1
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Palanivel M, Nataraj D, Thrupthika T, Ramya S, Premkumar S, Thangadurai TD. Nonclassical Pathways: Accelerated Crystal Growth of Sodium Hexafluorosilicate Microrods via Nanoparticle-Assisted Processes with 0D Silicon Quantum Dots. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24060-24070. [PMID: 38854570 PMCID: PMC11154940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonclassical crystallization represents an innovative pathway that utilizes nanoparticles, enabling the generation of single crystals, going beyond a classical mechanism dependent on atoms, ions, or molecules. Our investigation has revealed hierarchical structures emerging via the aggregation and fusion of primary silicon quantum dots (SiQDs). In contrast to the classical ion-by-ion crystallization process, the primary SiQDs initially undergo aggregation, followed by fusion and their subsequent crystallization, leading to the ultrafast crystal growth of sodium hexafluorosilicate (SHFS) microrods with diverse morphologies. A comprehensive fluorescence microscopy study is performed to examine the mechanism of microrod formation through the primary aggregation and fusion of SiQDs at room temperature in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF). The different concentrations of HF play a crucial role in the formation of flower-, block-, and hexagonal-shaped SHFS microrods. However, the presence of a high-concentration HF causes a reduction in microrod size, elucidated through a range of analytical and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswari Palanivel
- Quantum
Materials & Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Devaraj Nataraj
- Quantum
Materials & Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
- UGC−CPEPA
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics for the Development of Solar
Energy Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Thankappan Thrupthika
- Quantum
Materials & Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Subramaniam Ramya
- Quantum
Materials & Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Sellan Premkumar
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization,
School of Electronics Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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2
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Johnsen HM, Hossaini Nasr S, De Luna R, Filtvedt W, Sailor MJ, Klaveness J, Hiorth M. Stable "snow lantern-like" aggregates of silicon nanoparticles suitable as a drug delivery platform. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9899-9910. [PMID: 38686453 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a growing field where development of novel organic and inorganic materials is essential to meet the complex requirements for drug delivery. This includes biocompatibility, suitability for surface modifications, biodegradability, and stability sufficient to carry a drug payload through various tissues for the desired timespan. Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSi NP) are shown to have several beneficial traits in drug delivery in addition to a porous structure to maximize drug loading. The conventional synthesis of pSi NP using electrochemical etching is costly, time-consuming and requires large quantities of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid (HF). As such this research attempted a novel method to address these limitations. Mesoporous silicon nanoparticles were prepared by centrifugal Chemical Vapor Deposition (cCVD) without the use of HF. This process generated aggregates consisting of multiple primary particles fused into each other, similar to snowballs fused together in a snow-lantern (snowball pyramid). Our results demonstrated that the cCVD Si particles were versatile in terms of surface chemistry, colloidal stability, degradability, minimization of acute in vitro toxicity, and modulation of drug release. Dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and cryogenic nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurements confirmed the overall size (210 nm), morphology, and pore size (14-16 nm) of the prepared materials. Agglomeration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was minimized by PEGylation by a two-step grafting procedure that employed a primary amine linker. Finally, the release rate of a model drug, hydrocortisone, was evaluated with both PEGylated and pristine particles. Conclusively, these snow-lantern cCVD Si particles do indeed appear suitable for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennie Marie Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Nacamed AS, Oslo Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ricardo De Luna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Werner Filtvedt
- Nacamed AS, Oslo Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jo Klaveness
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Popelář T, Matějka F, Kopenec J, Morselli G, Ceroni P, Kůsová K. Why do Si quantum dots with stronger fast emission have lower external photoluminescence quantum yield? NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2644-2655. [PMID: 38752139 PMCID: PMC11093259 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Silicon quantum dots (QDs) are a promising non-toxic alternative to the already well-developed platform of light-emitting semiconductor QDs based on III-V and II-VI materials. Oxidized SiQDs or those surface-terminated with long alkyl chains typically feature long-lived orange-red photoluminescence originating in quantum-confined core states. However, sometimes an additional short-lived PL band, whose mechanism is still highly debated, is reported. Here, we perform a detailed study of the room-temperature PL of SiQDs using samples covering three main fabrication techniques. We find evidence for the presence of only one set of radiative processes in addition to the typical long-lived PL. Moreover, we experimentally determine the ratio between the short- and long-lived PL component, obtaining a wide range of values (0.003 - 0.1) depending on the type of sample. In accordance with an already published report, we observe a tendency of SiQDs with stronger short-lived PL to have lower external quantum yield. We explain this trend using a model of the optical performance of an ensemble of QDs with widely varying optical characteristics through a mechanism we call selective lifetime-based quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Popelář
- Institute of Physics of the CAS v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Filip Matějka
- Institute of Physics of the CAS v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Prague 6 Czechia
- University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czechia
| | - Jakub Kopenec
- Institute of Physics of the CAS v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Giacomo Morselli
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Kateřina Kůsová
- Institute of Physics of the CAS v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Prague 6 Czechia
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4
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Parker MA, De Marco ML, Castro-Grijalba A, Ghoridi A, Portehault D, Pechev S, Hillard EA, Lacomme S, Bessière A, Cunin F, Rosa P, Gonidec M, Drisko GL. Size-tunable silicon nanoparticles synthesized in solution via a redox reaction. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7958-7964. [PMID: 38564304 PMCID: PMC11044627 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05793c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A current challenge in silicon chemistry is to perform liquid-phase synthesis of silicon nanoparticles, which would permit the use of colloidal synthesis techniques to control size and shape. Herein we show how silicon nanoparticles were synthesized at ambient temperature and pressure in organic solvents through a redox reaction. Specifically, a hexacoordinated silicon complex, bis(N,N'-diisopropylbutylamidinato)dichlorosilane, was reduced by a silicon Zintl phase, sodium silicide (Na4Si4). The resulting silicon nanoparticles were crystalline with sizes tuned from a median particle diameter of 15 nm to 45 nm depending on the solvent. Photoluminescence measurements performed on colloidal suspensions of the 45 nm diameter silicon nanoparticles indicated a blue emission signal, attributed to the partial oxidation of the Si nanocrystals or to the presence of nitrogen impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Parker
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | | | | | - Anissa Ghoridi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stanislav Pechev
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Elizabeth A Hillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, UMR 52531919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Bessière
- Univ.Montpellier, CNRS, ICGM, ENSCM, UMR-5618, F-34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- Univ.Montpellier, CNRS, ICGM, ENSCM, UMR-5618, F-34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Rosa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Glenna L Drisko
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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5
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Wei L, Zhang H, Shi L, Yang Z. Mixed-ligand-functionalized silicon-germanium alloy nanocrystals with improved carrier mobilities. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38469900 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloy nanocrystals (NCs) are promising for advanced optoelectronic applications due to their highly tunable composition and photophysical behaviors. The homogenous dispersion of Si and Ge atoms on the surfaces of SiGe NCs adds a degree of freedom for manipulating the surface chemistry of this type of alloy material. However, the difference in the reactivity between Si and Ge atoms brings additional difficulty in selecting appropriate surface ligands to passivate SiGe NCs. Here we report a mixed-ligand functionalization approach to passivate SiGe NCs effectively. Octadecene and oleylamine molecules serve as co-ligands to cap the surface Si and Ge atoms, respectively, yielding colloidally stable SiGe NCs with high solution dispersity and stable intrinsic near-infrared emission with a microsecond-scale lifetime decay. The resulting particles also show improved hole and electron mobilities of up to 1.1 × 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 6.3 × 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1, 2.2 and 1.2 times improvement over the particles only passivated by octadecene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Wei
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
- Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanchang 330096, China
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6
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Chen L, Zhang S, Duan Y, Song X, Chang M, Feng W, Chen Y. Silicon-containing nanomedicine and biomaterials: materials chemistry, multi-dimensional design, and biomedical application. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1167-1315. [PMID: 38168612 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01022k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The invention of silica-based bioactive glass in the late 1960s has sparked significant interest in exploring a wide range of silicon-containing biomaterials from the macroscale to the nanoscale. Over the past few decades, these biomaterials have been extensively explored for their potential in diverse biomedical applications, considering their remarkable bioactivity, excellent biocompatibility, facile surface functionalization, controllable synthesis, etc. However, to expedite the clinical translation and the unexpected utilization of silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials, it is highly desirable to achieve a thorough comprehension of their characteristics and biological effects from an overall perspective. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art progress of silicon-composed biomaterials, including their classification, characteristics, fabrication methods, and versatile biomedical applications. Additionally, we highlight the multi-dimensional design of both pure and hybrid silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials and their intrinsic biological effects and interactions with biological systems. Their extensive biomedical applications span from drug delivery and bioimaging to therapeutic interventions and regenerative medicine, showcasing the significance of their rational design and fabrication to meet specific requirements and optimize their theranostic performance. Additionally, we offer insights into the future prospects and potential challenges regarding silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials. By shedding light on these exciting research advances, we aspire to foster further progress in the biomedical field and drive the development of innovative silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials with transformative applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Duan
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China.
| | - Xinran Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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7
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Cheong IT, Yang Szepesvari L, Ni C, Butler C, O'Connor KM, Hooper R, Meldrum A, Veinot JGC. Not all silicon quantum dots are equal: photostability of silicon quantum dots with and without a thick amorphous shell. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:592-603. [PMID: 38058198 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04478e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent colloidal silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are sustainable alternatives to metal-based QDs for various optical applications. While the materials are reliant on their photoluminescence efficiency, the relationship between the structure and photostability of SiQDs is yet to be well studied. An amorphous silicon (a-Si) shell was recently discovered in SiQDs prepared by thermally-processed silicon oxides. As a-Si is known as a source of defects upon UV irradiation, the disordered shell could potentially have an adverse effect on the optical properties of nanoparticles. Herein, the photostability of ∼5 nm diameter SiQDs with an amorphous shell was compared with that of over-etched SiQDs of equivalent dimensions that bore an a-Si shell of negligible thickness. An UV-induced degradation study was conducted by subjecting toluene solutions of SiQDs to 365 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) under an inert atmosphere for predetermined times up to 72 hours. The structure, composition, and optical responses of the exposed SiQDs were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | | | - Chuyi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Cole Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Kevin M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Riley Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Alkiviathes Meldrum
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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8
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Wang F, Ou Q, Zhang S. Single-atom infrared emission in doped silicon nanocrystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28744-28749. [PMID: 37850355 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Silicon luminescence, due to silicon being abundant, non-toxic and harmless, is a topic of pivotal importance in optoelectronics and biological imaging. However, a major challenge in developing high-efficiency silicon light sources is the relatively weak allowable transitions. This study focuses on single atom-doped silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) and theoretically investigates the emission behavior of single atoms within a tetrahedral coordination field. Doping a single atom in Si NCs can result in a ∼102 times improvement at least in the squared transition dipole moment (TDM2), and induce a spectral shift towards near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. These findings offer a strong foundation for designing Si NCs for on-chip optical communication and single photon emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Wang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiongrong Ou
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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9
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Stavrou M, Mühlbach AM, Arapakis V, Groß E, Kratky T, Günther S, Rieger B, Couris S. Exceptional ultrafast nonlinear optical response of functionalized silicon nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16636-16649. [PMID: 37823282 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03497f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the ultrafast saturable absorption (SA), optical limiting (OL), and the nonlinear refractive response of hydride-terminated silicon nanosheets (SiNS-H) differently functionalized with styrene and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBuMA), namely, SiNS-styrene and SiNS-tBuMA, using 50 fs, 400 nm and 70 fs, 800 nm laser pulses. SiNS-styrene and SiNS-tBuMA exhibit dramatically enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) responses compared to SiNS-H, with their absorptive nonlinearity strongly dependent on the laser excitation wavelength. More specifically, the studied functionalized SiNSs reveal strong SA behavior under 400 nm laser excitation, with NLO absorption coefficients, saturable intensities, and modulation depths comparable to various two-dimensional (2D) materials, known to exhibit strong SA, such as graphene, black phosphorous (BP), some transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and some MXenes. On the other hand, under 800 nm laser excitation, SiNS-styrene and SiNS-tBuMA show highly efficient OL performance with OL onset values of about 0.0045 and 0.0065 J cm-2, respectively, which are significantly lower than those of other 2D nanostructures. In addition, it is shown that both SiNS samples have great potential in already existing Si-based optoelectronic devices for optical-switching applications since they exhibit very strong NLO refraction comparable to that of bulk Si. The results of the present work demonstrate that the chemical functionalization of SiNSs provides a highly efficient strategy for the preparation of 2D Si-based nanostructures with enhanced NLO response in view of several optoelectronic and photonic applications, such as OL, SA, and all-optical switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Stavrou
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas-Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece.
| | - Amelie M Mühlbach
- Wacker-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Vasilios Arapakis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas-Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece.
| | - Elisabeth Groß
- Wacker-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Tim Kratky
- Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Wacker-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas-Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece.
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10
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Tsai HY, Robidillo CJT, Matharu GK, O'Connor K, Cheong IT, Ni C, Veinot JGC, Algar WR. Spectrotemporal characterization of photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals and their energy transfer to dyes. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37449921 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) are a promising material for applications in bioanalysis and imaging. Compared to other types of semiconductor nanocrystals, the development and characterization of energy transfer (ET) configurations with SiNCs has been far more limited, resulting in an equally limited understanding of this process and its SiNC-specific nuances. Here, we present a systematic and detailed study of ET between SiNCs and dyes. A combination of spectroelectrophoresis and time-gated and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements were used to characterize the photophysical properties of ensembles of SiNCs and gain insight into how these properties varied as a function of nanocrystal size. ET between SiNC donors and a series of non-fluorescent Black Hole Quencher (BHQ) dyes and fluorescent sulfo-Cyanine 5.5 dye acceptors was evaluated in terms of spectral properties, wavelength-resolved efficiencies, trends with spectral overlap integral, and differences between two methods of BHQ association with the SiNCs. The overall results were consistent with a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism where the polydispersity of the SiNCs had a significant impact on the observed ET: the choice of wavelength and timing parameters were important, and ensemble measurements represented an average of heterogeneous ET behaviors. Prospective advantages and disadvantages of SiNCs as ET donors are discussed. This study serves as a foundation for the continued and optimized development of ET configurations with SiNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| | - Christopher Jay T Robidillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Manila, P. Faura Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Gunwant K Matharu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Kevin O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Chuyi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
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11
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Li K, Luo Z, Jiao H, Gan Z. Simultaneous synthesis and integration of nanoscale silicon by three-photon laser direct writing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1299-1306. [PMID: 36866252 PMCID: PMC9972563 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Typical fabrication processes of compact silicon quantum dot (Si QD) devices or components entail several synthesis, processing and stabilization steps, leading to manufacture and cost inefficiency. Here we report a single step strategy through which nanoscale architectures based on Si QDs can be simultaneously synthesized and integrated in designated positions by using a femtosecond laser (532 nm wavelength and 200 fs pulse duration) direct writing technique. The extreme environments of a femtosecond laser focal spot can result in millisecond synthesis and integration of Si architectures stacked by Si QDs with a unique crystal structure (central hexagonal). This approach involves a three-photon absorption process that can obtain nanoscale Si architecture units with a narrow line width of 450 nm. These Si architectures exhibited bright luminescence peaked at 712 nm. Our strategy can fabricate Si micro/nano-architectures to tightly attach to a designated position in one step, which demonstrates great potential for fabricating active layers of integrated circuit components or other compact devices based on Si QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of Information Storage System Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of Information Storage System Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
| | - Heng Jiao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of Information Storage System Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
| | - Zongsong Gan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Key Laboratory of Information Storage System Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
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12
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Effect of the surface coverage of an alkyl carboxylic acid monolayer on waterborne and cellular uptake behaviors for silicon quantum dots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17211. [PMID: 36241686 PMCID: PMC9568572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports the development of highly waterborne silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) terminated with a reactive group for grafting of biomolecules. Hydrogen-terminated QDs were prepared by thermal disproportionation of amorphous hydrogen silsesquioxane derived from triethoxysilane followed by hydrofluoric etching. Next, the hydrogenated Si surfaces were exposed to 10-undecenoic acid at different temperatures in Ar atmosphere, yielding the termination of the QDs with a carboxyl group. The thermal hydrosilylation of 10-undecenoic acid yielded the termination of the QDs with a carboxyl group. An increase in molecular coverage of an undecanoic acid (UA) monolayer resulted in both the enhanced increase of zeta-potential in a negative direction for a greater water-dispersity and the increase of absolute quantum yield (QY) of photoluminescence (PL). PLQY improved for ~ 1% to 26% with increasing UA coverage. We assessed the molecular interaction between the UA-SiQDs and HeLa cells by means of cellular uptake experiments using the QDs with different UA coverages. Results showed that the QDs with the highest dispersity in water were not internalized in the cells under confocal fluorescence microscopic observation. In contrast, the QDs with lower coverage of UA monolayer were internalized by endocytosis when incubated with HeLa cells. This contrasting observation opens the possibility of successfully preparing carboxy-capped SiQDs that do not allow cellular uptake but are targeted to specific cells by appropriate conjugation with biomolecules.
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13
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Chen H, Xu J, Wang Y, Wang D, Ferrer-Espada R, Wang Y, Zhou J, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Yang M, Tan JH, Yang X, Zhang L, Sychugov I, Chen S, Bals S, Paulsson J, Yang Z. Color-Switchable Nanosilicon Fluorescent Probes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15450-15459. [PMID: 36107985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are vital to cell imaging by allowing specific parts of cells to be visualized and quantified. Color-switchable probes (CSPs), with tunable emission wavelength upon contact with specific targets, are particularly powerful because they not only eliminate the need to wash away all unbound probe but also allow for internal controls of probe concentrations, thereby facilitating quantification. Several such CSPs exist and have proven very useful, but not for all key cellular targets. Here we report a pioneering CSP for in situ cell imaging using aldehyde-functionalized silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) that switch their intrinsic photoluminescence from red to blue quickly when interacting with amino acids in live cells. Though conventional probes often work better in cell-free extracts than in live cells, the SiNCs display the opposite behavior and function well and fast in universal cell lines at 37 °C while requiring much higher temperature in extracts. Furthermore, the SiNCs only disperse in cytoplasm not nucleus, and their fluorescence intensity correlated linearly with the concentration of fed amino acids. We believe these nanosilicon probes will be promising tools to visualize distribution of amino acids and potentially quantify amino acid related processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yaping Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Da Wang
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raquel Ferrer-Espada
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yutong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jingjian Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jia-Heng Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Ilya Sychugov
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shoudeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Paulsson
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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14
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Golvari P, Alkameh K, Kuebler SM. Si-H Surface Groups Inhibit Methacrylic Polymerization: Thermal Hydrosilylation of Allyl Methacrylate with Silicon Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8366-8373. [PMID: 35686698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-terminated silicon nanoparticles (H-SiNPs) inhibit anerobic thermal autopolymerization of methacrylates. When heated to 100 °C under an inert atmosphere, allyl methacrylate (AMA) was stable for at least 95 h in the presence of 1.2 wt % H-SiNPs, exhibiting less than 0.15% conversion, whereas the neat monomer solidified within 24 h (over 10% conversion after 34 h). A mechanism is proposed that is based on H-transfer from SiNPs to the thermally activated methacrylic dimer biradical, quenching autopolymerization. An analysis of SiNPs isolated after heating in AMA reveals the grafting of ester groups. Thermal hydrosilylation offers a facile way to attach an allyl group to the surface of SiNPs.
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15
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Guleria A, Gandhi V, Kunwar A, Neogy S, Debnath AK, Adhikari S. PEGylated silicon oxide nanocomposites with blue photoluminescence prepared by a rapid electron-beam irradiation approach: Applications in IFE-based Cr (VI) sensing and cell-imaging. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Guo H, Peng L, Wu N, Liu B, Wang M, Chen Y, Pan Z, Liu Y, Yang W. A novel fluorescent Si/CDs for highly sensitive Hg2+ sensing in water environment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Ye H, Zhao L, Ren X, Cai Y, Chi H. "Switch-Off-On" Detection of Fe 3+ and F - Ions Based on Fluorescence Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Application to Food Samples. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020213. [PMID: 35055232 PMCID: PMC8779261 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An approach to the detection of F− ions in food samples was developed based on a “switch-off-on” fluorescence probe of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs). The fluorescence of the synthetic SiNPs was gradually quenched in the presence of Fe3+ ion and slightly recovered with the addition of F− ion owing to the formation of a stable and colorless ferric fluoride. The fluorescence recovery exhibited a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9992) as the concentration of F− ion increased from 0 to 100 μmol·L−1. The detection limit of the established method of F− ion was 0.05 μmol·L−1. The recovery experiments confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. The ultraviolet–visible spectra, fluorescence decays, and zeta potentials evidenced the fluorescence quenching mechanism involving the electron transfer between the SiNPs and Fe3+ ion, while the fluorescence recovery resulted from the formation of ferric fluoride. Finally, SiNPs were successfully applied to detect F− ions in tap water, Antarctic krill, and Antarctic krill powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ye
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Lukai Zhao
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
| | - Xinghui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Hai Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.C.)
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Milliken S, Thiessen AN, Cheong IT, O'Connor KM, Li Z, Hooper RW, Robidillo CJT, Veinot JGC. "Turning the dials": controlling synthesis, structure, composition, and surface chemistry to tailor silicon nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16379-16404. [PMID: 34492675 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) can be challenging to prepare with defined size, crystallinity, composition, and surface chemistry. As is the case for any nanomaterial, controlling these parameters is essential if SiNPs are to realize their full potential in areas such as alternative energy generation and storage, sensors, and medical imaging. Numerous teams have explored and established innovative synthesis methods, as well as surface functionalization protocols to control these factors. Furthermore, substantial effort has been expended to understand how the abovementioned parameters influence material properties. In the present review we provide a commentary highlighting the benefits and limitations of available methods for preparing silicon nanoparticles as well as demonstrations of tailoring optical and electronic properties through definition of structure (i.e., crystalline vs. amorphous), composition and surface chemistry. Finally, we highlight potential opportunities for future SiNP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Kevin M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Riley W Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
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19
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So WY, Abbas S, Li Q, Jin R, Peteanu LA. Single and bi-excitonic characteristics of ligand-modified silicon nanoparticles as demonstrated via single particle photon statistics and plasmonic effects. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15238-15247. [PMID: 34105572 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) are of great interest to researchers due to their fluorescence properties, low toxicity, and the low cost of the Si precursor. Recent studies have shown that Si NPs surface-modified with secondary aryl amine ligands emit light at wavelengths ranging from cyan to yellow and with quantum yields of up to 90%. The predominant emitting state in these species has been assigned to a charge-transfer (CT) transition from the ligand to the Si particle as the emission wavelength is determined by the dipolar properties of the ligand rather than the size of the Si core. This contribution focuses on the single-molecule emission properties of Si NPs functionalized with a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-4-one ligand (Te-On) which have a peak emission wavelength of 550 nm and a quantum yield of 90%. In single-particle dispersed emission spectra, a weak long-wavelength sideband is seen in addition to the dominant yellow emission derived from the CT state. The photon statistical behavior of single Si NPs in the red emission region is consistent with that of a state having collective or bi-excitonic character. In contrast, the yellow emission exhibits predominantly CT character. Deposition of the sample onto a thin gold film causes the CT emission to be quenched whereas that attributed to a bi-exciton state of the Si core is enhanced. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of single-molecule intensity fluctuation in these surface-modified silicon nanoparticles that will benefit proposed applications in biological labeling and as single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Young So
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Sikandar Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Linda A Peteanu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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20
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Su Y, Wang C, Hong Z, Sun W. Thermal Disproportionation for the Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystals and Their Photoluminescent Properties. Front Chem 2021; 9:721454. [PMID: 34458238 PMCID: PMC8397416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.721454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, silicon nanocrystals have received vast attention and have been widely studied owing to not only their advantages including nontoxicity, high availability, and abundance but also their unique luminescent properties distinct from bulk silicon. Among the various synthetic methods of silicon nanocrystals, thermal disproportionation of silicon suboxides (often with H as another major composing element) bears the superiorities of unsophisticated equipment requirements, feasible processing conditions, and precise control of nanocrystals size and structure, which guarantee a bright industrial application prospect. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress of thermal disproportionation chemistry for the synthesis of silicon nanocrystals, with the focus on the effects of temperature, Si/O ratio, and the surface groups on the resulting silicon nanocrystals’ structure and their corresponding photoluminescent properties. Moreover, the paradigmatic application scenarios of the photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals synthesized via this method are showcased or envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Su
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Hong
- Lab of Dielectric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Guleria A, Tomy A, Baby CM, Gandhi V, Kunwar A, Debnath AK, Adhikari S. Electron beam mediated synthesis of photoluminescent organosilicon nanoparticles in TX-100 micellar medium and their prospective applications. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Singh G, Ddungu JLZ, Licciardello N, Bergmann R, De Cola L, Stephan H. Ultrasmall silicon nanoparticles as a promising platform for multimodal imaging. Faraday Discuss 2021; 222:362-383. [PMID: 32108214 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bimodal systems for nuclear and optical imaging are currently being intensively investigated due to their comparable detection sensitivity and the complementary information they provide. In this perspective, we have implemented both modalities on biocompatible ultrasmall silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs). Such nanoparticles are particularly interesting since they are highly biocompatible, have covalent surface functionalization and demonstrate very fast body clearance. We prepared monodisperse citrate-stabilized Si NPs (2.4 ± 0.5 nm) with more than 40 accessible terminal amino groups per particle and, for the first time, simultaneously, a near-infrared dye (IR800-CW) and a radiolabel (64Cu-NOTA = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid) have been covalently linked to the surface of such Si NPs. The obtained nanomaterials have been fully characterized using HR-TEM, XPS, UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy. These dual-labelled particles do not exhibit any cytotoxicity in vitro. In vivo studies employing both positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI) techniques revealed rapid renal clearance of dual-labelled Si NPs from mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, D-01328, Germany.
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23
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Cheong IT, Morrish W, Sheard W, Yu H, Tavares Luppi B, Milburn L, Meldrum A, Veinot JGC. Silicon Quantum Dot-Polymer Fabry-Pérot Resonators with Narrowed and Tunable Emissions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27149-27158. [PMID: 33983697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent silicon nanoparticles have been widely recognized as an alternative for metal-based quantum dots (QDs) for optoelectronics partly because of the high abundance and biocompatibility of silicon. To date, the broad photoluminescence line width (often >100 nm) of silicon QDs has been a hurdle to achieving competitive spectral purity and incorporating them into light-emitting devices. Herein we report fabrication and testing of straightforward configuration of Fabry-Pérot resonators that incorporates a thin layer of SiQD-polymer hybrid/blend between two reflective silver mirrors; remarkably these devices exhibit up-to-14-fold narrowing of SiQD emission and achieve a spectral bandwidth as narrow as ca. 9 nm. Our polymer-based, SiQD-containing Fabry-Pérot resonators also provide convenient spectral tunability, can be prepared using a variety of polymer hosts and substrates, and enable rigid as well as flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - William Morrish
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - William Sheard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bruno Tavares Luppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Leanne Milburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alkiviathes Meldrum
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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24
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Abstract
This article describes the synthesis procedure of colloidal silicon quantum dot (Si QDs) from rice husk ash. The silicon quantum dots were capped with 1-octadecene by thermal hydrosilylation under argon gas to obtain octadecyl-Si QDs (ODE-Si QDs). The size separation of ODE-Si QDs was examined by the column chromatography method, which used silica gel (40–63 μm) as the stationary phase. Finally, we obtained two fractions of silicon quantum dot, exhibiting blue emission (B-Si QDs) with an average size of 2.5 ± 0.73 nm and red emission (R-Si QDs) with an average size of 5.1 ± 0.68 nm under a UV lamp (365 nm). The PL spectra of B-Si QDs and R-Si QDs samples show maximum peak energy at 410 nm (3.02 eV) and 700 nm (1.77 eV), respectively, while the quantum yield of Si QDs decreases from 5.8 to 34.6% when the average size decreases from 2.5 nm to 5.1 nm. The above results of PL emission spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption show quantum confined effect in Si QDs.
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25
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Jingjian Z, Pevere F, Gatty HK, Linnros J, Sychugov I. Wafer-scale fabrication of isolated luminescent silicon quantum dots using standard CMOS technology. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:505204. [PMID: 33021208 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A wafer-scale fabrication method for isolated silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) using standard CMOS technology is presented. Reactive ion etching was performed on the device layer of a silicon-on-insulator wafer, creating nano-sized silicon islands. Subsequently, the wafer was annealed at 1100 °C for 1 h in an atmosphere of 5% H2 in Ar, forming a thin oxide passivating layer due to trace amounts of oxygen. Isolated Si QDs covering large areas (∼mm2) were revealed by photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The emission energies of such Si QDs can span over a broad range, from 1.3 to 2.0 eV and each dot is typically characterized by a single emission line at low temperatures. Most of the Si QDs exhibited a high degree of linear polarization along Si crystallographic directions [[Formula: see text]] and [[Formula: see text]]. In addition, system resolution-limited (250 μeV) PL linewidths (full width at half maximum) were measured for several Si QDs at 10 K, with no clear correlation between emission energy and polarization. The initial part of PL decays was measured at room temperature for such oxide-embedded Si QDs, approximately several microseconds long. By providing direct access to a broad size range of isolated Si QDs on a wafer, this technique paves the way for the future fabrication of photonic structures with Si QDs, which can potentially be used as single-photon sources with a long coherence length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jingjian
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Kista 164 40, Sweden
| | - Federico Pevere
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Kista 164 40, Sweden
| | - Hithesh K Gatty
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Kista 164 40, Sweden
| | - Jan Linnros
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Kista 164 40, Sweden
| | - Ilya Sychugov
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Kista 164 40, Sweden
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26
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Robidillo CJT, Veinot JGC. Functional Bio-inorganic Hybrids from Silicon Quantum Dots and Biological Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52251-52270. [PMID: 33155802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit photoluminescent properties useful for applications in the field of diagnostics and medicine. Successful implementation of these QDs for bio-imaging and bio/chemical sensing typically involves conjugation to biologically active molecules for recognition and signal generation. Unfortunately, traditional and widely studied QDs are based upon heavy metals and other toxic elements (e.g., Cd- and Pb-based QDs), which precludes their safe use in actual biological systems. Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) offer the same advantages as these heavy-metal-based QDs with the added benefits of nontoxicity and abundance. The preparation of functional bio-inorganic hybrids from SiQDs and biomolecules has lagged significantly compared to their traditional toxic counterparts because of the challenges associated with the synthesis of water-soluble SiQDs and their relative instability in aqueous environments. Advances in SiQD synthesis and surface functionalization, however, have made possible the preparation of functional bio-inorganic hybrids from SiQDs and biological molecules through different bioconjugation reactions. In this contribution, we review the various bioconjugate reactions by which SiQDs have been linked to biomolecules and implemented as platforms for bio-imaging and bio/chemical sensing. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and overcome for these materials to reach their full potential. Lastly, we give prospective applications where this unique class of nontoxic and biocompatible materials can be of great utility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jay T Robidillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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27
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Pescara B, Mazzio KA. Morphological and Surface-State Challenges in Ge Nanoparticle Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11685-11701. [PMID: 32866013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of Ge in tandem with advances in its nanostructuring have resulted in its increased attention in a variety of fields as an alternative to traditional group 12-14 and 14-16 nanoparticles (NPs). The small band gap and size-dependent development of the optical properties in tandem with their good charge transport properties make Ge NPs a suitable material for optoelectronic devices. The low toxicity of Ge, together with its IR photoluminescence (PL) that overlaps with desirable biological optical windows used for tissue imaging, allows the exploitation of these materials in the field of bioimaging and as drug carriers. In addition, the ability of germanium to both exhibit high mechanical stability in its NP form and alloy with lithium and sodium metals has led to it being a highly attractive material for next-generation lithium ion and beyond-lithium batteries. While it is attracting considerable attention in a variety of areas, research on Ge NPs is still relatively nascent. Fundamental aspects of this material, such as its Bohr radius and the origin of different observed PLs, are still under debate. Moreover, the ability to produce Ge NPs with controlled dimensions and morphology is not yet as mature as for other classes of nanomaterials. In this review, the mechanisms and origins of these properties will be introduced, which we then relate to specific applications presented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pescara
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherine A Mazzio
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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28
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König D, Tilley RD, Smith SC. Design guidelines for transition metals as interstitial emitters in silicon nanocrystals to tune photoluminescence properties: zinc as biocompatible example. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19340-19349. [PMID: 32940305 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) are attractive candidates for biomarkers in medical imaging. Building on recent work [McVey et al., J. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2015, 6/9, 1573; McVey et al., Nanoscale, 2018, 15600], we focus on interstitial (i-) doping of Si NCs by transition metals (TMs), and investigate the optoelectronic structure with Zn as example. Carrying out extensive ground and excited state calculations using density functional theory (DFT), we provide insight into the interdependencies of parameters which define photoluminescence (PL) properties as per TM element, their position, and their density within Si NCs of realistic size. For i-Zn in Si NCs, we predict a very high radiation efficiency with a wavelength located well above the range of auto-luminescence originating from human tissue and blood. We derive general guidelines for i-TM doping of Si NCs to arrive at a desired emission wavelength with maximum radiation efficiency. Moving on from this general description, we reveal the concept of using the plasmonic resonance of i-TM dopants in the microwave (μW) spectrum to trigger selective thermal apoptosis of tagged cells in vivo after cell marking, paving the way towards a theragnostics tool with minimum side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk König
- Integrated Materials Design Lab (IMDL), The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia. and School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sean C Smith
- Integrated Materials Design Lab (IMDL), The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia. and Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Morselli G, Romano F, Ceroni P. Amine functionalised silicon nanocrystals with bright red and long-lived emission. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:108-121. [PMID: 32101208 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When functionalised with amines, silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) are known to have surface-state emission with loss of colour tunability, low quantum yield and short nanosecond lifetimes. These changes in optical properties are produced by direct amine bonding on the silicon surface. In this article, secondary amine functionalised SiNCs with bright, red (λmax = 750 nm) and long-lived emission (τ ca. 50 μs) are reported for the first time via a three-step synthetic approach. These SiNCs are colloidally stable in several polar solvents and can be further functionalised by reaction with carboxylic acid groups. We proved the feasibility of further functionalization with pyrene butyric acid: ca. 40 pyrene units per nanoparticle were attached via amide bond formation. The resulting hybrid system works as a light-harvesting antenna: excitation of pyrene units at 345 nm results in sensitised emission at 700 nm by the silicon core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Morselli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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30
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Galář P, Popelář T, Khun J, Matulková I, Němec I, Newell KD, Michalcová A, Scholtz V, Kůsová K. The red and blue luminescence in silicon nanocrystals with an oxidized, nitrogen-containing shell. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:240-257. [PMID: 32104864 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, two classes of silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) are recognized with respect to their light-emission properties. These are usually referred to as the "red" and the "blue" emitting SiNCs, based on the spectral region in which the larger part of their luminescence is concentrated. The origin of the "blue" luminescence is still disputed and is very probably different in different systems. One of the important contributions to the discussion about the origin of the "blue" luminescence was the finding that the exposure of SiNCs to even trace amounts of nitrogen in the presence of oxygen induces the "blue" emission, even in originally "red"-emitting SiNCs. Here, we obtained a different result. We show that the treatment of "red" emitting, already oxidized SiNCs in a water-based environment containing air-related radicals including nitrogen-containing species as well as oxygen, diminishes, rather than induces the "blue" luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Galář
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, 162 00, Czech Republic.
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31
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Goyal A, Demmenie M, Huang CC, Schall P, Dohnalova K. Photophysical properties of ball milled silicon nanostructures. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:96-107. [PMID: 32108187 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) have attracted scientific interest for their potential use in LEDs, displays, lasers, photovoltaic spectral-shifting filters and for biomedical applications. A lot of efforts have been made to improve the radiative emission rate in SiNCs, mostly using quantum confinement, strain and ligands. Existing methods, however, are not easily upscalable, as they do not provide the high material yield required for industrial applications. Besides, the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency of SiNCs emitting in the visible spectral range also remains very low. Hence, there is a need to develop a low-cost method for high material yield of brightly emitting SiNCs. Theoretically, strain can be used alongside quantum confinement to modify the radiative emission rates and band-gaps. In view of that, high-energy ball milling is a method that can be used to produce large quantities of highly strained SiNCs. In this technique, balls with high kinetic energy collide with the walls of a chamber and other balls, crushing the particles in between, followed by welding, fracture and re-welding phenomena, reducing the particle size and increasing strains in the samples. In this study, we have used high-energy ball milling in an inert gas atmosphere to synthesize SiNCs and study their photophysical properties. The induced accumulation of high strain, quantum confinement and possibly also impurities in the SiNCs resulted in visible light spectrum PL at room temperature. This method is low cost and easily up-scalable to industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Goyal
- University of Amsterdam, Institute of Physics, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Marcelo GA, Lodeiro C, Capelo JL, Lorenzo J, Oliveira E. Magnetic, fluorescent and hybrid nanoparticles: From synthesis to application in biosystems. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Yuan Z, Nakamura T. Spectral tuning of colloidal Si nanocrystal luminescence by post-laser irradiation in liquid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32992-32998. [PMID: 35516519 PMCID: PMC9056600 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a simple technique to tune the luminescence spectra of blue-emitting colloidal silicon nanocrystals (Si-ncs) to the ultraviolet region via post-laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yuan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Hosei University
- Tokyo 184-8584
- Japan
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34
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Wilbrink J, Huang CC, Dohnalova K, Paulusse JMJ. Critical assessment of wet-chemical oxidation synthesis of silicon quantum dots. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:149-165. [PMID: 32104860 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The wet-chemical Si QD synthesis by oxidation of magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) with bromine (Br2) was revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Wilbrink
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Twente
| | - Chia-Ching Huang
- Institute of Physics
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Dohnalova
- Institute of Physics
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- SpectriS-dot b.v
| | - Jos M. J. Paulusse
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Twente
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35
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Pach GF, Carroll GM, Zhang H, Neale NR. Modulating donor–acceptor transition energies in phosphorus–boron co-doped silicon nanocrystals via X- and L-type ligands. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:201-216. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the effect of ligand binding groups on the photoluminescent properties of phosphorus–boron co-doped silicon nanocrystals (PB:Si NCs) by exploiting X-type (covalent) and L-type (Lewis donor molecule) bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F. Pach
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Gerard M. Carroll
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Nathan R. Neale
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
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36
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Canham L. Introductory lecture: origins and applications of efficient visible photoluminescence from silicon-based nanostructures. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:10-81. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights many spectroscopy-based studies and selected phenomenological studies of silicon-based nanostructures that provide insight into their likely PL mechanisms, and also covers six application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Canham
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
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37
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Tang M, Zhu B, Qu Y, Jin Z, Bai S, Chai F, Chen L, Wang C, Qu F. Fluorescent silicon nanoparticles as dually emissive probes for copper(II) and for visualization of latent fingerprints. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Kabashin AV, Singh A, Swihart MT, Zavestovskaya IN, Prasad PN. Laser-Processed Nanosilicon: A Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Energy and Healthcare. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9841-9867. [PMID: 31490658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review describes promising laser-based approaches to produce silicon nanostructures, including laser ablation of solid Si targets in residual gases and liquids and laser pyrolysis of silane. These methods are different from, and complementary to, widely used porous silicon technology and alternative synthesis routes. One can use these methods to make stable colloidal dispersions of silicon nanoparticles in both organic and aqueous media, which are suitable for a multitude of applications across the important fields of energy and healthcare. Size tailoring allows production of Si quantum dots with efficient photoluminescence that can be tuned across a broad spectral range from the visible to near-IR by varying particle size and surface functionalization. These nanoparticles can also be integrated with other nanomaterials to make multifunctional composites incorporating magnetic and/or plasmonic components. In the energy domain, this review highlights applications to photovoltaics and photodetectors, nanostructured silicon anodes for lithium ion batteries, and hydrogen generation from water. Application to nanobiophotonics and nanomedicine profits from the excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability of nanosilicon. These applications encompass several types of bioimaging and various therapies, including photodynamic therapy, RF thermal therapy, and radiotherapy. The review concludes with a discussion of challenges and opportunities in the applications of laser-processed nanosilicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Kabashin
- Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS, LP3, Marseille 13288 , France
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio) , 31 Kashirskoe sh. , 115409 Moscow , Russia
| | - Ajay Singh
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and RENEW Institute , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260-4200 , United States
| | - Irina N Zavestovskaya
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio) , 31 Kashirskoe sh. , 115409 Moscow , Russia
| | - Paras N Prasad
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio) , 31 Kashirskoe sh. , 115409 Moscow , Russia
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
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39
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Ha M, Thiessen AN, Sergeyev IV, Veinot JGC, Michaelis VK. Endogenous dynamic nuclear polarization NMR of hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 100:77-84. [PMID: 31015058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are intriguing materials and their properties fascinate the broader scientific community; they are also attractive to the biological and materials science sub-disciplines because of their established biological and environmental compatibility, as well as their far-reaching practical applications. While characterization of the particle nanostructure can be performed using 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, poor sensitivity due to low Boltzmann population and long acquisition times hinder in-depth studies of these potentially game-changing materials. In this study, we compare two dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR protocols to boost 29Si sensitivity in hydride-terminated SiNPs. First, we assess a traditional indirect DNP approach, where a nitroxide biradical (AMUPol or bCTbk) is incorporated into a glassing agent and transferred through protons (e- → 1H → 29Si) to enhance the silicon. In this mode, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy demonstrated that the hydride-terminated surface was highly reactive with the exogenous biradicals, thus decomposing the radicals within hours and resulting in an enhancement factor, ε, of 3 (TB = 15 s) for the 64 nm SiNP, revealing the surface components. Secondly, direct DNP NMR methods were used to enhance the silicon without the addition of an exogenous radical (i.e., use of dangling bonds as an endogenous radical source). With radical concentrations <1 mM, 29Si enhancements were obtained for the series of SiNPs ranging from 3 to 64 nm. The ability to use direct 29Si DNP transfer (e- → 29Si) shows promise for DNP studies of these inorganic nanomaterials (ε = 6 (TB = 79 min) for 64 nm SiNPs) with highly reactive surfaces, showing the sub-surface and core features. These preliminary findings lay a foundation for future endogenous radical development through tailoring the surface chemistry, targeting further sensitivity gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker-Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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40
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Abdelhameed M, Aly S, Maity P, Manni E, Mohammed OF, Charpentier PA. Impact of the chemical nature and position of spacers on controlling the optical properties of silicon quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17096-17108. [PMID: 31339151 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of silicon quantum dots (SQDs), including intriguing optical properties, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification have made them excellent candidates for a variety of optoelectronic and biomedical applications. Unfortunately, the low quantum efficiency (QE), unstable photoluminescence, and poor colloidal stability of SQDs have hindered their wide applicability. Herein, we report the synthesis of four assemblies of SQDs (1.6-1.8 nm average diameter) functionalized with fluorescein dye through isothiocyanate (-NCS) and carboxylate (COO-) spacers in the benzene ring of the fluorescein to produce the dyads Am-SQD-Fl, DiAm-SQD-Fl, urea-SQD-Fl, and SQD-Fl. The photophysical measurements showed that the spacer played a key role in directing and controlling the optical properties of SQDs dyads, with the isothiocyanate spacer leading to a significant improvement in the QE of the dyad systems up to 65% and extending their photostability for at least one year. The interactions between the SQDs and fluorescein in the dyads Am-SQD-Fl, DiAm-SQD-Fl, and SQD-Fl were found to mainly proceed through photoinduced electron transfer at different rates, while energy transfer was confirmed to be the predominant process in the dyad urea-SQD-Fl. To demonstrate the suitability of the functionalized SQDs for bioimaging applications, the water-soluble dyads were examined for fluorescence imaging of human bone cancerous U2OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdelhameed
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Shawkat Aly
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Partha Maity
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Manni
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Paul A Charpentier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
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41
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Chen H, Wu L, Wan Y, Huang L, Li N, Chen J, Lai G. One-step rapid synthesis of fluorescent silicon nanodots for a hydrogen peroxide-related sensitive and versatile assay based on the inner filter effect. Analyst 2019; 144:4006-4012. [PMID: 31179458 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a kind of environment-friendly and water-dispersible silicon nanodot (SiND) was rapidly synthesized by using the mild reagents (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and glucose. It was found that the fluorescence of the as-prepared SiNDs can be quenched obviously by permanganate due to the inner filter effect. Inspired by this finding, a novel fluorescent sensor for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was developed through the oxidation-reduction reaction between permanganate and H2O2. The detection limit of H2O2 is down to 2.8 nM. Since H2O2 is an important molecule and involved in various studies, this sensor could be applied in various H2O2-related biological analyses. As a proof-of-application demonstration, a sensitive biosensor for glucose detection was constructed through the catalytic oxidation of glucose to generate H2O2. The as-constructed sensor showed good linear response to glucose over the range from 0.16 to 16 μM with a detection limit of 0.11 μM. Moreover, the biosensor can be readily extended to other sensors for different targets, which indicates the broad applications of the proposed sensing strategy in biomedical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China.
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42
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Nitrogen-terminated silicon nanoparticles obtained via chemical etching and passivation are specific fluorescent probes for creatinine. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:387. [PMID: 31144038 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method is described here to prepare water-dispersible nitrogen-functionalized silicon nanoparticles (N-SiNPs). It consists of two steps, viz. etching of the oxidized shell of SiNPs and nitrogen-passivation of the exposed silicon. The resulting N-SiNPs have an average diameter of 2.6±0.7 nm and show blue fluorescence (with excitation/emission peaks at 340/420 nm). The fluorescence quantum yield is 23% and the decay time is in the nanosecond regime. Compared to etching methods using a plasma or hydrofluoric acid, the process described here (etching and passivation) is mild, continuous, fast, and air-compatible. The N-SiNPs modified with chlorotetracycline are shown to be a viable fluorescent probe for creatinine. Fluorescence drops in the 0 to 20 μM creatinine concentration range, and the limit of detection is 0.14 μM.
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43
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Mai VT, Duong NH, Mai XD. Surface polarity controls the optical properties of one-pot synthesized silicon quantum dots. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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Jakob M, Javadi M, Veinot JGC, Meldrum A, Kartouzian A, Heiz U. Ensemble Effects in the Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of Silicon Nanocrystals. Chemistry 2019; 25:3061-3067. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jakob
- Chair of Physical Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Morteza Javadi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; T6G 2R3 Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Al Meldrum
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; T6G 2E1 Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Aras Kartouzian
- Chair of Physical Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ulrich Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
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45
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Park Y, Yoo J, Kang MH, Kwon W, Joo J. Photoluminescent and biodegradable porous silicon nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6271-6292. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of unique properties including biodegradability, intrinsic photoluminescence, and mesoporous structure allows porous silicon nanoparticles to address current challenges of translational nanomedicine, especially in biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsang Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jounghyun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Life Sciences
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
- Republic of Korea
| | - Woosung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Sookmyung Women's University
- Seoul 04310
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Life Sciences
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
- Republic of Korea
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46
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Abdelhameed M, Aly S, Lant JT, Zhang X, Charpentier P. Energy/Electron Transfer Switch for Controlling Optical Properties of Silicon Quantum Dots. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17068. [PMID: 30459354 PMCID: PMC6244374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior optical properties of Silicon Quantum Dots (SQDs) have made them of increasing interest for a variety of biological and opto-electronic applications. The surface functionalization of the SQDs with aromatic ligands plays a key role in controlling their optical properties due to the interaction of the ligands with the electronic wave function of SQDs. However, there is limited reports in literature describing the impact of spacer groups connecting the aromatic chromophore to SQDs on the optical properties of the SQDs. Herein, we report the synthesis of two SQDs assemblies (1.6 nm average diameter) functionalized with perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide (PDI) chromophore through N-propylurea and propylamine spacers. Depending on the nature of the spacer, the photophysical measurements provide clear evidence for efficient energy and/or electron transfer between the SQDs and PDI. Energy transfer was confirmed to be the operative process when propylurea spacer was used, in which the rate was estimated to be ~2 × 109 s-1. On the other hand, the propylamine spacer was found to facilitate electron transfer process within the SQDs assembly. To illustrate functionality, the water soluble SQD-N-propylurea-PDI assembly was proven to be nontoxic and efficient for fluorescent imaging of embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and human bone cancerous U2OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdelhameed
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Shawkat Aly
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jeremy T Lant
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Paul Charpentier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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47
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Robidillo CJT, Aghajamali M, Faramus A, Sinelnikov R, Veinot JGC. Interfacing enzymes with silicon nanocrystals through the thiol-ene reaction. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18706-18719. [PMID: 30270384 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05368e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the preparation of functional bioinorganic hybrids, through application of the thiol-ene reaction, that exhibit catalytic activity and photoluminescent properties from enzymes and freestanding silicon nanocrystals. Thermal hydrosilylation of 1,7-octadiene and alkene-terminated poly(ethylene oxide)methyl ether with hydride-terminated silicon nanocrystals afforded nanocrystals functionalized with alkene residues and poly(ethylene oxide) moieties. These silicon nanocrystals were conjugated with representative enzymes through the photochemical thiol-ene reaction to afford bioinorganic hybrids that are dispersible and photostable in buffer, and that exhibit photoluminescence (λmax = 630 nm) and catalytic activity. They were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), absorption spectroscopy, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and pertinent enzyme activity assays. The general derivatization approach presented for interfacing enzymes with biocompatible silicon nanocrystals has far reaching implications for many applications ranging from sensors to therapeutic agents. The bioinorganic hybrids presented herein have potential applications in the chemical detection of nitrophenyl esters and urea. They can also be employed in enzyme-based theranostics as they combine long-lived silicon nanocrystal photoluminescence with substrate-specific enzymatic activity.
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48
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McVey BFP, König D, Cheng X, O'Mara PB, Seal P, Tan X, Tahini HA, Smith SC, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD. Synthesis, optical properties and theoretical modelling of discrete emitting states in doped silicon nanocrystals for bioimaging. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15600-15607. [PMID: 30090899 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The creation of multiple emission pathways in quantum dots (QDs) is an exciting prospect with fundamental interest and optoelectronic potential. For the first time, we report multiple emission pathways in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) where the number of emission pathways desired is controlled by the number of dopant atoms per quantum dot. The origin of additional emission pathways is explained by interactions between dopant states and NC energy levels. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of undoped 2.3 nm silicon (Si NCs) and the same NCs doped with 2 interstitial Cu atoms show good agreement to experiment. Such calculations provide valuable data to explain the changes in optical transitions due to the Cu dopant in terms of transition energies, quantum yield and dopant position as a function of dopants per NC. Changes in the optical properties of Si NCs induced by dopant concentration include extended excitation range and enhanced absorption coefficients, emission redshifts of up to 60 nm, and a two-fold increase in quantum yields up to 22%. The optical properties of doped NCs lead to significant bioimaging improvements illustrated by in vitro cell imaging, including redshifted excitation wavelengths away from natural autofluorescence and enhanced fluorescent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F P McVey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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49
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Zhang T, Zhang K, Chen X, Wang S, Zhang R, Shao J, Chen X, Dai N. Temperature-dependent Photoluminescence of Silicon Nanocrystals Embedded in SiO2 Matrix. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-7417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Jin Y, Kim D, Roh H, Kim S, Hussain S, Kang J, Pack CG, Kim JK, Myung SJ, Ruoslahti E, Sailor MJ, Kim SC, Joo J. Tracking the Fate of Porous Silicon Nanoparticles Delivering a Peptide Payload by Intrinsic Photoluminescence Lifetime. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802878. [PMID: 30003620 PMCID: PMC6177232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A nanoparticle system for systemic delivery of therapeutics is described, which incorporates a means of tracking the fate of the nanocarrier and its residual drug payload in vivo by photoluminescence (PL). Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) containing the proapoptotic antimicrobial peptide payload, D [KLAKLAK]2 , are monitored by measurement of the intrinsic PL intensity and the PL lifetime of the nanoparticles. The PL lifetime of the PSiNPs is on the order of microseconds, substantially longer than the nanosecond lifetimes typically exhibited by conventional fluorescent tags or by autofluorescence from cells and tissues; thus, emission from the nanoparticles is readily discerned in the time-resolved PL spectrum. It is found that the luminescence lifetime of the PSiNP host decreases as the nanoparticle dissolves in phosphate-buffered saline solution (37 °C), and this correlates with the extent of release of the peptide payload. The time-resolved PL measurement allows tracking of the in vivo fate of PSiNPs injected (via tail vein) into mice. Clearance of the nanoparticles through the liver, kidneys, and lungs of the animals is observed. The luminescence lifetime of the PSiNPs decreases with increasing residence time in the mice, providing a measure of half-life for degradation of the drug nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusung Jin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Rep. of Korea
| | - Hajung Roh
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sojeong Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sazid Hussain
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Center for Nanomedicine, and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
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