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Reitemeier J, Baek S, Bohn PW. Hydrophobic Gating and Spatial Confinement in Hierarchically Organized Block Copolymer-Nanopore Electrode Arrays for Electrochemical Biosensing of 4-Ethyl Phenol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39707-39715. [PMID: 37579252 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic gating in biological transport proteins is regulated by stimulus-specific switching between filled and empty nanocavities, endowing them with selective mass transport capabilities. Inspired by these, solid-state nanochannels have been integrated into functional materials for a broad range of applications, such as energy conversion, filtration, and nanoelectronics, and here we extend these to electrochemical biosensors coupled to mass transport control elements. Specifically, we report hierarchically organized structures with block copolymers on tyrosinase-modified two-electrode nanopore electrode arrays (BCP@NEAs) as stimulus-controlled electrochemical biosensors for alkylphenols. A polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinyl)pyridine (PS-b-P4VP) membrane placed atop the NEA endows the system with potential-responsive gating properties, where water transport is spatially and temporarily gated through hydrophobic P4VP nanochannels by the application of appropriate potentials. The reversibility of hydrophobic voltage-gating makes it possible to capture and confine analyte species in the attoliter-volume vestibule of cylindrical nanopore electrodes, enabling redox cycling and yielding enhanced currents with amplification factors >100× when operated in a generator-collector mode. The enzyme-coupled sensing capabilities are demonstrated using nonelectroactive 4-ethyl phenol, exploiting the tyrosinase-catalyzed turnover into reversibly redox-active quinones, then using the quinone-catechol redox reaction to achieve ultrasensitive cycling currents in confined BCP@NEA sensors giving a limit-of-detection of ∼120 nM. The mass transport controlled sensing platform described here is relevant to the development of enzyme-coupled multiplex biosensors for sensitive and selective detection of biomarkers and metabolites in next-generation point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Reitemeier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Seol Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Li Y, Ma X, Zhu W, Huang Q, Liu Y, Pan J, Ying Y, Xu X, Fu Y. Enzymatic Catalysis in Size and Volume Dual-Confined Space of Integrated Nanochannel-Electrodes Chip for Enhanced Impedance Detection of Salmonella. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300900. [PMID: 37096928 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanochannel-based confinement effect is a fascinating signal transduction strategy for high-performance sensing, but only size confinement is focused on while other confinement effects are unexplored. Here, a highly integrated nanochannel-electrodes chip (INEC) is created and a size/volume-dual-confinement enzyme catalysis model for rapid and sensitive bacteria detection is developed. The INEC, by directly sandwiching a nanochannel chip (60 µm in thickness) in nanoporous gold layers, creates a micro-droplet-based confinement electrochemical cell (CEC). The size confinement of nanochannel promotes the urease catalysis efficiency to generate more ions, while the volume confinement of CEC significantly enriches ions by restricting diffusion. As a result, the INEC-based dual-confinement effects benefit a synergetic enhancement of the catalytic signal. A 11-times ion-strength-based impedance response is obtained within just 1 min when compared to the relevant open system. Combining this novel nanoconfinement effects with nanofiltration of INEC, a separation/signal amplification-integrated sensing strategy is further developed for Salmonella typhimurium detection. The biosensor realizes facile, rapid (<20 min), and specific signal readout with a detection limit of 9 CFU mL-1 in culturing solution, superior to most reports. This work may create a new paradigm for studying nanoconfined processes and contribute a new signal transduction technique for trace analysis application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yameng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiahong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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3
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K Sekar P, M Liang X, Jin Y, Zhou X, Hu M, Wu Y, Gao D. Comprehensive multiparameter evaluation of platelet function using a highly sensitive membrane capacitance sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 228:115192. [PMID: 36924685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
An accurate and comprehensive assessment of platelet function is essential for managing patients who receive antiplatelet therapies or require platelet transfusion either for treating active bleeding or for prophylaxis. Platelets contribute to clotting by undergoing a series of highly regulated functional responses including adhesion, spreading, granular secretion, aggregation, and cytoskeletal contraction. However, current platelet function assays evaluate only partial aspects of this intricate process and often under non-physiological testing conditions. Herein, we describe the development of a new approach to measure multiple key platelet function-related parameters, in a more physiologically relevant ex vivo semi-rigid microenvironment using a membrane capacitance sensor (MCS). MCS response to clotting provided three sensing parameters with sensitivities towards platelet counts, stimulation strengths, and activation pathways. Live confocal fluorescent imaging of stimulated platelets on MCS suggests that the presented system can readily and accurately convert the dynamics of cytoskeletal reorganization into analyzable electrical signals. Together, this new completely electrical sensing platform can be a promising diagnostic venue to recognize the impairment of primary hemostatic functions, evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions, and gain further insights into the mechanisms of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Sekar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xin M Liang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, VA Boston Healthcare System, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Yanyun Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Dayong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Dong T, Matos Pires NM, Yang Z, Jiang Z. Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Protein Biomarker Detection in Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205429. [PMID: 36585368 PMCID: PMC9951322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The focus on precise medicine enhances the need for timely diagnosis and frequent monitoring of chronic diseases. Moreover, the recent pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 poses a great demand for rapid detection and surveillance of viral infections. The detection of protein biomarkers and antigens in the saliva allows rapid identification of diseases or disease changes in scenarios where and when the test response at the point of care is mandated. While traditional methods of protein testing fail to provide the desired fast results, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials hold perfect characteristics for the detection of biomarkers in point-of-care settings. The recent advances in electrochemical sensors for salivary protein detection are critically reviewed in this work, with emphasis on the role of nanomaterials to boost the biosensor analytical performance and increase the reliability of the test in human saliva samples. Furthermore, this work identifies the critical factors for further modernization of the nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors, envisaging the development and implementation of next-generation sample-in-answer-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems‐ IMSFaculty of TechnologyNatural Sciences and Maritime SciencesUniversity of South‐Eastern Norway‐USNP.O. Box 235Kongsberg3603Norway
| | - Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringInternational Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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5
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Kosri E, Ibrahim F, Thiha A, Madou M. Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234171. [PMID: 36500794 PMCID: PMC9741053 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Micro and nano interdigitated electrode array (µ/n-IDEA) configurations are prominent working electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors/biosensors, as their design benefits sensor achievement. This paper reviews µ/n-IDEA as working electrodes in four-electrode electrochemical sensors in terms of two-dimensional (2D) planar IDEA and three-dimensional (3D) IDEA configurations using carbon or metal as the starting materials. In this regard, the enhancement of IDEAs-based biosensors focuses on controlling the width and gap measurements between the adjacent fingers and increases the IDEA's height. Several distinctive methods used to expand the surface area of 3D IDEAs, such as a unique 3D IDEA design, integration of mesh, microchannel, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT), and nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. More notably, the conventional four-electrode system, consisting of reference and counter electrodes will be compared to the highly novel two-electrode system that adopts IDEA's shape. Compared to the 2D planar IDEA, the expansion of the surface area in 3D IDEAs demonstrated significant changes in the performance of electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current IDEAs-based electrochemical biosensors and their potential solutions for future directions are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyana Kosri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre of Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marc Madou
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
- Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Ciudad de México 14400, CDMX, Mexico
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6
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Yang J, Xu Y. Nanofluidics for sub-single cellular studies: Nascent progress, critical technologies, and future perspectives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Morikawa K, Kazumi H, Tsuyama Y, Ohta R, Kitamori T. Surface Patterning of Closed Nanochannel Using VUV Light and Surface Evaluation by Streaming Current. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111367. [PMID: 34832779 PMCID: PMC8623798 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In nanofluidics, surface control is a critical technology because nanospaces are surface-governed spaces as a consequence of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. Various surface patterning methods have been developed, including patterning on an open substrate and patterning using a liquid modifier in microchannels. However, the surface patterning of a closed nanochannel is difficult. In addition, the surface evaluation of closed nanochannels is difficult because of a lack of appropriate experimental tools. In this study, we verified the surface patterning of a closed nanochannel by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light and evaluated the surface using streaming-current measurements. First, the C18 modification of closed nanochannels was confirmed by Laplace pressure measurements. In addition, no streaming-current signal was detected for the C18-modified surface, confirming the successful modification of the nanochannel surface with C18 groups. The C18 groups were subsequently decomposed by VUV light, and the nanochannel surface became hydrophilic because of the presence of silanol groups. In streaming-current measurements, the current signals increased in amplitude with increasing VUV light irradiation time, indicating the decomposition of the C18 groups on the closed nanochannel surfaces. Finally, hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterning by VUV light was performed in a nanochannel. Capillary filling experiments confirmed the presence of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface. Therefore, VUV patterning in a closed nanochannel was demonstrated, and the surface of a closed nanochannel was successfully evaluated using streaming-current measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Haruki Kazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuyama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems (iNEMS), Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.K.)
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8
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ying Y, Fu Y. Nanoconfinement Effect for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Analysis and Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101665. [PMID: 34278716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the urgent need for electrochemical analysis and sensing of trace target molecules in various fields such as medical diagnosis, agriculture and food safety, and environmental monitoring, signal amplification is key to promoting analysis and sensing performance. The nanoconfinement effect, derived from nanoconfined spaces and interfaces with sizes approaching those of target molecules, has witnessed rapid development for ultra-sensitive analyzing and sensing. In this review, the two main types of nanoconfinement systems - confined nanochannels and planes - are assessed and recent progress is highlighted. The merits of each nanoconfinement system, the nanoconfinement effect mechanisms, and applications for electrochemical analysis and sensing are summarized and discussed. This review aims to help deepen the understanding of nanoconfinement devices and their effects in order to develop new analysis and sensing applications for researchers in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhishang Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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9
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Morikawa K, Ohta R, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Metal-Free Fabrication of Fused Silica Extended Nanofluidic Channel to Remove Artifacts in Chemical Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080917. [PMID: 34442539 PMCID: PMC8399996 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidics, especially in nanofluidics, nanochannels with functionalized surfaces have recently attracted attention for use as a new tool for the investigation of chemical reaction fields. Molecules handled in the reaction field can reach the single-molecule level due to the small size of the nanochannel. In such surroundings, contamination of the channel surface should be removed at the single-molecule level. In this study, it was assumed that metal materials could contaminate the nanochannels during the fabrication processes; therefore, we aimed to develop metal-free fabrication processes. Fused silica channels 1000 nm-deep were conventionally fabricated using a chromium mask. Instead of chromium, electron beam resists more than 1000 nm thick were used and the lithography conditions were optimized. From the results of optimization, channels with 1000 nm scale width and depth were fabricated on fused silica substrates without the use of a chromium mask. In nanofluidic experiments, an oxidation reaction was observed in a device fabricated by conventional fabrication processes using a chromium mask. It was found that Cr6+ remained on the channel surfaces and reacted with chemicals in the liquid phase in the extended nanochannels; this effect occurred at least to the micromolar level. In contrast, the device fabricated with metal-free processes was free of artifacts induced by the presence of chromium. The developed fabrication processes and results of this study will be a significant contribution to the fundamental technologies employed in the fields of microfluidics and nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems (iNEMS), Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Zhao H, Ma J, Zuo X, Li F. Electrochemical Analysis for Multiscale Single Entities on the Confined Interface
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Translational Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Jinliang Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Translational Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
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Abstract
Traditional studies of enzymatic activity rely on the combined kinetics of millions of enzyme molecules to produce a product, an experimental approach that may wash out heterogeneities that exist between individual enzymes. Evaluating these properties on an enzyme-by-enzyme basis represents an unambiguous means of elucidating heterogeneities; however, the quantification of enzymatic activity at the single-enzyme level is fundamentally limited by the maximum catalytic rate, kcat, inherent to a given enzyme. For electrochemical methods measuring current, single enzymes must turn over greater than 107 molecules per second to produce a measurable signal on the order of 10-12 A. Enzymes with this capability are extremely rare in nature, with typical kcat values for biologically relevant enzymes falling between 1 and 10 000 s-1. Thus, clever amplification strategies are necessary to electrochemically detect the vast majority of enzymes. This review details the progress toward the electroanalytical detection and evaluation of single enzyme kinetics largely focused on the nanoimpact method, a chronoamperometric detection strategy that monitors the change in the current-time profile associated with stochastic collisions of freely diffusing entities (e.g., enzymes) onto a microelectrode or nanoelectrode surface. We discuss the experimental setups and methods developed in the last decade toward the quantification of single molecule enzymatic rates. Special emphasis is given to the limitations of measurement science in the observation of single enzyme activity and feasible methods of signal amplification with reasonable bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Andrey Ryabykh
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Altai State University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia656049
| | - Andrei I Chapoval
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia656049
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Le THH, Shimizu H, Morikawa K. Advances in Label-Free Detections for Nanofluidic Analytical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100885. [PMID: 32977690 PMCID: PMC7598655 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanofluidics, a discipline of science and engineering of fluids confined to structures at the 1-1000 nm scale, has experienced significant growth over the past decade. Nanofluidics have offered fascinating platforms for chemical and biological analyses by exploiting the unique characteristics of liquids and molecules confined in nanospaces; however, the difficulty to detect molecules in extremely small spaces hampers the practical applications of nanofluidic devices. Laser-induced fluorescence microscopy with single-molecule sensitivity has been so far a major detection method in nanofluidics, but issues arising from labeling and photobleaching limit its application. Recently, numerous label-free detection methods have been developed to identify and determine the number of molecules, as well as provide chemical, conformational, and kinetic information of molecules. This review focuses on label-free detection techniques designed for nanofluidics; these techniques are divided into two groups: optical and electrical/electrochemical detection methods. In this review, we discuss on the developed nanofluidic device architectures, elucidate the mechanisms by which the utilization of nanofluidics in manipulating molecules and controlling light-matter interactions enhances the capabilities of biological and chemical analyses, and highlight new research directions in the field of detections in nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hac Huong Le
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.H.L.); (H.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.H.L.); (H.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.H.L.); (H.S.); (K.M.)
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13
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Sassa F, Biswas GC, Suzuki H. Microfabricated electrochemical sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1358-1389. [PMID: 32129358 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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14
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Veselinovic J, Almashtoub S, Seker E. Anomalous Trends in Nucleic Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanoporous Gold Electrodes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11923-11931. [PMID: 31429540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have significantly advanced the early detection of diseases, where electrochemical sensing of biomarkers has shown considerable promise. For a nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensor with signal-off behavior, the performance is evaluated by percent signal suppression (% ss), which indicates the change in current after hybridization. The % ss is generally due to more redox molecules (e.g., methylene blue) associating with the probe DNA bases in the single-strand form than the double-strand form upon hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Nanostructured electrodes generally enhance electrochemical sensor performance via several mechanisms, including increased number of capture probes per electrode volume and unique nanoscale transport phenomena. Here, we employ nanoporous gold (np-Au) as a model electrode material to study the influence of probe immobilization solution concentration on sensor performance and the underlying mechanisms. Unlike planar gold (pl-Au) electrodes, where % ss reaches a steady state with increasing concentration of the grafting solution, the % ss displays peak performance at certain grafting solution concentrations followed by rapid deterioration and reversal of the % ss polarity, suggesting an unexpected case of increased charge transfer upon hybridization. Fluorometric assessments of electrochemically desorbed nucleic acids for different electrode morphologies reveal that a significant amount of DNA molecules (unhybridized and hybridized) remain within the nanopores posthybridization. Analysis of electrochemical signals (e.g., square wave voltammogram shape) suggests that the large unbound nucleic acid concentration may be altering the modes of methylene blue interaction with the nucleic acids and charge transfer to the electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Veselinovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Suzan Almashtoub
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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15
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Vajrala VS, Sekli Belaidi F, Lemercier G, Zigah D, Rigoulet M, Devin A, Sojic N, Temple-Boyer P, Launay J, Arbault S. Microwell array integrating nanoelectrodes for coupled opto-electrochemical monitorings of single mitochondria. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:672-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Veiko VP, Zakoldaev RA, Sergeev MM, Danilov PA, Kudryashov SI, Kostiuk GK, Sivers AN, Ionin AA, Antropova TV, Medvedev OS. Direct laser writing of barriers with controllable permeability in porous glass. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:28150-28160. [PMID: 30469870 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Barriers were produced in porous glass through its local bulk density modification by direct femtosecond writing accompanied by СО2-laser surface thermal densification, to make functional microfluidic elements separated by such physical barriers with different controlled permeability. The separation of multi-component solutions into individual components with different molecule sizes (molecular separation) was performed in this first integrated microfluidic device fabricated in porous glass. Its application in the environmental gas-phase analysis was demonstrated.
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17
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Al-Kutubi H, Voci S, Rassaei L, Sojic N, Mathwig K. Enhanced annihilation electrochemiluminescence by nanofluidic confinement. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8946-8950. [PMID: 30647886 PMCID: PMC6301198 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of stable enhanced light emission by electrochemiluminescence in microfabricated nanofluidic electrochemical devices is demonstrated for the first time by exploiting nanogap amplification.
Microfabricated nanofluidic electrochemical devices offer a highly controlled nanochannel geometry; they confine the volume of chemical reactions to the nanoscale and enable greatly amplified electrochemical detection. Here, the generation of stable light emission by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in transparent nanofluidic devices is demonstrated for the first time by exploiting nanogap amplification. Through continuous oxidation and reduction of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ luminophores at electrodes positioned at opposite walls of a 100 nm nanochannel, we compare classic redox cycling and ECL annihilation. Enhanced ECL light emission of attomole luminophore quantities is evidenced under ambient conditions due to the spatial confinement in a 10 femtoliter volume, resulting in a short diffusion timescale and highly efficient ECL reaction pathways at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Kutubi
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Analysis , P.O. Box 196 , 9700 AD Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Silvia Voci
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Rotterdam School of Management , Erasmus University , Burgemeester Oudlaan 50 , 3062 PA Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Analysis , P.O. Box 196 , 9700 AD Groningen , The Netherlands .
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18
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Su X, Tayebi N, Credo GM, Wu K, Elibol OH, Liu DJ, Daniels JS, Li H, Hall DA, Varma M. Scalable Nanogap Sensors for Non-Redox Enzyme Assays. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1773-1781. [PMID: 30156096 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic assays that monitor redox enzyme activity are widely used in small, low-cost readout devices for point-of-care monitoring (e.g., a glucometer); however, monitoring non-redox enzymes in real-time using compact electronic devices remains a challenge. We address this problem by using a highly scalable nanogap sensor array to observe electrochemical signals generated by a model non-redox enzyme system, the DNA polymerase-catalyzed incorporation of four modified, redox-tagged nucleotides. Using deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) tagged with para-aminophenyl monophosphate (pAPP) to form pAP-deoxyribonucleoside tetra-phosphates (AP-dN4Ps), incorporation of the nucleotide analogs by DNA polymerase results in the release of redox inactive pAP-triphosphates (pAPP3) that are converted to redox active small molecules para-aminophenol (pAP) in the presence of phosphatase. In this work, cyclic enzymatic reactions that generated many copies of pAP at each base incorporation site of a DNA template in combination with the highly confined nature of the planar nanogap transducers ( z = 50 nm) produced electrochemical signals that were amplified up to 100,000×. We observed that the maximum signal level and amplification level were dependent on a combination of factors including the base structure of the incorporated nucleotide analogs, nanogap electrode materials, and electrode surface coating. In addition, electrochemical signal amplification by redox cycling in the nanogap is independent of the in-plane geometry of the transducer, thus allowing the nanogap sensors to be highly scalable. Finally, when the DNA template concentration was constrained, the DNA polymerase assay exhibited different zero-order reaction kinetics for each type of base incorporation reaction, resolving the closely related nucleotide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Su
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Noureddine Tayebi
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Grace M. Credo
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Oguz H. Elibol
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - David J. Liu
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Daniels
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Handong Li
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Madoo Varma
- Intel Labs, Intel Corporation, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
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19
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Fu K, Bohn PW. Nanopore Electrochemistry: A Nexus for Molecular Control of Electron Transfer Reactions. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:20-29. [PMID: 29392173 PMCID: PMC5785767 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pore-based structures occur widely in living organisms. Ion channels embedded in cell membranes, for example, provide pathways, where electron and proton transfer are coupled to the exchange of vital molecules. Learning from mother nature, a recent surge in activity has focused on artificial nanopore architectures to effect electrochemical transformations not accessible in larger structures. Here, we highlight these exciting advances. Starting with a brief overview of nanopore electrodes, including the early history and development of nanopore sensing based on nanopore-confined electrochemistry, we address the core concepts and special characteristics of nanopores in electron transfer. We describe nanopore-based electrochemical sensing and processing, discuss performance limits and challenges, and conclude with an outlook for next-generation nanopore electrode sensing platforms and the opportunities they present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 574 631 1849. Fax: +1 574 631 8366
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20
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Xu Y. Nanofluidics: A New Arena for Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702419. [PMID: 29094401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A significant growth of research in nanofluidics is achieved over the past decade, but the field is still facing considerable challenges toward the transition from the current physics-centered stage to the next application-oriented stage. Many of these challenges are associated with materials science, so the field of nanofluidics offers great opportunities for materials scientists to exploit. In addition, the use of unusual effects and ultrasmall confined spaces of well-defined nanofluidic environments would offer new mechanisms and technologies to manipulate nanoscale objects as well as to synthesize novel nanomaterials in the liquid phase. Therefore, nanofluidics will be a new arena for materials science. In the past few years, burgeoning progress has been made toward this trend, as overviewed in this article, including materials and methods for fabricating nanofluidic devices, nanofluidics with functionalized surfaces and functional material components, as well as nanofluidics for manipulating nanoscale materials and fabricating new nanomaterials. Many critical challenges as well as fantastic opportunities in this arena lie ahead. Some of those, which are of particular interest, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
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21
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Kundys M, Nejbauer M, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Adamiak W. Generation–Collection Electrochemistry Inside a Rotating Droplet. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8057-8063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kundys
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Nejbauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Adamiak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Zafarani HR, Mathwig K, Sudhölter EJR, Rassaei L. Electrochemical Amplification in Side-by-Side Attoliter Nanogap Transducers. ACS Sens 2017; 2:724-728. [PMID: 28670622 PMCID: PMC5485373 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a strategy for the fabrication of a new type of electrochemical nanogap transducer. These nanogap devices are based on signal amplification by redox cycling. Using two steps of electron-beam lithography, vertical gold electrodes are fabricated side by side at a 70 nm distance encompassing a 20 attoliter open nanogap volume. We demonstrate a current amplification factor of 2.5 as well as the possibility to detect the signal of only 60 analyte molecules occupying the detection volume. Experimental voltammetry results are compared to calculations from finite element analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Zafarani
- Laboratory of Organic
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Laboratory of Organic
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Laboratory of Organic
Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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23
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Soleymani L, Li F. Mechanistic Challenges and Advantages of Biosensor Miniaturization into the Nanoscale. ACS Sens 2017; 2:458-467. [PMID: 28723192 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been tremendous interest in developing biosensing systems that combine high sensitivity and specificity with rapid sample-to-answer times, portability, low-cost operation, and ease-of-use. Miniaturizing the biosensor dimensions into the nanoscale has been identified as a strategy for addressing the functional requirements of point-of-care and wearable biosensors. However, it is important to consider that decreasing the critical dimensions of biosensing elements impacts the two most important performance metrics of biosensors: limit-of-detection and response time. Miniaturization into the nanoscale enhances signal-to-noise-ratio by increasing the signal density (signal/geometric surface area) and reducing background signals. However, there is a trade-off between the enhanced signal transduction efficiency and the longer time it takes to collect target analytes on sensor surfaces due to the increase in mass transport times. By carefully considering the signal transduction mechanisms and reaction-transport kinetics governing different classes of biosensors, it is possible to develop structure-level and device-level strategies for leveraging miniaturization toward creating biosensors that combine low limit-of-detection with rapid response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Soleymani
- Department
of Engineering Physics, School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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24
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Ying YL, Ding Z, Zhan D, Long YT. Advanced electroanalytical chemistry at nanoelectrodes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3338-3348. [PMID: 28507703 PMCID: PMC5416909 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes, with dimensions below 100 nm, have the advantages of high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. These electrodes have attracted increasing attention in various fields such as single cell analysis, single-molecule detection, single particle characterization and high-resolution imaging. The rapid growth of novel nanoelectrodes and nanoelectrochemical methods brings enormous new opportunities in the field. In this perspective, we discuss the challenges, advances, and opportunities for nanoelectrode fabrication, real-time characterizations and high-performance electrochemical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
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25
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Adly N, Feng L, Krause KJ, Mayer D, Yakushenko A, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Flexible Microgap Electrodes by Direct Inkjet Printing for Biosensing Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Adly
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Materials Genome Institute; Shanghai University; 200444 Shanghai China
| | - Kay J. Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Neuroelectronics; Munich School of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM) & BCCN Munich; Boltzmannstrasse 11 85748 Garching Germany
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26
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Steentjes T, Sarkar S, Jonkheijm P, Lemay SG, Huskens J. Electron Transfer Mediated by Surface-Tethered Redox Groups in Nanofluidic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603268. [PMID: 27982518 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a powerful sensor transduction and amplification mechanism that is highly suited for use in integrated, massively parallelized assays. Here, the cyclic voltammetric detection of flexible, linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers is demonstrated, which have been functionalized with redox-active ferrocene (Fc) moieties and surface-tethered inside a nanofluidic device consisting of two microscale electrodes separated by a gap of <100 nm. Diffusion of the surface-bound polymer chains in the aqueous electrolyte allows the redox groups to repeatedly shuttle electrons from one electrode to the other, resulting in a greatly amplified steady-state electrical current. Variation of the polymer length provides control over the current, as the activity per Fc moiety appears to depend on the extent to which the polymer layers of the opposing electrodes can interpenetrate each other and thus exchange electrons. These results outline the design rules for sensing devices that are based on changing the polymer length, flexibility, and/or diffusivity by binding an analyte to the polymer chain. Such a nanofluidic enabled configuration provides an amplified and highly sensitive alternative to other electrochemical detection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Steentjes
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sahana Sarkar
- NanoIonics, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G Lemay
- NanoIonics, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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LU Z, WANG Y, ZHANG Z, SHEN Y, LI M. Tyrosinase Modified Poly(thionine) Electrodeposited Glassy Carbon Electrode for Amperometric Determination of Catechol. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.85.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- ZhenYong LU
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing
| | - Yue WANG
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing
| | - ZhiQiang ZHANG
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing
| | - Yang SHEN
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing
| | - MengFan LI
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing
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28
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Hammond JL, Rosamond MC, Sivaraya S, Marken F, Estrela P. Fabrication of a Horizontal and a Vertical Large Surface Area Nanogap Electrochemical Sensor. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122128. [PMID: 27983655 PMCID: PMC5191108 DOI: 10.3390/s16122128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanogap sensors have a wide range of applications as they can provide accurate direct detection of biomolecules through impedimetric or amperometric signals. Signal response from nanogap sensors is dependent on both the electrode spacing and surface area. However, creating large surface area nanogap sensors presents several challenges during fabrication. We show two different approaches to achieve both horizontal and vertical coplanar nanogap geometries. In the first method we use electron-beam lithography (EBL) to pattern an 11 mm long serpentine nanogap (215 nm) between two electrodes. For the second method we use inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) to create a channel in a silicon substrate, optically pattern a buried 1.0 mm × 1.5 mm electrode before anodically bonding a second identical electrode, patterned on glass, directly above. The devices have a wide range of applicability in different sensing techniques with the large area nanogaps presenting advantages over other devices of the same family. As a case study we explore the detection of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)−DNA binding events using dielectric spectroscopy with the horizontal coplanar device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules L Hammond
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mark C Rosamond
- School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Siva Sivaraya
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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29
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Zafarani HR, Mathwig K, Lemay SG, Sudhölter EJR, Rassaei L. Modulating Selectivity in Nanogap Sensors. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Zafarani
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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30
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Redox cycling with ITO electrodes separated by an ultrathin silica nanochannel membrane. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Karajić A, Reculusa S, Ravaine S, Mano N, Kuhn A. Miniaturized Electrochemical Device from Assembled Cylindrical Macroporous Gold Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Karajić
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal; Univ. Bordeaux, UPR 8641, CNRS; Avenue Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Reculusa
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
- BrivaTech-ADERA, ENSCBP; 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Serge Ravaine
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal; Univ. Bordeaux, UPR 8641, CNRS; Avenue Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac France
| | - Nicolas Mano
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal; Univ. Bordeaux, UPR 8641, CNRS; Avenue Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
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32
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Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:5474-87. [PMID: 27510555 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of their recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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33
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Park S, Park JH, Hwang S, Kwak J. Bench-top fabrication and electrochemical applications of a micro-gap electrode using a microbead spacer. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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34
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Oldham KB, Marken F, Myland JC. Theory of unsupported, steady-state, Nernstian, three-ion, twin-electrode, voltammetry: the special case of dual concentration polarization. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Zafarani HR, Mathwig K, Sudhölter EJ, Rassaei L. Electrochemical redox cycling in a new nanogap sensor: Design and simulation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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37
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Shiku H, Matsue T. A local redox cycling-based electrochemical chip device with nanocavities for multi-electrochemical evaluation of embryoid bodies. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4404-4414. [PMID: 26481771 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical device, which consists of electrode arrays, nanocavities, and microwells, was developed for multi-electrochemical detection with high sensitivity. A local redox cycling-based electrochemical (LRC-EC) system was used for multi-electrochemical detection and signal amplification. The LRC-EC system consists of n(2) sensors with only 2n bonding pads for external connection. The nanocavities fabricated in the sensor microwells enable significant improvement of the signal amplification compared with the previous devices we have developed. The present device was successfully applied for evaluation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from embryonic stem (ES) cells via electrochemical measurements of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the EBs. In addition, the EBs were successfully trapped in the sensor microwells of the device using dielectrophoresis (DEP) manipulation, which led to high-throughput cell analysis. This device is considered to be useful for multi-electrochemical detection and imaging for bioassays including cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan. and WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Japan
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38
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Mathwig K, Chi Q, Lemay SG, Rassaei L. Handling and Sensing of Single Enzyme Molecules: From Fluorescence Detection towards Nanoscale Electrical Measurements. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:452-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical Analysis; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; P.O. Box 196 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Qijin Chi
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Laboratory of Organic Materials and Interfaces; Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands
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39
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Mathwig K, Albrecht T, Goluch ED, Rassaei L. Challenges of Biomolecular Detection at the Nanoscale: Nanopores and Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5470-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington
Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Edgar D. Goluch
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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