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Zhang W, Wang B, Jin S, Zhou J, Gong Z, Zhao C. Colossal Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Mediated by Coupled Polaritons with an Ultrahigh Dynamic Range. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405885. [PMID: 39082203 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed the blackbody limit by several orders of magnitude owing to the tunneling evanescent waves. Exploiting this near-field enhancement holds significant potential for emerging technologies. It has been suggested that coupled polaritons can give rise to orders of magnitude enhancement of NFRHT. However, a thorough experimental verification of this phenomenon is still missing. Here this work experimentally shows that NFRHT mediated by coupled polaritons in millimeter-size graphene/SiC/SiO2 composite devices in planar plate configuration can realize about 302.8 ± 35.2-fold enhancement with respect to the blackbody limit at a gap distance of 87 ± 0.8 nm. The radiative thermal conductance and effective gap heat transfer coefficient can reach unprecedented values of 0.136 WK-1 and 5440 Wm-2K-1. Additionally, a scattering-type scanning near-field optical measurement, in conjunction with full-wave numerical simulations, provides further evidence for the coupled polaritonic characteristics of the devices. Notably, this work experimentally demonstrates dynamic regulation of NFRHT can be achieved by modulating the bias voltage, leading to an ultrahigh dynamic range of ≈4.115. This work ambiguously elucidates the important role of coupled polaritons in NFRHT, paving the way for the manipulation of nanoscale heat transport, energy conversion, and thermal computing via the strong coupling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhang
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Boxiang Wang
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- 2020 X-Lab, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Shenghao Jin
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Changying Zhao
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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Souibgui M, Ajlani H, Cavanna A, Madouri A, Oueslati M, Meftah A. Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence study of PN junction p-graphene/n-GaAs. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:044701. [PMID: 39037147 DOI: 10.1063/5.0211838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Single layer graphene (SLG) was synthesized via high-quality chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on high-quality copper and subsequently transferred onto SiO2 and on n-GaAs substrates with varying doping electron concentrations (n = 1016, 1017, 5 × 1017, 1018, and 5 × 1018 cm-3). The n-GaAs substrates were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The optical properties of the SLG were investigated through photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Carrier concentration n or p and Fermi energy (EF) values in SLG were determined both before and after the transfer onto n-GaAs, and these findings were validated through PL studies. The Raman spectroscopy results indicated an increase in the transfer of electrons from n-GaAs to SLG as the doping electron density in n-GaAs increased. PL analysis revealed a significant change in the bandgap energy (Eg) of n-GaAs due to bandgap narrowing and the Burstein-Moss shift. Our data enable us to determine the energy band diagrams. Upon aligning the energy bands, an increase in transferred carrier density is accompanied by changes in Fermi energies and an increase in the potential barrier (∆U). The increase in ∆U is of significant interest to ensure that charges are directed more efficiently toward the cell's electrical contacts in the case of photovoltaic application. There, they can contribute significantly to the generated electric current, thereby enhancing the performance of a cell. Our results can provide insights into the interaction in graphene-based heterostructures and aid in selecting the best parameters for developing new advanced devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Souibgui
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory Nanomaterials Nanotechnology and Energy-Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Ajlani
- Laboratory Nanomaterials Nanotechnology and Energy-Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Cavanna
- CNRS/C2N, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Madouri
- CNRS/C2N, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Oueslati
- Laboratory Nanomaterials Nanotechnology and Energy-Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Meftah
- Laboratory Nanomaterials Nanotechnology and Energy-Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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3
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Wang S, Guo J, Lin L, He Y, Tang J, Wang Y, Cai J, Yu M, Lin Y, Gong T, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang X. Tunable mid-infrared photodetector based on graphene plasmons controlled by ferroelectric polarization for micro-spectrometer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:365204. [PMID: 38861939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmonic detectors have the potential to be key components of miniaturized chip-scale spectrometers. Graphene plasmons, which are highly confined and gate-tunable, are suitable forin situlight detection. However, the tuning of graphene plasmonic photodetectors typically relies on the complex and high operating voltage based on traditional dielectric gating technique, which hinders the goal of miniaturized and low-power consumption spectrometers. In this work, we report a tunable mid-infrared (MIR) photodetector by integrating of patterned graphene with non-volatile ferroelectric polarization. The polarized ferroelectric thin film provides an ultra-high surface electric field, allowing the Fermi energy of the graphene to be manipulated to the desired level, thereby exciting the surface plasmon polaritons effect, which is highly dependent on the free carrier density of the material. By exciting intrinsic graphene plasmons, the light transmittance of graphene is greatly enhanced, which improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. Additionally, the electric field on the surface of graphene enhanced by the graphene plasmons accelerates the carrier transfer efficiency. Therefore, the responsivity of the device is greatly improved. Our simulations show that the detectors have a tunable resonant spectral response of 9-14μm by reconstructing the ferroelectric domain and exhibit a high responsivity to 5.67 × 105A W-1at room temperature. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the conceptual design of photodetector could be used for MIR micro-spectrometer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicai Wang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiong Guo
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao He
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Chengdu Liaoyuan Xingguang Electronics Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chengdu Liaoyuan Xingguang Electronics Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Cai
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Yu
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxun Gong
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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4
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Xin W, Zhong W, Shi Y, Shi Y, Jing J, Xu T, Guo J, Liu W, Li Y, Liang Z, Xin X, Cheng J, Hu W, Xu H, Liu Y. Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based Photodetectors for Next-Generation Polarized Detection and Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306772. [PMID: 37661841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The vector characteristics of light and the vectorial transformations during its transmission lay a foundation for polarized photodetection of objects, which broadens the applications of related detectors in complex environments. With the breakthrough of low-dimensional materials (LDMs) in optics and electronics over the past few years, the combination of these novel LDMs and traditional working modes is expected to bring new development opportunities in this field. Here, the state-of-the-art progress of LDMs, as polarization-sensitive components in polarized photodetection and even the imaging, is the main focus, with emphasis on the relationship between traditional working principle of polarized photodetectors (PPs) and photoresponse mechanisms of LDMs. Particularly, from the view of constitutive equations, the existing works are reorganized, reclassified, and reviewed. Perspectives on the opportunities and challenges are also discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide a more general overview in the use of LDMs in this field, sorting out the way of related devices for "more than Moore" or even the "beyond Moore" research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Weiheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yimeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Jiawei Jing
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yuanzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Zhongzhu Liang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Xing Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Jinluo Cheng
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
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5
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Gorecki J, Krause S. Numerical investigation of a graphene-on-semiconductor device for optical monitoring of cell electrophysiology. iScience 2024; 27:108554. [PMID: 38188511 PMCID: PMC10770480 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatially resolved sensing devices for electrostatic potentials are extremely useful for characterization of living cells, however, many current techniques lack the speed necessary to capture spatially resolved, functional information of cells in real-time. Here, an optical sensing technique is proposed based on graphene on a semiconductor stack operating in the near-infrared spectrum. By modeling coherent interference of multiply reflected beam paths within the semiconductor stack, we demonstrate how the device produces a continuous reflectivity change in response to graphene Fermi energy which is ideal for sensing changes in local electrostatic fields produced by action potentials of living cells. By coupling the device with a high-speed camera, we propose this platform will allow for high-speed imaging of action potentials over a large sensing area with micron scale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Gorecki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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6
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Di Gaspare A, Balci O, Zhang J, Meersha A, Shinde SM, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Ferrari AC, Vitiello MS. Electrically Tunable Nonlinearity at 3.2 Terahertz in Single-Layer Graphene. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3171-3180. [PMID: 37743945 PMCID: PMC10515698 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a nonlinear material in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, with χ(3) ∼ 10-9 m2/V2 ∼ 15 orders of magnitude higher than that of other materials used in the THz range, such as GaAs or lithium niobate. This nonlinear behavior, combined with ultrafast dynamic for excited carriers, proved to be essential for third harmonic generation in the sub-THz and low (<2.5 THz) THz range, using moderate (60 kV/cm) fields and at room temperature. Here, we show that, for monochromatic high peak power (1.8 W) input THz signals, emitted by a quantum cascade laser, the nonlinearity can be controlled using an ionic liquid gate that tunes the graphene Fermi energy up to >1.2 eV. Pump and probe experiments reveal an intense absorption nonlinearity at 3.2 THz, with a dominant 3rd-order contribution at EF > 0.7 eV, hence opening intriguing perspectives per engineering novel architectures for light generation at frequencies > 9 THz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Gaspare
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Osman Balci
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Jincan Zhang
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Adil Meersha
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Sachin M. Shinde
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Lianhe Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
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7
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Sharma S, Myers-Ward RL, Gaskill KD, Chatzakis I. Ultrafast hot-carrier cooling in quasi freestanding bilayer graphene with hydrogen intercalated atoms. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:485-492. [PMID: 36756263 PMCID: PMC9846464 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond-THz optical pump probe spectroscopy is employed to investigate the cooling dynamics of hot carriers in quasi-free standing bilayer epitaxial graphene with hydrogen interacalation. We observe longer decay time constants, in the range of 2.6 to 6.4 ps, compared to previous studies on monolayer graphene, which increase nonlinearly with excitation intensity. The increased relaxation times are due to the decoupling of the graphene layer from the SiC substrate after hydrogen intercalation which increases the distance between graphene and substrate. Furthermore, our measurements show that the supercollision mechanism is not related to the cooling process of the hot carriers, which is ultimately achieved by electron optical phonon scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Texas Tech University Department of Physics & Astronomy Lubbock Texas TX 79409 USA
| | | | - Kurt D Gaskill
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Ioannis Chatzakis
- Texas Tech University Department of Physics & Astronomy Lubbock Texas TX 79409 USA
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8
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Lu L, Zhang B, Ou H, Li B, Zhou K, Song J, Luo Z, Cheng Q. Enhanced Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer between Graphene/hBN Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108032. [PMID: 35277922 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed the blackbody radiation limit owing to the coupled evanescent waves, implying a significant potential for energy conversion and thermal management. Coupled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs) with small ohmic losses enable a long propagation wavelength that is essential in NFRHT. However, so far, there still lacks knowledge about the experimental investigation of the coupling of SPPs and HPPs in terms of NFRHT. In this study, the NFRHT between graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) systems that can be readily transferred onto various substrates, with a gap space of ≈400 nm is measured. NFRHT enhancements in the order of three and six times higher than the blackbody limit for graphene/hBN heterostructures and graphene/hBN/graphene multilayers, respectively are demonstrated. In addition, the largest ever radiative heat flux using graphene/hBN/graphene multilayers under similar gap space of 400 nm is obtained. Consequently, analyzing the photon tunneling modes reveal that these phenomena are consequences of coupled SPPs of graphene and HPPs of hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Han Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430025, China
| | - Zixue Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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9
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Seeding-Layer-Free Deposition of High-k Dielectric on CVD Graphene for Enhanced Gate Control Ability. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gate insulator is one of the most crucial factors determining the performance of a graphene field effect transistor (GFET). Good electrostatic control of the conduction channel by gate voltage requires thin gate oxides. Due to the lack of the dangling bond, a seed layer is usually needed for the gate dielectric film grown by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. The seed layer leads to the high-quality deposition of dielectric films, but it may lead to a great increase in the thickness of the final dielectric film. To address this problem, this paper proposes an improved process, where the self-oxidized Al2O3 seed layer was removed by etching solutions before atomic layer deposition, and the Al2O3 residue would provide nucleation sites on the graphene surface. Benefiting from the decreased thickness of the dielectric film, the transconductance of the GFET using this method as a top-gate dielectric film deposition process shows an average 44.7% increase compared with the GFETs using the standard Al evaporation seed layer methods.
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10
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Highly efficient solar evaporator based on Graphene/MoO3-x coated porous nickel for water purification. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Massicotte M, Soavi G, Principi A, Tielrooij KJ. Hot carriers in graphene - fundamentals and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8376-8411. [PMID: 33913956 PMCID: PMC8118204 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hot charge carriers in graphene exhibit fascinating physical phenomena, whose understanding has improved greatly over the past decade. They have distinctly different physical properties compared to, for example, hot carriers in conventional metals. This is predominantly the result of graphene's linear energy-momentum dispersion, its phonon properties, its all-interface character, and the tunability of its carrier density down to very small values, and from electron- to hole-doping. Since a few years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in technological applications enabled by hot carriers in graphene. Of particular interest are optical and optoelectronic applications, where hot carriers are used to detect (photodetection), convert (nonlinear photonics), or emit (luminescence) light. Graphene-enabled systems in these application areas could find widespread use and have a disruptive impact, for example in the field of data communication, high-frequency electronics, and industrial quality control. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant physics and working principles that are relevant for applications exploiting hot carriers in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Massicotte
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743 JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07745 JenaGermany
| | | | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST & CSIC, Campus UAB08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
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12
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Systematic THz study of the substrate effect in limiting the mobility of graphene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8729. [PMID: 33888755 PMCID: PMC8062515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the substrate-dependent charge carrier dynamics of large area graphene films using contact-free non-invasive terahertz spectroscopy. The graphene samples are deposited on seven distinct substrates relevant to semiconductor technologies and flexible/photodetection devices. Using a Drude model for Dirac fermions in graphene and a fitting method based on statistical signal analysis, we extract transport properties such as the charge carrier density and carrier mobility. We find that graphene films supported by substrates with minimal charged impurities exhibit an enhanced carrier mobility, while substrates with a high surface roughness generally lead to a lower transport performance. The smallest amount of doping is observed for graphene placed on the polymer Zeonor, which also has the highest carrier mobility. This work provides valuable guidance in choosing an optimal substrate for graphene to enable applications where high mobility is required.
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13
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Straub AP, Bergsman DS, Getachew BA, Leahy LM, Patil JJ, Ferralis N, Grossman JC. Highly Conductive and Permeable Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membranes Using Laser-Reduced Graphene Oxide. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2429-2435. [PMID: 33689366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive membranes are a promising avenue to reduce water treatment costs due to their ability to minimize the detrimental impact of fouling, to degrade contaminants, and to provide other additional benefits during filtration. Here, we demonstrate the facile and low-cost fabrication of electrically conductive membranes using laser-reduced graphene oxide (GO). In this method, GO is filtered onto a poly(ether sulfone) membrane support before being pyrolyzed via laser into a conductive film. Laser-reduced GO composite membranes are shown to be equally as permeable to water as the underlying membrane support and possess sheet resistances as low as 209 Ω/□. Application of the laser-reduced GO membranes is demonstrated through greater than 97% removal of a surrogate water contaminant, 25 μM methyl orange dye, with an 8 V applied potential. Furthermore, we show that laser-reduced GO membranes can be further tuned with the addition of p-phenylenediamine binding molecules to decrease the sheet resistance to 54 Ω/□.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Straub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David S Bergsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bezawit A Getachew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liam M Leahy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Grasseschi D, Silva WC, Souza Paiva RD, Starke LD, do Nascimento AS. Surface coordination chemistry of graphene: Understanding the coordination of single transition metal atoms. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Luhmann N, Høj D, Piller M, Kähler H, Chien MH, West RG, Andersen UL, Schmid S. Ultrathin 2 nm gold as impedance-matched absorber for infrared light. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2161. [PMID: 32358531 PMCID: PMC7195431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal detectors are a cornerstone of infrared and terahertz technology due to their broad spectral range. These detectors call for efficient absorbers with a broad spectral response and minimal thermal mass. A common approach is based on impedance-matching the sheet resistance of a thin metallic film to half the free-space impedance. Thereby, one can achieve a wavelength-independent absorptivity of up to 50%. However, existing absorber films typically require a thickness of the order of tens of nanometers, which can significantly deteriorate the response of a thermal transducer. Here, we present the application of ultrathin gold (2 nm) on top of a surfactant layer of oxidized copper as an effective infrared absorber. An almost wavelength-independent and long-time stable absorptivity of 47(3)%, ranging from 2 μm to 20 μm, can be obtained. The presented absorber allows for a significant improvement of infrared/terahertz technologies in general and thermal detectors in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Luhmann
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Høj
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus Piller
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Kähler
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miao-Hsuan Chien
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert G West
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrik Lund Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Chen C, Lu X, Deng B, Chen X, Guo Q, Li C, Ma C, Yuan S, Sung E, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yang L, Xia F. Widely tunable mid-infrared light emission in thin-film black phosphorus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay6134. [PMID: 32110733 PMCID: PMC7021507 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film black phosphorus (BP) is an attractive material for mid-infrared optoelectronic applications because of its layered nature and a moderate bandgap of around 300 meV. Previous photoconduction demonstrations show that a vertical electric field can effectively reduce the bandgap of thin-film BP, expanding the device operational wavelength range in mid-infrared. Here, we report the widely tunable mid-infrared light emission from a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)/BP/hBN heterostructure device. With a moderate displacement field up to 0.48 V/nm, the photoluminescence (PL) peak from a ~20-layer BP flake is continuously tuned from 3.7 to 7.7 μm, spanning 4 μm in mid-infrared. The PL emission remains perfectly linear-polarized along the armchair direction regardless of the bias field. Moreover, together with theoretical analysis, we show that the radiative decay probably dominates over other nonradiative decay channels in the PL experiments. Our results reveal the great potential of thin-film BP in future widely tunable, mid-infrared light-emitting and lasing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63136, USA
| | - Bingchen Deng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shaofan Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Eric Sung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63136, USA
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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17
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Dreier LB, Liu Z, Narita A, van Zadel MJ, Müllen K, Tielrooij KJ, Backus EHG, Bonn M. Surface-Specific Spectroscopy of Water at a Potentiostatically Controlled Supported Graphene Monolayer. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:24031-24038. [PMID: 31602283 PMCID: PMC6778968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the structure of interfacial water molecules at electrified solid materials is the first step toward a better understanding of important processes at such surfaces, in, e.g., electrochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, and membrane biophysics. As graphene is an interesting material with multiple potential applications such as in transistors or sensors, we specifically investigate the graphene-water interface. We use sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to investigate the pH- and potential-dependence of the interfacial water structure in contact with a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) grown graphene surface. Our results show that the SFG signal from the interfacial water molecules at the graphene layer is dominated by the underlying substrate and that there are water molecules between the graphene and the (hydrophilic) supporting substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Dreier
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Z. Liu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Narita
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M.-J. van Zadel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K.-J. Tielrooij
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. H. G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Gontarek E, Macedonio F, Militano F, Giorno L, Lieder M, Politano A, Drioli E, Gugliuzza A. Adsorption-assisted transport of water vapour in super-hydrophobic membranes filled with multilayer graphene platelets. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11521-11529. [PMID: 31086934 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of confinement of multilayer graphene platelets in hydrophobic microporous polymeric membranes are here examined. Intermolecular interactions between water vapour molecules and nanocomposite membranes are envisaged to originate assisted transport of water vapour in membrane distillation processes when a suitable filler-polymer ratio is reached. Mass transport coefficients are estimated under different working conditions, suggesting a strong dependence of the transport on molecular interactions. Remarkably, no thermal polarization is observed, although the filler exhibits ultrahigh thermal conductivity. In contrast, enhanced resistance to wetting as well as outstanding mechanical and chemical stability meets the basic requirements of water purification via membrane distillation. As a result, a significant improvement of the productivity-efficiency trade-off is achieved with respect to the pristine polymeric membrane when low amounts of platelets are confined in spherulitic-like PVDF networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gontarek
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, I-87030 Rende, Italy.
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19
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Gul HZ, Sakong W, Ji H, Torres J, Yi H, Ghimire MK, Yoon JH, Yun MH, Hwang HR, Lee YH, Lim SC. Semimetallic Graphene for Infrared Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19565-19571. [PMID: 31045342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both photothermal and photovoltaic infrared (IR) detectors employ sensing materials that have an optical band gap. Different from these conventional materials, graphene has a conical band structure that imposes zero band gap. In this study, using the semimetallic multilayer graphene, IR detection at room temperature is realized. The relatively high Seebeck coefficient, ranging from 40 to 60 μV/K, compared to that of the metal, and the large optical absorption in the mid-IR region, in the wavelength range of 7-17 μm, enable graphene to detect IR without an absorber, which is essential for most IR detectors because the band gap of the sensing materials is much larger than the energy of IR and the incident IR can be absorbed directly by the sensing material. Thus, the incident IR can be absorbed directly by the sensing material in our device. The developed detector with a SiN membrane shows high responsivity and detectivity, which are 140 V/W and 5 × 108 cm·Hz1/2/W at 5 Hz, respectively. In addition, the IR sensor shows a response time of 600 μs. In the room-temperature operation of the IR sensor array without cooling, our sensors detect IR emitted from a human body and track the movement. The availability of large-area graphene in current technology opens new applications for metallic two-dimensional materials and a possibility for scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorge Torres
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | | | | | - Jung Hyun Yoon
- R&D Division , WISE Control Inc. , 199, Sanggal-dong , Giheung-gu, Youngin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17097 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Yun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Ha Ryong Hwang
- R&D Division , WISE Control Inc. , 199, Sanggal-dong , Giheung-gu, Youngin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17097 , Republic of Korea
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20
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Safaei A, Chandra S, Leuenberger MN, Chanda D. Wide Angle Dynamically Tunable Enhanced Infrared Absorption on Large-Area Nanopatterned Graphene. ACS NANO 2019; 13:421-428. [PMID: 30525437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing light-matter interaction by exciting Dirac plasmons on nanopatterned monolayer graphene is an efficient route to achieve high infrared absorption. Here, we designed and fabricated hexagonal planar arrays of nanoholes and nanodisks with and without optical cavity to excite Dirac plasmons on patterned graphene and investigate the role of plasmon lifetime, extinction cross-section, incident light polarization, angle of incident light, and pattern dimensions on the light-absorption spectra. By incorporating a high-k Al2O3 layer as the gate dielectric for dynamic electrostatic tuning of the Fermi level, we demonstrate peak absorptions of 60% and 90% for the nanohole and nanodisk patterns, respectively, in the atmospheric transparent 8-12 μm infrared imaging band with high spectral tunability. Finally, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate angular dependence of both s- and p-polarized light absorption in monolayer graphene. Our results showcase the practical usability of low carrier mobility CVD-grown graphene for wide angle infrared absorption, which is suitable for next-generation optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors, optical switches, modulators, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Safaei
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Sayan Chandra
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Michael N Leuenberger
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Debashis Chanda
- Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
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21
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Guo Q, Yu R, Li C, Yuan S, Deng B, García de Abajo FJ, Xia F. Efficient electrical detection of mid-infrared graphene plasmons at room temperature. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:986-992. [PMID: 30150622 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical excitation and subsequent decay of graphene plasmons can produce a significant increase in charge-carrier temperature. An efficient method to convert this temperature elevation into electrical signals can enable important mid-infrared applications. However, the modest thermoelectric coefficient and weak temperature dependence of carrier transport in graphene hinder this goal. Here, we demonstrate mid-infrared graphene detectors consisting of arrays of plasmonic resonators interconnected by quasi-one-dimensional nanoribbons. Localized barriers associated with disorder in the nanoribbons produce a dramatic temperature dependence of carrier transport, thus enabling the electrical detection of plasmon decay in the nearby graphene resonators. Our device has a subwavelength footprint of 5 × 5 μm2 and operates at 12.2 μm with an external responsivity of 16 mA W-1 and a low noise-equivalent power of 1.3 nW Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is fabricated using large-scale graphene and possesses a simple two-terminal geometry, representing an essential step towards the realization of an on-chip graphene mid-infrared detector array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaofan Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bingchen Deng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Yang J, Du W, Su Y, Fu Y, Gong S, He S, Ma Y. Observing of the super-Planckian near-field thermal radiation between graphene sheets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4033. [PMID: 30279411 PMCID: PMC6168489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal radiation can be substantially enhanced in the near-field scenario due to the tunneling of evanescent waves. Monolayer graphene could play a vital role in this process owing to its strong infrared plasmonic response, however, which still lacks an experimental verification due to the technical challenges. Here, we manage to make a direct measurement about plasmon-mediated thermal radiation between two macroscopic graphene sheets using a custom-made setup. Super-Planckian radiation with efficiency 4.5 times larger than the blackbody limit is observed at a 430-nm vacuum gap on insulating silicon hosting substrates. The positive role of graphene plasmons is further confirmed on conductive silicon substrates which have strong infrared loss and thermal emittance. Based on these, a thermophotovoltaic cell made of the graphene–silicon heterostructure is lastly discussed. The current work validates the classic thermodynamical theory in treating graphene and also paves a way to pursue the application of near-field thermal management. Though monolayer graphene has the potential to be used in near-field thermal management applications, no experimental verification has been provided to date. Here, the authors directly measure plasmon-enhanced near-field heat transfer between graphene sheets on intrinsic silicon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yishu Su
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Fu
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaoxiang Gong
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yungui Ma
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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23
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Whelan PR, Panchal V, Petersen DH, Mackenzie DMA, Melios C, Pasternak I, Gallop J, Østerberg FW, U Jepsen P, Strupinski W, Kazakova O, Bøggild P. Electrical Homogeneity Mapping of Epitaxial Graphene on Silicon Carbide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31641-31647. [PMID: 30130090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial graphene is a promising route to wafer-scale production of electronic graphene devices. Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on silicon carbide offers epitaxial growth with layer control but is subject to significant spatial and wafer-to-wafer variability. We use terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and micro four-point probes to analyze the spatial variations of quasi-freestanding bilayer graphene grown on 4 in. silicon carbide (SiC) wafers and find significant variations in electrical properties across large regions, which are even reproduced across graphene on different SiC wafers cut from the same ingot. The dc sheet conductivity of epitaxial graphene was found to vary more than 1 order of magnitude across a 4 in. SiC wafer. To determine the origin of the variations, we compare different optical and scanning probe microscopies with the electrical measurements from nano- to millimeter scale and identify three distinct qualities of graphene, which can be attributed to the microstructure of the SiC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Whelan
- DTU Fotonik , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 343 , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Vishal Panchal
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | | | | | - Christos Melios
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Iwona Pasternak
- Faculty of Physics , Warsaw University of Technology , Koszykowa 75 , 00-662 Warsaw , Poland
| | - John Gallop
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | | | - Peter U Jepsen
- DTU Fotonik , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 343 , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Wlodek Strupinski
- Faculty of Physics , Warsaw University of Technology , Koszykowa 75 , 00-662 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
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24
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An exciton-polariton bolometer for terahertz radiation detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10092. [PMID: 29973614 PMCID: PMC6031685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the feasibility of a bolometric device based on exciton-polaritons. Initial measurements presented in this work show that heating - via thermal expansion and bandgap renormalization - modifies the exciton-polariton propagation wavevector making exciton-polaritons propagation remarkably sensitive to thermal variations. By theoretical simulations we predict that using a single layer graphene absorbing layer, a THz bolometric sensor can be realized by a simple exciton-polariton ring interferometer device. The predicted sensitivity is comparable to presently existing THz bolometric devices with the convenience of being a device that inherently produces an optical signal output.
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25
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Wang D, Fan X, Li X, Dai S, Wei L, Qin W, Wu F, Zhang H, Qi Z, Zeng C, Zhang Z, Hou J. Quantum Control of Graphene Plasmon Excitation and Propagation at Heaviside Potential Steps. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1373-1378. [PMID: 29337565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical effects of single particles can affect the collective plasmon behaviors substantially. In this work, the quantum control of plasmon excitation and propagation in graphene is demonstrated by adopting the variable quantum transmission of carriers at Heaviside potential steps as a tuning knob. First, the plasmon reflection is revealed to be tunable within a broad range by varying the ratio γ between the carrier energy and potential height, which originates from the quantum mechanical effect of carrier propagation at potential steps. Moreover, the plasmon excitation by free-space photos can be regulated from fully suppressed to fully launched in graphene potential wells also through adjusting γ, which defines the degrees of the carrier confinement in the potential wells. These discovered quantum plasmon effects offer a unified quantum-mechanical solution toward ultimate control of both plasmon launching and propagating, which are indispensable processes in building plasmon circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Laiming Wei
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Qin
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wu
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huayang Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zeming Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Changgan Zeng
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Hou
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Pham PHQ, Zhang W, Quach NV, Li J, Zhou W, Scarmardo D, Brown ER, Burke PJ. Broadband impedance match to two-dimensional materials in the terahertz domain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2233. [PMID: 29263423 PMCID: PMC5738418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of an electromagnetic plane wave to a thin conductor depends on the sheet conductance of the material: a poor conductor interacts weakly with the incoming light, allowing the majority of the radiation to pass; a good conductor also does not absorb, reflecting the wave almost entirely. For suspended films, the transition from transmitter to reflector occurs when the sheet resistance is approximately the characteristic impedance of free space (Z0 = 377 Ω). Near this point, the interaction is maximized, and the conductor absorbs strongly. Here we show that monolayer graphene, a tunable conductor, can be electrically modified to reach this transition, thereby achieving the maximum absorptive coupling across a broad range of frequencies in terahertz (THz) band. This property to be transparent or absorbing of an electromagnetic wave based on tunable electronic properties (rather than geometric structure) is expected to have numerous applications in mm wave and THz components and systems. Efficient coupling of an electromagnetic wave to a thin conductor relies on the sheet conductance of the given material. Here, the authors demonstrate that engineering the monolayer graphene sheet resistance enables electrical or chemical tuning from the transmission to the absorption regime up to THz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi H Q Pham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Nhi V Quach
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dominic Scarmardo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Elliott R Brown
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Peter J Burke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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27
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Hu H, Liao B, Guo X, Hu D, Qiao X, Liu N, Liu R, Chen K, Bai B, Yang X, Dai Q. Large-Scale Suspended Graphene Used as a Transparent Substrate for Infrared Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603812. [PMID: 28508534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to weak interactions between micrometer-wavelength infrared (IR) light and nanosized samples, a high signal to noise ratio is a prerequisite in order to precisely characterize nanosized samples using IR spectroscopy. Traditional micrometer-thick window substrates, however, have considerable IR absorption which may introduce unavoidable deformations and interruptions to IR spectra of nanoscale samples. A promising alternative is the use of a suspended graphene substrate which has ultrahigh IR transmittance (>97.5%) as well as unique mechanical properties. Here, an effective method is presented for fabrication of suspended graphene over circular holes up to 150 µm in diameter to be utilized as a transparent substrate for IR spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the suspended graphene has little impact on the measured IR spectra, an advantage which has led to the discovery of several missing vibrational modes of a 20 nm thick PEO film measured on a traditional CaF2 substrate. This can provide a better understanding of molecules' fine structures and status of hanging bands. The unique optical properties of suspended graphene are determined to be superior to those of conventional IR window materials, giving this new substrate great potential as part of a new generation of IR transparent substrates, especially for use in examining nanoscale samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Baoxing Liao
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofen Qiao
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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28
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Low-dimensional gap plasmons for enhanced light-graphene interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43333. [PMID: 28240230 PMCID: PMC5327386 DOI: 10.1038/srep43333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene plasmonics has become a highlighted research area due to the outstanding properties of deep-subwavelength plasmon excitation, long relaxation time, and electro-optical tunability. Although the giant conductivity of a graphene layer enables the low-dimensional confinement of light, the atomic scale of the layer thickness is severely mismatched with optical mode sizes, which impedes the efficient tuning of graphene plasmon modes from the degraded light-graphene overlap. Inspired by gap plasmon modes in noble metals, here we propose low-dimensional hybrid graphene gap plasmon waves for large light-graphene overlap factor. We show that gap plasmon waves exhibit improved in-plane and out-of-plane field concentrations on graphene compared to those of edge or wire-like graphene plasmons. By adjusting the chemical property of the graphene layer, efficient and linear modulation of hybrid graphene gap plasmon modes is also achieved. Our results provide potential opportunities to low-dimensional graphene plasmonic devices with strong tunability.
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29
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Deng S, Butt H, Jiang K, Dlubak B, Kidambi PR, Seneor P, Xavier S, Yetisen AK. Graphene nanoribbon based plasmonic Fresnel zone plate lenses. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27942b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A graphene-based metamaterial lens is theoretically proposed by combining plasmonic nanoribbons with Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP) architecture to realize wavelength-selective and tunable lensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Deng
- School of Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT
- UK
| | - Haider Butt
- School of Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT
- UK
| | - Kyle Jiang
- School of Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT
- UK
| | - Bruno Dlubak
- Unité Mixte de Physique
- CNRS
- Thales
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Piran R. Kidambi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Pierre Seneor
- Unité Mixte de Physique
- CNRS
- Thales
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | | | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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30
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Karasulu B, Vervuurt RHJ, Kessels WMM, Bol AA. Continuous and ultrathin platinum films on graphene using atomic layer deposition: a combined computational and experimental study. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19829-19845. [PMID: 27878204 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrating metals and metal oxides with graphene is key in utilizing its extraordinary material properties that are ideal for nanoelectronic and catalyst applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become a key technique for depositing ultrathin, conformal metal(oxide) films. ALD of metal(oxide) films on graphene, however, remains a genuine challenge due to the chemical inertness of graphene. In this study we address this issue by combining first-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations with ALD experiments. The focus is on the Pt ALD on graphene, as this hybrid system is very promising for solar and fuel cells, hydrogen technologies, microreactors, and sensors. Here we elucidate the surface reactions underpinning the nucleation stage of Pt ALD on pristine, defective and functionalized graphenes. The employed reaction mechanism clearly depends on (a) the available surface groups on graphene, and (b) the ligands accompanying the metal centre in the precursor. DFT calculations also indicate that graphene oxide (GO) can afford a stronger adsorption of MeCpPtMe3, unlike Pt(acac)2, as compared to bare (non-functionalized) graphene, suggesting that GO monolayers are effective Pt ALD seed layers. Confirming the latter, we evince that wafer-scale, continuous Pt films can indeed be grown on GO monolayers using a thermal ALD process with MeCpPtMe3 and O2 gas. Besides, the current in-depth atomistic insights are of practical use for understanding similar ALD processes of other metals and metal oxides on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Karasulu
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - René H J Vervuurt
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilhelmus M M Kessels
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ageeth A Bol
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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31
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Vega Monroy R, Salazar Cohen G. Photon-Induced Quantum Oscillations of the Terahertz Conductivity in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6797-6801. [PMID: 27779888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a theory that is able to explain the nonmonotonic decreasing behavior (observed in experimental data1-12) of the graphene terahertz conductivity with the increase of the field frequency. In this connection, the displacement of the structure of topological states inside the energy band gap, which appears in graphene due to the strong photon-electron coupling, and the narrowing of this gap, as result of electron transitions from bound photon-dressed electron states to extended states outside the energy gap driven by the field frequency, lead to a periodic change of singularities near the edge of the band gap, resulting in subtle quantum oscillations of the dynamical terahertz conductivity. This quantum contribution complements the Drude response, which fits the spectral range. On the other hand, the scattering processes by impurities favor interband transitions, suppressing this way intraband terahertz absorptions, which are related to optical transitions from inside to outside the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vega Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico , Km. 7, Via a Pto. Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - G Salazar Cohen
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico , Km. 7, Via a Pto. Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia
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32
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Li Q, Cong L, Singh R, Xu N, Cao W, Zhang X, Tian Z, Du L, Han J, Zhang W. Monolayer graphene sensing enabled by the strong Fano-resonant metasurface. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17278-17284. [PMID: 27714077 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in graphene photonics reveal promising applications in the technologically important terahertz spectrum, where graphene-based active terahertz metamaterial modulators have been experimentally demonstrated. However, the sensitivity of the atomically thin graphene monolayer towards sharp Fano resonant terahertz metasurfaces remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate thin-film sensing of the graphene monolayer with a high quality factor terahertz Fano resonance in metasurfaces consisting of a two-dimensional array of asymmetric resonators. A drastic change in the transmission amplitude of the Fano resonance was observed due to strong interactions between the monolayer graphene and the tightly confined electric fields in the capacitive gaps of the Fano resonator. The deep-subwavelength sensing of the atomically thin monolayer graphene further highlights the extreme sensitivity of the resonant electric field excited at the dark Fano resonance, allowing the detection of an analyte that is λ/1 000 000 thinner than the free space wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and School of Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Longqing Cong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ningning Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Liangliang Du
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Weili Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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33
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Chen Y, Yao J, Song Z, Ye L, Cai G, Liu QH. Independent tuning of double plasmonic waves in a free-standing graphene-spacer-grating-spacer-graphene hybrid slab. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16961-72. [PMID: 27464148 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The independent excitation and tuning of double plasmonic waves are realized in a free-standing graphene-spacer-grating-spacer-graphene (GSGSG) hybrid slab, which consists of two graphene field effect transistors placed back-to-back to each other. Resulted from the high transparency and the tight confinement of surface plasmonic mode for the graphene, double plasmonic waves can be independently excited by guided-mode resonances (GMRs). Theoretical and numerical investigations are performed in the mid-infrared band. Furthermore, the tuning of individual GMR resonant wavelengths with respect to the system parameters is studied. The results provide opportunities to engineer the proposed hybrid slab for wavelength selective and multiplexing applications.
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34
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Dabidian N, Dutta-Gupta S, Kholmanov I, Lai K, Lu F, Lee J, Jin M, Trendafilov S, Khanikaev A, Fallahazad B, Tutuc E, Belkin MA, Shvets G. Experimental Demonstration of Phase Modulation and Motion Sensing Using Graphene-Integrated Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3607-15. [PMID: 27152557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strong interaction of graphene with light accounts for one of its most remarkable properties: the ability to absorb 2.3% of the incident light's energy within a single atomic layer. Free carrier injection via field-effect gating can dramatically vary the optical properties of graphene, thereby enabling fast graphene-based modulators of the light intensity. However, the very thinness of graphene makes it difficult to modulate the other fundamental property of the light wave: its optical phase. Here we demonstrate that considerable phase control can be achieved by integrating a single-layer graphene (SLG) with a resonant plasmonic metasurface that contains nanoscale gaps. By concentrating the light intensity inside of the nanogaps, the metasurface dramatically increases the coupling of light to the SLG and enables control of the phase of the reflected mid-infrared light by as much as 55° via field-effect gating. We experimentally demonstrate graphene-based phase modulators that maintain the amplitude of the reflected light essentially constant over most of the phase tuning range. Rapid nonmechanical phase modulation enables a new experimental technique, graphene-based laser interferometry, which we use to demonstrate motion detection with nanoscale precision. We also demonstrate that by the judicious choice of a strongly anisotropic metasurface the graphene-controlled phase shift of light can be rendered polarization-dependent. Using the experimentally measured phases for the two orthogonal polarizations, we demonstrate that the polarization state of the reflected light can be by modulated by carrier injection into the SLG. These results pave the way for novel high-speed graphene-based optical devices and sensors such as polarimeters, ellipsometers, and frequency modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iskandar Kholmanov
- CNR-INO, Sensor Lab, The University of Brescia , via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Feng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Mingzhou Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | | | - Alexander Khanikaev
- Department of Physics, Queens College of The City University of New York , Queens, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of The City University of New York , New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Babak Fallahazad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Emanuel Tutuc
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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35
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Kuzmin DA, Bychkov IV, Shavrov VG, Kotov LN. Transverse-electric plasmonic modes of cylindrical graphene-based waveguide at near-infrared and visible frequencies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26915. [PMID: 27225745 PMCID: PMC4881028 DOI: 10.1038/srep26915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transverse-electric (TE) surface plasmons (SPs) are very unusual for plasmonics phenomenon. Graphene proposes a unique possibility to observe these plasmons. Due to transverse motion of carriers, TE SPs speed is usually close to bulk light one. In this work we discuss conditions of TE SPs propagation in cylindrical graphene-based waveguides. We found that the negativity of graphene conductivity's imaginary part is not a sufficient condition. The structure supports TE SPs when the core radius of waveguide is larger than the critical value Rcr. Critical radius depends on the light frequency and the difference of permittivities inside and outside the waveguide. Minimum value of Rcr is comparable with the wavelength of volume wave and corresponds to interband carriers transition in graphene. We predict that use of multilayer graphene will lead to decrease of critical radius. TE SPs speed may differ more significantly from bulk light one in case of epsilon-near-zero core and shell of the waveguide. Results may open the door for practical applications of TE SPs in optics, including telecommunications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Kuzmin
- Chelyabinsk State University, Department of Radio-Physics and Electronics Chelyabinsk, 454001, Russian Federation
- South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V. Bychkov
- Chelyabinsk State University, Department of Radio-Physics and Electronics Chelyabinsk, 454001, Russian Federation
- South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G. Shavrov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-engeneering and Electronics of RAS, Laboratory of magnetic phenomena in microelectronics, Moscow, 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid N. Kotov
- Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Syktyvkar, 167001, Russian Federation
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36
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Kinetic inductance driven nanoscale 2D and 3D THz transmission lines. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25303. [PMID: 27137628 PMCID: PMC4853740 DOI: 10.1038/srep25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the unusual dispersion and attenuation of transverse electromagnetic waves in the few-THz regime on nanoscale graphene and copper transmission lines. Conventionally, such propagation has been considered to be highly dispersive, due to the RC time constant-driven voltage diffusion below 1 THz and plasmonic effects at higher optical frequencies. Our numerical modeling across the microwave, THz, and optical frequency ranges reveals that the conductor kinetic inductance creates an ultra-broadband linear-dispersion and constant-attenuation region in the THz regime. This so-called LC region is an ideal characteristic that is known to be absent in macro-scale transmission lines. The kinetic-LC frequency range is dictated by the structural dimensionality and the free-carrier scattering rate of the conductor material. Moreover, up to 40x wavelength reduction is observed in graphene transmission lines.
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37
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Santos CN, Joucken F, De Sousa Meneses D, Echegut P, Campos-Delgado J, Louette P, Raskin JP, Hackens B. Terahertz and mid-infrared reflectance of epitaxial graphene. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24301. [PMID: 27102827 PMCID: PMC4840310 DOI: 10.1038/srep24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene has emerged as a promising material for infrared (IR) photodetectors and plasmonics. In this context, wafer scale epitaxial graphene on SiC is of great interest in a variety of applications in optics and nanoelectronics. Here we present IR reflectance spectroscopy of graphene grown epitaxially on the C-face of 6H-SiC over a broad optical range, from terahertz (THz) to mid-infrared (MIR). Contrary to the transmittance, reflectance measurements are not hampered by the transmission window of the substrate, and in particular by the SiC Reststrahlen band in the MIR. This allows us to present IR reflectance data exhibiting a continuous evolution from the regime of intraband to interband charge carrier transitions. A consistent and simultaneous analysis of the contributions from both transitions to the optical response yields precise information on the carrier dynamics and the number of layers. The properties of the graphene layers derived from IR reflection spectroscopy are corroborated by other techniques (micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, transport measurements). Moreover, we also present MIR microscopy mapping, showing that spatially-resolved information can be gathered, giving indications on the sample homogeneity. Our work paves the way for a still scarcely explored field of epitaxial graphene-based THz and MIR optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Joucken
- Research Center in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Louette
- Research Center in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Benoit Hackens
- IMCN/NAPS Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
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38
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Menabde SG, Mason DR, Kornev EE, Lee C, Park N. Direct Optical Probing of Transverse Electric Mode in Graphene. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21523. [PMID: 26898892 PMCID: PMC4761906 DOI: 10.1038/srep21523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique electrodynamic response of graphene implies a manifestation of an unusual propagating and localised transverse-electric (TE) mode near the spectral onset of interband transitions. However, excitation and further detection of the TE mode supported by graphene is considered to be a challenge for it is extremely sensitive to excitation environment and phase matching condition adherence. Here for the first time, we experimentally prove an existence of the TE mode by its direct optical probing, demonstrating significant coupling to an incident wave in electrically doped multilayer graphene sheet at room temperature. We believe that proposed technique of careful phase matching and obtained access to graphene's TE excitation would stimulate further studies of this unique phenomenon, and enable its potential employing in various fields of photonics as well as for characterization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G. Menabde
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, School of ECE, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Daniel R. Mason
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, School of ECE, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Evgeny E. Kornev
- Organic Semiconductor Laboratory, School of ECE, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Organic Semiconductor Laboratory, School of ECE, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, School of ECE, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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39
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Riccardi E, Méasson MA, Cazayous M, Sacuto A, Gallais Y. Gate-Dependent Electronic Raman Scattering in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:066805. [PMID: 26919008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.066805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct observation of polarization resolved electronic Raman scattering in a gated monolayer graphene device. The evolution of the electronic Raman scattering spectra with gate voltage and its polarization dependence are in full agreement with theoretical expectations for nonresonant Raman processes involving interband electron-hole excitations across the Dirac cone. We further show that the spectral dependence of the electronic Raman scattering signal can be simply described by the dynamical polarizability of graphene in the long wavelength limit. The possibility to directly observe Dirac fermion excitations in graphene opens the way to promising Raman investigations of electronic properties of graphene and other 2D crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Riccardi
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénoménes Quantiques (UMR 7162 CNRS), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - M-A Méasson
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénoménes Quantiques (UMR 7162 CNRS), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - M Cazayous
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénoménes Quantiques (UMR 7162 CNRS), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - A Sacuto
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénoménes Quantiques (UMR 7162 CNRS), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Y Gallais
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénoménes Quantiques (UMR 7162 CNRS), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu X. Electromagnetic Enhancement of Graphene Raman Spectroscopy by Ordered and Size-Tunable Au Nanostructures. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:390. [PMID: 26439619 PMCID: PMC4595411 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The size-controllable and ordered Au nanostructures were achieved by applying the self-assembled monolayer of polystyrene microspheres. Few-layer graphene was transferred directly on top of Au nanostructures, and the coupling between graphene and the localized surface plasmons (LSPs) of Au was investigated. We found that the LSP resonance spectra of ordered Au exhibited a redshift of ~20 nm and broadening simultaneously by the presence of graphene. Meanwhile, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of graphene was distinctly observed; both the graphene G and 2D peaks increased induced by local electric fields of plasmonic Au nanostructures, and the enhancement factor of graphene increased with the particle size, which can be ascribed to the plasmonic coupling between the ordered Au LSPs and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Key Lab of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Lab of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing, 100083, China
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Feng K, Streyer W, Zhong Y, Hoffman AJ, Wasserman D. Photonic materials, structures and devices for Reststrahlen optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A1418-A1433. [PMID: 26698791 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.0a1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of existing and potential next-generation far-infrared (20-60 μm) optical materials and devices. The far-infrared is currently one of the few remaining frontiers on the optical spectrum, a space underdeveloped and lacking in many of the optical and optoelectronic materials and devices taken for granted in other, more technologically mature wavelength ranges. The challenges associated with developing optical materials, structures, and devices at these wavelengths are in part a result of the strong phonon absorption in the Reststrahlen bands of III-V semiconductors that collectively span the far-infrared. More than just an underexplored spectral band, the far-IR may also be of potential importance for a range of sensing applications in astrochemistry, biology, and industrial and geological processes. Additionally, with a suitable far-IR optical infrastructure, it is conceivable that even more applications could emerge. In this review, we will present recent progress on far-infrared materials and phenomena such as phononic surface modes, engineered composite materials, and optoelectronic devices that have the potential to serve as the next generation of components in a far-infrared optical tool-kit.
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Yadav P, Srivastava PK, Ghosh S. Dielectric screening of excitons in monolayer graphene. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18015-18019. [PMID: 26469682 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Excitonic transitions in graphene monolayers embedded in different dielectric environments have been investigated using combined absorption and transmission spectroscopy techniques. To vary the dielectric environment, graphene monolayer has been exfoliated in liquid medium. It has been shown that exciton binding energy decreases with increase in the dielectric constant of exfoliating solvents due to the screening of electron-electron and electron-hole interactions in graphene. The typical line shape of the excitonic peak in the absorption spectra is explained by the Fano resonance between the excitonic state and band continuum. Further it has been shown that, there exists a scaling relationship between the dielectric constant of the liquid and the exciton binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premlata Yadav
- Electronic Materials and Device Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Pawan Kumar Srivastava
- Electronic Materials and Device Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Subhasis Ghosh
- Electronic Materials and Device Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Jin Z, Owour P, Lei S, Ge L. Graphene, graphene quantum dots and their applications in optoelectronics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yeung KYM, Chee J, Song Y, Kong J, Ham D. Symmetry Engineering of Graphene Plasmonic Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5001-5009. [PMID: 26154440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion relation of plasmons in graphene with a periodic lattice of apertures takes a band structure. Light incident on this plasmonic crystal excites only particular plasmonic modes in select bands. The selection rule is not only frequency/wavevector matching but also symmetry matching, where the symmetry of plasmonic modes originates from the point group symmetry of the lattice. We demonstrate versatile manipulation of light-plasmon coupling behaviors by engineering the symmetry of the graphene plasmonic crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Y M Yeung
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jingyee Chee
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yi Song
- ‡Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Kong
- ‡Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donhee Ham
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Li Q, Tian Z, Zhang X, Singh R, Du L, Gu J, Han J, Zhang W. Active graphene-silicon hybrid diode for terahertz waves. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7082. [PMID: 25959596 PMCID: PMC4432643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the propagation properties of the terahertz waves in graphene holds great promise in enabling novel technologies for the convergence of electronics and photonics. A diode is a fundamental electronic device that allows the passage of current in just one direction based on the polarity of the applied voltage. With simultaneous optical and electrical excitations, we experimentally demonstrate an active diode for the terahertz waves consisting of a graphene-silicon hybrid film. The diode transmits terahertz waves when biased with a positive voltage while attenuates the wave under a low negative voltage, which can be seen as an analogue of an electronic semiconductor diode. Here, we obtain a large transmission modulation of 83% in the graphene-silicon hybrid film, which exhibits tremendous potential for applications in designing broadband terahertz modulators and switchable terahertz plasmonic and metamaterial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Liangliang Du
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianqiang Gu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Cervetti C, Heintze E, Gorshunov B, Zhukova E, Lobanov S, Hoyer A, Burghard M, Kern K, Dressel M, Bogani L. Sub-terahertz frequency-domain spectroscopy reveals single-grain mobility and scatter influence of large-area graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2635-2641. [PMID: 25787669 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The response of individual domains in wafer-sized chemical vapor deposition graphene is measured by contactless sub-terahertz interferometry, observing the intrinsic optical conductance and reaching very high mobility values. It is shown that charged scatterers limit the mobility, validating previous theoretical predictions, and sub-terahertz quality assessment is demonstrated, as necessary for large-scale applications in touchscreens, as well as wearable and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cervetti
- 1. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany
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Farmer DB, Rodrigo D, Low T, Avouris P. Plasmon-plasmon hybridization and bandwidth enhancement in nanostructured graphene. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2582-2587. [PMID: 25749426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene plasmonic structures with long-range layering periodicity are presented. Resonance energy scaling with the number of graphene layers involved in plasmonic excitation allows these structures to support multiple plasmonic modes that couple and hybridize due to their physical proximity. Hybridized states exhibit bandwidth enhancements of 100-200% compared to unhybridized modes, and resonance energies deviate from what is usually observed in coupled plasmonic systems. Origins of this behavior are discussed, and experimental observations are computationally modeled. This work is a precursor and template for the study of plasmonic hybridization in other two-dimensional material systems with layering periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon B Farmer
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | | | | | - Phaedon Avouris
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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Badioli M, Woessner A, Tielrooij KJ, Nanot S, Navickaite G, Stauber T, García de Abajo FJ, Koppens FHL. Phonon-mediated mid-infrared photoresponse of graphene. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6374-81. [PMID: 25343323 DOI: 10.1021/nl502847v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoresponse of graphene at mid-infrared frequencies is of high technological interest and is governed by fundamentally different underlying physics than the photoresponse at visible frequencies, as the energy of the photons and substrate phonons involved have comparable energies. Here, we perform a spectrally resolved study of the graphene photoresponse for mid-infrared light by measuring spatially resolved photocurrent over a broad frequency range (1000-1600 cm(-1)). We unveil the different mechanisms that give rise to photocurrent generation in graphene on a polar substrate. In particular, we find an enhancement of the photoresponse when the light excites bulk or surface phonons of the SiO2 substrate. This work paves the way for the development of graphene-based mid-infrared thermal sensing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Badioli
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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Hartmann RR, Kono J, Portnoi ME. Terahertz science and technology of carbon nanomaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:322001. [PMID: 25051014 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/32/322001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The diverse applications of terahertz (THz) radiation and its importance to fundamental science makes finding ways to generate, manipulate and detect THz radiation one of the key areas of modern applied physics. One approach is to utilize carbon nanomaterials, in particular, single-wall carbon nanotubes and graphene. Their novel optical and electronic properties offer much promise to the field of THz science and technology. This article describes the past, current, and future of THz science and technology of carbon nanotubes and graphene. We will review fundamental studies such as THz dynamic conductivity, THz nonlinearities and ultrafast carrier dynamics as well as THz applications such as THz sources, detectors, modulators, antennas and polarizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Hartmann
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines
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50
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Yan H, Low T, Guinea F, Xia F, Avouris P. Tunable phonon-induced transparency in bilayer graphene nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4581-6. [PMID: 25019702 DOI: 10.1021/nl501628x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the phenomenon of plasmon-induced transparency, which is a classical analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic gases, the coherent interference between two plasmon modes results in an optical transparency window in a broad absorption spectrum. With the requirement of contrasting lifetimes, typically one of the plasmon modes involved is a dark mode that has limited coupling to the electromagnetic radiation and possesses relatively longer lifetime. Plasmon-induced transparency not only leads to light transmission at otherwise opaque frequency regions but also results in the slowing of light group velocity and enhanced optical nonlinearity. In this article, we report an analogous behavior, denoted as phonon-induced transparency (PIT), in AB-stacked bilayer graphene nanoribbons. Here, light absorption due to the plasmon excitation is suppressed in a narrow window due to the coupling with the infrared active Γ-point optical phonon, whose function here is similar to that of the dark plasmon mode in the plasmon-induced transparency. We further show that PIT in bilayer graphene is actively tunable by electrostatic gating and estimate a maximum slow light factor of around 500 at the phonon frequency of 1580 cm(-1), based on the measured spectra. Our demonstration opens an avenue for the exploration of few-photon nonlinear optics and slow light in this novel two-dimensional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugen Yan
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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