent organic framework (COF). Through molecular simulation, remarkable diode behavior is observed in a hybrid-bilayer COF but not in its constituent single-layer COFs. The rectification effect of ion current in the hybrid-bilayer COF is attributed to an asymmetric electrostatic potential across the COF nanopore. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of counterion is unraveled in the hybrid-bilayer COF, and the presence of counterion is found to reduce the entry barrier and facilitate ion transport. The performance of the hybrid-bilayer COF as a nanofluidic diode is comprehensively investigated by varying salt concentration, layer number, interlayer spacing, and slipping. This proof-of-concept simulation study demonstrates the feasibility of the hybrid-bilayer COF as a nanofluidic diode and the finding may stimulate the development of new nanofluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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5
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Ion rectification based on gel polymer electrolyte ionic diode. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6669. [PMID: 36335134 PMCID: PMC9637189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological ion channels rely on ions as charge carriers and unidirectional ion flow to produce and transmit signals. To realize artificial biological inspired circuitry and seamless human-machine communication, ion-transport-based rectification devices should be developed. In this research, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are assembled to construct a novel ionic diode, enabling ion rectification through ion-diffusion/migration that emulates biological systems. This ion rectification results from the different diffusion/migration behaviors of mobile ions transporting in the GPE heterojunction. The electrical tests of the GPE heterojunction reveal outstanding rectifying ratio of 23.11. The GPE ionic diode operates in wide temperature window, from -20 °C (anti-freezing) to 125 °C (thermal tolerance). The absence of redox reactions is verified in the cyclic voltammogram. The GPE ionic diodes are used to construct ionic logic gates for signal communication. Furthermore, rectification of a triboelectric nanogenerator and potential for synaptic devices are demonstrated.
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6
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Hao J, Bao B, Zhou J, Cui Y, Chen X, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Jiang L. A Euryhaline-Fish-Inspired Salinity Self-Adaptive Nanofluidic Diode Leads to High-Performance Blue Energy Harvesters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203109. [PMID: 35673895 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adaptability to wide salinities remains a big challenge for artificial nanofluidic systems, which plays a vital role in water-energy nexus science. Here, inspired by euryhaline fish, sandwich-structured nanochannel systems are constructed to realize salinity self-adaptive nanofluidic diodes, which lead to high-performance salinity-gradient power generators with low internal resistance. Adaptive to changing salinity, the pore morphology of one side of the nanochannel system switches from a 1D straight nanochannel (45 nm) to 3D network pores (1.9 nm pore size and ≈1013 pore density), along with three orders of magnitude change for charge density. Thus, the abundant surface charges and narrow pores render the membrane-based osmotic power generator with power density up to 26.22 Wm-2 . The salinity-adaptive membrane solves the surface charge-shielding problem caused by abundant mobile ions in high salinity and increases the overlapping degree of the electric double layer. The dynamic adaption process of the membrane to the hypersaline environment endows it with good salt endurance and stability. New routes for designing nanofluidic devices functionally adaptable to different salinities and building power generators with excellent salt endurance are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yanshuai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing, 100041, P. R. China
| | - Xiachao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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7
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Zhang X, Xie L, Zhou S, Zeng H, Zeng J, Liu T, Liang Q, Yan M, He Y, Liang K, Zhang L, Chen P, Jiang L, Kong B. Interfacial Superassembly of Mesoporous Titania Nanopillar-Arrays/Alumina Oxide Heterochannels for Light- and pH-Responsive Smart Ion Transport. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:361-369. [PMID: 35350602 PMCID: PMC8949629 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanochannels have attracted extensive attention in various fields owing to their precise regulation ability of ionic transportation. However, the poor controllability and functionality as well as responding to only one type of external stimulus still impede the development of the smart nanochannels. Here, we demonstrate a novel heterogeneous membrane composed of ordered mesoporous titania nanopillar-arrays/anodic aluminum oxide (MTI/AAO) using an interfacial superassembly strategy, which can achieve intelligent light and pH multimodulation ion transport. The MTI/AAO membranes are generated through the self-assembly of templates, followed by interfacial superassembly of micelles on AAO, and then the nanostructure and phase transformation of titania. The presence of the MTI layer with anatase crystal endows the heterogeneous membrane with an excellent light-responsive current density of 219.2 μA·cm-2, which is much higher than that of a reported traditional light-responsive nanofluidic device. Furthermore, the MTI/AAO heterogeneous membranes with an asymmetric structure exhibit excellent rectification performance. Moreover, pH-regulated surface charge polarity leads to a reversal of current rectification polarity. This light and pH multiresponsive membrane realizes efficient, sensitive, and stable ion regulation, extending the traditional nanochannel from single modulation to smart multimodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Qirui Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun He
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pu Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory
of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Biao Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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8
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Ajith VJ, Patil S. Translational Diffusion of a Fluorescent Tracer Molecule in Nanoconfined Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1034-1044. [PMID: 35007074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of tracer dye molecules in water confined to the nanoscale is an important subject with a direct bearing on many technological applications. It is not yet clear, however, if the dynamics of water in hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic nanochannels remains bulk-like. Here, we present diffusion measurement of a fluorescent dye molecule in water confined to the nanoscale between two hydrophilic surfaces whose separation can be controlled with a precision of less than a nm. We observe that the fluorescence intensities correlate over fast (∼30 μs) and slow (∼1000 μs) time components. The slow time scale is due to adsorption of fluorophores to the confining walls, and it disappears in the presence of 1 M salt. The fast component is attributed to diffusion of dye molecules in the gap. It is found to be bulk-like for sub-10 nm separations and indicates that the viscosity of water under confinement remains unaltered up to a confinement gap as small as ∼5 nm. Our findings contradict some of the recent measurements of diffusion under nanoconfinement; however, they are consistent with many estimates of self-diffusion using molecular dynamics simulations and measurements using neutron scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ajith
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivprasad Patil
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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9
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Ionic Transport Triggered by Asymmetric Illumination on 2D Nano-Membrane. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237078. [PMID: 34885657 PMCID: PMC8658790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic transport and ion sieving are important in the field of separation science and engineering. Based on the rapid development of nanomaterials and nano-devices, more and more phenomena occur on the nanoscale devices in the field of thermology, optics, mechanics, etc. Recently, we experimentally observed a novel ion transport phenomenon in nanostructured graphene oxide membrane (GOM) under asymmetric illumination. We first build a light-induced carriers’ diffusion model based on our previous experimental results. This model can reveal the light-induced ion transport mechanism and predict the carriers’ diffusion behavior under different operational situations and material characters. The voltage difference increases with the rise of illuminate asymmetry, photoresponsivity, recombination coefficient, and carriers’ diffusion coefficient ratio. Finally, we discuss the ion transport behavior with different surface charge densities using MD simulation. Moderate surface charge decreases the ion transport with the same type of charge due to the electrostatic repulsion; however, excess surface charge blocks both cation and anion because a thicker electrical double layer decreases effective channel height. Research here provides referenced operational and material conditions to obtain a greater voltage difference between the membrane sides. Also, the mechanism of ion transport and ion sieving can guide us to modify membrane material according to different aims.
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10
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Jiang L. Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures. EXPLORATION 2021; 1:20210101. [PMCID: PMC10190948 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
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11
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Peng R, Pan Y, Liu B, Li Z, Pan P, Zhang S, Qin Z, Wheeler AR, Tang XS, Liu X. Understanding Carbon Nanotube-Based Ionic Diodes: Design and Mechanism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100383. [PMID: 34171160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rectification of ion transport through biological ion channels has attracted much attention and inspired the thriving invention and applications of ionic diodes. However, the development of high-performance ionic diodes is still challenging, and the working mechanisms of ionic diodes constructed by 1D ionic nanochannels have not been fully understood. This work reports the systematic investigation of the design and mechanism of a new type of ionic diode constructed from horizontally aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes decorated at their two entrances. The major design and working parameters of the MWCNT-based ionic diode, including the ion channel size, the driven voltage, the properties of working fluids, and the quantity and length of charge modification, are extensively investigated through numerical simulations and/or experiments. An optimized ionic current rectification (ICR) ratio of 1481.5 is experimentally achieved on the MWCNT-based ionic diode. These results promise potential applications of the MWCNT-based ionic diode in biosensing and biocomputing. As a proof-of-concept, DNA detection and HIV-1 diagnosis is demonstrated on the ionic diode. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of the MWCNT-based ionic diodes and will allow rational device design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Lingshui Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Biwu Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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12
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Layer-selective functionalisation in mesoporous double layer via iniferter initiated polymerisation for nanoscale step gradient formation. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Fu L, Wang Y, Jiang J, Lu B, Zhai J. Sandwich "Ion Pool"-Structured Power Gating for Salinity Gradient Generation Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35197-35206. [PMID: 34266231 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement ion transport, similar to that of biological ion channels, has attracted widespread research interest and offers prospects for broad applications in energy conversion and nanofluidic diodes. At present, various methods were adopted to improve the rectification performance of nanofluidic diodes including geometrical, chemical, and electrostatic asymmetries. However, contributions of the confinement effects within the channels were neglected, which can be a crucial factor for ion rectification behavior. In this research, we report an "ion pool"-structured nanofluidic diode to improve the confinement effect of the system, which was constructed based on an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous membrane sandwiched between zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) and tungsten oxide (WO3) thin membranes. A high rectification ratio of 192 is obtained through this nanofluidic system due to ions could be enriched or depleted sufficiently within the ion pool. Furthermore, this high-rectification-ratio ion pool-structured nanofluidic diode possessed pH-responsive and excellent ion selectivity. We developed it as a pH-responsive power gating for a salinity gradient harvesting device by controlling the surface charge density of the ion pool nanochannel narrow ends with different pH values, and hence, the ionic gate is switched between On and Off states, with a gating ratio of up to 27, which exhibited 8 times increase than ZIF-8-AAO and AAO-WO3 composite membranes. Significantly, the peculiar ion pool structure can generate high rectification ratios due to the confinement effect, which then achieves high gating ratios. Such ion pool-structured nanochannels created new avenues to design and optimize nanofluidic diodes and boosted their applications in energy conversion areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Bingxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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14
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Fertig D, Sarkadi Z, Valiskó M, Boda D. Scaling for rectification of bipolar nanopores as a function of a modified Dukhin number: the case of 1:1 electrolytes. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1939330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Fertig
- Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Sarkadi
- Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Mónika Valiskó
- Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
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15
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Chen C, Hu L. Nanoscale Ion Regulation in Wood-Based Structures and Their Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002890. [PMID: 33108027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport and regulation are fundamental processes for various devices and applications related to energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, sensing, ionotronics, and biotechnology. Wood-based materials, fabricated by top-down or bottom-up approaches, possess a unique hierarchically porous fibrous structure that offers an appealing material platform for multiscale ion regulation. The ion transport behavior in these materials can be regulated through structural and compositional engineering from the macroscale down to the nanoscale, imparting wood-based materials with multiple functions for a range of emerging applications. A fundamental understanding of ion transport behavior in wood-based structures enhances the capability to design high-performance ion-regulating devices and promotes the utilization of sustainable wood materials. Combining this unique ion regulation capability with the renewable and cost-effective raw materials available, wood and its derivatives are the natural choice of materials toward sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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16
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Ryzhkov NV, Nikolaev KG, Ivanov AS, Skorb EV. Infochemistry and the Future of Chemical Information Processing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:63-95. [PMID: 33909470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-122120-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, information processing is based on semiconductor (e.g., silicon) devices. Unfortunately, the performance of such devices has natural limitations owing to the physics of semiconductors. Therefore, the problem of finding new strategies for storing and processing an ever-increasing amount of diverse data is very urgent. To solve this problem, scientists have found inspiration in nature, because living organisms have developed uniquely productive and efficient mechanisms for processing and storing information. We address several biological aspects of information and artificial models mimicking corresponding bioprocesses. For instance, we review the formation of synchronization patterns and the emergence of order out of chaos in model chemical systems. We also consider molecular logic and ion fluxes as information carriers. Finally, we consider recent progress in infochemistry, a new direction at the interface of chemistry, biology, and computer science, considering unconventional methods of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ryzhkov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Konstantin G Nikolaev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Artemii S Ivanov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Ekaterina V Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
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17
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Green Y. Ion transport in nanopores with highly overlapping electric double layers. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084705. [PMID: 33639761 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of ion transport through nanopores with highly overlapping electric double layers is extremely challenging. This can be attributed to the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation that governs the behavior of the electrical potential distribution as well as other characteristics of ion transport. In this work, we leverage the approach of Schnitzer and Yariv [Phys. Rev. E 87, 054301 (2013)] to reduce the complexity of the governing equation. An asymptotic solution is derived, which shows remarkable correspondence to simulations of the non-approximated equations. This new solution is leveraged to address a number of highly debated issues. We derive the equivalent of the Gouy-Chapman equation for systems with highly overlapping electric double layers. This new relationship between the surface charge density and the surface potential is then utilized to determine the power-law scaling of nanopore conductances as a function of the bulk concentrations. We derive the coefficients of transport for the case of overlapping electric double layers and compare it to the renowned uniform potential model. We show that the uniform potential model is only an approximation for the exact solution for small surface charges. The findings of this work can be leveraged to uncover additional hidden attributes of ion transport through nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Green
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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18
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Zhang S, Yang L, Ding D, Gao P, Xia F, Bruening ML. Highly Rectifying Fluidic Diodes Based on Asymmetric Layer-by-Layer Nanofilms on Nanochannel Membranes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4291-4298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Dong Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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19
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Leong IW, Tsutsui M, Murayama S, Hayashida T, He Y, Taniguchi M. Quasi-Stable Salt Gradient and Resistive Switching in Solid-State Nanopores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52175-52181. [PMID: 33151677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and control of ion transport in a fluidic channel is of crucial importance for iontronics. The present study reports on quasi-stable ionic current characteristics in a SiNx nanopore under a salinity gradient. An intriguing interplay between electro-osmotic flow and local ion density distributions in a solid-state pore is found to induce highly asymmetric ion transport to negative differential resistance behavior under a 100-fold difference in the cross-membrane salt concentrations. Meanwhile, a subtle change in the salinity gradient profile led to observations of resistive switching. This peculiar characteristic was suggested to stem from quasi-stable local ion density around the channel that can be switched between two distinct states via the electro-osmotic flow under voltage control. The present findings may be useful for neuromorphic devices based on micro- and nanofluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iat Wai Leong
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Makusu Tsutsui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Sanae Murayama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hayashida
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuhui He
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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20
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Kong Q, Obliger A, Lai M, Gao M, Limmer DT, Yang P. Solid-State Ionic Rectification in Perovskite Nanowire Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8151-8156. [PMID: 33052693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites have attracted increasing research attention with regard to their potential for optoelectronic applications. Because of its low activation energy, ion migration is implicated in the long-term stability and many unusual transport behaviors of halide perovskite devices. However, direct observation and precise control of the ionic transport in halide perovskite crystals remain challenging. Here, we have designed an axial CsPbBr3-CsPbCl3 nanowire heterostructure, in which electric-field-induced halide ion migration was clearly visualized and quantified. We demonstrated that halide ion migration is dependent on the applied electric field and exhibits ionic rectification in this solid-state system, which is due to the nonuniform distribution of the ionic vacancies in the nanowire that results from a competition between electrical screening and their creation/destruction at the electrodes' interfaces. The asymmetric heterostructure characteristics add an additional knob to control the ion movement in the design of advanced ionic circuits with halide perovskites as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amael Obliger
- Laboratoire des Fluides complexes et leurs Réservoirs, UMR 5150, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA/CNRS/TOTAL, Pau, France
| | - Minliang Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Ionic current conduction at low voltage of track-etched double conical nanopores modified by surfactant CTAB. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Guo J, Ke X, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zhou X, Xie Y. Entrance effects based Janus-faced nanopore for applications of chemical sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kim YD, Choi S, Kim A, Lee W. Ionic Current Rectification of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) with a Barrier Oxide Layer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13727-13738. [PMID: 32930570 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nanofluidic diodes with highly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics are currently of particular interest because of their potential applications in biosensing, separation, energy harvesting, and nanofluidic electronics. We report the ionic current rectification (ICR) characteristics of a porous anodic aluminum oxide membrane, whose one end of the nanochannels is closed by a barrier oxide layer. The membrane exhibits intriguing pH-dependent ion transport characteristics, which cannot be explained by the conventional surface charge governed ionic transport mechanism. We reveal experimentally and theoretically that the space charge density gradient present across the 40-nm-thick barrier oxide is mainly responsible for the evolution of ICR. Based on our findings, we demonstrate the formation of a single 5-8-nm-sized pore in each hexagonal cell of the barrier oxide. The present work would provide valuable information for the design and fabrication of future ultrathin nanofluidic devices without being limited by the engineering of the nanochannel geometry or surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Do Kim
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwook Choi
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ansoon Kim
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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24
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Patil O, Manikandan D, Nandigana VVR. A molecular dynamics simulation framework for predicting noise in solid-state nanopores. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1798004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Patil
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - D. Manikandan
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Vishal V. R. Nandigana
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
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25
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Jin Y, Ng T, Tao R, Luo S, Su Y, Li Z. Coupling effects in electromechanical ion transport in graphene nanochannels. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033112. [PMID: 33075923 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the transport of ions in electromechanical flows in slit-like graphene nanochannels. The variation of ionic currents indicates a nonlinear coupling between pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows, which enhances the ionic currents for electromechanical flows compared with the linear superposition of pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows. The nonlinear coupling is attributed to the reduction of the total potential energy barrier due to the density variations of ions and water molecules in the channel. The numerical results may offer molecular insights into the design of nanofluidic devices for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakang Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiniao Ng
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, FST, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, FST, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Sensale S, Wang C, Chang HC. Resistive amplitude fingerprints during translocation of linear molecules through charged solid-state nanopores. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:035102. [PMID: 32716192 PMCID: PMC7367690 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first analytical theory on the amplitude of resistive signals during molecular translocation through charged solid-state nanopores with variable cross-sectional area and piecewise-constant surface charge densities. By providing closed-form explicit algebraic expressions for the concentration profiles inside charged nanopores, this theory allows the prediction of baseline and translocation resistive signals without the need for numerical simulation of the electrokinetic phenomena. A transversely homogenized theory and an asymptotic expansion for weakly charged pores capture DC or quasi-static rectification due to field-induced intrapore concentration polarization (as a result of pore charge inhomogeneity or a translocating molecule). This theory, validated by simulations and experiments, is then used to explain why the amplitude of a single stranded DNA molecule can be twice as high as the amplitude of its double stranded counterpart. It also suggests designs for intrapore concentration polarization and volume exclusion effects that can produce biphasic and other amplitude fingerprints for high-throughput and yet discriminating molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sensale
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637, USA
| | - Ceming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637, USA
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27
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Zhan H, Xiong Z, Cheng C, Liang Q, Liu JZ, Li D. Solvation-Involved Nanoionics: New Opportunities from 2D Nanomaterial Laminar Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904562. [PMID: 31867816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous laminar membranes composed of multilayered 2D nanomaterials (2D-NLMs) are increasingly being exploited as a unique material platform for understanding solvated ion transport under nanoconfinement and exploring novel nanoionics-related applications, such as ion sieving, energy storage and harvesting, and in other new ionic devices. Here, the fundamentals of solvation-involved nanoionics in terms of ionic interactions and their effect on ionic transport behaviors are discussed. This is followed by a summary of key requirements for materials that are being used for solvation-involved nanoionics research, culminating in a demonstration of unique features of 2D-NLMs. Selected examples of using 2D-NLMs to address the key scientific problems related to nanoconfined ion transport and storage are then presented to demonstrate their enormous potential and capabilities for nanoionics research and applications. To conclude, a personal perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiyuan Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jefferson Zhe Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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28
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Luo R, Xiao T, Li W, Liu Z, Wang Y. An ionic diode based on a spontaneously formed polypyrrole-modified graphene oxide membrane. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17079-17084. [PMID: 35521453 PMCID: PMC9053440 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric membranes derived from the stacking of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets have attracted great attention for the fabrication of ionic diodes. Herein, we described an ionic diode based on a polypyrrole-modified GO membrane with a vertical asymmetry, which was achieved by a spontaneous oxidation polymerization of pyrrole monomers on one side of the GO membrane in vapor phase. This asymmetric modification resulted in an asymmetric geometry due to the occupation of the interlayer space of one side of the GO membrane by polypyrrole. Our ionic diode demonstrated an obvious ionic rectification behavior over a wide voltage range. A calculation based on Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations was used to theoretically investigate the role of asymmetric modification of polypyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Tianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Wenping Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement-Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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29
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Green Y. Approximate time-dependent current-voltage relations for currents exceeding the diffusion limit. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:043113. [PMID: 32422742 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.043113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The time-dependent behavior of one-dimensional ion transport into a permselective medium is theoretically modeled in this work for currents exceeding the diffusion limit. Leveraging the findings of Yariv [E. Yariv, Phys. Rev. E 80, 051201 (2009)10.1103/PhysRevE.80.051201], we derive three separate expressions for the potential drop for short, intermediate, and long times. We show that the potential drop correlates to the time evolution of the space-charge layer adjacent to the permselective interface. Our approximate models show remarkable correspondence to numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Green
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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30
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Lu B, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhai J, Fan X. A high rectification ratio nanofluidic diode induced by an “ion pool”. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7377-7383. [PMID: 35492185 PMCID: PMC9049848 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by functionalized biological ion channels, artificial channels were prepared to mimic the natural ones. The key concept behind the rectifying phenomena in nanochannels is the construction of asymmetric restrictive nanochannels. Here, we prepared nanoporous oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and WO3 composite coatings on hourglass-shaped anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel surfaces. Accordingly, a special “ion pool” is formed between the homogeneous junction in the middle of the AAO and the nanoporous PVA/WO3 film-covered AAO surface and its two ends are greatly nano-confined. Ion enrichment and ion depletion occur in the “ion pool” and are dependant on the applied voltage polarity. A rectification ratio of 458, which is in accordance with the highest value found in previous reports, was obtained from the cooperative effects of the two small open ends of the “ion pool”. Furthermore, this value is enhanced to about 2000 under constant voltage. An excellent pH-sensitive rectification property, with a single rectification direction from acidic to basic conditions, has also been demonstrated. Nanoporous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/WO3 composite coatings were prepared onto the hourglass-shaped AAO nanochannels surface, and an “ion pool” is formed. A rectification ratio of 2000 was obtained with constant voltage enhancement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - You Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Bingxin Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Yanglei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
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31
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Han J, Bae C, Chae S, Choi D, Lee S, Nam Y, Lee C. High-efficiency power generation in hyper-saline environment using conventional nanoporous membrane. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Xu Y, Lu B, Fu L, Zhai J. Asymmetric heterostructured SiO2/Al2O3 nanofluidic diodes modulating ionic transport for highly efficient light-gating device. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mechanically strong MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2920. [PMID: 31266937 PMCID: PMC6606750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanofluidic channels are emerging candidates for capturing osmotic energy from salinity gradients. However, present two-dimensional nanofluidic architectures are generally constructed by simple stacking of pristine nanosheets with insufficient charge densities, and exhibit low-efficiency transport dynamics, consequently resulting in undesirable power densities (<1 W m-2). Here we demonstrate MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators. By mixing river water and sea water, the power density can achieve a value of approximately 4.1 W m-2, outperforming the state-of-art membranes to the best of our knowledge. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the correlation between surface charge of MXene and space charge brought by nanofibers plays a key role in modulating ion diffusion and can synergistically contribute to such a considerable energy conversion performance. This work highlights the promise in the coupling of surface charge and space charge in nanoconfinement for energy conversion driven by chemical potential gradients.
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34
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Wang Y, Zhai J. Cell Junction Proteins-Mimetic Artificial Nanochannel System: Basic Logic Gates Implemented by Nanofluidic Diodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3171-3175. [PMID: 30703326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by communication modes of cell junction proteins, an artificial bichannel nanofluidic diode system was constructed and investigated to implement basic "AND" and "OR" logic gates in different connection modes. Input conditions were set as conducting and nonconducting states of each nanofluidic diode unit. Output results were set as response current of the system at rated voltage. Besides, nanofluidic diodes with different ionic permeabilities were connected in multiple modes, and different logic operation results were obtained. This novel logic device based on nanofluidic diodes provided a new approach to establish diverse stimuli-responsive signal processing networks and has prospect to obtain nanofluidic diode intelligence chips by integrating in large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Smart Bioinspired Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
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35
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Luan B, Zhou R. Atomic-Scale Fluidic Diodes Based on Triangular Nanopores in Bilayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:977-982. [PMID: 30628792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic diodes based on nanochannels have been studied theoretically and experimentally for applications such as biosensors and logic gates. However, when analyzing attoliter-scale samples or enabling high-density integration of lab-on-a-chip devices, it is beneficial to miniaturize the size of a nanofluidic channel. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate conductance of nanopores in bilayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Remarkably, we found that triangular nanopores possess excellent rectifications of ionic currents while hexagonal ones do not. It is worth highlighting that the pore length is only about 0.7 nm, which is about the atomic limit for a bipolar diode. We determined scaling relations between ionic currents I and pore sizes L for small nanopores, that are I ∼ L1 in a forward biasing voltage and I ∼ L2 in a reverse biasing voltage. Simulation results qualitatively agree with analytical ones derived from the one-dimensional Poisson-Nerst-Planck equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Luan
- Computational Biological Center , IBM Thomas J. Watson Research , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Computational Biological Center , IBM Thomas J. Watson Research , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
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36
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Jeong HH, Choi E, Ellis E, Lee TC. Recent advances in gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications: from hybrid structures to multi-functionality. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications are reviewed in the context of a novel classification framework and illustrated by recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ellis
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London (UCL)
- WC1H 0AJ London
- UK
- Institute for Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
| | - Tung-Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London (UCL)
- WC1H 0AJ London
- UK
- Institute for Materials Discovery
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37
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Kwon SR, Fu K, Han D, Bohn PW. Redox Cycling in Individually Encapsulated Attoliter-Volume Nanopores. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12923-12931. [PMID: 30525454 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Redox cycling electrochemistry in arrays of individually encapsulated attoliter-volume ( V ∼ 10 aL) nanopores is investigated and reported here. These nanopore electrode array (NEA) structures exhibit distinctive electrochemical behaviors not observed in open NEAs, which allow free diffusion of redox couples between the nanopore interior and bulk solution. Confined nanopore environments, generated by sealing NEAs with a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane), are characterized by enhanced currents-up to 250-fold compared with open NEAs-owing to effective trapping of the redox couple inside the nanopores and to enhanced mass transport effects. In addition, electrochemical rectification ( ca. 1.5-6.3) was observed and is attributed to ion migration. Finite-element simulations were performed to characterize the concentration and electric potential gradients associated with the disk electrode, aqueous medium, and ring electrode inside the nanopores, and the results are consistent with experimental observations. The additional signal enhancement and redox-cycling-based rectification behaviors produced in these self-confined attoliter-volume nanopores are potentially useful in devising ultrasensitive sensors and molecular-based iontronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 14662 , Republic of Korea
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38
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Yan F, Yao L, Yang Q, Chen K, Su B. Ionic Current Rectification by Laminated Bipolar Silica Isoporous Membrane. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1227-1231. [PMID: 30569707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionic current rectification (ICR) is one of interesting characteristics displayed by nanochannels with asymmetric geometry, ionic concentration or charge distribution, which has been utilized for the development of chemical sensors and biosensors. Herein we report the ICR phenomenon observed with ultrathin silica isoporous membrane (SIM), which was prepared by laminating two layers of SIM with opposite charges and different pore diameters, designated as bipolar SIM (bp-SIM). The negatively charged layer, called as n-SIM, was 86 nm-thick and consisted of channels with a diameter of 2-3 nm. The positively charged layer with a thickness of 59 nm, termed as p-SIM, was comprised of channels of 4.5-5.5 nm in diameter. They were primarily grown on the solid surface using the Stöber-solution and biphasic-stratification growth approaches, respectively, and then exfoliated to obtain perforated structures by the polymer-protected chemical etching and transfer method. The negative charges of n-SIM and positive ones of p-SIM were generated by the deprotonation of pristine surface silanol and postmodified ammonium groups, respectively. Neither n-SIM nor p-SIM alone displays the ICR characteristic, because of their symmetric structure and uniform charge distribution. When laminating two of them, an apparent ICR characteristic was observed for the bp-SIM with a typical diode-like current-voltage response. This behavior was rationalized to arise from the asymmetric charge distribution on two layers by finite element simulations. Considering the facile preparation and diverse surface functionalities, as well as its uniform and highly porous structure, the bp-SIM provides an attractive platform for designing ICR-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
| | - Lina Yao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
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39
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Hsu JP, Chen YC, Chen YM, Tseng S. Influence of temperature and electroosmotic flow on the rectification behavior of conical nanochannels. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Zhu X, Hao J, Bao B, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Pang J, Jiang Z, Jiang L. Unique ion rectification in hypersaline environment: A high-performance and sustainable power generator system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau1665. [PMID: 30397649 PMCID: PMC6203222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of membrane science plays a fundamental role in harvesting osmotic power, which is considered a future clean and renewable energy source. However, the existing designs of the membrane cannot handle the low conversion efficiency and power density. Theory has predicted that the Janus membrane with ionic diode-type current would be the most efficient material. Therefore, rectified ionic transportation in a hypersaline environment (the salt concentration is at least 0.5 M in sea) is highly desired, but it still remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a versatile strategy for creating a scale-up Janus three-dimensional (3D) porous membrane-based osmotic power generator system. Janus membranes with tunable surface charge density and porosity were obtained by compounding two kinds of ionomers. Under electric fields or chemical gradients, the Janus membrane has ionic current rectification properties and anion selectivities in a hypersaline environment. Experiments and theoretical calculation demonstrate that abundant surface charge and narrow pore size distribution benefit this unique ionic transport behavior in high salt solution. Thus, the output power density of this membrane-based generator reaches 2.66 W/m2 (mixing seawater and river water) and up to 5.10 W/m2 at a 500-fold salinity gradient (i.e., flowing salt lake into river water). Furthermore, a generator, built by connecting a series of membranes, could power a calculator for 120 hours without obvious current decline, proving the excellent physical and chemical stabilities. Therefore, we believe that this work advances the fundamental understanding of fluid transport and materials design as a paradigm for a high-performance energy conversion generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbo Zhu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junran Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Bin Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Pang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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41
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Zhang Q, Liu Q, Kang J, Huang Q, Liu Z, Diao X, Zhai J. Robust Sandwich-Structured Nanofluidic Diodes Modulating Ionic Transport for an Enhanced Electrochromic Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800163. [PMID: 30250783 PMCID: PMC6145424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic solid-state nanofluidic diodes have attracted extensive research interest due to the possible applications in various fields, such as biosensing, energy conversion, and nanofluidic circuits. However, contributions of exterior surface to the transmembrane ionic transport are often ignored, which can be a crucial factor for ion rectification behavior. Herein, a rational design of robust sandwich-structured nanofluidic diode is shown by creating opposite charges on the exterior surfaces of a nanoporous membrane using inorganic oxides with distinct isoelectric points. Potential-induced changes in ion concentration within the nanopores lead to a current rectification; the results are subsequently supported by a theoretical simulation. Except for providing surface charges, functional inorganic oxides used in this work are complementary electrochromic materials. Hence, the sandwich-structured nanofluidic diode is further developed into an electrochromic membrane exhibiting a visual color change in response to redox potentials. The results show that the surface-charge-governed ionic transport and the nanoporous structure facilitate the migration of Li+ ions, which in turn enhance the electrochromic performance. It is envisioned that this work will create new avenues to design and optimize nanofluidic diodes and electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- The College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeihang UniversityBeijing100124P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano MeasurementManipulation and Physics of Ministry of EducationSchool of Physics and Nuclear Energy EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and DevicesSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Qirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano MeasurementManipulation and Physics of Ministry of EducationSchool of Physics and Nuclear Energy EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and DevicesSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Qingjiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano MeasurementManipulation and Physics of Ministry of EducationSchool of Physics and Nuclear Energy EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and DevicesSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xungang Diao
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano MeasurementManipulation and Physics of Ministry of EducationSchool of Physics and Nuclear Energy EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and DevicesSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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42
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Hsu JP, Chen YM, Yang ST, Lin CY, Tseng S. Influence of salt valence on the rectification behavior of nanochannels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 531:483-492. [PMID: 30055443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Taking account of the influence of electroosmotic flow, the behavior of the ion current rectification of a charged conical nanochannel is studied theoretically focusing on the effect of ionic valence. A continuum-based model comprising coupled Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations for the ionic mass transport and Navier-Stokes equations for the hydrodynamic field is adopted. We show that if the bulk salt concentration is fixed, the behavior of the current-voltage curve depends highly on the ionic valence, which arises from the difference in ionic strength and ion diffusivity. As the bulk salt concentration varies, the rectification factor shows a local maximum, and the bulk salt concentration at which it occurs depends upon the salt valence: the higher the valence the lower that concentration. However, regardless of the salt valence, the ionic strength at which that local maximum occurs is essentially the same, implying that the thickness of electric double layer is the key factor. Due to the difference in ionic diffusivity, the magnitude of the rectification factor depends upon the type of salt. For example, the rectification factor of KCl is larger than that of KNO3. The qualitative behavior of the ion current rectification of a positively charged conical nanochannel is similar to that of a negatively charged nanochannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Tuan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiojenn Tseng
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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43
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Abstract
Bioinspired smart asymmetric nanochannel membranes (BSANM) have been explored extensively to achieve the delicate ionic transport functions comparable to those of living organisms. The abiotic system exhibits superior stability and robustness, allowing for promising applications in many fields. In view of the abundance of research concerning BSANM in the past decade, herein, we present a systematic overview of the development of the state-of-the-art BSANM system. The discussion is focused on the construction methodologies based on raw materials with diverse dimensions (i.e. 0D, 1D, 2D, and bulk). A generic strategy for the design and construction of the BSANM system is proposed first and put into context with recent developments from homogeneous to heterogeneous nanochannel membranes. Then, the basic properties of the BSANM are introduced including selectivity, gating, and rectification, which are associated with the particular chemical and physical structures. Moreover, we summarized the practical applications of BSANM in energy conversion, biochemical sensing and other areas. In the end, some personal opinions on the future development of the BSANM are briefly illustrated. This review covers most of the related literature reported since 2010 and is intended to build up a broad and deep knowledge base that can provide a solid information source for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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44
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Cheng LJ. Electrokinetic ion transport in nanofluidics and membranes with applications in bioanalysis and beyond. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:021502. [PMID: 29713395 PMCID: PMC5897123 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic transport of ions between electrolyte solutions and ion permselective solid media governs a variety of applications, such as molecular separation, biological detection, and bioelectronics. These applications rely on a unique class of materials and devices to interface the ionic and electronic systems. The devices built on ion permselective materials or micro-/nanofluidic channels are arranged to work with aqueous environments capable of either manipulating charged species through applied electric fields or transducing biological responses into electronic signals. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the application of electrokinetic ion transport using nanofluidic and membrane technologies. We start with an introduction into the theoretical basis of ion transport kinetics and their analogy to the charge transport in electronic systems. We continue with discussions of the materials and nanofabrication technologies developed to create ion permselective membranes and nanofluidic devices. Accomplishments from various applications are highlighted, including biosensing, molecular separation, energy conversion, and bio-electronic interfaces. We also briefly outline potential applications and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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45
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Lin CY, Yeh LH, Siwy ZS. Voltage-Induced Modulation of Ionic Concentrations and Ion Current Rectification in Mesopores with Highly Charged Pore Walls. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:393-398. [PMID: 29303587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that ion current rectification (ICR), a property that assures preferential ionic transport in one direction, can only be observed in nanopores when the pore size is comparable to the thickness of the electric double layer (EDL). Rectifying nanopores became the basis of biological sensors and components of ionic circuits. Here we report that appreciable ICR can also occur in highly charged conical, polymer mesopores whose tip diameters are as large as 400 nm, thus over 100-fold larger than the EDL thickness. A rigorous model taking into account the surface equilibrium reaction of functional carboxyl groups on the pore wall and electroosmotic flow is employed to explain that unexpected phenomenon. Results show that the pore rectification results from the high density of surface charges as well as the presence of highly mobile hydroxide ions, whose concentration is enhanced for one voltage polarity. This work provides evidence that highly charged surfaces can extend the ICR of pores to the submicron scale, suggesting the potential use of highly charged large pores for energy and sensing applications. Our results also provide insight into how a mixture of ions with different mobilities can influence current-voltage curves and rectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology , Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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46
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Li C, Zhao Y, He L, Mo R, Gao H, Zhou C, Hong P, Sun S, Zhang G. Mussel-inspired fabrication of porous anodic alumina nanochannels and a graphene oxide interfacial ionic rectification device. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mussel-inspired new interfacial ionic rectification device is fabricated using porous anodic alumina nanochannels and graphene oxide via dopamine polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Lei He
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Rijian Mo
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Hongli Gao
- Food and Bioengineering College
- Henan University of Science and Technology
- Luoyang
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Pengzhi Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Shengli Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Zhanjiang 524088
- P. R. China
| | - Guigen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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47
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Jiang Y, Feng Y, Su J, Nie J, Cao L, Mao L, Jiang L, Guo W. On the Origin of Ionic Rectification in DNA-Stuffed Nanopores: The Breaking and Retrieving Symmetry. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18739-18746. [PMID: 29185744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of ionic current rectification (ICR) phenomena in synthetic nanofluidic systems elicits broad interest from interdisciplinary fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology; and thus, boosts their applications in, for example, chemical sensing, fluidic pumping, and energy related aspects. So far, it is generally accepted that the ICR effect stems from the broken symmetry either in the nanofluidic structures, or in the environmental conditions. Although this empirical regularity is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical results, great challenge still remains to precisely figure out the correlation between the asymmetric ion transport properties and the degree of symmetry breaking. An appropriate and quantified measure is therefore highly demanded. Herein, taking DNA-stuffed nanopores as a model system, we systematically investigate the evolution of dynamic ICR in between two symmetric states. The fully stuffed and fully opened nanopores are symmetric; therefore, they exhibit linear ion transport behaviors. Once the stuffed DNA superstructures are asymmetrically removed from one end of the nanopore via aptamer-target interaction, the nanofluidic system becomes asymmetric and starts to rectify ionic current. The peak of ICR is found right before the breakthrough of the stuffed DNA forest. After that, the nanofluidic system gradually retrieves symmetry, and becomes non-rectified. Theoretical results by both the coarse-grained Poisson-Nernst-Planck model and the 1D statistic model excellently support the experimental observations, and further establish a quantified correlation between the ICR effect and the degree of asymmetry for different molecular filling configurations. Based on the ICR properties, we develop a proof-of-concept demonstration for sensing ATP, termed the ATP balance. These findings help to clarify the origin of ICR, and show implications to other asymmetric transport phenomena for future innovative nanofluidic devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianjian Su
- College of Energy, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Nie
- School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Liuxuan Cao
- College of Energy, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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48
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Zhu X, Zhou Y, Hao J, Bao B, Bian X, Jiang X, Pang J, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Jiang L. A Charge-Density-Tunable Three/Two-Dimensional Polymer/Graphene Oxide Heterogeneous Nanoporous Membrane for Ion Transport. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10816-10824. [PMID: 29039923 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of a robust nanoporous membrane in large scale is still a challenge and is of fundamental importance for practical applications. Here, a robust three/two-dimensional polymer/graphene oxide heterogeneous nanoporous membrane is constructed in large scale via the self-assembly approach by chemically designing a robust charge-density-tunable nanoporous ionomer with uniform pore size. To obtain a nanoporous polymer that maintains high mechanical strength and promotes multifunctionality, we designed a series of amphiphilic copolymers by introducing a positively charged pyridine moiety into the engineered polymer polyphenylsulfone. The multiphysical-chemical properties of the membrane enable it to work as a nanogate switch with synergy between wettability and surface charge change in response to pH. Then we systematically studied the transmembrane ionic transport properties of this two-/three-dimensional porous system. By adjusting the charge density of the copolymer via chemical copolymerization through a controlled design route, the rectifying ratio of this asymmetric membrane could be amplified 4 times. Furthermore, we equipped a concentration-gradient-driven energy harvesting device with this charge-density-tunable nanoporous membrane, and a maximum power of ≈0.76 W m-2 was obtained. We expect this methodology for construction of a charge-density-tunable heterogeneous membrane by chemical design will shed light on the material design, and this membrane may further be used in energy devices, biosensors, and smart gating nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbo Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Junran Hao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Bao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujie Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Pang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Bao B, Hao J, Bian X, Zhu X, Xiao K, Liao J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Jiang L. 3D Porous Hydrogel/Conducting Polymer Heterogeneous Membranes with Electro-/pH-Modulated Ionic Rectification. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702926. [PMID: 29024293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous membranes composed of asymmetric structures or compositions have enormous potential in sensors, molecular sieves, and energy devices due to their unique ion transport properties such as ionic current rectification and ion selectivity. So far, heterogeneous membranes with 1D nanopores have been extensively studied. However, asymmetric structures with 3D micro-/nanoscale pore networks have never been investigated. Here, a simple and versatile approach to low-costly fabricate hydrogel/conducting polymer asymmetric heterogeneous membranes with electro-/pH-responsive 3D micro-/nanoscale ion channels is introduced. Due to the asymmetric heterojunctions between positively charged nanoporous polypyrrole (PPy) and negatively charged microscale porous hydrogel poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(AAm-co-AA)), the membrane can rectify ion transmembrane transport in response to both electro- and pH-stimuli. Numerical simulations based on coupled Poisson and Nernst-Plank equations are carried out to explain the ionic rectification mechanisms for the membranes. The membranes are not dependent on elaborately fabricated 1D ion channel substrates and hence can be facilely prepared in a low-cost and large-area way. The hybridization of hydrogel and conducting polymer offers a novel strategy for constructing low-cost, large-area and multifunctional membranes, expanding the tunable ionic rectification properties into macroscopic membranes with micro-/nanoscale pores, which would stimulate practical applications of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Junran Hao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiujie Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuanbo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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50
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Tetraalkylammonium Cations Conduction through a Single Nanofluidic Diode: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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