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Eweje F, Walsh ML, Ahmad K, Ibrahim V, Alrefai A, Chen J, Chaikof EL. Protein-based nanoparticles for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122464. [PMID: 38181574 PMCID: PMC10872380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
To realize the full potential of emerging nucleic acid therapies, there is a need for effective delivery agents to transport cargo to cells of interest. Protein materials exhibit several unique properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization via recombinant and chemical modifications, among other features, which establish a promising basis for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery systems. In this review, we highlight progress made in the use of non-viral protein-based nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery in vitro and in vivo, while elaborating on key physicochemical properties that have enabled the use of these materials for nanoparticle formulation and drug delivery. To conclude, we comment on the prospects and unresolved challenges associated with the translation of protein-based nucleic acid delivery systems for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyisayo Eweje
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA, 02115; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michelle L Walsh
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Kiran Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vanessa Ibrahim
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Assma Alrefai
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Singh A, Rakshit D, Kumar A, Mishra A, Shukla R. Vitamin E modified polyamidoamine dendrimer for piperine delivery to alleviate Aβ 1-42 induced neurotoxicity in Balb/c mice model. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:2232-2254. [PMID: 37379243 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2230857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) aggregate formation and neurofibrillary tangles are major pathological hallmarks which are related to neurodegeneration in the brain. To alleviate Aβ1-42 fibrils toxicity vitamin E derivative tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was conjugated with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer through carbodiimide reaction to synthesize TPGS-PAMAM. This TPGS-PAMAM was employed to entrap neuroprotective agent piperine (PIP) through an anti-solvent technique to prepare PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. The dendrimer conjugate was prepared to reduce Aβ1-42 induced neurotoxicity and increase acetylcholine levels in AD mice models. The synthesis of dendrimer conjugate was characterized through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid assay (TNBS). Physical characterization of dendrimers conjugates were done through various spectroscopic, thermal and microscopy based techniques. PIP-TPGS-PAMAM showed 43.25 nm particle size with PIP percentage encapsulation efficiency of 80.35%. Further Aβ1-42 fibril disaggregation effect of nanocarrier was evaluated using Thioflavin-T (ThT) assay and circular dichroism (CD). The neuroprotection studies for PIP-TPGS-PAMAM was evaluated against neurotoxicity induced using Aβ1-42 intracerebroventricular (ICV) injected in Balb/c mice. The group of mice administered with PIP-TPGS-PAMAM exhibited an increase in the proportion of random alternations in T-maze test and novel object recognition test (NORT) exhibited an increase in working memory cognitive functions. The biochemical and histopathological analysis revealed PIP-TPGS-PAMAM treated groups enhanced acetylcholine levels, reduced ROS and Aβ1-42 content significantly. Our findings imply that PIP-TPGS-PAMAM enhanced memory and reduced cognitive deficit in mice brain induced by Aβ1-42 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Debarati Rakshit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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3
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Impact of nanoparticles on amyloid β-induced Alzheimer's disease, tuberculosis, leprosy and cancer: a systematic review. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232435. [PMID: 36630532 PMCID: PMC9905792 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary domain of science, technology and engineering that deals with nano-sized materials/particles. Usually, the size of nanoparticles lies between 1 and 100 nm. Due to their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, nanoparticles exhibit high reactivity, greater stability and adsorption capacity. These important physicochemical properties attract scientific community to utilize them in biomedical field. Various types of nanoparticles (inorganic and organic) have broad applications in medical field ranging from imaging to gene therapy. These are also effective drug carriers. In recent times, nanoparticles are utilized to circumvent different treatment limitations. For example, the ability of nanoparticles to cross the blood-brain barrier and having a certain degree of specificity towards amyloid deposits makes themselves important candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, nanotechnology has been used extensively to overcome several pertinent issues like drug-resistance phenomenon, side effects of conventional drugs and targeted drug delivery issue in leprosy, tuberculosis and cancer. Thus, in this review, the application of different nanoparticles for the treatment of these four important diseases (Alzheimer's disease, tuberculosis, leprosy and cancer) as well as for the effective delivery of drugs used in these diseases has been presented systematically. Although nanoformulations have many advantages over traditional therapeutics for treating these diseases, nanotoxicity is a major concern that has been discussed subsequently. Lastly, we have presented the promising future prospective of nanoparticles as alternative therapeutics. In that section, we have discussed about the futuristic approach(es) that could provide promising candidate(s) for the treatment of these four diseases.
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Singh A, Mhaske A, Shukla R. Fabrication of TPGS-Grafted Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for Enhanced Piperine Brain Delivery and Pharmacokinetics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:236. [PMID: 36002713 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine (PIP) is a neuroprotective phytomedicine that has profound acetylcholine esterase and reactive oxygen species inhibition effect in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. However, the oral delivery of PIP is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability in systemic circulation. To improve the PIP bioavailability, the polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimer is grafted with tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-1000 (TPGS) through carbodiimide chemistry to form TPGS-PAMAM conjugate. The TPGS-PAMAM coupling was confirmed through proton NMR and FTIR techniques. PIP was encapsulated in the TPGS-PAMAM through solvent diffusion method to form PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. The particle size for PIP-TPGS-PAMAM found the less than 50 nm, whereas entrapment efficiency found to 87 ± 3.5% and 10.6 ± 2.9% drug loading. The powder differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction characterization were employed to evaluate the amorphous encapsulation of the PIP in TPGS-PAMAM. The PIP-TPGS-PAMAM stability was studied in the gastric fluids which showed no drastic difference in particle size and encapsulation efficiency compared to PIP-PAMAM. The in vitro release analysis revealed 37 ± 4.1% PIP release from the PIP-TPGS-PAMAM matrix, and 71 ± 4.9% PIP release from the PIP-PAMAM dendrimer was observed in 48 h. The single-dose oral gavage to Wistar rats of PIP-TPGS-PAMAM showed the AUC0-∞ 14.38 µg/mL.h, Cmax 7.77 ± 1.65 µg/mL, Tmax, 1.6 ± 0.18 h, and half-life 3.47 ± 0.64 h for PIP in systemic circulation. PIP-PAMAM and free PIP showed significantly poor AUC0-∞ compared to PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. The brain uptake studies revealed PIP-TPGS-PAMAM treated group showed 2.2 ± 0.37 µg/g PIP content compared to free PIP administered group which was 0.4 ± 0.10 µg/g. Therefore, PIP-TPGS-PAMAM can offer excellent prospect for the delivery hydrophobic drugs to brain in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Near CRPF Base Camp, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, (UP)-226002, India
| | - Akshada Mhaske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Near CRPF Base Camp, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, (UP)-226002, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Near CRPF Base Camp, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, (UP)-226002, India.
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Singh A, Ujjwal RR, Naqvi S, Verma RK, Tiwari S, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Formulation development of tocopherol polyethylene glycol nanoengineered polyamidoamine dendrimer for neuroprotection and treatment of alzheimer disease. J Drug Target 2022; 30:777-791. [PMID: 35382657 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2063297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates deposition at extra neuronal sites induces neurotoxicity and major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To reduce the Aβ fibril toxicity multi-functional polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer was conjugated with tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-1000 (TPGS) which acts as a carrier matrix for the delivery of neuroprotective molecule piperine (PIP). This PIP-TPGS-PAMAM dendrimer was fabricated to mitigate the Aβ 1-42 fibril toxicity on SHSY5Y cells. TPGS-PAMAM was fabricated through carbodiimide coupling reaction and PIP was encapsulated in dendrimer through solvent injection method to prepare PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. Antioxidant assay of PIP-TPGS-PAMAM showed 90.18% inhibition of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals compared to free PIP which was 28.27%. The SHSY5Y cells showed 37.25% for negative control group and 82.55% cell viability for PIP-TPGS-PAMAM treated group against Aβ 1-42 toxicity. PIP-TPGS-PAMAM reduced the ROS activity to 15.21% and 48.5% for free PIP treated in cell group. Similarly, extent of Aβ 1-42 induced apoptosis also reduced significantly from 38.2% to 12.36% in PIP-TPGS-PAMAM treated group. In addition, PIP-TPGS-PAMAM also disaggregated the Aβ 1-42 fibril in SHSY5Y cells. Our findings suggested that PIP-TPGS-PAMAM showed mitigation of Aβ 1-42 induced toxicity in neuronal cells which can offer excellent prospect of neuroprotection and AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Rewati R Ujjwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Saba Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Rahul K Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase X, Sector 64. Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanjay Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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2D antimonene-integrated composite nanomedicine for augmented low-temperature photonic tumor hyperthermia by reversing cell thermoresistance. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:295-305. [PMID: 34901547 PMCID: PMC8636770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in tumor cells can activate inherent defense mechanisms during hyperthermia-based treatments, inducing thermoresistance and thus diminishing the treatment efficacy. Here, we report a distinct "non-inhibitor involvement" strategy to address this issue through engineering a calcium-based nanocatalyst (G/A@CaCO3-PEG). The constructed nanocatalyst consists of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-supported glucose oxidase (GOD) and 2D antimonene quantum dots (AQDs), with further surface modification by lipid bilayers and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The engineered G/A@CaCO3-PEG nanocatalyst features prolonged blood circulation, which is stable at neutral pH but rapidly degrades under mildly acidic tumor microenvironment, resulting in rapid release of drug cargo in the tumor microenvironment. The integrated GOD effectively catalyzes the depletion of glucose for reducing the supplies of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and subsequent down-regulation of HSP expression. This effect then augments the therapeutic efficacy of photothermal hyperthermia induced by 2D AQDs upon irradiation with near-infrared light as assisted by reversing the cancer cells' thermoresistance. Consequently, synergistic antineoplastic effects can be achieved via low-temperature photothermal therapy. Systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluations have demonstrated that G/A@CaCO3-PEG nanocatalysts feature potent antitumor activity with a high tumor-inhibition rate (83.92%). This work thus paves an effective way for augmenting the hyperthermia-based tumor treatments via restriction of the ATP supply.
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Trindade AC, de Castro PARR, Pinto BCDS, Ambrósio JAR, de Oliveira Junior BM, Beltrame Junior M, Gonçalves EP, Pinto JG, Ferreira-Strixino J, Simioni AR. Gelatin nanoparticles via template polymerization for drug delivery system to photoprocess application in cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:551-568. [PMID: 34705614 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1998819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment based on the activation of light-absorbing photosensitizers (PS) to generate reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to the targeted disease cells. Because most PS are hydrophobic with poor water solubility, it is necessary to encapsulate and solubilize PS in aqueous conditions to improve the photodynamic action for this compound. In this work, gelatin-poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles (PAA/gelatin nanoparticles) via template polymerization for incorporation aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a model drug for PDT application were developed. Biocompatible core-shell polymeric nanoparticles were fabricated via template polymerization using gelatin and acrylic acid as a reaction system. The nanoparticulate system was studied by scanning electron microscopy, steady-state, and their biological activity was evaluated using in vitro cancer cell lines by classical MTT assay. The obtained nanoparticles had a spherical shape and DLS particle size were determined further and was found to be around 170 nm. The phthalocyanine-loaded-nanoparticles maintained their photophysical behaviour after encapsulation. It is found that ClAlPc can be released from the nanoparticles in a sustained manner with a small initial burst release. In vitro cytotoxicity revealed that ClAlPc-loaded nanoparticles had similar cytotoxicity to free ClAlPc with mouse melanoma cancer cell line (B16-F10). In vitro photoeffects assay indicated that the nanoparticle formulation was superior in anticancer effect to free ClAlPc on mouse melanoma cancer cell line B16-F10. The results indicate that ClAlPc encapsulated in gelatin-poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles are a successful delivery system for improving photodynamic activity in the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Cecheto Trindade
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Cristina Dos Santos Pinto
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milton Beltrame Junior
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Erika Peterson Gonçalves
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Laboratory of Photobiology Applied to Health, Institute of Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Laboratory of Photobiology Applied to Health, Institute of Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Andreza Ribeiro Simioni
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Teijeiro-Valiño C, González Gómez MA, Yáñez S, García Acevedo P, Arnosa Prieto A, Belderbos S, Gsell W, Himmelreich U, Piñeiro Y, Rivas J. Biocompatible magnetic gelatin nanoparticles with enhanced MRI contrast performance prepared by single-step desolvation method. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abf58e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are versatile materials that have boosted the development of different biomedical applications, being superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles a milestone in the field, after achieving clinical approval as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (Feridex®), magnetic hyperthermia agents for oncological treatments (NanoTherm®), or iron deficiency supplement (Feraheme®). However, its potential as theragnostic agent could be further expanded by its encapsulation within a biodegradable hydrogel, capable of enhancing the biocompatibility and loading abilities, to simultaneously carry drugs, radiotracers, or biomolecules. Gelatin, is a natural biopolymer with optimal in vivo feature and gelling capacity that has been extensively used for decades in pharmaceuticals. In this work, we have addressed the preparation of gelatin nanoparticles, bare and loaded with magnetite nanoparticles, with controlled size to be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. The main formulation parameters influencing the preparation of gelatin nanoparticles with controlled size by single-step desolvation method, were studied and optimized, to produce small gelatin nanoparticles (97nm) and highly loaded (38% w/w) Fe3O4@citrate gelatin nanoparticles (150 nm) with high magnetic response (65emus/g). The viability assays of the magnetic gelatin nanoparticles, tested with mesenchymal stem cells, showed negligible toxicity and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging tests, performed in agar phantoms, revealed a good contrast for T2 weighting MRI, r2 = 265.5(mM−1 s−1), superior to commercial products, such as Resovist or Endorem.
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Efficient drug delivery and anticancer effect of micelles based on vitamin E succinate and chitosan derivatives. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3025-3035. [PMID: 33778185 PMCID: PMC7960945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers have emerged as a promising cancer drug delivery strategy. Multi-drug resistance caused by overexpression of multiple-drug excretion transporters in tumor cells is the major obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Vitamin E derivatives have many essential functions for drug delivery applications, such as biological components that are hydrophobic, stable, water-soluble enhancing compounds, and anticancer activity. In addition, vitamin E derivatives are also effective mitocan which can overcome multi-drug resistance by binding to P glycoproteins. Here, we developed a carboxymethyl chitosan/vitamin E succinate nano-micellar system (O-CMCTS-VES). The synthesized polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform IR, and 1H NMR spectra. The mean sizes of O-CMCTS-VES and DOX-loaded nanoparticles were around 177 nm and 208 nm. The drug loading contents were 6.1%, 13.0% and 10.6% with the weight ratio of DOX to O-CMCTS-VES corresponding 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10, and the corresponding EEs were 64.3%, 74.5% and 39.7%. Cytotoxicity test, hemolysis test and histocompatibility test showed that it had good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Drug release experiments implied good pH sensitivity and sustained-release effect. The DOX/O-CMCTS-VES nanoparticles can be efficiently taken up by HepG2 cancer cells and the tumor inhibition rate is up to 62.57%. In the in vivo study by using H22 cells implanted Balb/C mice, DOX/O-CMCTS-VES reduced the tumor volume and weight efficiently with a TIR of 35.58%. The newly developed polymeric micelles could successfully be utilized as a nanocarrier system for hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of solid tumors. A nano-micellar system (O-CMCTS-VES) constituted by carboxymethyl chitosan and vitamin E succinate was fabricated. The micelles hold high cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, tissue compatibility, and drug load contents. Drug release experiments implied good pH sensitivity and sustained-release effect of O-CMCTS-VES. O-CMCTS-VES loading DOX showed efficient anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo.
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Caporossi D, Parisi A, Fantini C, Grazioli E, Cerulli C, Dimauro I. AlphaB-crystallin and breast cancer: role and possible therapeutic strategies. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:19-28. [PMID: 33111264 PMCID: PMC7736448 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AlphaB-crystallin (HSPB5) is one of the most prominent and well-studied members of the small heat shock protein (sHsp) family. To date, it is known that this protein modulates significant cellular processes and therefore, it is not surprising that its deregulation is involved in various human pathologies, including cancer diseases. Despite the pathogenic significance of HSPB5 in cancer and its regulatory mechanism related to aggressiveness is poorly understood, several reports describe the association of breast carcinoma progression with HSPB5, whose expression is also considered an independent predictor of breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Indeed, numerous authors indicate HSPB5 as a new valuable biomarker for clinicopathological parameters and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Considering the cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, and pro-metastatic properties of the sHsps, it is not surprising that they are considered as promising targets for anticancer treatment, even though, at present, a deeper understanding of their mode of action is needed to allow the development of precise therapeutic interventions. Data on the direct inhibition of different sHsps demonstrate promising results in cancer pathologies; however, specific strategies against HSPB5 have not been considered. This review highlights the most relevant findings on HSPB5 and its role in breast cancer, as well as the possible strategies in using HSPB5 inhibition for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Unit of Sport Medicine, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Fantini
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Grazioli
- Unit of Sport Medicine, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cerulli
- Unit of Sport Medicine, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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Wen Y, Liu Q, Liu Y. Temperature gradient-driven motion and assembly of two-dimensional (2D) materials on the liquid surface: a theoretical framework and molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24097-24108. [PMID: 33079103 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03834b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The motion of two-dimensional (2D) materials on the liquid surface can be controlled by a pre-set temperature gradient. We propose a conceptual design of driving a graphene sheet on the water surface with a temperature gradient and demonstrate that both the velocity and orientation of the motion can be controlled by carefully assigning the magnitude and direction of the gradient of the liquid temperature. The driving force and friction force during the movement of the graphene sheet are derived theoretically by considering the temperature-dependent surface tension of water and the partial slip boundary condition between water and graphene. With this theoretical model, we predict the velocity and direction of the motion of graphene. Comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are implemented to validate the theoretical predictions and the results agree well with the theoretical predictions. The motion and assembly of multiple graphene sheets are demonstrated to illustrate the potential application of the temperature gradient of the liquid surface in the manufacturing of low-dimensional materials into architected superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Wen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Yongshou Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
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12
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Ying Y, Li B, Liu C, Xiong Z, Bai W, Li J, Ma P. A biodegradable gelatin-based nanostructured sponge with space maintenance to enhance long-term osteogenesis in maxillary sinus augmentation. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:681-695. [PMID: 33059516 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220964446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The search for bone substitutes that are biodegradable, ensure space maintenance, and have osteogenic predictability, is ongoing in the field of sinus augmentation. We thus compared the bone regeneration potential of nanostructured sponges (NS-Sponge) with that of collagen-stabilized inorganic bovine bones (BO-Collagen), gelatin sponges (Gelatin), and blood clots (Cont) in sinus augmentation of rabbits. NS-Sponge was prepared by thermally induced phase separation with porogen leaching techniques. All the materials were non-hemolytic and cytocompatible. The porous and nanofibrous NS-Sponge showed better dimensional stability to support cell growth and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo, the sinus membrane collapsed in Cont and Gelatin, while BO-Collagen and NS-Sponge maintained the elevated height as assessed by come-beam computed tomography. Limited bone regeneration was observed in Cont and Gelatin. In the entire implanted area, histological analysis revealed a higher percentage of new bone area at 4 weeks of BO-Collagen treatment; however, a significantly greater increase in new bone area was observed after 12 weeks of NS-Sponge treatment. The 12-week remnant NS-Sponge material was significantly lower than the 4-week remnant material. Overall, NS-Sponge may be highly recommended for sinus augmentation, as it exhibits numerous advantages, including excellent operability, clear imaging characteristics, space maintenance, biodegradability, and superior osteogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ying
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuochun Xiong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Kumar P, Saini M, Dehiya BS, Sindhu A, Kumar V, Kumar R, Lamberti L, Pruncu CI, Thakur R. Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2019. [PMID: 33066127 PMCID: PMC7601994 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India; (M.S.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Meenu Saini
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India; (M.S.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Brijnandan S. Dehiya
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India; (M.S.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Anil Sindhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India; (V.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Luciano Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Catalin I. Pruncu
- Department of Design, Manufacturing & Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rajesh Thakur
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India; (V.K.); (R.T.)
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14
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Hassanin IA, Elzoghby AO. Self-assembled non-covalent protein-drug nanoparticles: an emerging delivery platform for anti-cancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1437-1458. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1813713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Islam A. Hassanin
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Fu Z, Williams GR, Niu S, Wu J, Gao F, Zhang X, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhu LM. Functionalized boron nanosheets as an intelligent nanoplatform for synergistic low-temperature photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14739-14750. [PMID: 32626854 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative boron-based multifunctional nanoplatform was developed for synergistic chemotherapy/low temperature photothermal therapy (PTT). This platform is functionalized with a cRGD peptide to allow the targeting of αvβ3 integrin, which is over-expressed in the cells of tumors. The nanoparticles were further loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and a heat shock protein inhibitor (17AAG), and high loading capacities for both DOX (603 mg g-1 B-PEG-cRGD) and 17AAG (417 mg g-1) were obtained. The resultant DOX-17AAG@B-PEG-cRGD system shows both pH-controlled and near-infrared (NIR)-induced DOX and 17AAG release. It also provides significantly enhanced cellular uptake in cancerous cells over healthy cells. The presence of 17AAG allows low-temperature PTT to be combined with chemotherapy with DOX, resulting in highly effective anti-cancer activity. This has been confirmed by both in vitro assays and using an in vivo murine cancer model. It is expected that such a multifunctional nanoplatform can serve as a promising candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Shiwei Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Yanbo Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Li-Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China.
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16
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Liu Z, Gao E, Zhang Z, Li H, Xu H, Zhang X, Luo X, Zhou F. Dual-Mode On-to-Off Modulation of Plasmon-Induced Transparency and Coupling Effect in Patterned Graphene-Based Terahertz Metasurface. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 31897852 PMCID: PMC6940413 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plasmon-induced transparency (PIT), which is destructive interference between the superradiation mode and the subradiation mode, is studied in patterned graphene-based terahertz metasurface composed of graphene ribbons and graphene strips. As the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and coupled-mode theory (CMT) fitting, the PIT can be dynamically modulated by the dual-mode. The left (right) transmission dip is mainly tailored by the gate voltage applied to graphene ribbons (stripes), respectively, meaning a dual-mode on-to-off modulator is realized. Surprisingly, an absorbance of 50% and slow-light property of 0.7 ps are also achieved, demonstrating the proposed PIT metasurface has important applications in absorption and slow-light. In addition, coupling effects between the graphene ribbons and the graphene strips in PIT metasurface with different structural parameters also are studied in detail. Thus, the proposed structure provides a new basis for the dual-mode on-to-off multi-function modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Liu
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Enduo Gao
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Hongjian Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Fengqi Zhou
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
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17
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Ghosh C, Nandi A, Basu S. Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3992-4001. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Aditi Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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18
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Talaei S, Mellatyar H, Asadi A, Akbarzadeh A, Sheervalilou R, Zarghami N. Spotlight on 17-AAG as an Hsp90 inhibitor for molecular targeted cancer treatment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:760-786. [PMID: 30697932 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a ubiquitous chaperone with important roles in the organization and maturation of client proteins that are involved in the progression and survival of cancer cells. Multiple oncogenic pathways can be affected by inhibition of Hsp90 function through degradation of its client proteins. That makes Hsp90 a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) is a potent Hsp90 inhibitor that binds to Hsp90 and inhibits its chaperoning function, which results in the degradation of Hsp90's client proteins. There have been several preclinical studies of 17-AAG as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents for a wide range of human cancers. Data from various phases of clinical trials show that 17-AAG can be given safely at biologically active dosages with mild toxicity. Even though 17-AAG has suitable pharmacological potency, its low water solubility and high hepatotoxicity could significantly restrict its clinical use. Nanomaterials-based drug delivery carriers may overcome these drawbacks. In this paper, we review preclinical and clinical research on 17-AAG as a single agent and in combination with other anticancer agents. In addition, we highlight the potential of using nanocarriers and nanocombination therapy to improve therapeutic effects of 17-AAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Talaei
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Mellatyar
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Asadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Somu P, Paul S. HSP90 and Its Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: Use of Nano-delivery System to Improve Its Clinical Application. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23158-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Wu J, Bremner DH, Niu S, Shi M, Wang H, Tang R, Zhu LM. Chemodrug-Gated Biodegradable Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Nanotheranostics for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy/Chemotherapy of Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42115-42126. [PMID: 30462492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive physical treatment with relatively low intensity stimulation and the development of highly efficient anticancer medical strategy are still desirable for cancer therapy. Herein a versatile, biodegradable, hollow mesoporous organosilica nanocapsule (HMONs) nanoplatform that is capped by the gemcitabine (Gem) molecule through a pH-sensitive acetal covalent bond is designed. The fabricated nanocapsule exhibits desirable small molecule release at the tumor tissues/cell sites and shows a reduced risk for drug accumulation. After loading indocyanine green (ICG), the heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp 90) inhibitor, and 17AAG and modification with polyethylene glycol (NH2-PEG), the resulting ICG-17AAG@HMONs-Gem-PEG exhibited a precisely controlled release of ICG and 17AAG and low-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT) (∼41 °C) with excellent tumor destruction efficacy. In addition, ICG loading conferred the nanoplatform with near-infrared fluorescence imaging (FL) and photoaccoustic (PA) imaging capability. In short, this work not only presents a smart drug self-controlled nanoplatform with pH-responsive payload release and theranostic performance but also provides an outstanding low-temperature PTT strategy, which is highly valid in the inhibition of cancer cells with minimal damage to the organism. Therefore, this research provides a paradigm that has a chemodrug-gated HMONs-based theranostic nanoplatform with intrinsic biodegradability, multimodal imaging capacity, high low-temperature PTT/chemotherapy efficacy, and reduced systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , P.R. China
| | - David H Bremner
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology , Kydd Building , Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG , Scotland , U.K
| | - Shiwei Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , P.R. China
| | - Menghan Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , P.R. China
| | - Haijun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , P.R. China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital , Nanjing , 210004 , P.R. China
| | - Li-Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , P.R. China
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21
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Selestin Raja I, Thangam R, Fathima NN. Polymeric Micelle of a Gelatin-Oleylamine Conjugate: A Prominent Drug Delivery Carrier for Treating Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1725-1734. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - Nishter Nishad Fathima
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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22
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Liu X, Liu YY, Guo J, Yin SW, Yang XQ. Microfluidization initiated cross-linking of gliadin particles for structured algal oil emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Farshbaf M, Davaran S, Zarebkohan A, Annabi N, Akbarzadeh A, Salehi R. Significant role of cationic polymers in drug delivery systems. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1872-1891. [PMID: 29103306 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1395344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are characterized as the macromolecules that possess positive charges, which can be either inherently in the polymer side chains and/or its backbone. Based on their origins, cationic polymers are divided in two category including natural and synthetic, in which the possessed positive charges are as result of primary, secondary or tertiary amine functional groups that could be protonated in particular situations. Cationic polymers have been employed commonly as drug delivery agents due to their superior encapsulation efficacy, enhanced bioavailability, low toxicity and improved release profile. In this paper, we focus on the most prominent examples of cationic polymers which have been revealed to be applicable in drug delivery systems and we also discuss their general synthesis and surface modification methods as well as their controlled release profile in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Farshbaf
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- b Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nasim Annabi
- c Biomaterials Innovation Research Centre , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge , MA , USA.,d Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,e Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- f Drug Applied Research Centre and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjusha Mohan
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi campus, India
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi campus, India
| | - Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi campus, India
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Nguyen VH, Lee BJ. Synthetic optimization of gelatin-oleic conjugate and aqueous-based formation of self-assembled nanoparticles without cross-linkers. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Hou Y, Yao C, Ling L, Du Y, He R, Ismail M, Zhang Y, Fu Z, Li X. Novel dual VES phospholipid self-assembled liposomes with an extremely high drug loading efficiency. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:29-37. [PMID: 28499202 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E succinate (VES), a unique selective anti-cancer drug, has attracted much attention for its ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. Importantly, it has been reported that VES is largely non-toxic to normal cells. However, poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability extensively restricted its clinical utility. In this report, dual VES phospholipid conjugate (di-VES-GPC) prodrug based liposomes were prepared in order to develop an efficient delivery system for VES. Di-VES-GPC was first synthesized by conjugating VES with l-α-glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a coupling agent. The di-VES-GPC prodrug was able to self-assemble into liposomes by reverse-phase evaporation method. The structure of the liposomes was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-TEM. The results showed that di-VES-GPC assembled liposomes were spherical with an average diameter approximately 183nm. Cryo-TEM data confirmed the formation of multilamellar liposomes with the bilayer thickness about 5nm by the assembly of the conjugate without any excipient. The VES drug loading highly reaches up to 82.8wt% in the liposomes after a simple calculation. Furthermore, the in vitro release behavior of di-VES-GPC liposomes was evaluated in different media. It was found that the liposomes could release free VES at a weakly acidic microenvironment but exhibited good stability under a simulated biological condition. The cellular uptake and intracellular drug release tests demonstrated that di-VES-GPC liposomes could be internalized effectively and converted into parent drug VES in cancer cells. Furthermore, in vitro antitumor activities of the di-VES-GPC liposomes were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. It was revealed that the liposomes presented comparable cytotoxicities to free VES. Taken together, the di-VES-GPC liposomes might provide an excellent formulation of VES which have potential in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chen Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Longbing Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yawei Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ruiyu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhenglin Fu
- National Center for Protein Science, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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27
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Sauvage F, Messaoudi S, Fattal E, Barratt G, Vergnaud-Gauduchon J. Heat shock proteins and cancer: How can nanomedicine be harnessed? J Control Release 2017; 248:133-143. [PMID: 28088573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (hsp90) is an interesting target for cancer therapy because it is involved in the folding and stabilization of numerous proteins, including many that contribute to the development of cancer. It is part of the chaperone machinery that includes other heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp27, hsp40) and is mainly localized in the cytosol, although many analogues or isoforms can be found in mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane. Many potential inhibitors of hsp90 have been tested for cancer therapy but their usefulness is limited by their poor solubility in water and their ability to reach the target cells and the correct intracellular compartment. Nanomedicine, the incorporation of active molecules into an appropriate delivery system, could provide a solution to these drawbacks. In this review, we explain the rationale for using nanomedicine for this sort of cancer therapy, considering the properties of the chaperone machinery and of the different hsp90 analogues. We present some results that have already been obtained and put forward some strategies for delivery of hsp90 analogues to specific organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Sauvage
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8612, LabEx LERMIT, Univ. Paris-Sud/Univ. Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- BioCIS-UMR 8076, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Elias Fattal
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8612, LabEx LERMIT, Univ. Paris-Sud/Univ. Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Gillian Barratt
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8612, LabEx LERMIT, Univ. Paris-Sud/Univ. Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Juliette Vergnaud-Gauduchon
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8612, LabEx LERMIT, Univ. Paris-Sud/Univ. Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France.
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28
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Zhao M, Chen L, Chen W, Meng Z, Hu K, Du S, Zhang L, Yin L, Wu B, Guan YQ. Packaging cordycepin phycocyanin micelles for the inhibition of brain cancer. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6016-6026. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel small size and electroneutral Phy–Dex–Cord micelles was successfully developed, which can be delivered to tumor cells and inhibit the brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhao
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Liyi Chen
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Wuya Chen
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Zhan Meng
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Kaikai Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Shiwei Du
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Lingkun Zhang
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Baoyan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- School of Life Science
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
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Roy Chowdhury M, Schumann C, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. Cancer nanotheranostics: Strategies, promises and impediments. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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30
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Heat-Shock Protein 90–Targeted Nano Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1454-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Liu C, Cheng F, Wan Z, Zou Y, Wang J, Guo J, Yang X. Fabrication and delivery properties of soy Kunitz trypsin inhibitor nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy Kunitz trypsin inhibitor nanoparticles (KTIP) were prepared successfully by heating KTI at 80 °C in the presence of sodium sulfite. KTIP shows excellent delivery capacity for curcumin as model bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Cheng
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wan
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guo
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
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32
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Sharma PP, Sharma A, Solanki PR. Recent Trends of Gelatin Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications. ADVANCES IN NANOMATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2668-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Farbod K, Curci A, Diba M, Zinkevich T, Kentgens APM, Iafisco M, Margiotta N, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Dual-functionalisation of gelatine nanoparticles with an anticancer platinum(ii)–bisphosphonate complex and mineral-binding alendronate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral-binding gelatine nanoparticles can be loaded with tailored amounts of anticancer molecules, which may benefit the development of bone-seeking carriers for targeted delivery of drugs to treat bone tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Farbod
- Department of Biomaterials
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud University Medical Center
- 6525 EX Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Curci
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Mani Diba
- Department of Biomaterials
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud University Medical Center
- 6525 EX Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Zinkevich
- Department of Solid State NMR
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Department of Solid State NMR
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC)
- National Research Council (CNR)
- 48018 Faenza
- Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Biomaterials
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud University Medical Center
- 6525 EX Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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34
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Recent advancement of gelatin nanoparticles in drug and vaccine delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:317-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Samal SK, Goranov V, Dash M, Russo A, Shelyakova T, Graziosi P, Lungaro L, Riminucci A, Uhlarz M, Bañobre-López M, Rivas J, Herrmannsdörfer T, Rajadas J, De Smedt S, Braeckmans K, Kaplan DL, Dediu VA. Multilayered Magnetic Gelatin Membrane Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23098-109. [PMID: 26451743 PMCID: PMC4867029 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A versatile approach for the design and fabrication of multilayer magnetic scaffolds with tunable magnetic gradients is described. Multilayer magnetic gelatin membrane scaffolds with intrinsic magnetic gradients were designed to encapsulate magnetized bioagents under an externally applied magnetic field for use in magnetic-field-assisted tissue engineering. The temperature of the individual membranes increased up to 43.7 °C under an applied oscillating magnetic field for 70 s by magnetic hyperthermia, enabling the possibility of inducing a thermal gradient inside the final 3D multilayer magnetic scaffolds. On the basis of finite element method simulations, magnetic gelatin membranes with different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles were assembled into 3D multilayered scaffolds. A magnetic-gradient-controlled distribution of magnetically labeled stem cells was demonstrated in vitro. This magnetic biomaterial-magnetic cell strategy can be expanded to a number of different magnetic biomaterials for various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram K. Samal
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vitaly Goranov
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mamoni Dash
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, NABI, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tatiana Shelyakova
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, NABI, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizio Graziosi
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Lungaro
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Osteoarticular Research Group, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Riminucci
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marc Uhlarz
- Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jose Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thomas Herrmannsdörfer
- Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 1050 Arastradero, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Corresponding Authors (D.L.K.) Tel.: +16176270851. Fax: +16176273231. . (V.A.D.),
| | - V. Alek Dediu
- Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Corresponding Authors (D.L.K.) Tel.: +16176270851. Fax: +16176273231. . (V.A.D.),
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Yu J, Zhou Y, Chen W, Ren J, Zhang L, Lu L, Luo G, Huang H. Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of α-Tocopherol Succinate-Modified Dextran Micelles as Potential Drug Carriers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:6685-6696. [PMID: 28793593 PMCID: PMC5455401 DOI: 10.3390/ma8105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, α-tocopherol succinate (TOS) conjugated dextran (Dex-TOS) was synthesized and characterized by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Dex-TOS could form nanoscaled micelles in aqueous medium. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is 0.0034 mg/mL. Doxorubicin (Dox) was selected as a model drug. Dox-loaded Dex-TOS (Dex-TOS/Dox) micelles were prepared by a dialysis method. The size of Dex-TOS/Dox micelles increased from 295 to 325 nm with the Dox-loading content increasing from 4.21% to 8.12%. The Dex-TOS/Dox micelles were almost spherical in shape, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro release demonstrated that Dox release from the micelles was in a sustained manner for up to 96 h. The cellular uptake of Dex-TOS/Dox micelles in human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells is an endocytic process determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, Dex-TOS/Dox micelles exhibited comparable cytotoxicity in contrast with doxorubicin hydrochloride. These results suggested that Dex-TOS micelles could be a promising carrier for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmou Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engneering, Yichun University, 576 Xuefu Road, Yichun 336000, China.
| | - Wencong Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Lifang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Gan Luo
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, 320 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engneering, Yichun University, 576 Xuefu Road, Yichun 336000, China.
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37
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Su K, Wang C. Recent advances in the use of gelatin in biomedical research. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2139-45. [PMID: 26160110 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biomacromolecule, gelatin, has increasingly been used in biomedicine-beyond its traditional use in food and cosmetics. The appealing advantages of gelatin, such as its cell-adhesive structure, low cost, off-the-shelf availability, high biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immunogenicity, among others, have made it a desirable candidate for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Gelatin can be formulated in the form of nanoparticles, employed as size-controllable porogen, adopted as surface coating agent and mixed with synthetic or natural biopolymers forming composite scaffolds. In this article, we review recent advances in the versatile applications of gelatin within biomedical context and attempt to draw upon its advantages and potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, N22-6011, Taipa, Macau, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Implications of Protein- and Peptide-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Vehicles for Anticancer Drugs. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:169-221. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Li YJ, Dong M, Kong FM, Zhou JP. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy and cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded vitamin E – Pluronic micelles against liver cancer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new polymeric micelle delivery system was developed to increase the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) and to reduce its associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Li
- Department of General Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- China Medical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - M. Dong
- Department of General Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- China Medical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - F. M. Kong
- Department of General Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- China Medical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - J. P. Zhou
- Department of General Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- China Medical University
- Shenyang
- China
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41
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Kim JK, Yoo C, Cha YH, Kim YH. Thermo-reversible injectable gel based on enzymatically-chopped low molecular weight methylcellulose for exenatide and FGF 21 delivery to treat types 1 and 2 diabetes. J Control Release 2014; 194:316-22. [PMID: 25245775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the fastest growing metabolic disease that fails to utilize glucose properly due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Although several limited studies demonstrated non-invasive means of protein delivery, major hurdles for commercial success such as short half-life, enzymatic degradation and low bioavailability still remain to overcome. Methylcellulose (MC), a hydrophobically-modified cellulose derivative, forms temperature reversible gel in aqueous solution. However, as the gelling temperature of MC is higher than body temperature, it should be lowered to below body temperature for practical clinical application. In order to decrease gelling temperature and increase bio-compatibility and bio-elimination of MC, the molecular weight of MC was decreased using enzymatic degradation method and confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. Bio-elimination of low molecular weight (LMw) MC was confirmed with non-invasive live image and ex vivo experiment. The exenatide and FGF 21 were physically loaded 100% into LMwMC-based thermo-reversible gel and slowly released from gel with no initial bursts. Exenatide-loaded LMwMC gel showed reduction of blood glucose level for a week in type 1 diabetic animal model. FGF 21-loaded LMwMC gel reduced glucose level to normal condition and maintained over 10 days in type 2 diabetic animal model. LMwMC-based thermo-reversible and injectable hydrogel provides a strong potential to be efficient protein drug delivery system for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Kyoung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cha
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Zhu J, Zheng L, Wen S, Tang Y, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted cancer theranostics using alpha-tocopheryl succinate-conjugated multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7635-46. [PMID: 24927683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms for targeted cancer imaging and therapy still remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the use of multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) covalently linked with α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) as a platform for targeted cancer computed tomography (CT) imaging and therapy. In this study, amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH2) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified α-TOS, and PEGylated folic acid (FA) were used as templates to synthesize Au DENPs, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines. The formed multifunctional Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the Au DENPs conjugated with approximately 9.8 α-TOS molecules per dendrimer and with an Au core size of 3.3 nm are water-dispersible, and stable under different pH and temperature conditions and in different aqueous media. The FA modification onto the Au DENPs enables efficient targeting of the particles to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors (FAR), and effective targeted CT imaging of the cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. Likewise, the covalent conjugation of α-TOS does not compromise its therapeutic activity, instead significantly improves its water solubility. Importantly, thanks to the role of FA-directed targeting, the formed multifunctional Au DENPs are able to exert the specific therapeutic efficacy of α-TOS to the FAR-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. The developed multifunctional Au DENPs may hold a great promise to be used as a unique theranostic nanoplatform for targeted CT imaging and therapy of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Tang
- Experiment Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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43
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Gelatin carriers for drug and cell delivery in tissue engineering. J Control Release 2014; 190:210-8. [PMID: 24746627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gelatin to form complexes with different drugs has been investigated for controlled release applications. Gelatin parameters, such as crosslinking density and isoelectric point, have been tuned in order to optimize gelatin degradation and drug delivery kinetics. In recent years, focus has shifted away from the use of gelatin in isolation toward the modification of gelatin with functional groups and the fabrication of material composites with embedded gelatin carriers. In this review, we highlight some of the latest work being performed in these areas and comment on trends in the field. Specifically, we discuss gelatin modifications for immune system evasion, drug stabilization, and targeted delivery, as well as gelatin composite systems based on ceramics, naturally-occurring polymers, and synthetic polymers.
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44
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Zheng Y, Fu F, Zhang M, Shen M, Zhu M, Shi X. Multifunctional dendrimers modified with alpha-tocopheryl succinate for targeted cancer therapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00324h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional generation 5-poly(amidoamine) dendrimers can be used as a platform to conjugate covalently alpha-tocopheryl succinate for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Fanfan Fu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry
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45
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Elzoghby AO. Gelatin-based nanoparticles as drug and gene delivery systems: reviewing three decades of research. J Control Release 2013; 172:1075-91. [PMID: 24096021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin is one of the most versatile natural biopolymers widely used in pharmaceutical industries due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost and numerous available active groups for attaching targeting molecules. These advantages led to its application in the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery during the last thirty years. The current article entails a general review of the different preparation techniques of gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs): desolvation, coacervation-phase separation, emulsification-solvent evaporation, reverse phase microemulsion, nanoprecipitation, self-assembly and layer-by-layer coating, from the point of view of the methodological and mechanistic aspects involved. Various crosslinkers used to improve the physicochemical properties of GNPs includintg aldehydes, genipin, carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide, and transglutaminase are reported. An analysis is given of the physicochemical behavior of GNPs including drug loading, release, particle size, zeta-potential, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and stability. This review also attempts to provide an overview of the major applications of GNPs in drug delivery and gene therapy and their in vivo pharmacological performances, as well as site-specific drug targeting using various ligands modifying the surface of GNPs. Finally, nanocomplexes of gelatin with polymers, lipids or inorganic materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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STAT6 siRNA matrix-loaded gelatin nanocarriers: formulation, characterization, and ex vivo proof of concept using adenocarcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:858946. [PMID: 24191252 PMCID: PMC3806510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/858946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical utility of siRNA therapy has been hampered due to poor cell penetration, nonspecific effects, rapid degradation, and short half-life. We herewith proposed the formulation development of STAT6 siRNA (S6S) nanotherapeutic agent by encapsulating them within gelatin nanocarriers (GNC). The prepared nanoformulation was characterized for size, charge, loading efficiency, release kinetics, stability, cytotoxicity, and gene silencing assay. The stability of S6S-GNC was also assessed under conditions of varying pH, serum level, and using electrophoretic assays. In vitro cytotoxicity performance was evaluated in human adenocarcinoma A549 cells following MTT assay. The developed formulation resulted in an average particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency as 70 ± 6.5 nm, +10 ± 1.5 mV, and 85 ± 4.0%, respectively. S6S-GNC showed an insignificant (P < 0.05) change in the size and charge in the presence of buffer solutions (pH 6.4 to 8.4) and FBS (10% v/v). A549 cells were treated with native S6S, S6S-lipofectamine, placebo-GNC, and S6S-GNC using untreated cells as a control. It was observed that cell viability was decreased significantly with S6S-GNC by 55 ± 4.1% (P < 0.001) compared to native S6S (2.0 ± 0.55%) and S6S-lipofectamine complex (40 ± 3.1%). This investigation infers that gelatin polymer-based nanocarriers are a robust, stable, and biocompatible strategy for the delivery of siRNA.
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47
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Lee HJ, Bae Y. Brushed Block Copolymer Micelles with pH-Sensitive Pendant Groups for Controlled Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2077-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tao Y, Han J, Wang X, Dou H. Nano-formulation of paclitaxel by vitamin E succinate functionalized pluronic micelles for enhanced encapsulation, stability and cytotoxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:604-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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49
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Samal SK, Dash M, Van Vlierberghe S, Kaplan DL, Chiellini E, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L, Dubruel P. Cationic polymers and their therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7147-94. [PMID: 22885409 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed enormous research focused on cationic polymers. Cationic polymers are the subject of intense research as non-viral gene delivery systems, due to their flexible properties, facile synthesis, robustness and proven gene delivery efficiency. Here, we review the most recent scientific advances in cationic polymers and their derivatives not only for gene delivery purposes but also for various alternative therapeutic applications. An overview of the synthesis and preparation of cationic polymers is provided along with their inherent bioactive and intrinsic therapeutic potential. In addition, cationic polymer based biomedical materials are covered. Major progress in the fields of drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering applications is summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Keshari Samal
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Sultana S, Khan MR, Kumar M, Kumar S, Ali M. Nanoparticles-mediated drug delivery approaches for cancer targeting: a review. J Drug Target 2012; 21:107-25. [PMID: 22873288 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.712130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become the leading cause of death among different populations of the world. The treatment is limited to chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Selective targeting to the tumor cells is possible by nanoparticles-based drug delivery system. It maximizes the drug concentration at the desired target and protects the surrounding healthy tissues at the same time. To improve the targeting potential of the anticancer drugs, nanoparticles were optimized for the size and surface characteristics to enhance their circulation time and targeting efficiency. Passive targeting involves surface modification with polyethylene glycol to avoid its elimination by natural body defense mechanism. Active targeting involves chemical interaction with certain antigen, receptors, and genes which are over expressed during progression of disease. In addition, the article highlights recent developments in "smart"-stimulus-responsive-drug carriers designed to enhance the localization and efficacy of therapeutic payloads as compared with free drug. Enhanced targeting potential, imaging, and controlled release of drugs or therapeutic molecules could be possible through multi-functional nanocarrier. Such multi-faceted, versatile nanocarriers and drug delivery systems promise a substantial increase in the efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmaceutical sciences.
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