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Meng J, Lee C, Li Z. Adjustment methods of Schottky barrier height in one- and two-dimensional semiconductor devices. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1342-1352. [PMID: 38490891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The Schottky contact which is a crucial interface between semiconductors and metals is becoming increasingly significant in nano-semiconductor devices. A Schottky barrier, also known as the energy barrier, controls the depletion width and carrier transport across the metal-semiconductor interface. Controlling or adjusting Schottky barrier height (SBH) has always been a vital issue in the successful operation of any semiconductor device. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the static and dynamic adjustment methods of SBH, with a particular focus on the recent advancements in nano-semiconductor devices. These methods encompass the work function of the metals, interface gap states, surface modification, image-lowering effect, external electric field, light illumination, and piezotronic effect. We also discuss strategies to overcome the Fermi-level pinning effect caused by interface gap states, including van der Waals contact and 1D edge metal contact. Finally, this review concludes with future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Meng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore.
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Tecuapa-Flores ED, Palacios-Cabrera CB, Santiago-Cuevas AJ, Hernández JG, Narayanan J, Thangarasu P. Simultaneous recognition of dopamine and uric acid in real samples through highly sensitive new electrode fabricated using ZnO/carbon quantum dots: bio-imaging and theoretical studies. Analyst 2023; 149:108-124. [PMID: 37982410 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01467c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA), which are vital components in human metabolism, cause several health problems if they are present in altered concentrations; thus, the determination of DA and UA is essential in real samples using selective sensors. In the present study, graphite carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were fabricated using ZnO/carbon quantum dots (ZnO/CQDs) and employed as electrochemical sensors for the detection of DA and UA. These electrodes were fully characterized via different analytical techniques (XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and EDS). The electrochemical responses from the modified electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the present electrode has exhibited high sensitivity towards DA, recognizing even at low concentrations (0.12 μM), and no inference was observed in the presence of UA. The ZnO/CQD electrode was applied for the simultaneous detection of co-existing DA and UA in real human urine samples and the peak potential separation between DA and UA was found to be greatly associated with the synergistic effect originated from ZnO and CQDs. The limit of detection (LOD) of the electrode was analyzed, and compared with other commercially available electrodes. Thus, the ZnO/CQD electrode was used to detect DA and UA in real samples, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Tecuapa-Flores
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense s/n esquina Av. Universidad Politécnica, Tultitlán, Estado de México CP 54910, México
| | - Cristian B Palacios-Cabrera
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F., México.
| | - Alan J Santiago-Cuevas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F., México.
| | - José G Hernández
- Centro Tecnológico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES-Aragón), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Estado de México, CP 57130, México
| | - Jayanthi Narayanan
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense s/n esquina Av. Universidad Politécnica, Tultitlán, Estado de México CP 54910, México
| | - Pandiyan Thangarasu
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F., México.
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Zhu J, Negahban M, Xu J, Xia R, Li Z. Theoretical Analysis of Piezoelectric Semiconductor Thick Plates with Periodic Boundary Conditions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2174. [PMID: 38138342 PMCID: PMC10745086 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric semiconductors, being materials with both piezoelectric and semiconducting properties, are of particular interest for use in multi-functional devices and naturally result in multi-physics analysis. This study provides analytical solutions for thick piezoelectric semiconductor plates with periodic boundary conditions and includes an investigation of electromechanical coupling effects. Using the linearization of the drift-diffusion equations for both electrons and holes for small carrier concentration perturbations, the governing equations are solved by the extended Stroh formalism, which is a method for solving the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a problem. The solution, obtained in the form of a series expansion with an unknown coefficient, is solved by matching Fourier series expansions of the boundary conditions. The distributions of electromechanical fields and the concentrations of electrons and holes under four-point bending and three-point bending loads are calculated theoretically. The effects of changing the period length and steady-state carrier concentrations are covered in the discussion, which also reflects the extent of coupling in multi-physics interactions. The results provide a theoretical method for understanding and designing with piezoelectric semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueyong Zhu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mehrdad Negahban
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongyu Xia
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Wang Y, Xie W, Peng W, Li F, He Y. Fundamentals and Applications of ZnO-Nanowire-Based Piezotronics and Piezo-Phototronics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:mi14010047. [PMID: 36677109 PMCID: PMC9860666 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The piezotronic effect is a coupling effect of semiconductor and piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric potential is used to adjust the p-n junction barrier width and Schottky barrier height to control carrier transportation. At present, it has been applied in the fields of sensors, human-machine interaction, and active flexible electronic devices. The piezo-phototronic effect is a three-field coupling effect of semiconductor, photoexcitation, and piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric potential generated by the applied strain in the piezoelectric semiconductor controls the generation, transport, separation, and recombination of carriers at the metal-semiconductor contact or p-n junction interface, thereby improving optoelectronic devices performance, such as photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes (LED). Since then, the piezotronics and piezo-phototronic effects have attracted vast research interest due to their ability to remarkably enhance the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Meanwhile, ZnO has become an ideal material for studying the piezotronic and piezo-phototronic effects due to its simple preparation process and better biocompatibility. In this review, first, the preparation methods and structural characteristics of ZnO nanowires (NWs) with different doping types were summarized. Then, the theoretical basis of the piezotronic effect and its application in the fields of sensors, biochemistry, energy harvesting, and logic operations (based on piezoelectric transistors) were reviewed. Next, the piezo-phototronic effect in the performance of photodetectors, solar cells, and LEDs was also summarized and analyzed. In addition, modulation of the piezotronic and piezo-phototronic effects was compared and summarized for different materials, structural designs, performance characteristics, and working mechanisms' analysis. This comprehensive review provides fundamental theoretical and applied guidance for future research directions in piezotronics and piezo-phototronics for optoelectronic devices and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi’an City, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wanli Xie
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi’an City, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wenbo Peng
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi’an City, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Fangpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yongning He
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi’an City, Xi’an 710049, China
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Chakraborty B, Mandal N, Das N, Samanta N, RoyChaudhuri C. Competitive Impedance Spectroscopy in a Schottky-Contacted ZnO Nanorod Structure for Ultrasensitive and Specific Biosensing in a Physiological Analyte. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1634-1647. [PMID: 35621183 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To enable detection and discovery of biomarkers, development of label-free, ultrasensitive, and specific sensors is the need of the hour. For addressing this requirement, here, a Schottky-contacted ZnO nanorod biosensor has been demonstrated, which explores the interplay between Schottky junction capacitance and solution resistance, resulting in an interesting sensing principle of competitive impedance spectroscopy. When the transition of dominating impedance occurs from solution resistance to junction capacitance, a notch or a peak appears in the impedance response at a particular frequency (referred to as the corner frequency) depending on the charge of the target molecule. The appearance of the peak or notch acts like an electronic label for selectivity since it is visible only for target molecules even at ultralow concentrations in the physiological analyte, where the magnitude of impedance change overlaps with that for nonspecific molecules. This phenomenon has been successfully applied for the positively charged vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the negatively charged hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), where the shifts in the higher corner frequencies for 1 aM concentration of the target molecules have been observed to be more than 3 times the changes in the impedance magnitude. Further, the area of the ZnO nanorods was segmented into two zones corresponding to the lower and higher concentration regimes, thereby expanding the dynamic range. To summarize, an ultralow detection limit of 1 aM with a dynamic range up to 1 pM was achieved for VEGF and HBsAg, which is 4 orders of magnitude and 20 times lower than their most sensitive label-free reports, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Chakraborty
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Naresh Mandal
- School of Electrical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403401, Goa, India
| | - Naren Das
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KL University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nirmalya Samanta
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Techno India University, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Chirasree RoyChaudhuri
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur 711103, West Bengal, India
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Wang L, Lin Z, Du Y, Qiu J, Chen X, Yu J. The piezoelectricity of 2D Janus ZnBrI: Multiscale prediction. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhang J, Du Y. Fatigue and its effect on the piezopotential properties of gallium nitride nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:095401. [PMID: 34814121 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3c7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires (NWs) in piezotronic applications are usually under cyclic loading, which thus may inevitably suffer the mechanical fatigue. In this paper, the fatigue behaviours of defective GaN NWs are investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our results show no significant changes in the molecular structures of GaN NWs until their final failure during the fatigue process. The final fracture occurring in the GaN NWs under fatigue loading is triggered by the crack that unusually initiates from the NW surface. The GaN NW with a smaller defect concentration or under the fatigue load with a smaller amplitude is found to possess a longer fatigue life. In addition, the ultimate fatigue strain of GaN NWs can be significantly increased by reducing the defect concentration of NWs. The material parameters including elastic constants, piezoelectric coefficients, and dielectric constants of GaN NWs in the fatigue test are evaluated through MD simulations, all of which are found to keep almost unchanged during the fatigue process. These material parameters together with the band gaps of GaN NWs extracted from first-principles calculations are employed in finite element calculations to investigate the piezopotential properties of GaN NWs under fatigue loading. No significant changes are found in the piezopotential properties of GaN NWs during the fatigue process, which indicates the long-term dynamic reliability of GaN NWs in piezotronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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8
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Meng J, Li Q, Huang J, Li Z. Tunable Schottky barrier height of a Pt-CuO junction via a triboelectric nanogenerator. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17101-17105. [PMID: 34632472 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04752c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tuning Schottky barrier height is crucial to optimize the performance of Schottky junction devices. Here, we demonstrate that the Schottky barrier height can be tuned with the voltage from a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Schottky barrier heights at both ends are increased after the treatment with the voltage generated by the TENG. The electric field generated by the impulse voltage of the TENG drives the diffusion of the ionized oxygen vacancy in a CuO nanowire, which induces the nonuniform distribution of the ionized oxygen vacancy. The positively charged oxygen vacancy accumulates at the contacted interface of Pt and the CuO nanowire, and it impels the conduction and valence bands to bend downwards. The Schottky barrier height is raised. A theoretical model based on the energy band diagram is proposed to explain this phenomenon. This method offers a simple and effective avenue to tune the Schottky barrier height. It opens up the possibility to develop a high-performance Schottky sensor by tuning the Schottky barrier height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Meng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jing Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhou Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
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Nguyen T, Dinh T, Phan HP, Pham TA, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in ultrasensitive piezoresistive sensors: from conventional to flexible and stretchable applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2123-2150. [PMID: 34846421 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistive effect has been a dominant mechanical sensing principle that has been widely employed in a range of sensing applications. This transducing concept still receives great attention because of the huge demand for developing small, low-cost, and high-performance sensing devices. Many researchers have extensively explored new methods to enhance the piezoresistive effect and to make sensors more and more sensitive. Many interesting phenomena and mechanisms to enhance the sensitivity have been discovered. Numerous review papers on the piezoresistive effect have been published; however, there is no comprehensive review article that thoroughly analyses methods and approaches to enhance the piezoresistive effect. This paper comprehensively reviews and presents all the advanced enhancement methods ranging from the quantum physical effect and new materials to nanoscopic and macroscopic structures, and from conventional rigid to flexible, stretchable and wearable applications. In addition, the paper summarises results recently achieved on applying the above-mentioned innovative sensing enhancement techniques in making extremely sensitive piezoresistive transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Juan Tao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0245 USA
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Meng J, Li Z. Schottky-Contacted Nanowire Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000130. [PMID: 32484268 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The progress of the Internet-of-Things in the past few years has necessitated the support of high-performance sensors. Schottky-contacted nanowire sensors have attracted considerable attention owing to their high sensitivity and fast response time. Their progress is reviewed here, based on several kinds of important nanowires, for applications such as bio/chemical sensors, gas sensors, photodetectors, and strain sensors. Although Schottky-contacted nanowire sensors deliver excellent performance in these fields, they can be further improved by various methods, including defect engineering, surface modification, the piezotronic effect, and the piezophototronic effect, all of which are discussed here. With regard to practical applications, further efforts are required to address challenges such as the stability, selectivity, ultrafast response, multifunctionality, flexibility, distributed energy supply, and sustainability of Schottky-contacted nanowire sensors. Finally, future perspectives and solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Meng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhou Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center of Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Zhang J. On the piezotronic behaviours of wurtzite core-shell nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:095407. [PMID: 31739302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The piezotronic behaviours of wurtzite core-shell nanowires (NWs) are studied in this paper by using a multiscale modelling technique. A difference between piezopotentials obtained from molecular dynamics simulations and finite element calculations indicates that due to the influence of small-scale effects the widely used conventional electromechanical theory is not accurate in describing the piezopotential properties of the present core-shell NWs. Although the residual strains intrinsically existing in core-shell NWs and the structural reconstruction at their surface and interface both account for these small-scale effects, the latter is found to play the dominate role, which makes the material properties of core-shell NWs significantly depend on their geometric size. A novel core-interface-shell-surface model is proposed here to analytically describe the size dependence of the material properties and thus the small-scale effects on the piezopotential of core-shell NWs. Besides possessing a good piezoelectric performance, our density functional theory calculations also show that the core-shell NWs under external loading can retain the semiconducting properties, which confirms the existence of piezotronic effects in them. However, owing to the intrinsic asymmetric Schottky barriers at the source and drain contacts induced by residual piezopotentials in core-shell NWs, the piezotronic effects of core-shell NWs are different to those of their conventional single-component counterparts. The superb piezopotential properties and unique piezotronic behaviours observed in wurtzite core-shell NWs make them good candidates for high performance components in novel piezotronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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13
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Fabrication of CQDs/MoS2/Mo foil for the improved electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Giant piezoresistive effect by optoelectronic coupling in a heterojunction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4139. [PMID: 31515479 PMCID: PMC6742666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the piezoresistive effect is crucial for improving the sensitivity of mechanical sensors. Herein, we report that the piezoresistive effect in a semiconductor heterojunction can be enormously enhanced via optoelectronic coupling. A lateral photovoltage, which is generated in the top material layer of a heterojunction under non-uniform illumination, can be coupled with an optimally tuned electric current to modulate the magnitude of the piezoresistive effect. We demonstrate a tuneable giant piezoresistive effect in a cubic silicon carbide/silicon heterojunction, resulting in an extraordinarily high gauge factor of approximately 58,000, which is the highest gauge factor reported for semiconductor-based mechanical sensors to date. This gauge factor is approximately 30,000 times greater than that of commercial metal strain gauges and more than 2,000 times greater than that of cubic silicon carbide. The phenomenon discovered can pave the way for the development of ultra-sensitive sensor technology. Designing reliable and sensitive mechanical sensing technologies based on piezoresistive effect remains a challenge. Here, the authors propose an opto-electro-mechanical coupling strategy to enable giant piezoresistive effect in a highly doped 3C-SiC/Si heterojunction achieving a high GF of 58,000.
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16
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Pan C, Zhai J, Wang ZL. Piezotronics and Piezo-phototronics of Third Generation Semiconductor Nanowires. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9303-9359. [PMID: 31364835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the fast development of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the last 30 years, semiconductor nanowires have been widely investigated in the areas of both electronics and optoelectronics. Among them, representatives of third generation semiconductors, such as ZnO and GaN, have relatively large spontaneous polarization along their longitudinal direction of the nanowires due to the asymmetric structure in their c-axis direction. Two-way or multiway couplings of piezoelectric, photoexcitation, and semiconductor properties have generated new research areas, such as piezotronics and piezo-phototronics. In this review, an in-depth discussion of the mechanisms and applications of nanowire-based piezotronics and piezo-phototronics is presented. Research on piezotronics and piezo-phototronics has drawn much attention since the effective manipulation of carrier transport, photoelectric properties, etc. through the application of simple mechanical stimuli and, conversely, since the design of new strain sensors based on the strain-induced change in semiconductor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Junyi Zhai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China.,School of Material Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Liu B, Wang M, Chen M, Wang J, Liu J, Hu D, Liu S, Yao X, Yang H. Effect of TC(002) on the Output Current of a ZnO Thin-Film Nanogenerator and a New Piezoelectricity Mechanism at the Atomic Level. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12656-12665. [PMID: 30844227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the piezoelectricity mechanism is crucial for developing new materials for better performance. Here, we developed a nanogenerator based on the ZnO thin films having various TC(002) values. The output current well correlated to the magnitude of (002) texture coefficient (TC(002)). Additionally, the TC(002)-dependent photovoltaic and rectification properties are observed. When the film is subjected to persistent compression, the photovoltaic, rectification, and piezoelectric properties fade away. Based on our observation that the ZnO polar structure always shows a spontaneous electron field (SEF), we thus propose a new piezoelectricity mechanism. The [001]-orientated ZnO thin film with the SEF is equivalent to a capacitor, the compression functions as a discharging process, and the removal of the external stress serves as a charging process. The physical mechanism provides an insight into various energy conversion processes that will inspire advanced designs of high-performance nanogenerators, solar cells, and other optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xi Yao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
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18
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Bastatas LD, Wagle P, Echeverria E, Austin AJ, McIlroy DN. The Effect of UV Illumination on the Room Temperature Detection of Vaporized Ammonium Nitrate by a ZnO Coated Nanospring-Based Sensor. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12020302. [PMID: 30669340 PMCID: PMC6356220 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of UV illumination on the room temperature electrical detection of ammonium nitrate vapor was examined. The sensor consists of a self-assembled ensemble of silica nanosprings coated with zinc oxide. UV illumination mitigates the baseline drift of the resistance relative to operation under dark conditions. It also lowers the baseline resistance of the sensor by 25% compared to dark conditions. At high ammonium nitrate concentrations (120 ppm), the recovery time after exposure is virtually identical with or without UV illumination. At low ammonium nitrate concentrations (20 ppm), UV illumination assists with refreshing of the sensor by stimulating analyte desorption, thereby enabling the sensor to return to its baseline resistance. Under dark conditions and low ammonium nitrate concentrations, residual analyte builds up with each exposure, which inhibits the sensor from returning to its original baseline resistance and subsequently impedes sensing due to permanent occupation of absorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon D Bastatas
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Phadindra Wagle
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Elena Echeverria
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Aaron J Austin
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - David N McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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19
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Zhuang Y, Zhao M, He Y, Cheng F, Chen S. Fabrication of ZnO/rGO/PPy heterostructure for electrochemical detection of mercury ion. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Tian W, Wang Y, Chen L, Li L. Self-Powered Nanoscale Photodetectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701848. [PMID: 28991402 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel self-powered nanoscale photodetectors that can work without an external power source, which have great application potential in next-generation nanodevices that operate wirelessly and independently, are being widely studied. This review aims to give a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art research results on self-powered nanoscale photodetectors. An introduction of recent progress on Schottky junction photodetectors is provided. Two types of Schottky junctions are discussed in detail: metal-semiconductor and semiconductor-graphene junctions. Next, recent developments of p-n junction photodetectors are highlighted, including homojunction and heterojunction photodetectors. Then, piezo-phototronic effect enhanced photodetection performances of Schottky junctions and p-n junctions are discussed. Then, significant results on the photoelectrochemical-cell-based photodetector and integrated self-powered nanosystem are presented, followed by a systematic comparison of different types of photodetectors. Finally, a summary of the previous results is given, and the major challenges that need to be addressed in the future are outlined. The hope is that this review can provide valuable insights into the current status of self-powered photodetectors and spur new structure and device designs to further enhance photodetection performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yidan Wang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
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21
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Wang X, Zhao M, Li H, Song Y, Chen S. Introducing Schottky barrier into electrochemical response: A novel adjusting strategy for designing electrochemical sensors. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Li X, Liang R, Tao J, Peng Z, Xu Q, Han X, Wang X, Wang C, Zhu J, Pan C, Wang ZL. Flexible Light Emission Diode Arrays Made of Transferred Si Microwires-ZnO Nanofilm with Piezo-Phototronic Effect Enhanced Lighting. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3883-3889. [PMID: 28362480 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fragility and the poor optoelectronic performances of Si, it is challenging and exciting to fabricate the Si-based flexible light-emitting diode (LED) array devices. Here, a flexible LED array device made of Si microwires-ZnO nanofilm, with the advantages of flexibility, stability, lightweight, and energy savings, is fabricated and can be used as a strain sensor to demonstrate the two-dimensional pressure distribution. Based on piezo-phototronic effect, the intensity of the flexible LED array can be increased more than 3 times (under 60 MPa compressive strains). Additionally, the device is stable and energy saving. The flexible device can still work well after 1000 bending cycles or 6 months placed in the atmosphere, and the power supplied to the flexible LED array is only 8% of the power of the surface-contact LED. The promising Si-based flexible device has wide range application and may revolutionize the technologies of flexible screens, touchpad technology, and smart skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | | | - Juan Tao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Xu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xun Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiandi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | | | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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23
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Sun Q, Ho DH, Choi Y, Pan C, Kim DH, Wang ZL, Cho JH. Piezopotential-Programmed Multilevel Nonvolatile Memory As Triggered by Mechanical Stimuli. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11037-11043. [PMID: 27935289 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a piezopotential-programmed nonvolatile memory array using a combination of ion gel-gated field-effect transistors (FETs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs). Piezopotentials produced from the NGs under external strains were able to replace the gate voltage inputs associated with the programming/erasing operation of the memory, which reduced the power consumption compared with conventional memory devices. Multilevel data storage in the memory device could be achieved by varying the external bending strain applied to the piezoelectric NGs. The resulting devices exhibited good memory performance, including a large programming/erasing current ratio that exceeded 103, multilevel data storage of 2 bits (over 4 levels), performance stability over 100 cycles, and stable data retention over 3000 s. The piezopotential-programmed multilevel nonvolatile memory device described here is important for applications in data-storable electronic skin and advanced human-robot interface operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University , Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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24
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Que M, Zhou R, Wang X, Yuan Z, Hu G, Pan C. Progress in piezo-phototronic effect modulated photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:433001. [PMID: 27603785 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/43/433001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wurtzite structured materials, like ZnO, GaN, CdS, and InN, simultaneously possess semiconductor and piezoelectric properties. The inner-crystal piezopotential induced by external strain can effectively tune/control the carrier generation, transport and separation/combination processes at the metal-semiconductor contact or p-n junction, which is called the piezo-phototronic effect. This effect can efficiently enhance the performance of photovoltaic devices based on piezoelectric semiconductor materials by utilizing the piezo-polarization charges at the junction induced by straining, which can modulate the energy band of the piezoelectric material and then accelerate or prevent the separation process of the photon-generated electrons and vacancies. This paper introduces the fundamental physics principles of the piezo-phototronic effect, and reviews recent progress in piezo-phototronic effect enhanced solar cells, including solar cells based on semiconductor nanowire, organic/inorganic materials, quantum dots, and perovskite. The piezo-phototronic effect is suggested as a suitable basis for the development of an innovative method to enhance the performance of solar cells based on piezoelectric semiconductors by applied extrinsic strains, which might be appropriate for fundamental research and potential applications in various areas of optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoling Que
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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25
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Fang H, Hu W, Wang P, Guo N, Luo W, Zheng D, Gong F, Luo M, Tian H, Zhang X, Luo C, Wu X, Chen P, Liao L, Pan A, Chen X, Lu W. Visible Light-Assisted High-Performance Mid-Infrared Photodetectors Based on Single InAs Nanowire. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6416-6424. [PMID: 27598791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional InAs nanowires (NWs) have been widely researched in recent years. Features of high mobility and narrow bandgap reveal its great potential of optoelectronic applications. However, most reported work about InAs NW-based photodetectors is limited to the visible waveband. Although some work shows certain response for near-infrared light, the problems of large dark current and small light on/off ratio are unsolved, thus significantly restricting the detectivity. Here in this work, a novel "visible light-assisted dark-current suppressing method" is proposed for the first time to reduce the dark current and enhance the infrared photodetection of single InAs NW photodetectors. This method effectively increases the barrier height of the metal-semiconductor contact, thus significantly making the device a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode. These MSM photodiodes demonstrate broadband detection from less than 1 μm to more than 3 μm and a fast response of tens of microseconds. A high detectivity of ∼1012 Jones has been achieved for the wavelength of 2000 nm at a low bias voltage of 0.1 V with corresponding responsivity of as much as 40 A/W. Even for the incident wavelength of 3113 nm, a detectivity of ∼1010 Jones and a responsivity of 0.6 A/W have been obtained. Our work has achieved an extended detection waveband for single InAs NW photodetector from visible and near-infrared to mid-infrared. The excellent performance for infrared detection demonstrated the great potential of narrow bandgap NWs for future infrared optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehai Fang
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weida Hu
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Nan Guo
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wenjin Luo
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingshan Zheng
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fan Gong
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man Luo
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Hongzheng Tian
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Xutao Zhang
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices of MOE, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices of MOE, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Microelectronics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Lu
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Wang X, Yu R, Jiang C, Hu W, Wu W, Ding Y, Peng W, Li S, Wang ZL. Piezotronic Effect Modulated Heterojunction Electron Gas in AlGaN/AlN/GaN Heterostructure Microwire. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7234-42. [PMID: 27259091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The piezotronic effect is applied to modulate the physical properties of heterojunction electron gas and thus tune the electric transport in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure microwires. At room temperature, the conductance is increased by 165% under -1.78% compressive strains, and reduced by 48% under 1.78% tensile strains; at 77 K, this modulating effect is further improved by 890% and 940% under compressive and tensile strains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ruomeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Yong Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Wenbo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Shuti Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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27
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Pan C, Chen M, Yu R, Yang Q, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Wang ZL. Progress in Piezo-Phototronic-Effect-Enhanced Light-Emitting Diodes and Pressure Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1535-52. [PMID: 26676842 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wurtzite materials exhibit both semiconductor and piezoelectric properties under strains due to the non-central symmetric crystal structures. The three-way coupling of semiconductor properties, piezoelectric polarization and optical excitation in ZnO, GaN, CdS and other piezoelectric semiconductors leads to the emerging field of piezo-phototronics. This effect can efficiently manipulate the emission intensity of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by utilizing the piezo-polarization charges created at the junction upon straining to modulate the energy band diagrams and the optoelectronic processes, such as generation, separation, recombination and/or transport of charge carriers. Starting from fundamental physics principles, recent progress in piezo-phototronic-effect-enhanced LEDs is reviewed; following their development from single-nanowire pressure-sensitive devices to high-resolution array matrices for pressure-distribution mapping applications. The piezo-phototronic effect provides a promising method to enhance the light emission of LEDs based on piezoelectric semiconductors through applying static strains, and may find perspective applications in various optoelectronic devices and integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mengxiao Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ruomeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0245, USA
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28
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Wang WC, Lai CY, Lin YT, Yua TH, Chen ZY, Wu WW, Yeh PH. Surface defect engineering: gigantic enhancement in the optical and gas detection ability of metal oxide sensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By using surface defect engineering, the gigantic enhancement in UV and gas detection abilities of nanosensors can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Wang
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu City 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Yua
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
| | - Zong-Yi Chen
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu City 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hung Yeh
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
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29
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Chang CM, Hsu CH, Liu YW, Chien TC, Sung CH, Yeh PH. Interface engineering: broadband light and low temperature gas detection abilities using a nano-heterojunction device. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20126-20131. [PMID: 26567487 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have designed a nano-heterojunction device using interface defects and band bending effects, which can have broadband light detection (from 365-940 nm) and low operating temperature (50 °C) gas detection abilities. The broadband light detection mechanism occurs because of the defects and band bending between the heterojunction interface. We have demonstrated this mechanism using CoSi2/SnO2, CoSi2/TiO2, Ge/SnO2 and Ge/TiO2 nano-heterojunction devices, and all these devices show broadband light detection ability. Furthermore, the nano-heterojunction of the nano-device has a local Joule-heating effect. For gas detection, the results show that the nano-heterojunction device presents a high detection ability. The reset time and sensitivity of the nano-heterojunction device are an order faster and larger than Schottky-contacted devices (previous works), which is due to the local Joule-heating effect between the interface of the nano-heterojunction. Based on the abovementioned idea, we can design diverse nano-devices for widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Chang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan.
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30
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Wang CH, Lai KY, Li YC, Chen YC, Liu CP. Ultrasensitive Thin-Film-Based Alx Ga1-x N Piezotronic Strain Sensors via Alloying-Enhanced Piezoelectric Potential. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6289-6295. [PMID: 26349632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alx Ga1-x N thin-film-based piezotronic strain sensors with ultrahigh strain sensitivity are fabricated through alloying of AlN with GaN. The strain sensitivity of the ternary compound Alx Ga1-x N is higher than those of the individual binary compounds GaN and AlN. Such a high performance can be attributed to the piezoelectric constant enhancement via intercalation of Al atoms into the GaN matrix, the effect of residual strain, and a suppressed screening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yu Lai
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chih Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Pu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
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Wang X, Dong L, Zhang H, Yu R, Pan C, Wang ZL. Recent Progress in Electronic Skin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500169. [PMID: 27980911 PMCID: PMC5115318 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and can sense pressure, temperature, and other complex environmental stimuli or conditions. The mimicry of human skin's sensory ability via electronics is a topic of innovative research that could find broad applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, and human-machine interfaces, all of which promote the development of electronic skin (e-skin). To imitate tactile sensing via e-skins, flexible and stretchable pressure sensor arrays are constructed based on different transduction mechanisms and structural designs. These arrays can map pressure with high resolution and rapid response beyond that of human perception. Multi-modal force sensing, temperature, and humidity detection, as well as self-healing abilities are also exploited for multi-functional e-skins. Other recent progress in this field includes the integration with high-density flexible circuits for signal processing, the combination with wireless technology for convenient sensing and energy/data transfer, and the development of self-powered e-skins. Future opportunities lie in the fabrication of highly intelligent e-skins that can sense and respond to variations in the external environment. The rapidly increasing innovations in this area will be important to the scientific community and to the future of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hanlu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Ruomeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0245 USA
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China; School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0245 USA
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32
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Gutruf P, Zeller E, Walia S, Nili H, Sriram S, Bhaskaran M. Stretchable and Tunable Microtectonic ZnO-Based Sensors and Photonics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4532-4539. [PMID: 26044575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concept of realizing electronic applications on elastically stretchable "skins" that conform to irregularly shaped surfaces is revolutionizing fundamental research into mechanics and materials that can enable high performance stretchable devices. The ability to operate electronic devices under various mechanically stressed states can provide a set of unique functionalities that are beyond the capabilities of conventional rigid electronics. Here, a distinctive microtectonic effect enabled oxygen-deficient, nanopatterned zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on an elastomeric substrate are introduced to realize large area, stretchable, transparent, and ultraportable sensors. The unique surface structures are exploited to create stretchable gas and ultraviolet light sensors, where the functional oxide itself is stretchable, both of which outperform their rigid counterparts under room temperature conditions. Nanoscale ZnO features are embedded in an elastomeric matrix function as tunable diffraction gratings, capable of sensing displacements with nanometre accuracy. These devices and the microtectonic oxide thin film approach show promise in enabling functional, transparent, and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gutruf
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eike Zeller
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hussein Nili
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
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Piezotronic Effect: An Emerging Mechanism for Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:22914-40. [PMID: 26378536 PMCID: PMC4610598 DOI: 10.3390/s150922914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strain-induced polarization charges in a piezoelectric semiconductor effectively modulate the band structure near the interface and charge carrier transport. Fundamental investigation of the piezotronic effect has attracted broad interest, and various sensing applications have been demonstrated. This brief review discusses the fundamentals of the piezotronic effect, followed by a review highlighting important applications for strain sensors, pressure sensors, chemical sensors, photodetectors, humidity sensors and temperature sensors. Finally, the review offers some perspectives and outlook for this new field of multi-functional sensing enabled by the piezotronic effect.
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Yu B, Fu Y, Wang P, Zhao Y, Xing L, Xue X. Enhanced piezo-humidity sensing of a Cd-ZnO nanowire nanogenerator as a self-powered/active gas sensor by coupling the piezoelectric screening effect and dopant displacement mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10856-60. [PMID: 25820663 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00893j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive humidity sensing has been realized from a Cd-doped ZnO nanowire (NW) nanogenerator (NG) as a self-powered/active gas sensor. The piezoelectric output of the device acts not only as a power source, but also as a response signal to the relative humidity (RH) in the environment. The response of Cd-ZnO (1 : 10) NWs reached up to 85.7 upon exposure to 70% relative humidity, much higher than that of undoped ZnO NWs. Cd dopant can increase the number of oxygen vacancies in the NWs, resulting in more adsorption sites on the surface of the NWs. Upon exposure to a humid environment, a large amount of water molecules can displace the adsorbed oxygen ions on the surface of Cd-ZnO NWs. This procedure can influence the carrier density in Cd-ZnO NWs and vary the screening effect on the piezoelectric output. Our study can stimulate a research trend on exploring composite materials for piezo-gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwei Yu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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35
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Li X, Chen M, Yu R, Zhang T, Song D, Liang R, Zhang Q, Cheng S, Dong L, Pan A, Wang ZL, Zhu J, Pan C. Enhancing Light Emission of ZnO-Nanofilm/Si-Micropillar Heterostructure Arrays by Piezo-Phototronic Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4447-4453. [PMID: 26099108 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
n-ZnO nanofilm/p-Si micropillar heterostructure light-emitting diode (LED) arrays for white light emissions are achieved and the light emission intensity of LED array is enhanced by 120% under -0.05% compressive strains. These results indicate a promising approach to fabricate Si-based light-emitting components with high performances enhanced by the piezo-phototronic effect, with potential applications in touchpad technology, personalized signatures, smart skin, and silicon-based photonic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengxiao Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruomeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Renrong Liang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang N, Gao C, Xue F, Han Y, Li T, Cao X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang ZL. Piezotronic-effect enhanced drug metabolism and sensing on a single ZnO nanowire surface with the presence of human cytochrome P450. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3159-3168. [PMID: 25758259 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) enzymes are involved in catalyzing the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds. A rapid analysis of drug metabolism reactions by CYPs is required because they can metabolize 95% of current drugs in drug development and effective therapies. Here, we describe a study of piezotronic-effect enhanced drug metabolism and sensing by utilizing a single ZnO nanowire (ZnO NW) device. Owing to the unique hydrophobic feature of a ZnO NW that provides a desirable "microenvironment" for the immobilization of biomolecules, our device can effectively stimulate the tolbutamide metabolism by decorating a ZnO NW with cytochrome P4502C9/CYPs reductase (CYP2C9/CPR) microsomes. By applying an external compressive strain to the ZnO nanowire, the piezotronic effect, which plays a primary role in tuning the transport behavior of a ZnO NW utilizing the created piezoelectric polarization charges at the local interface, can effectively enhance the performance of the device. A theoretical model is proposed using an energy band diagram to explain the experimental data. This study provides a potential approach to study drug metabolism and trace drug detection based on the piezotronic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Caizhen Gao
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fei Xue
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Han
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tao Li
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- ∥School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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37
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Wang ZL, Weiss PS. A conversation with Prof. Zhong Lin Wang, energy harvester. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2221-2226. [PMID: 25802088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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38
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Lu S, Qi J, Gu Y, Liu S, Xu Q, Wang Z, Liang Q, Zhang Y. Influence of the carrier concentration on the piezotronic effect in a ZnO/Au Schottky junction. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4461-4467. [PMID: 25683086 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The piezotronic effect, which utilizes the piezopotential to engineer the interface characteristics, has been widely exploited to design novel functional device or to optimize the device performance, which is intimately related to the carrier concentration. Here, by constructing a general Schottky diode, the piezotronic effect dependence on the carrier concentration was investigated systematically using ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy was employed to quantify the carrier concentration in ZnO nanorods under UV illumination. The results showed that the carrier concentration increases with increasing light intensity and an average value of up to 5.6 × 10(18) cm(-3) under 1.2 mW cm(-2) light illumination was obtained. Furthermore, with increasing UV light intensity, an increasingly imperceptible variation in the current-voltage characteristics under strain was observed, which finally disappeared under 1.2 mW cm(-2) light illumination. This phenomenon was attributed to the weakened modulation ability of the piezopotential due to the strengthened screening effect. In addition, the gradual disappearing in the barrier also contributed to the gradual disappearance of the piezotronic effect. This study provides an in-depth understanding of piezotronics, which could be extended to other piezoelectric devices and guide the design and optimization of piezotronic and even piezophototronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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39
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Zhang Z, Liao Q, Zhang X, Zhang G, Li P, Lu S, Liu S, Zhang Y. Highly efficient piezotronic strain sensors with symmetrical Schottky contacts on the monopolar surface of ZnO nanobelts. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:1796-1801. [PMID: 25519689 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05597g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Piezotronic strain sensors have drawn a lot of attention since the piezotronic theory was established. In this work, we developed a flexible piezotronic strain sensor based on an indium-doped ZnO nanobelt, of which the top surface was the monopolar surface. By connecting two electrodes with the two ends of the top surface of the nanobelt, the strain sensor was constructed. Compared with a nanorod/nanowire based strain sensor, this monopolar surface device avoids the need to identify the polar direction. Under strain, a static potential with the same value and polarity was generated by the coupling effect of the piezoelectric effect and the Poisson effect. This induced piezopotential influenced the Schottky barrier heights at the interfaces of both the source and drain electrodes, resulting in current changes with the same trend at forward and reverse biases. By applying a series of periodical strains, the sensor showed clear, fast and accurate current responses. The gauge factor achieved for compressive strain was 4036. This type of piezotronic strain sensor with a polar surface facing upward presented a high performance and easier fabrication, showing promise for applications in electrical mechanical sensors and MEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China.
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40
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Zhao Y, Deng P, Nie Y, Wang P, Zhang Y, Xing L, Xue X. Biomolecule-adsorption-dependent piezoelectric output of ZnO nanowire nanogenerator and its application as self-powered active biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Xue F, Zhang L, Tang W, Zhang C, Du W, Wang ZL. Piezotronic effect on ZnO nanowire film based temperature sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5955-5961. [PMID: 24697564 DOI: 10.1021/am500993p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated the first study of piezotronic effect as a potential means for measuring temperature by utilizing ZnO nanowire (NW) film. The film was synthesized by the wet chemical deposition method and transferred to a flexible substrate using photoresist. The primary role of piezotronic effect over geometrical and piezoresistive effect in the as-fabricated devices has been confirmed, and piezotronic effect on charge carrier transportation under different strains is subsequently studied. In addition, we also presented that the temperature sensing capability of as-fabricated NW film based piezotronic devices can be tuned by piezopotential, which exhibits dramatically enhanced sensitivity. A theoretical model is proposed to interpret the observed behaviors of the sensor. This study provides an effective method to fabricate temperature sensors with higher performance based on piezotronic effect in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100083, China
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42
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Miao J, Hu W, Guo N, Lu Z, Zou X, Liao L, Shi S, Chen P, Fan Z, Ho JC, Li TX, Chen XS, Lu W. Single InAs nanowire room-temperature near-infrared photodetectors. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3628-35. [PMID: 24592971 DOI: 10.1021/nn500201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we report InAs nanowire (NW) near-infrared photodetectors having a detection wavelength up to ∼1.5 μm. The single InAs NW photodetectors displayed minimum hysteresis with a high Ion/Ioff ratio of 10(5). At room temperature, the Schottky-Ohmic contacted photodetectors had an external photoresponsivity of ∼5.3 × 10(3) AW(-1), which is ∼300% larger than that of Ohmic-Ohmic contacted detectors (∼1.9 × 10(3) AW(-1)). A large enhancement in photoresponsivity (∼300%) had also been achieved in metal Au-cluster-decorated InAs NW photodetectors due to the formation of Schottky junctions at the InAs/Au cluster contacts. The photocurrent decreased when the photodetectors were exposed to ambient atmosphere because of the high surface electron concentration and rich surface defect states in InAs NWs. A theoretical model based on charge transfer and energy band change is proposed to explain this observed performance. To suppress the negative effects of surface defect states and atmospheric molecules, new InAs NW photodetectors with a half-wrapped top-gate had been fabricated by using 10 nm HfO2 as the top-gate dielectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Miao
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
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43
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Bao Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Zhao Y, Wu D. Controllable fabrication of one-dimensional ZnO nanoarrays and their application in constructing silver trap structures. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1-D ZnO NAs with controllable density and diameter have successfully been synthesized and found potential applications in silver trap construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Duoduo Wu
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology
- Xi'an 710021, China
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44
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Wang H, Gong Y, Wang Y. Cellulose-based hydrophobic carbon aerogels as versatile and superior adsorbents for sewage treatment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon aerogels have attracted considerable attention in fundamental investigation and potential applications in a myriad of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Carbon Nano Materials Group
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Gong
- Carbon Nano Materials Group
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Carbon Nano Materials Group
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
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Abstract
Abstract
Technology advancement that can provide new solutions and enable augmented capabilities to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-based technology, such as active and adaptive interaction between machine and human/ambient, is highly desired. Piezotronic nanodevices and integrated systems exhibit potential in achieving these application goals. Utilizing the gating effect of piezopotential over carrier behaviors in piezoelectric semiconductor materials under externally applied deformation, the piezoelectric and semiconducting properties together with optoelectronic excitation processes can be coupled in these materials for the investigation of novel fundamental physics and the implementation of unprecedented applications. Piezopotential is created by the strain-induced ionic polarization in the piezoelectric semiconducting crystal. Piezotronics deal with the devices fabricated using the piezopotential as a ‘gate’ voltage to tune/control charge-carrier transport across the metal–semiconductor contact or the p–n junction. Piezo-phototronics is to use the piezopotential for controlling the carrier generation, transport, separation and/or recombination for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. This review intends to provide an overview of the rapid progress in the emerging fields of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics. The concepts and results presented in this review show promises for implementing novel nano-electromechanical devices and integrating with micro/nano-electromechanical system technology to achieve augmented functionalities to the state-of-the-art CMOS technology that may find applications in the human–machine interfacing, active flexible/stretchable electronics, sensing, energy harvesting, biomedical diagnosis/therapy, and prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
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46
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Gupta MK, Lee JH, Lee KY, Kim SW. Two-dimensional vanadium-doped ZnO nanosheet-based flexible direct current nanogenerator. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8932-9. [PMID: 24004103 DOI: 10.1021/nn403428m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of lead-free single-crystalline two-dimensional (2D) vanadium(V)-doped ZnO nanosheets (NSs) and their application for high-performance flexible direct current (DC) power piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs). The vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) converted to NS networks by V doping. Piezoresponse force microscopy studies reveal that vertical V-doped ZnO NS exhibit typical ferroelectricity with clear phase loops, butterfly, and well-defined hysteresis loops with a piezoelectric charge coefficient of up to 4 pm/V, even in 2D nanostructures. From pristine ZnO NR-based NGs, alternating current (AC)-type output current was observed, while from V-doped ZnO NS-based NGs, a DC-type output current density of up to 1.0 μAcm(-2) was surprisingly obtained under the same vertical compressive force. The growth mechanism, ferroelectric behavior, charge inverted phenomena, and high piezoelectric output performance observed from the V-doped ZnO NS are discussed in terms of the formation of an ionic layer of [V(OH)4(-)], permanent electric dipole, and the doping-induced resistive behavior of ZnO NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, ‡SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Center for Human Interface Nanotechnology (HINT), and §IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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47
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Su Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Xie Y, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Fukata N, Bando Y, Wang ZL. Enhanced photodegradation of methyl orange with TiO₂ nanoparticles using a triboelectric nanogenerator. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:295401. [PMID: 23807032 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/29/295401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Methyl orange (MO) can be degraded by a photocatalytic process using TiO₂ under UV irradiation. The photo-generated holes and electrons can migrate to the surface of TiO₂ particles and serve as redox sources that react with adsorbed reactants, leading to the formation of superoxide radical anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals involved in the oxidation of dye pollution. Here, we fabricated a polytetrafluoroethylene-Al based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) whose electric power output can be used for enhancing the photodegradation of MO with the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles, because the TENG generated electric field can effectively boost the separation and restrain the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. Due to the photoelectrical coupling, the degradation percentages of MO for 120 min with and without TENG assistance are 76% and 27%, respectively. The fabricated TENGs have potential applications in wastewater treatment, water splitting, and pollution degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
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Niu S, Hu Y, Wen X, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Lin L, Wang S, Wang ZL. Enhanced performance of flexible ZnO nanowire based room-temperature oxygen sensors by piezotronic effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3701-3706. [PMID: 23716262 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A flexible oxygen sensor based on individual ZnO nanowires is demonstrated with high sensitivity at room temperature and the influence of the piezotronic effect on the performance of this oxygen sensor is investigated. By applying a tensile strain, the already very high sensitivity due to the Schottky contact and pre-treatment of UV light is even further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
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