1
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Angelopoulou PP, Moutsios I, Manesi GM, Ivanov DA, Sakellariou G, Avgeropoulos A. Designing high χ copolymer materials for nanotechnology applications: A systematic bulk vs. thin films approach. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Yun HS, Kim DH, Kwon HG, Choi HK. Centrifugal Force-Induced Alignment in the Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Yun
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gu Kwon
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyoon Choi
- Center for Advanced Materials and Parts of Powder, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
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3
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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4
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Tu TH, Sakurai T, Seki S, Ishida Y, Chan YT. Towards Macroscopically Anisotropic Functionality: Oriented Metallo-supramolecular Polymeric Materials Induced by Magnetic Fields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1923-1928. [PMID: 33051951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the predesigned self-selective complexation, metallo-supramolecular P3HT-b-PEO diblock copolymers with varying block ratios were synthesized, and their oriented polymer films generated during solvent evaporation in a 9 T magnetic field were investigated. An anisotropic, ordered layer structure was achieved using [P3HT20 -Zn-PEO107 ] and carefully characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), AFM, polarized UV/Vis spectroscopy, and GI-SAXS/WAXS. The PEO-removed [P3HT20 -Zn-PEO107 ] film was obtained after decomplexation with TEA-EDTA under mild conditions, and the selective removal of PEO domains was evidenced by UV/Vis and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Anisotropic photoconductivity of the magnetically aligned film was evaluated by flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) measurements. The results indicated that the presence of insulating crystalline PEO segments diminished the photoconductivity along the P3HT backbone direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Tu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Gu PY, Jiang Y, Fink Z, Xie G, Hu Q, Kim PY, Xu QF, Lu JM, Russell TP. Conductive Thin Films over Large Areas by Supramolecular Self-Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54020-54025. [PMID: 33200916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a "one-step" method for preparing conductive thin films with cylindrical microdomains oriented normal to the surface over large areas using the supramolecular assembly of poly(styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine) (PS19-b-P4VP5) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine (HOTPP). HOTPP interacts with the P4VP block by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of HOTPP and pyridine ring of PS19-b-P4VP5, forming cylindrical P4VP(HOTPP) domains having an average diameter of ∼17 nm in a PS matrix. Dynamic light scattering, contact angle, and in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering measurements show a morphological transition from spherical micelles in solution to cylindrical microdomains oriented normal to the substrate surface during the drying process. From the dependence of current on voltage, an average current of ∼4.0 nA is found to pass through a single microdomain, pointing to a promising route for organic semiconductor device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yang Gu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zachary Fink
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ganhua Xie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qin Hu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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6
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Tu T, Sakurai T, Seki S, Ishida Y, Chan Y. Towards Macroscopically Anisotropic Functionality: Oriented Metallo‐supramolecular Polymeric Materials Induced by Magnetic Fields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Han Tu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yi‐Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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7
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Yamato M, Kimura T. Magnetic Processing of Diamagnetic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1491. [PMID: 32635334 PMCID: PMC7408077 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, materials scientists and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopists have easy access to high magnetic fields of approximately 10 T supplied by superconducting magnets. Neodymium magnets that generate magnetic fields of approximately 1 T are readily available for laboratory use and are widely used in daily life applications, such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Such common access to magnetic fields-unexpected 30 years ago-has helped researchers discover new magnetic phenomena and use such phenomena to process diamagnetic materials. Although diamagnetism is well known, it is only during the last 30 years that researchers have applied magnetic processing to various classes of diamagnetic materials such as ceramics, biomaterials, and polymers. The magnetic effects that we report herein are largely attributable to the magnetic force, magnetic torque, and magnetic enthalpy that in turn, directly derive from the well-defined magnetic energy. An example of a more complex magnetic effect is orientation of crystalline polymers under an applied magnetic field; researchers do not yet fully understand the crystallization mechanism. Our review largely focuses on polymeric materials. Research topics such as magnetic effect on chiral recognition are interesting yet beyond our scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yamato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University,1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tsunehisa Kimura
- Division of Forestry and Biomaterials, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
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8
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Martin IJ, Shih KC, Nieh MP, Kasi RM. Templated Supramolecular Structures of Multichromic, Multiresponsive Perylene Diimide-Polydiacetylene Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConnecticutRINGGOLD, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kuo-Chih Shih
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConnecticutRINGGOLD, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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9
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Krishnan D, Raj R B A, Gowd EB. Topochemical polymerization of hierarchically ordered diacetylene monomers within the block copolymer domains. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00156e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effect of annealing conditions on the hierarchical ordering of PCDA monomers within the block copolymer supramolecules and their subsequent topochemical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Krishnan
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Amal Raj R B
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
| | - E. Bhoje Gowd
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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10
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Koga M, Sato K, Kang S, Tokita M. Microphase‐Separated Morphology and Liquid Crystal Orientation in Block Copolymers Comprising a Main‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Central Segment Connected to Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Segments at Both Ends. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maito Koga
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Kazunori Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Sungmin Kang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
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11
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Nickmans K, Schenning APHJ. Directed Self-Assembly of Liquid-Crystalline Molecular Building Blocks for Sub-5 nm Nanopatterning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703713. [PMID: 29052916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The thin-film directed self-assembly of molecular building blocks into oriented nanostructure arrays enables next-generation lithography at the sub-5 nm scale. Currently, the fabrication of inorganic arrays from molecular building blocks is restricted by the limited long-range order and orientation of the materials, as well as suitable methodologies for creating lithographic templates at sub-5 nm dimensions. In recent years, higher-order liquid crystals have emerged as functional thin films for organic electronics, nanoporous membranes, and templated synthesis, which provide opportunities for their use as lithographic templates. By choosing examples from these fields, recent progress toward the design of molecular building blocks is highlighted, with an emphasis on liquid crystals, to access sub-5 nm features, their directed self-assembly into oriented thin films, and, importantly, the fabrication of inorganic arrays. Finally, future challenges regarding sub-5 nm patterning with liquid crystals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Nickmans
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Basutkar MN, Samant S, Strzalka J, Yager KG, Singh G, Karim A. Through-Thickness Vertically Ordered Lamellar Block Copolymer Thin Films on Unmodified Quartz with Cold Zone Annealing. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7814-7823. [PMID: 29136475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Template-free directed self-assembly of ultrathin (approximately tens of nanometers) lamellar block copolymer (l-BCP) films into vertically oriented nanodomains holds much technological relevance for the fabrication of next-generation devices from nanoelectronics to nanomembranes due to domain interconnectivity and high interfacial area. We report for the first time the formation of full through-thickness vertically oriented lamellar domains in 100 nm thin polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) films on quartz substrate, achieved without any PMMA-block wetting layer formation, quartz surface modification (templating chemical, topographical) or system modifications (added surfactant, top-layer coat). Vertical ordering of l-BCPs results from the coupling between a molecular and a macroscopic phenomenon. A molecular relaxation induced vertical l-BCP ordering occurs under a transient macroscopic vertical strain field, imposed by a high film thermal expansion rate under sharp thermal gradient cold zone annealing (CZA-S). The parametric window for vertical ordering is quantified via a coupling constant, C (= v∇T), whose range is established in terms of a thermal gradient (∇T) above a threshold value, and an optimal dynamic sample sweep rate (v ∼ d/τ), where τ is the l-BCP's longest molecular relaxation time and d is the Tg,heat - Tg,cool distance. Real-time CZA-S morphology evolution of vertically oriented l-BCP tracked along ∇T using in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) exhibited an initial formation phase of vertical lamellae, a polygrain structure formation stage, and a grain coarsening phase to fully vertically ordered l-BCP morphology development. CZA-S is a roll-to-roll manufacturing method, rendering this template-free through-thickness vertical ordering of l-BCP films highly attractive and industrially relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali N Basutkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Saumil Samant
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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13
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Gopinadhan M, Choo Y, Kawabata K, Kaufman G, Feng X, Di X, Rokhlenko Y, Mahajan LH, Ndaya D, Kasi RM, Osuji CO. Controlling orientational order in block copolymers using low-intensity magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9437-E9444. [PMID: 29078379 PMCID: PMC5692580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712631114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of fields with condensed matter during phase transitions produces a rich variety of physical phenomena. Self-assembly of liquid crystalline block copolymers (LC BCPs) in the presence of a magnetic field, for example, can result in highly oriented microstructures due to the LC BCP's anisotropic magnetic susceptibility. We show that such oriented mesophases can be produced using low-intensity fields (<0.5 T) that are accessible using permanent magnets, in contrast to the high fields (>4 T) and superconducting magnets required to date. Low-intensity field alignment is enabled by the addition of labile mesogens that coassemble with the system's nematic and smectic A mesophases. The alignment saturation field strength and alignment kinetics have pronounced dependences on the free mesogen concentration. Highly aligned states with orientation distribution coefficients close to unity were obtained at fields as small as 0.2 T. This remarkable field response originates in an enhancement of alignment kinetics due to a reduction in viscosity, and increased magnetostatic energy due to increases in grain size, in the presence of labile mesogens. These developments provide routes for controlling structural order in BCPs, including the possibility of producing nontrivial textures and patterns of alignment by locally screening fields using magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kohsuke Kawabata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Gilad Kaufman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Xiaojun Di
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Yekaterina Rokhlenko
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Lalit H Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dennis Ndaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Rajeswari M Kasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;
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14
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von Kugelgen S, Sifri R, Bellone D, Fischer FR. Regioselective Carbyne Transfer to Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Initiators Gives Access to Telechelic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7577-7585. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Renee Sifri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Xia J, Busby E, Sanders SN, Tung C, Cacciuto A, Sfeir MY, Campos LM. Influence of Nanostructure on the Exciton Dynamics of Multichromophore Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4593-4598. [PMID: 28418646 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We explore the synthesis and photophysics of nanostructured block copolymers that mimic light-harvesting complexes. We find that the combination of a polar and electron-rich boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) block with a nonpolar electron-poor perylene diimide (PDI) block yields a polymer that self-assembles into ordered "nanoworms". Numerical simulations are used to determine optimal compositions to achieve robust self-assembly. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is used to probe the rich exciton dynamics in these systems. Using controls, such as homopolymers and random copolymers, we analyze the mechanisms of the photoluminescence from these polymers. This understanding allows us to probe in detail the photophysics of the block copolymers, including the effects of their self-assembly into nanostructures on their excited-state properties. Similar to natural systems, ordered nanostructures result in properties that are starkly different than the properties of free polymers in solution, such as enhanced rates of electronic energy transfer and elimination of excitonic emission from disordered PDI trap states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Erik Busby
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Clarion Tung
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Angelo Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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16
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Rokhlenko Y, Majewski PW, Larson SR, Gopalan P, Yager KG, Osuji CO. Implications of Grain Size Variation in Magnetic Field Alignment of Block Copolymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:404-409. [PMID: 35610856 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have highlighted the intrinsic magnetic anisotropy in coil-coil diblock copolymers, specifically in poly(styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP), that enables magnetic field alignment at field strengths of a few tesla. We consider here the alignment response of two low molecular weight (MW) lamallae-forming PS-b-P4VP systems. Cooling across the disorder-order transition temperature (Todt) results in strong alignment for the higher MW sample (5.5K), whereas little alignment is discernible for the lower MW system (3.6K). This disparity under otherwise identical conditions of field strength and cooling rate suggests that different average grain sizes are produced during slow cooling of these materials, with larger grains formed in the higher MW material. Blending the block copolymers results in homogeneous samples which display Todt, d-spacings, and grain sizes that are intermediate between the two neat diblocks. Similarly, the alignment quality displays a smooth variation with the concentration of the higher MW diblock in the blends, and the size of grains likewise interpolates between limits set by the neat diblocks, with a factor of 3.5× difference in the grain size observed in high vs low MW neat diblocks. These results highlight the importance of grain growth kinetics in dictating the field response in block copolymers and suggests an unconventional route for the manipulation of such kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Rokhlenko
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Paweł W. Majewski
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02093, Poland
| | - Steven R. Larson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chinedum O. Osuji
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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17
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Kang DG, Park M, Kim DY, Goh M, Kim N, Jeong KU. Heat Transfer Organic Materials: Robust Polymer Films with the Outstanding Thermal Conductivity Fabricated by the Photopolymerization of Uniaxially Oriented Reactive Discogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30492-30501. [PMID: 27762538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the development of advanced heat transfer organic materials (HTOMs) with excellent thermal conductivities, triphenylene-based reactive discogens, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis(but-3-enyloxy)triphenylene (HABET) and 4,4',4″,4‴,4'''',4'''''-(triphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaylhexakis(oxy))hexakis(butane-1-thiol) (THBT), were synthesized as discotic liquid crystal (DLC) monomers and cross-linkers, respectively. A temperature-composition phase diagram of HABET-THBT mixtures was first established based on their thermal and microscopic analyses. From the experimental results, it was realized that the thermal conductivity of DLC HTOM was strongly affected by the molecular organizations on a macroscopic length scale. Macroscopic orientation of self-assembled columns in DLC HTOMs was effectively achieved under the rotating magnetic fields and successfully stabilized by the photopolymerization. The DLC HTOM polymer-stabilized at the LC phase exhibited the remarkable thermal conductivity above 1 W/mK. When the DLC HTOM was macroscopically oriented, the thermal conductivity was estimated to be 3 W/mK along the in-plane direction of DLC molecule. The outstanding thermal conductivity of DLC HTOM should be originated not only from the high content of two-dimensional aromatic discogens but also from the macroscopically oriented and self-assembled DLC. The newly developed DLC HTOM with an outstanding thermal conductivity as well as with an excellent mechanical sustainability can be applied as directional heat dissipating materials in electronic and display devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gue Kang
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Jeonbuk 565-905, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute , Cheonan 330-912, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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18
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Yin L, Wu H, Zhu M, Zou Q, Yan Q, Zhu L. Sequential Block Copolymer Self-Assemblies Controlled by Metal-Ligand Stoichiometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6429-6436. [PMID: 27275516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While numerous efforts have been devoted to developing easy-to-use probes based on block copolymers for detecting analytes due to their advantages in the fields of self-assembly and sensing, a progressive response on block copolymers in response to a continuing chemical event is not readily achievable. Herein, we report the self-assembly of a 4-piperazinyl-1,8-naphthalimide based functional block copolymer (PS-b-PN), whose self-assembly and photophysics can be controlled by the stoichiometry-dependent metal-ligand interaction upon the side chain. The work takes advantages of (1) stoichiometry-controlled coordination-structural transformation of the piperazinyl moiety on PS-b-PN toward Fe(3+) ions, thereby resulting in a shrinkage-expansion conversion of the self-assembled nanostructures in solution as well as in thin film, and (2) stoichiometry-controlled competition between photoinduced electron transfer and spin-orbital coupling process upon naphthalimide fluorophore leading to a boost-decline emission change of the system. Except Fe(3+) ions, such a stoichiometry-dependent returnable property cannot be observed in the presence of other transition ions. The strategy for realizing the dual-channel sequential response on the basis of the progressively alterable nanomorphologies and emissions might provide deeper insights for the further development of advanced polymeric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power , Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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19
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Shaw L, Hayoz P, Diao Y, Reinspach JA, To JWF, Toney MF, Weitz RT, Bao Z. Direct Uniaxial Alignment of a Donor-Acceptor Semiconducting Polymer Using Single-Step Solution Shearing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9285-9296. [PMID: 26985638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The alignment of organic semiconductors (OSCs) in the active layers of electronic devices can confer desirable properties, such as enhanced charge transport properties due to better ordering, charge transport anisotropy for reduced device cross-talk, and polarized light emission or absorption. The solution-based deposition of highly aligned small molecule OSCs has been widely demonstrated, but the alignment of polymeric OSCs in thin films deposited directly from solution has typically required surface templating or complex pre- or postdeposition processing. Therefore, single-step solution processing and the charge transport enhancement afforded by alignment continue to be attractive. We report here the use of solution shearing to tune the degree of alignment in poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-terthiophene) thin films by controlling the coating speed. A maximum dichroic ratio of ∼7 was achieved on unpatterned substrates without any additional pre- or postdeposition processing. The degree of polymer alignment was found to be a competition between the shear alignment of polymer chains in solution and the complex thin film drying process. Contrary to previous reports, no charge transport anisotropy was observed because of the small crystallite size relative to the channel length, a meshlike morphology, and the likelihood of increased grain boundaries in the direction transverse to coating. In fact, the lack of aligned morphological structures, coupled with observed anisotropy in X-ray diffraction data, suggests the alignment of polymer molecules in both the crystalline and the amorphous regions of the films. The shear speed at which maximum dichroism is achieved can be controlled by altering deposition parameters such as temperature and substrate treatment. Modest changes in molecular weight showed negligible effects on alignment, while longer polymer alkyl side chains were found to reduce the degree of alignment. This work demonstrates that solution shearing can be used to tune polymer alignment in a one-step deposition process not requiring substrate patterning or any postdeposition treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Shaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pascal Hayoz
- BASF Schweiz AG, GMV/BE, R-1059.5.09, Mattenstrasse, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Julia Antonia Reinspach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John W F To
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Feng X, Nejati S, Cowan MG, Tousley ME, Wiesenauer BR, Noble RD, Elimelech M, Gin DL, Osuji CO. Thin Polymer Films with Continuous Vertically Aligned 1 nm Pores Fabricated by Soft Confinement. ACS NANO 2016; 10:150-158. [PMID: 26632964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane separations are critically important in areas ranging from health care and analytical chemistry to bioprocessing and water purification. An ideal nanoporous membrane would consist of a thin film with physically continuous and vertically aligned nanopores and would display a narrow distribution of pore sizes. However, the current state of the art departs considerably from this ideal and is beset by intrinsic trade-offs between permeability and selectivity. We demonstrate an effective and scalable method to fabricate polymer films with ideal membrane morphologies consisting of submicron thickness films with physically continuous and vertically aligned 1 nm pores. The approach is based on soft confinement to control the orientation of a cross-linkable mesophase in which the pores are produced by self-assembly. The scalability, exceptional ease of fabrication, and potential to create a new class of nanofiltration membranes stand out as compelling aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Siamak Nejati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | - Marissa E Tousley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | | | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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21
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Rancatore BJ, Kim B, Mauldin CE, Fréchet JMJ, Xu T. Organic Semiconductor-Containing Supramolecules: Effect of Small Molecule Crystallization and Molecular Packing. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Rancatore
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - BongSoo Kim
- Department
of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 23955-6900
| | - Ting Xu
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Zhu L, Trinh MT, Yin L, Zhang Z. Sequential oligodiacetylene formation for progressive luminescent color conversion via co-micellar strategy. Chem Sci 2015; 7:2058-2065. [PMID: 29899931 PMCID: PMC5968548 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work takes advantage of a diphenyl-diacetylene-based co-micellar nano-ensemble that can undergo a sequential photocrosslinking to form a corresponding trimeric oligodiacetylene and a dimeric oligodiacetylene.
Design and construction of organic systems that can enhance internal quantum efficiency to fully make use of radiative decay during the excitation process is highly desirable for the development of new-generation emissive materials. In practice, to employ those materials with an effective tuning of triplet-state involved multicolor luminescence is quite a considerable issue. This work takes advantage of a diphenyl-diacetylene-based co-micellar nano-ensemble that can undergo a sequential photocrosslinking to form a corresponding trimeric oligodiacetylene and a dimeric oligodiacetylene. Their emissive bands individually cover the visible-light spectral region and such a controllable dual band characteristic can result in a progressive luminescent color conversion from light-green to white and finally to purplish blue. In addition, the oligodiacetylenes possess an ultrafast intersystem crossing characteristic with a small S1–T1 energy gap. The leading thermally activated delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence can be employed to achieve long-life broadband emissions without chromatic aberration in this single organic system, towards the creation of emitting materials with high quantum efficiency. The synthesis of the sub-components is simple and the co-micellar strategy is extremely straightforward. Such a material design and approach may find potential uses in the microfabrication of novel organic light-emitting diodes and sophisticated controllable optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . .,Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA
| | - M Tuan Trinh
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA
| | - Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China .
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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23
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Liedel C, Lewin C, Tsarkova L, Böker A. Reversible Switching of Block Copolymer Nanopatterns by Orthogonal Electric Fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6058-6064. [PMID: 26449286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the orientation of striped patterns can be reversibly switched between two perpendicular in-plane orientations upon exposure to electric fields. The results on thin films of symmetric polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) polymer in the intermediate segregation regime disclose two types of reorientation mechanisms from perpendicular to parallel relative to the electric field orientation. Domains orient via grain rotation and via formation of defects such as stretched undulations and temporal phase transitions. The contribution of additional fields to the structural evolution is also addressed to elucidate the generality of the observed phenomena. In particular solvent effects are considered. This study reveals the stabilization of the meta-stable in-plane oriented lamella due to sequential swelling and quenching of the film. Further, the reorientation behavior of lamella domains blended with selective nanoparticles is addressed, which affect the interfacial tensions of the blocks and hence introduce another internal field to the studied system. Switching the orientation of aligned block copolymer patterns between two orthogonal directions may open new applications of nanomaterials as switchable electric nanowires or optical gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Lewin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung (IAP), Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Shinde S, Asha S. Self-assembly directed template photopolymerization of perylenebisimide-poly (4-vinylpyridine): Nano organization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Hickey RJ, Gillard TM, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Influence of Composition Fluctuations on the Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Symmetric Diblock Copolymers near the Order-Disorder Transition. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:260-265. [PMID: 35596419 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheological evidence of composition fluctuations in disordered diblock copolymers near the order-disorder transition (ODT) has been documented in the literature over the past three decades, characterized by a failure of time-temperature superposition (tTS) to reduce linear dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) data in the terminal viscoelastic regime to a temperature-independent form. However, for some materials, most notably poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (PS-PI), no signature of these rheological features has been found. We present small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results on symmetric poly(cyclohexylethylene-b-ethylene) (PCHE-PE) diblock copolymers that confirm the presence of fluctuations in the disordered state and DMS measurements that also show no sign of the features ascribed to composition fluctuations. Assessment of DMS results published on five different diblock copolymer systems leads us to conclude that the effects of composition fluctuations can be masked by highly asymmetric block dynamics, thereby resolving a long-standing disagreement in the literature and reinforcing the importance of mechanical contrast in understanding the dynamics of ordered and disordered block polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy M. Gillard
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Feng X, Tousley ME, Cowan MG, Wiesenauer BR, Nejati S, Choo Y, Noble RD, Elimelech M, Gin DL, Osuji CO. Scalable fabrication of polymer membranes with vertically aligned 1 nm pores by magnetic field directed self-assembly. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11977-86. [PMID: 25345718 DOI: 10.1021/nn505037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is long-standing interest in developing membranes possessing uniform pores with dimensions in the range of 1 nm and physical continuity in the macroscopic transport direction to meet the needs of challenging small molecule and ionic separations. Here we report facile, scalabe fabrication of polymer membranes with vertically (i.e., along the through-plane direction) aligned 1 nm pores by magnetic-field alignment and subsequent cross-linking of a liquid crystalline mesophase. We utilize a wedge-shaped amphiphilic species as the building block of a thermotropic columnar mesophase with 1 nm ionic nanochannels, and leverage the magnetic anisotropy of the amphiphile to control the alignment of these pores with a magnetic field. In situ X-ray scattering and subsequent optical microscopy reveal the formation of highly ordered nanostructured mesophases and cross-linked polymer films with orientational order parameters of ca. 0.95. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging provides direct visualization of long-range persistence of vertically aligned, hexagonally packed nanopores in unprecedented detail, demonstrating high-fidelity retention of structure and alignment after photo-cross-linking. Ionic conductivity measurements on the aligned membranes show a remarkable 85-fold enhancement of conductivity over nonaligned samples. These results provide a path to achieving the large area control of morphology and related enhancement of properties required for high-performance membranes and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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27
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Faul CFJ. Ionic self-assembly for functional hierarchical nanostructured materials. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3428-38. [PMID: 25191750 DOI: 10.1021/ar500162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The challenge of constructing soft functional materials over multiple length scales can be addressed by a number of different routes based on the principles of self-assembly, with the judicious use of various noncovalent interactions providing the tools to control such self-assembly processes. It is within the context of this challenge that we have extensively explored the use of an important approach for materials construction over the past decade: exploiting electrostatic interactions in our ionic self-assembly (ISA) method. In this approach, cooperative assembly of carefully chosen charged surfactants and oppositely charged building blocks (or tectons) provides a facile noncovalent route for the rational design and production of functional nanostructured materials. Generally, our research efforts have developed with an initial focus on establishing rules for the construction of novel noncovalent liquid-crystalline (LC) materials. We found that the use of double-tailed surfactant species (especially branched double-tailed surfactants) led to the facile formation of thermotropic (and, in certain cases, lyotropic) phases, as demonstrated by extensive temperature-dependent X-ray and light microscopy investigations. From this core area of activity, research expanded to cover issues beyond simple construction of anisotropic materials, turning to the challenge of inclusion and exploitation of switchable functionality. The use of photoactive azobenzene-containing ISA materials afforded opportunities to exploit both photo-orientation and surface relief grating formation. The preparation of these anisotropic LC materials was of interest, as the aim was the facile production of disposable and low-cost optical components for display applications and data storage. However, the prohibitive cost of the photo-orientation processes hampered further exploitation of these materials. We also expanded our activities to explore ISA of biologically relevant tectons, specifically deoxyguanosine monophosphate. This approach proved, in combination with block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly, very fruitful for the construction of complex and hierarchical functional materials across multiple length scales. Molecular frustration and incommensurability, which played a major role in structure formation in combination with nucleotide assembly, have now become important tools to tune supramolecular structure formation. These concepts, that is, the use of BCP assembly and incommensurability, in combination with metal-containing polymeric materials, have provided access to novel supramolecular morphologies and, more importantly, design rules to prepare such constructs. These design rules are now also being applied to the assembly of electroactive oligo(aniline)-based materials for the preparation of highly ordered functional soft materials, and present an opportunity for materials development for applications in energy storage. In this Account, we therefore discuss investigations into (i) the inclusion and preparation of supramolecular photoactive and electroactive materials; (ii) the exploitation and control over multiple noncovalent interactions to fine-tune function, internal structure, and long-range order and (iii) exploration of construction over multiple length scales by combination of ISA with well-known BCP self-assembly. Combination of ISA with tuning of volume fractions, mutual compatibility, and molecular frustration now provides a versatile tool kit to construct complex and hierarchical functional materials in a facile noncovalent way. A direct challenge for future ISA activities would certainly be the construction of functional mesoscale objects. However, within a broader scientific context, the challenge would be to exploit this powerful assembly tool for application in areas of research with societal impact, for example, energy storage and generation. The hope is that this Account will provide a platform for such future research activities and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl F. J. Faul
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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28
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Tousley ME, Feng X, Elimelech M, Osuji CO. Aligned nanostructured polymers by magnetic-field-directed self-assembly of a polymerizable lyotropic mesophase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19710-19717. [PMID: 25180677 DOI: 10.1021/am504730b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic-field-directed assembly of lyotropic surfactant mesophases provides a scalable approach for the fabrication of aligned nanoporous polymers by templated polymerization. We develop and characterize a lyotropic liquid crystalline system containing hexagonally packed cylindrical micelles of a polymerizable surfactant in a polymerizable solvent. The system exhibits negative magnetic anisotropy, resulting in the degenerate alignment of cylindrical micelles perpendicular to the magnetic field. Sample rotation during field alignment is used to effectively break this degeneracy and enable the production of uniformly well-aligned mesophases. High-fidelity retentions of the hexagonal structure and alignment were successfully achieved in polymer films produced upon UV exposure of the reactive system. The success of this effort provides a route for the fabrication of aligned nanoporous membranes suitable for highly selective separations, sensing, and templated nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Tousley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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29
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Zhu L, Tran H, Beyer FL, Walck SD, Li X, Ågren H, Killops KL, Campos LM. Engineering Topochemical Polymerizations Using Block Copolymer Templates. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13381-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507318u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Helen Tran
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Frederick L. Beyer
- Army
Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Scott D. Walck
- Army
Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kato L. Killops
- Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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30
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Gopinadhan M, Deshmukh P, Choo Y, Majewski PW, Bakajin O, Elimelech M, Kasi RM, Osuji CO. Thermally switchable aligned nanopores by magnetic-field directed self-assembly of block copolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5148-54. [PMID: 24894877 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A scalable approach for developing large area polymer films, with stimuli responsive vertically aligned nanopores is reported. Magnetic fields are used to create highly aligned hexagonally packed block copolymer cylindrical microdomains with order parameters exceeding 0.95. Selective etch removal of material yields nanoporous films which demonstrate reversible pore closure on heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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31
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Hu H, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO. Directed self-assembly of block copolymers: a tutorial review of strategies for enabling nanotechnology with soft matter. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3867-89. [PMID: 24740355 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of soft materials is broadly considered an attractive means of generating nanoscale structures and patterns over large areas. However, the spontaneous formation of equilibrium nanostructures in response to temperature and concentration changes, for example, must be guided to yield the long-range order and orientation required for utility in a given scenario. In this review we examine directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) as canonical examples of nanostructured soft matter systems which are additionally compelling for creating functional materials and devices. We survey well established and newly emerging DSA methods from a tutorial perspective. Special emphasis is given to exploring underlying physical phenomena, identifying prototypical BCPs that are compatible with different DSA techniques, describing experimental methods and highlighting the attractive functional properties of block copolymers overall. Finally we offer a brief perspective on some unresolved issues and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiong Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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32
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Effects of metal loading and magnetic field strength on alignment of noncrystalline block copolymers doped with metal complexes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Lin YH, Yager KG, Stewart B, Verduzco R. Lamellar and liquid crystal ordering in solvent-annealed all-conjugated block copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3817-3825. [PMID: 24718905 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm53090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
All-conjugated block copolymers are an emerging class of polymeric materials promising for organic electronic applications, but further progress requires a better understanding of their microstructure including crystallinity and self-assembly through micro-phase segregation. Here, we demonstrate remarkable changes in the thin film structure of a model series of all-conjugated block copolymers with varying processing conditions. Under thermal annealing, poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(9',9'-dioctylfluorene) (P3HT-b-PF) all-conjugated block copolymers exhibit crystalline features of P3HT or PF, depending on the block ratio, and poor π-π stacking. Under chloroform solvent annealing, the block copolymers exhibit lamellar ordering, as evidenced by multiple reflections in grazing incidence wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS and GISAXS), including an in-plane reflection indicative of order along the π-π stacking direction for both P3HT and PF blocks. The lamellae have a characteristic domain size of 4.2 nm, and this domain size is found to be independent of block copolymer molecular weight and block ratio. This suggests that lamellar self-assembly arises due to a combination of polymer block segregation and π-π stacking of both P3HT and PF polymer blocks. Strategies for predicting the microstructure of all-conjugated block copolymers must take into account intermolecular π-π stacking and liquid crystalline interactions not typically found in flexible coil block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, MS-362, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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34
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Wang Y, Gao J, Dingemans TJ, Madsen LA. Molecular Alignment and Ion Transport in Rigid Rod Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500364t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg
1, 2629
HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J. Dingemans
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg
1, 2629
HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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35
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Kuo WT, Chen HL, Goseki R, Hirao A, Chen WC. Interplay between the Phase Transitions at Different Length Scales in the Supramolecular Comb–Coil Block Copolymers Bearing (AB)n Multiblock Architecture. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401587m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tzu Kuo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akira Hirao
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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36
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Young WS, Kuan WF, Epps TH. Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shiue Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Wei-Fan Kuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
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37
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Kim HJ, Paek K, Yang H, Cho CH, Kim JS, Lee W, Kim BJ. Molecular Design of “Graft” Assembly for Ordered Microphase Separation of P3HT-Based Rod–Coil Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401530q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Kwanyeol Paek
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyunseung Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Chul-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Wonbo Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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38
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Kempe K, Killops KL, Poelma JE, Jung H, Bang J, Hoogenboom R, Tran H, Hawker CJ, Schubert US, Campos LM. Strongly Phase-Segregating Block Copolymers with Sub-20 nm Features. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:677-682. [PMID: 35606952 DOI: 10.1021/mz400309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The modular synthesis and lithographic potential of diblock copolymers based on polystyrene-block-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PS-b-PEtOx) are highlighted herein. Controlled radical and living cationic polymerization techniques were utilized to synthesize hydrophobic PS and hydrophilic PEtOx building block of varying molar mass. Subsequently, "click" chemistry was used to couple the blocks and obtain a family of PS-b-PEtOx polymers. The influence of molar mass, composition, and thin-film thickness on the microphase-segregated morphology and orientation were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Dense hexagonal arrays of cylindrical nanodomains normal to the substrate, having a periodicity of less than 20 nm were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter
(JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Kato L. Killops
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
21010, United States
| | - Justin E. Poelma
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Korea University, 136-713
Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Korea University, 136-713
Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
- Visiting Chair
Professor at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia 31261
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter
(JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
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39
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Koga M, Sato K, Kang S, Sakajiri K, Watanabe J, Tokita M. Influence of Smectic Liquid Crystallinity on Lamellar Microdomain Structure in a Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Block Copolymer Fiber. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maito Koga
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kazunori Sato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Sungmin Kang
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Koichi Sakajiri
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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40
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Lim H, Ho CC, Wu SJ, Tsai HC, Su WF, Chao CY. A poly(3-hexylthiophene) block copolymer with macroscopically aligned hierarchical nanostructure induced by mechanical rubbing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9146-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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