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Souna AJ, Motevaselian MH, Polster JW, Tran JD, Siwy ZS, Aluru NR, Fourkas JT. Beyond the electrical double layer model: ion-dependent effects in nanoscale solvent organization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6726-6735. [PMID: 38323484 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The nanoscale organization of electrolyte solutions at interfaces is often described well by the electrical double-layer model. However, a recent study has shown that this model breaks down in solutions of LiClO4 in acetonitrile at a silica interface, because the interface imposes a strong structuring in the solvent that in turn determines the preferred locations of cations and anions. As a surprising consequence of this organisation, the effective surface potential changes from negative at low electrolyte concentration to positive at high electrolyte concentration. Here we combine previous ion-current measurements with vibrational sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to explore how the localization of ions at the acetonitrile-silica interface depends on the sizes of the anions and cations. We observe a strong, synergistic effect of the cation and anion identities that can prompt a large difference in the ability of ions to partition to the silica surface, and thereby influence the effective surface potential. Our results have implications for a wide range of applications that involve electrolyte solutions in polar aprotic solvents at nanoscale interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Souna
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mohammad H Motevaselian
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA.
| | - Jake W Polster
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jason D Tran
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA.
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John T Fourkas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Maryland Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Ma L, Liu Z, Man J, Li J, Siwy ZS, Qiu Y. Modulation mechanism of ionic transport through short nanopores by charged exterior surfaces. Nanoscale 2023; 15:18696-18706. [PMID: 37947348 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04467j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Short nanopores have various applications in biosensing, desalination, and energy conversion. Here, the modulation of ionic transport by charged exterior surfaces is investigated through simulations with sub-200 nm long nanopores under applied voltages. Detailed analysis of the ionic current, electric field strength, and fluid flow inside and outside nanopores reveals that charged exterior surfaces can increase ionic conductance by increasing both the concentration and migration speed of charge carriers. The electric double layers near charged exterior surfaces provide an ion pool and an additional passageway for counterions, which lead to enhanced exterior surface conductance and ionic concentrations at pore entrances and inside the nanopores. We also report that charges on the membrane surfaces increase the electric field strength inside nanopores. The effective width of a ring with surface charges placed at pore entrances (Lcs) is considered as well by studying the dependence of the current on Lcs. We find a linear relationship between the effective Lcs and the surface charge density and voltage, and an inverse relationship between the geometrical pore length and salt concentration. Our results elucidate the modulation mechanism of ionic transport through short nanopores by charged exterior surfaces, which is important for the design and fabrication of porous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Jia Man
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Yinghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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3
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Aarts M, Bazant MZ, Bocquet L, Cicoira F, Dryfe RAW, Faez S, Fung YKC, Haimov E, Hockin B, Holm C, Kamsma TM, Kanoufi F, Kornyshev AA, Lemay SG, Levin Y, Marbach S, Mohamed E, Montes de Oca J, Mugele F, Olvera de la Cruz M, Perkin S, Pringle J, Robin P, Rotenberg B, Schlaich A, Siretanu I, Siwy ZS, Stein D, van Roij R, Vidaković-Koch T, Voïtchovsky K, Yossifon G, Zhang Y. Iontronic dynamics: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:322-355. [PMID: 37755134 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd90032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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4
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Abayzeed S, Anwar T, Barnaveli A, Bazant MZ, Bocquet L, Donev A, Dryfe RAW, Faez S, Janardanan A, Jiménez-Ángeles F, Kamsma TM, Kanoufi F, Kornyshev AA, Lemay SG, Levin Y, Marbach S, Montes de Oca J, Robin P, Siwy ZS, Stein D, van Roij R, Vidaković-Koch T, Yossifon G, Zhang Y. Iontronic coupling: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:157-178. [PMID: 37740306 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd90031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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5
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Silva S, Singh S, Cao E, Fourkas JT, Siwy ZS. Gating ion and fluid transport with chiral solvent. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:508-519. [PMID: 37427451 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern membranes for ionic separations and energy-storage devices such as supercapacitors depends on the description of ions at solid interfaces, as is often provided by the electrical double layer (EDL) model. The classical EDL model ignores, however, important factors such as possible spatial organization of solvent at the interface and the influence of the solvent on the spatial dependence of the electrochemical potential; these effects in turn govern electrokinetic phenomena. Here we provide a molecular-level understanding of how solvent structure can dictate ionic distributions at interfaces using a model system of a polar, aprotic solvent, propylene carbonate, in its enantiomerically pure and racemic forms, at a silica interface. We link the interfacial structure to the tuning of ionic and fluid transport by the chirality of the solvent and the salt concentration. The results of nonlinear spectroscopic experiments and electrochemical measurements suggest that the solvent exhibits lipid-bilayer-like interfacial organization, with a structure that is dependent on the solvent chirality. The racemic form creates highly ordered layered structure that dictates local ionic concentrations, such that the effective surface potential becomes positive in a wide range of electrolyte concentrations. The enantiomerically pure form exhibits weaker ordering at the silica surface, which leads to a lower effective surface charge induced by ions partitioning into the layered structure. The surface charge in silicon nitride and polymer pores is probed through the direction of electroosmosis that the surface charges induce. Our findings add a new dimension to the nascent field of chiral electrochemistry, and emphasize the importance of including solvent molecules in descriptions of solid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Silva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| | - Ethan Cao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - John T Fourkas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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6
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Bazant MZ, Bocquet L, Cicoira F, Duarte Sánchez DF, Farrell E, Holm C, Igor S, Janardanan A, Jiménez-Ángeles F, Johnson R, Kamsma TM, Kanoufi F, Kornyshev AA, Lemay SG, Levin Y, Marbach S, Olvera de la Cruz M, Perkin S, Pireddu G, Robin P, Rotenberg B, Schlaich A, Siwy ZS, Stein D, Thorneywork A, Valtiner M, van Roij R, Yossifon G, Zhang Y. Iontronics under confinement: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:592-617. [PMID: 37772440 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd90034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
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7
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Aarts M, Abayzeed S, Barnaveli A, Bocquet L, Dryfe RAW, Duleba D, Faez S, Fung YKC, Holm C, Janardanan A, Jiménez-Ángeles F, Johnson R, Kanoufi F, Levin Y, Marbach S, Marchioro A, Mugele F, Olvera de la Cruz M, Pennathur S, Perkin S, Pireddu G, Robin P, Rotenberg B, Siretanu I, Siwy ZS, Stein D, Ton J, Valtiner M, van Roij R, Voïtchovsky K, Yossifon G, Zhang Z. Iontronic microscopy: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:466-486. [PMID: 37740315 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd90033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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8
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Cervera J, Ramirez P, Nasir S, Ali M, Ensinger W, Siwy ZS, Mafe S. Cation pumping against a concentration gradient in conical nanopores characterized by load capacitors. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108445. [PMID: 37086711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the cation transport against an external concentration gradient (cation pumping) that occurs in conical nanopores when zero-average oscillatory and white noise potentials are externally applied. This pumping, based on the electrically asymmetric nanostructure, is characterized here by a load capacitor arrangement. In the case of white noise signals, the conical nanopore acts as an electrical valve that allows extraction of order from chaos. No molecular carriers, specific ion pumps, and competitive ion-binding phenomena are required. The nanopore conductance on/off states mimic those of the voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane. These channels allow modulating membrane potentials and ionic concentration gradients along oscillatory pulses in circadian rhythms and the cell cycle. We show that the combination of asymmetric nanostructures with load capacitors can be useful for the understanding of nanofluidic processes based on bioelectrochemical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Patricio Ramirez
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 València, Spain
| | - Saima Nasir
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mubarak Ali
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ensinger
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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9
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Abstract
Nanopores in thin membranes play important roles in science and industry. Single nanopores have provided a step-change in portable DNA sequencing and understanding nanoscale transport while multipore membranes facilitate food processing and purification of water and medicine. Despite the unifying use of nanopores, the fields of single nanopores and multipore membranes differ - to varying degrees - in terms of materials, fabrication, analysis, and applications. Such a partial disconnect hinders scientific progress as important challenges are best resolved together. This Viewpoint suggests how synergistic crosstalk between the two fields can provide considerable mutual benefits in fundamental understanding and the development of advanced membranes. We first describe the main differences including the atomistic definition of single pores compared to the less defined conduits in multipore membranes. We then outline steps to improve communication between the two fields such as harmonizing measurements and modelling of transport and selectivity. The resulting insight is expected to improve the rational design of porous membranes. The Viewpoint concludes with an outlook of other developments that can be best achieved by collaboration across the two fields to advance the understanding of transport in nanopores and create next-generation porous membranes tailored for sensing, filtration, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, USA.
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, UK.
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10
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Cao EJ, Cain D, Silva S, Siwy ZS. Tuning interactions in nanopore arrays with charges on the pore walls. Biophys J 2023; 122:551a. [PMID: 36784861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Cao
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - DaVante Cain
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Savannah Silva
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Silva S, Combs C, Russell WS, Duong L, McCarthy K, Siryaporn A, Siwy ZS. Label-free, fast electronic classification of bacteria. Biophys J 2023; 122:455a. [PMID: 36784336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Silva
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cody Combs
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Leora Duong
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Albert Siryaporn
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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12
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Russell W, Lin CY, Siwy ZS. Gating with Charge Inversion to Control Ionic Transport in Nanopores. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2022; 5:17682-17692. [PMID: 36583126 PMCID: PMC9791654 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent ions modify the properties of the solid/liquid interfaces, and in some cases, they can even invert the polarity of surface charge, having large consequences for separation processes based on charge. The so-called charge inversion is observed as a switch from negative surface charge in monovalent salts, e.g., KCl, to effective positive surface charge in multivalent salts that is possible through a strong accumulation and correlation of the multivalent ions at the surface. It is not known yet, however, whether the density of the positive charge induced by charge inversion depends on the pore opening diameter, especially in extreme nanoconfinement. Here, we probe how the effective surface charge induced by charge inversion is influenced by the pore opening diameter using a series of nanopores with an opening between 4 and 25 nm placed in contact with trivalent chromium ions in tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) sulfate at different concentrations. Our results suggest that the effective positive charge density can indeed be modified by nanoconfinement to the extent that is dependent on the pore diameter, salt concentration, and applied voltage. In addition, the correlated ions can increase the transmembrane current in nanopores with an opening diameter down to 10 nm and cause a significant blockage of the current for narrower pores. The results provide guidelines to control ionic transport at the nanoscale with multivalent ions and demonstrate that in the same experimental conditions, differently sized pores in the same porous material can feature different surface charge density and possibly ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred
S. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Biomedical
Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Abstract
Nanopores lined with hydrophobic groups function as switches for water and all dissolved species, such that transport is allowed only when applying a sufficiently high transmembrane pressure difference or voltage. Here we show a hydrophobic nanopore system whose wetting and ability to transport water and ions is rectified and can be controlled with salt concentration. The nanopore we study contains a junction between a hydrophobic zone and a positively charged hydrophilic zone. The nanopore is closed for transport at low salt concentrations and exhibits finite current only when the concentration reaches a threshold value that is dependent on the pore opening diameter, voltage polarity and magnitude, and type of electrolyte. The smallest nanopore studied here had a 4 nm diameter and did not open for transport in any concentration of KCl or KI examined. A 12 nm nanopore was closed for all KCl solutions but conducted current in KI at concentrations above 100 mM for negative voltages and opened for both voltage polarities at 500 mM KI. Nanopores with a hydrophobic/hydrophilic junction can thus function as diodes, such that one can identify a range of salt concentrations where the pores transport water and ions for only one voltage polarity. Molecular dynamics simulations together with continuum models provided a multiscale explanation of the observed phenomena and linked the salt concentration dependence of wetting with an electrowetting model. Results presented are crucial for designing next-generation chemical and ionic separation devices as well as understanding fundamental properties of hydrophobic interfaces under nanoconfinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W Polster
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Quantum Simulations Group and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Quantum Simulations Group and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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14
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Diederichs T, Ahmad K, Burns JR, Nguyen QH, Siwy ZS, Tornow M, Coveney PV, Tampé R, Howorka S. Principles of Small-Molecule Transport through Synthetic Nanopores. ACS Nano 2021; 15:16194-16206. [PMID: 34596387 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nanopores made from DNA replicate the key biological processes of transporting molecular cargo across lipid bilayers. Understanding transport across the confined lumen of the nanopores is of fundamental interest and of relevance to their rational design for biotechnological applications. Here we reveal the transport principles of organic molecules through DNA nanopores by synergistically combining experiments and computer simulations. Using a highly parallel nanostructured platform, we synchronously measure the kinetic flux across hundreds of individual pores to obtain rate constants. The single-channel transport kinetics are close to the theoretical maximum, while selectivity is determined by the interplay of cargo charge and size, the pores' sterics and electrostatics, and the composition of the surrounding lipid bilayer. The narrow distribution of transport rates implies a high structural homogeneity of DNA nanopores. The molecular passageway through the nanopore is elucidated via coarse-grained constant-velocity steered molecular dynamics simulations. The ensemble simulations pinpoint with high resolution and statistical validity the selectivity filter within the channel lumen and determine the energetic factors governing transport. Our findings on these synthetic pores' structure-function relationship will serve to guide their rational engineering to tailor transport selectivity for cell biological research, sensing, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Diederichs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M., 60438, Germany
| | - Katya Ahmad
- Centre for Computational Science, University College London, London, WC1H0AJ, England, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H0AJ, England, U.K
| | - Quoc Hung Nguyen
- Molecular Electronics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Marc Tornow
- Molecular Electronics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies (EMFT), Munich, 80686, Germany
- Center of NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, University College London, London, WC1H0AJ, England, U.K
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1090 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M., 60438, Germany
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H0AJ, England, U.K
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15
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Abstract
There has been considerable interest in preparing ionic circuits capable of manipulating ionic and molecular transport in a solution. This direction of research is inspired by biological systems where multiple pores with different functionalities embedded in a cell membrane transmit external signals and underlie all physiological processes. In this manuscript, we describe the modeling of ion transport through small arrays of nanopores consisting of 3, 6, and 9 nanopores and an integrated gate electrode placed on the membrane surface next to one pore opening. We show that by tuning the gate voltage and strategically placing nanopores with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, the local signal at the gate affects ionic transport through all nanopores in the array. Conditions were identified when the same gate voltage induced opposite rectification properties of neighboring nanopores. We also demonstrate that an ionic diode embedded in a nanopore array can modulate transport properties of neighboring pores even without a gate voltage. The results are explained by the role of concentration polarization and overlapping depletion zones on one side of the membrane. The modeling presented here is intended to become an inspiration to future experiments to create nanopore arrays that can transduce signals in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lucas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 210G Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 210G Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhishan Yuan
- School of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Yinghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Abstract
Understanding ion transport in nanoporous materials is critical to a wide variety of energy and environmental technologies, ranging from ion-selective membranes, drug delivery, and biosensing, to ion batteries and supercapacitors. While nanoscale transport is often described by continuum models that rely on a point charge description for ions and a homogeneous dielectric medium for the solvent, here, we show that transport of aqueous solutions at a hydrophobic interface can be highly dependent on the size and hydration strength of the solvated ions. Specifically, measurements of ion current through single silicon nitride nanopores that contain a hydrophobic-hydrophilic junction show that transport properties are dependent not only on applied voltage but also on the type of anion. We find that in Cl--containing solutions the nanopores only conducted ionic current above a negative voltage threshold. On the other hand, introduction of large polarizable anions, such as Br- and I-, facilitated the pore wetting, making the pore conductive at all examined voltages. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the large anions, Br- and I-, have a weaker solvation shell compared to that of Cl- and consequently were prone to migrate from the aqueous solution to the hydrophobic surface, leading to the anion accumulation responsible for pore wetting. The results are essential for designing nanoporous systems that are selective to ions of the same charge, for realization of ion-induced wetting in hydrophobic pores, as well as for a fundamental understanding on the role of ion hydration shell on the properties of solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W Polster
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Elif Turker Acar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Quantum Simulations Group and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Quantum Simulations Group and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Quantum Simulations Group and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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18
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Abstract
Integrated circuits are present in all electronic devices, and enable signal amplification, modulation, and relay. Nature uses another type of circuits composed of channels in a cell membrane, which regulate and amplify transport of ions, not electrons and holes as is done in electronic systems. Here we show an abiotic ionic circuit that is inspired by concepts from electronics and biology. The circuit amplifies small ionic signals into ionic outputs, and its operation mimics the electronic Darlington amplifier composed of transistors. The individual transistors are pores equipped with three terminals including a gate that is able to enrich or deplete ions in the pore. The circuits we report function at gate voltages < 1 V, respond to sub-nA gate currents, and offer ion current amplification with a gain up to ~300. Ionic amplifiers are a logical step toward improving chemical and biochemical sensing, separations and amplification, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lucas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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19
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabin Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jake W. Polster
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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21
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Lin CY, Wong PH, Wang PH, Siwy ZS, Yeh LH. Electrodiffusioosmosis-Induced Negative Differential Resistance in pH-Regulated Mesopores Containing Purely Monovalent Solutions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:3198-3204. [PMID: 31846283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Negative differential resistance (NDR) refers to a unique electrical property where current decreases with increasing voltage. Herein, we report experimental evidence showing that the NDR effect can be observed in mesopores that feature charged pore walls and are subjected to a KCl concentration gradient. NDR in our system originates from the solution and ion flows driven by the synergistic effects of electroosmosis [electroosmotic flow (EOF)] and diffusioosmosis, the so-called electrodiffusioosmosis. Experiments reveal that in addition to the ion current rectification, the mesopores considered here exhibit the NDR phenomenon that is dependent on the magnitude and direction of the salinity gradient and on pH. The NDR behavior can be observed only at conditions at which the EOF and diffusioosmosis occur in the opposite directions: diffusioosmosis fills the tip opening with a high concentration solution, while EOF brings a low concentration solution to the pore. All experimental findings are supported by our numerical model, which takes into account the interfacial site reactions of acidic and basic functional groups on the entire pore membrane surfaces. Our results provide an important insight into how liquid pH, salinity gradients, interfacial site reactions, and pore geometries can influence the current-voltage characteristics of mesopores, enriching transport modes that can be induced by voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 10607 , Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 10607 , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Wang
- Bright Shetland International Company, Ltd. , New Taipei City 22101 , Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 10607 , Taiwan
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22
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Lin CY, Ma T, Siwy ZS, Balme S, Hsu JP. Tunable Current Rectification and Selectivity Demonstrated in Nanofluidic Diodes through Kinetic Functionalization. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:60-66. [PMID: 31814408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of tuning the current rectification and selectivity in nanofluidic diodes is demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically through dynamically functionalizing a conical nanopore with poly-l-lysine. We identified an optimum functionalization time equivalent to optimum modification depth that assures the highest rectification degrees. Results showed that the functionalization time-dependent rectification behavior of nanofluidic diodes is dominated by the properties of current at positive voltages that in our electrode configuration indicate the "on" state of the diode and accumulation of ions in the nanopore. The functionalization time also tunes the ion selectivity of the diode. If the functionalization time is sufficiently short, an unusual depletion of counterions near the bipolar interface results in a cation-selective nanopore. However, a further increase in the duration of functionalization renders a nanopore that is an anion-selective nanopore. The dynamic functionalization presented in this Letter enables tuning ion selectivity of nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Tianji Ma
- Institut Européen des Membranes , UMR5635 UM ENSCM CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Sébastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes , UMR5635 UM ENSCM CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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23
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Lin CY, Turker Acar E, Polster JW, Lin K, Hsu JP, Siwy ZS. Modulation of Charge Density and Charge Polarity of Nanopore Wall by Salt Gradient and Voltage. ACS Nano 2019; 13:9868-9879. [PMID: 31348640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge plays a very important role in biological processes including ionic and molecular transport across a cell membrane. Placement of charges and charge patterns on walls of polymer and solid-state nanopores allowed preparation of ion-selective systems as well as ionic diodes and transistors to be applied in building biological sensors and ionic circuits. In this article, we show that the surface charge of a 10 nm diameter silicon nitride nanopore placed in contact with a salt gradient is not a constant value, but rather it depends on applied voltage and magnitude of the salt gradient. We found that even when a nanopore was in contact with solutions of pH equivalent to the isoelectric point of the pore surface, the pore walls became charged with voltage-dependent charge density. Implications of the charge gating for detection of proteins passing through a nanopore were considered, as well. Experiments performed with single 30 nm long silicon nitride nanopores were described by continuum modeling, which took into account the surface reactions on the nanopore walls and local modulation of the solution pH in the pore and at the pore entrances. The results revealed that manipulation of surface charge can occur without changing pH of the background electrolyte, which is especially important for applications where maintaining pH at a constant and physiological level is necessary. The system presented also offers a possibility to modulate polarity and magnitude of surface charges in a two-electrode setup, which previously was accomplished in more complex multielectrode systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Elif Turker Acar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa , Avcılar, 34320 Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Kabin Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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24
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25
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Lin CY, Combs C, Su YS, Yeh LH, Siwy ZS. Rectification of Concentration Polarization in Mesopores Leads To High Conductance Ionic Diodes and High Performance Osmotic Power. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3691-3698. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Yen-Shao Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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26
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Combs C, Teslich N, Acar ET, Fornasiero F, Siwy ZS, Buchsbaum SF. Biomimetic, Voltage-Sensitive Nanopores with Local Control over Pore Position, Size and Surface Chemistry. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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27
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Acar ET, Buchsbaum SF, Combs C, Fornasiero F, Siwy ZS. Biomimetic potassium-selective nanopores. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav2568. [PMID: 30783627 PMCID: PMC6368432 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reproducing the exquisite ion selectivity displayed by biological ion channels in artificial nanopore systems has proven to be one of the most challenging tasks undertaken by the nanopore community, yet a successful achievement of this goal offers immense technological potential. Here, we show a strategy to design solid-state nanopores that selectively transport potassium ions and show negligible conductance for sodium ions. The nanopores contain walls decorated with 4'-aminobenzo-18-crown-6 ether and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules located at one pore entrance. The ionic selectivity stems from facilitated transport of potassium ions in the pore region containing crown ether, while the highly charged ssDNA plays the role of a cation filter. Achieving potassium selectivity in solid-state nanopores opens new avenues toward advanced separation processes, more efficient biosensing technologies, and novel biomimetic nanopore systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Turker Acar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Avcılar-Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding author. (Z.S.S.); (E.T.A.); (S.F.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Steven F. Buchsbaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Corresponding author. (Z.S.S.); (E.T.A.); (S.F.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Cody Combs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Corresponding author. (Z.S.S.); (E.T.A.); (S.F.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Corresponding author. (Z.S.S.); (E.T.A.); (S.F.B.); (F.F.)
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28
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Acar ET, Buchsbaum S, Combs C, Fornasiero F, Siwy ZS. A Robust Mechanism to Render Artificial Nanopores Potassium Ion Selective. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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29
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Qiu Y, Siwy ZS, Wanunu M. Abnormal Ionic-Current Rectification Caused by Reversed Electroosmotic Flow under Viscosity Gradients across Thin Nanopores. Anal Chem 2018; 91:996-1004. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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30
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Abstract
Aptamer-modified nanomaterials provide a simple, yet powerful sensing platform when combined with resistive pulse sensing technologies. Aptamers adopt a more stable tertiary structure in the presence of a target analyte, which results in a change in charge density and velocity of the carrier particle. In practice the tertiary structure is specific for each aptamer and target, and the strength of the signal varies with different applications and experimental conditions. Resistive pulse sensors (RPS) have single particle resolution, allowing for the detailed characterization of the sample. Measuring the velocity of aptamer-modified nanomaterials as they traverse the RPS provides information on their charge state and densities. To help understand how the aptamer structure and charge density effects the sensitivity of aptamer-RPS assays, here we study two metal binding aptamers. This creates a sensor for mercury and lead ions that is capable of being run in a range of electrolyte concentrations, equivalent to river to seawater conditions. The observed results are in excellent agreement with our proposed model. Building on this we combine two aptamers together in an attempt to form a dual sensing strand of DNA for the simultaneous detection of two metal ions. We show experimental and theoretical responses for the aptamer which creates layers of differing charge densities around the nanomaterial. The density and diameter of these zones effects both the viability and sensitivity of the assay. While this approach allows the interrogation of the DNA structure, the data also highlight the limitations and considerations for future assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mayne
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven D R Christie
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , United Kingdom
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, 210G Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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32
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Lin CY, Combs C, Siwy ZS. Rectifying Ionic Current in Conical Sub-Micropores Functionalized with Poly-L-Lysine. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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33
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Siwy ZS, Hinkle P, Westerhof TM, Qiu Y, Mallin DJ, Wallace ML, Lin CY, Nelson EL, Taborek P. Deformability of Individual Cells Probed by Electrical and Optical Signals. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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34
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Lin CY, Yeh LH, Siwy ZS. Voltage-Induced Modulation of Ionic Concentrations and Ion Current Rectification in Mesopores with Highly Charged Pore Walls. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:393-398. [PMID: 29303587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that ion current rectification (ICR), a property that assures preferential ionic transport in one direction, can only be observed in nanopores when the pore size is comparable to the thickness of the electric double layer (EDL). Rectifying nanopores became the basis of biological sensors and components of ionic circuits. Here we report that appreciable ICR can also occur in highly charged conical, polymer mesopores whose tip diameters are as large as 400 nm, thus over 100-fold larger than the EDL thickness. A rigorous model taking into account the surface equilibrium reaction of functional carboxyl groups on the pore wall and electroosmotic flow is employed to explain that unexpected phenomenon. Results show that the pore rectification results from the high density of surface charges as well as the presence of highly mobile hydroxide ions, whose concentration is enhanced for one voltage polarity. This work provides evidence that highly charged surfaces can extend the ICR of pores to the submicron scale, suggesting the potential use of highly charged large pores for energy and sensing applications. Our results also provide insight into how a mixture of ions with different mobilities can influence current-voltage curves and rectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology , Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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35
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Abstract
The ionic conductivity of silica ionogel based solid electrolyte on meso and nanoscales is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Martinez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - David Ashby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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36
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Plett T, Thai ML, Cai J, Vlassiouk I, Penner RM, Siwy ZS. Ion transport in gel and gel-liquid systems for LiClO 4-doped PMMA at the meso- and nanoscales. Nanoscale 2017; 9:16232-16243. [PMID: 29043361 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid and gel electrolytes offer significant advantages for cycle stability and longevity in energy storage technologies. These advantages come with trade-offs such as reduced conductivity and ion mobility, which can impact power density in storage devices even at the nanoscale. Here we propose experiments aimed at exploring the ion transport properties of a hybrid electrolyte system of liquid and gel electrolytes with meso and nanoscale components. We focus on single pore systems featuring LiClO4-propylene carbonate and LiClO4-PMMA gel, which are model electrolytes for energy storage devices. We identified conditions at which the systems considered featured rectifying current-voltage curves, indicating a preferential direction of ion transport. The presented ion current rectification suggests different mechanisms arising from the unique hybrid system: (i) PMMA structure imposing selectivity in fully immersed systems and (ii) ionic selectivity linked to ion sourcing from media of different ionic mobility. These mechanisms were observed to interplay with ion transport properties linked to nanopore structure i.e. cylindrical and conical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Plett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Rectifying pores, which transport ions mainly in one direction blocking the ionic flow in the other, were shown to be important in the preparation of chemical sensors, components of ionic circuits, and mimics of biological channels. Ionic rectification has been shown with various engineered systems, but pores with similar opening diameters often rectify to a various uncontrolled extent. In this Letter we present a system of single meso-pores, whose current-voltage curves and rectification can be tuned with great precision via viscosity and conductivity gradients of solutions placed on both sides of the membrane. The mechanism of rectification is based on electroosmotically induced flow, which fills the entire volume of the pore with a single solution from either side of the membrane. The highly predictable rectifying system can find various applications, including measuring viscosity of unknown media and tuning electrokinetic passage of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rachel A Lucas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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38
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Yang C, Boyd J, Qiu Y, Siwy ZS. Salt Rejection using Conically Shaped Pores with Patterned Surface Charges. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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39
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Abstract
Biomimetic nanopores with rectifying properties are relevant components of ionic switches, ionic circuits, and biological sensors. Rectification indicates that currents for voltages of one polarity are higher than currents for voltages of the opposite polarity. Ion current rectification requires the presence of surface charges on the pore walls, achieved either by the attachment of charged groups or in multielectrode systems by applying voltage to integrated gate electrodes. Here we present a simpler concept for introducing surface charges via polarization of a thin layer of Au present at one entrance of a silicon nitride nanopore. In an electric field applied by two electrodes placed in bulk solution on both sides of the membrane, the Au layer polarizes such that excess positive charge locally concentrates at one end and negative charge concentrates at the other end. Consequently, a junction is formed between zones with enhanced anion and cation concentrations in the solution adjacent to the Au layer. This bipolar double layer together with enhanced cation concentration in a negatively charged silicon nitride nanopore leads to voltage-controlled surface-charge patterns and ion current rectification. The experimental findings are supported by numerical modeling that confirm modulation of ionic concentrations by the Au layer and ion current rectification even in low-aspect ratio nanopores. Our findings enable a new strategy for creating ionic circuits with diodes and transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Preston Hinkle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Justin Menestrina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ivan V Vlassiouk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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40
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Qiu Y, Lin CY, Hinkle P, Plett TS, Yang C, Chacko JV, Digman MA, Yeh LH, Hsu JP, Siwy ZS. Highly Charged Particles Cause a Larger Current Blockage in Micropores Compared to Neutral Particles. ACS Nano 2016; 10:8413-8422. [PMID: 27532683 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single pores in the resistive-pulse technique are used as an analytics tool to detect, size, and characterize physical as well as chemical properties of individual objects such as molecules and particles. Each object passing through a pore causes a transient change of the transmembrane current called a resistive pulse. In high salt concentrations when the pore diameter is significantly larger than the screening Debye length, it is assumed that the particle size and surface charge can be determined independently from the same experiment. In this article we challenge this assumption and show that highly charged hard spheres can cause a significant increase of the resistive-pulse amplitude compared to neutral particles of a similar diameter. As a result, resistive pulses overestimate the size of charged particles by even 20%. The observation is explained by the effect of concentration polarization created across particles in a pore, revealed by numerical modeling of ionic concentrations, ion current, and local electric fields. It is notable that in resistive-pulse experiments with cylindrical pores, concentration polarization was previously shown to influence ionic concentrations only at pore entrances; consequently, additional and transient modulation of resistive pulses was observed when a particle entered or left the pore. Here we postulate that concentration polarization can occur across transported particles at any particle position along the pore axis and affect the magnitude of the entire resistive pulse. Consequently, the recorded resistive pulses of highly charged particles reflect not only the particles' volume but also the size of the depletion zone created in front of the moving particle. Moreover, the modeling identified that the effective surface charge density of particles depended not only on the density of functional groups on the particle but also on the capacitance of the Stern layer. The findings are of crucial importance for sizing particles and characterizing their surface charge properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology , Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and
Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ivan Vlassiouk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yunfei Chen
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and
Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Qiu Y, Vlassiouk I, Hinkle P, Toimil-Molares ME, Levine AJ, Siwy ZS. Role of Particle Focusing in Resistive-Pulse Technique: Direction-Dependent Velocity in Micropores. ACS Nano 2016; 10:3509-3517. [PMID: 26901283 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passage time through single micropores is an important parameter used to quantify the surface charge and zeta potential of particles. In the resistive-pulse technique, the measured time of pressure- or electric-field-induced translocation is assumed to be direction independent. This assumption is supported by the low velocities of the particles and the supporting fluid such that the transport reversibility known for Stokes flow is expected to apply. In this article, we present examples of micropores in which passage time of ∼400 nm diameter particles becomes direction-dependent; that is, the particles' translocation times from left to right and right to left are different. These pores are characterized by an undulating inner diameter such that at least one wider zone called a cavity separates two narrower regions of different lengths. We propose that the observed direction-dependence of the translocation velocity is caused by an asymmetric efficiency of particle focusing toward the pore axis, which leads to a direction-dependent set of particle trajectories. The reported pores present the simplest system in which time-broken symmetry has been observed. The results are of importance for sensing of particles and molecules by the resistive-pulse technique since pores used for detection are often characterized by finite roughness or noncylindrical shape. This article also points to the role of particle focusing in the magnitude and distribution of the translocation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ivan Vlassiouk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Preston Hinkle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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43
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Plett TS, Shi W, Zeng Y, Mann W, Vlassiouk I, Baker L, Siwy ZS. Dipole Effects on Ion Transport Demonstrated in Aprotic Solvents. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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44
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Siwy ZS, Qiu Y, Hinkle TP, Vlassiouk I, Toimil-Molares EM, Levine AJ. Time Irreversibility of Particles Passage through a Corrugated Micropore. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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D'Accolti L, Denora N, La Piana G, Marzulli D, Siwy ZS, Fusco C, Annese C. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Valinomycin Analog Bearing a Pentafluorophenyl Active Ester Moiety. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12646-50. [PMID: 26566090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A valuable analog of the K(+)-ionophore valinomycin (1), bearing a pentafluorophenyl ester moiety, has been obtained by selective reaction between the tertiary hydroxyl moiety of analog 2 (available from valinomycin hydroxylation) and the isocyanate group of pentafluorophenyl N-carbonyl glycinate (3) catalyzed by bis(N,N-dimethylformamide)dichlorodioxomolybdenum(VI). LC-HRMS studies show that analog 4 undergoes easy derivatization under mild conditions by reaction with OH- and NH2-containing compounds. Mitochondrial depolarization assays suggest that 4 acts as a K(+)-ionophore, provided that the glycine carboxyl group is appropriately masked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D'Accolti
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) , Bari section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Marzulli
- CNR - Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica (IBBE) , via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- School of Physical Sciences, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Caterina Fusco
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) , Bari section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Annese
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) , Bari section, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Plett T, Shi W, Zeng Y, Mann W, Vlassiouk I, Baker LA, Siwy ZS. Rectification of nanopores in aprotic solvents--transport properties of nanopores with surface dipoles. Nanoscale 2015; 7:19080-19091. [PMID: 26523891 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores have become a model system to understand transport properties at the nanoscale. We report experiments and modeling of ionic current in aprotic solvents with different dipole moments through conically shaped nanopores in a polycarbonate film and through glass nanopipettes. We focus on solutions of the salt LiClO4, which is of great importance in modeling lithium based batteries. Results presented suggest ion current rectification observed results from two effects: (i) adsorption of Li(+) ions to the pore walls, and (ii) a finite dipole moment rendered by adsorbed solvent molecules. Properties of surfaces in various solvents were probed by means of scanning ion conductance microscopy, which confirmed existence of an effectively positive surface potential in aprotic solvents with high dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Plett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and
Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | | | | | - Ivan V. Vlassiouk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Abstract
In this Letter, we describe theoretical modeling of an experimentally realized nanoscale system that exhibits the general universal behavior of a nonlinear dynamical system. In particular, we consider the description of voltage-induced current fluctuations through a single nanopore from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics. We briefly review the experimental system and its behavior observed and then present a simple phenomenological nonlinear model that reproduces the qualitative behavior of the experimental data. The model consists of a two-dimensional deterministic nonlinear bistable oscillator experiencing both dissipation and random noise. The multidimensionality of the model and the interplay between deterministic and stochastic forces are both required to obtain a qualitatively accurate description of the physical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hyland
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Craig C Martens
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Qiu Y, Hinkle P, Yang C, Bakker HE, Schiel M, Wang H, Melnikov D, Gracheva M, Toimil-Molares ME, Imhof A, Siwy ZS. Pores with longitudinal irregularities distinguish objects by shape. ACS Nano 2015; 9:4390-4397. [PMID: 25787224 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The resistive-pulse technique has been used to detect and size objects which pass through a single pore. The amplitude of the ion current change observed when a particle is in the pore is correlated with the particle volume. Up to date, however, the resistive-pulse approach has not been able to distinguish between objects of similar volume but different shapes. In this manuscript, we propose using pores with longitudinal irregularities as a sensitive tool capable of distinguishing spherical and rod-shaped particles with different lengths. The ion current modulations within resulting resistive pulses carry information on the length of passing objects. The performed experiments also indicate the rods rotate while translocating, and displace an effective volume that is larger than their geometrical volume, and which also depends on the pore diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qiu
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- ‡School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Preston Hinkle
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Crystal Yang
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Henriette E Bakker
- ∥Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Schiel
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- ⊥Department of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dmitriy Melnikov
- #Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam New York 13699, United States
| | - Maria Gracheva
- #Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam New York 13699, United States
| | | | - Arnout Imhof
- ∥Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- ⊗Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Siwy ZS, Innes L, Schiel M, Vlassiouk I, Shea KJ, Theogarajan L. Pores with Undulating Diameter for Multipronged Characterization of Single Particles and Cells in Resistive-Pulse Technique. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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