1
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Liu S, Norikane Y, Kikkawa Y. Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:872-892. [PMID: 37674543 PMCID: PMC10477993 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoarchitectonics has attracted increasing attention owing to its potential applications in nanomachines, nanoelectronics, catalysis, and nanopatterning, which can contribute to overcoming global problems related to energy and environment, among others. However, the fabrication of ordered nanoarchitectures remains a challenge, even in two dimensions. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the self-assembly processes and substantial factors for building ordered structures is critical for tailoring flexible and desirable nanoarchitectures. Scanning tunneling microscopy is a powerful tool for revealing the molecular conformations, arrangements, and orientations of two-dimensional (2D) networks on surfaces. The fabrication of 2D assemblies involves non-covalent interactions that play a significant role in the molecular arrangement and orientation. Among the non-covalent interactions, dispersion interactions that derive from alkyl chain units are believed to be weak. However, alkyl chains play an important role in the adsorption onto substrates, as well as in the in-plane intermolecular interactions. In this review, we focus on the role of alkyl chains in the formation of ordered 2D assemblies at the solid/liquid interface. The alkyl chain effects on the 2D assemblies are introduced together with examples documented in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Liu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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2
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Fang Y, Ivasenko O, Sanz-Matias A, Mali KS, Tahara K, Tobe Y, De Feyter S. Spontaneous and scanning-assisted desorption-adsorption dynamics in porous supramolecular networks at the solution-solid interface. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4301-4308. [PMID: 36756798 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) are formed by the spontaneous assembly of molecules on surfaces. On conductive atomically flat surfaces, and also at the liquid-solid interface, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can follow their growth dynamics. Desorption and adsorption dynamics are difficult to probe through the liquid-solid interface. Porous molecular networks are of particular interest because they may act as platforms for sensing and host-guest chemistry. Very little is known though about their stability, particularly in a liquid environment. To this end, we have investigated the desorption/adsorption dynamics of supramolecular porous monolayers of alkoxylated dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivatives at the interface between highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, the substrate, and 1-phenyloctane, the liquid. To trace the dynamics, structurally analogous chiral DBA derivatives were used as marker molecules, which co-assemble with the achiral ones forming the supramolecular network. This approach reveals the time scales of the adsorption/desorption dynamics, the significance of temperature, and the important role of the STM tip in inducing dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ana Sanz-Matias
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30030, Taiwan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Chen HH, Cigl M, Cheng CT, Bogdanowicz KA, Iwan A, Podoliak N, Vaňkátová P, Hamplová V, Dysz K, Przybył W, Nitschke P, Schab-Balcerzak E, Pociecha D, Bubnov A. Self-assembling discotic materials with low symmetry for organic photovoltaics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Kulkarni C, Mondal AK, Das TK, Grinbom G, Tassinari F, Mabesoone MFJ, Meijer EW, Naaman R. Highly Efficient and Tunable Filtering of Electrons' Spin by Supramolecular Chirality of Nanofiber-Based Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904965. [PMID: 31922628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors and organic-inorganic hybrids are promising materials for spintronic-based memory devices. Recently, an alternative route to organic spintronic based on chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) is suggested. In the CISS effect, the chirality of the molecular system itself acts as a spin filter, thus avoiding the use of magnets for spin injection. Here, spin filtering in excess of 85% in helical π-conjugated materials based on supramolecular nanofibers at room temperature is reported. The high spin-filtering efficiency can even be observed in nanofibers assembled from mixtures of chiral and achiral molecules through chiral amplification effect. Furthermore and most excitingly, it is shown that both "up" and "down" orientations of filtered spins can be obtained in a single enantiopure system via the temperature-dependent helicity (P and M) inversion of supramolecular nanofibers. The findings showcase that materials based on helical noncovalently assembled systems are modular platforms with an emerging structure-property relationship for spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambar Kulkarni
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tapan Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gal Grinbom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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5
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Ordering, flexibility and frustration in arrays of porphyrin nanorings. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2932. [PMID: 31270343 PMCID: PMC6610075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular packing of atoms, molecules and nanoparticles provides the basis for the understanding of structural order within condensed phases of matter. Typically the constituent particles are considered to be rigid with a fixed shape. Here we show, through a combined experimental and numerical study of the adsorption of cyclic porphyrin polymers, nanorings, on a graphite surface, that flexible molecules can exhibit a rich and complex packing behaviour. Depending on the number of porphyrin sub-units within the nanoring we observe either a highly ordered hexagonal phase or frustrated packing driven by directional interactions which for some arrangements is combined with the internal deformation of the cyclic polymer. Frustration and deformation occur in arrays of polymers with ten sub-units since close packing and co-alignment of neighbouring groups cannot be simultaneously realised for nanorings with this internal symmetry. The packing of spheres, disks and other simple shapes into arrays on surfaces is relevant to many problems across the physical sciences. Here the authors study the influence of flexibility and reduced symmetry on the packing of porphyrin nanorings which are deposited from solution onto a graphite surface.
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6
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Fang Y, Cibian M, Hanan GS, Perepichka DF, De Feyter S, Cuccia LA, Ivasenko O. Alkyl chain length effects on double-deck assembly at a liquid/solid interface. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14993-15002. [PMID: 30052249 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled double-deck packing is an appealing means to expand upon conventional 2D self-assembly which is critical in crystal engineering, yet it is rare and poorly understood. Herein, we report the first systematic study of double-deck assembly in a series of alkylated aminoquinone derivatives at the liquid-solid interface. The competition between the fraction of alkyl chains adsorbed on the surface and the optimal conformation of the alkyl chains near the head group leads to a stepwise structural transformation ranging from complete double-deck packing to complete monolayer packing. Alkyl chains on the bottom or top layer of the double-deck assemblies were selectively visualized by carefully tuning the scanning tunneling microscopy settings. A method to easily identify mirror image domains was discovered based on the coincidence of domain boundaries with a graphite main axis. The effect of molecular symmetry and metal complexation on the formation of the double-deck assembly was also explored. Based on 2D crystal engineering principles, this bottom-up double-deck assembly can potentially provide an essential toehold for constructing precise 3D hierarchical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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7
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Vij V, Bhalla V, Kumar M. Hexaarylbenzene: Evolution of Properties and Applications of Multitalented Scaffold. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9565-627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vij
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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8
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Jackson AW, Chandrasekharan P, Shi J, Rannard SP, Liu Q, Yang CT, He T. Synthesis and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of biocompatible branched copolymer nanocontrast agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5895-907. [PMID: 26425088 PMCID: PMC4583124 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched copolymer nanoparticles (Dh =20–35 nm) possessing 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid macrocycles within their cores have been synthesized and applied as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanosized contrast agents in vivo. These nanoparticles have been generated from novel functional monomers via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The process is very robust and synthetically straightforward. Chelation with gadolinium and preliminary in vivo experiments have demonstrated promising characteristics as MRI contrast agents with prolonged blood retention time, good biocompatibility, and an intravascular distribution. The ability of these nanoparticles to perfuse and passively target tumor cells through the enhanced permeability and retention effect is also demonstrated. These novel highly functional nanoparticle platforms have succinimidyl ester-activated benzoate functionalities within their corona, which make them suitable for future peptide conjugation and subsequent active cell-targeted MRI or the conjugation of fluorophores for bimodal imaging. We have also demonstrated that these branched copolymer nanoparticles are able to noncovalently encapsulate hydrophobic guest molecules, which could allow simultaneous bioimaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Jackson
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research(A STAR), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), National University of Singapore, Singapore ; School of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering, HeFei University of Technology, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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9
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Wu H, Sotthewes K, Méndez-Ardoy A, Kudernac T, Huskens J, Lenferink A, Otto C, Schön PM, Vancso GJ, Zandvliet HJ. Dynamics of oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) self-assembled monolayers on Au(1 1 1). Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Urgel JI, Ecija D, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Controlled manipulation of gadolinium-coordinated supramolecules by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1369-1373. [PMID: 24456175 DOI: 10.1021/nl4044339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coordination bonding between para-quarterphenyl-dicarbonitrile linkers and gadolinium on Ag(111) has been exploited to construct pentameric mononuclear supramolecules, consisting of a rare-earth center surrounded by five molecular linkers. By employing a scanning tunneling microscope tip, a manipulation protocol was developed to position individual pentamers on the surface. In addition, the tip was used to extract and replace individual linkers yielding tetrameric, pentameric, nonameric, and dodecameric metallosupramolecular arrangements. These results open new avenues toward advanced nanofabrication methods and rare-earth nanochemistry by combining the versatility of metal-ligand interactions and atomistic manipulation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Urgel
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München 85748 Garching, Germany
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11
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Xie Y, Li Y, Miao X. Concentration induced the interfacial self-assembly polymorphism of 4, 4′-dihexadecyloxy-benzophenon by scanning tunneling microscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Biochemical Department; Baoding University; Baoding 071000 China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xinrui Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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12
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Zhang XM, Zeng QD, Wang C. Reversible Phase Transformation at the Solid-Liquid Interface: STM Reveals. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2330-40. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Xu H, Ghijsens E, George SJ, Wolffs M, Tomović Ž, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. Chiral Induction and Amplification in Supramolecular Systems at the Liquid-Solid Interface. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1583-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Maeda H, Shirai T, Uemura S. Anion-driven structures of radially arranged anion receptor oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5310-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Sakano T, Hasegawa JY, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K. Chronological Change from Face-On to Edge-On Ordering of Zinc-Tetraphenylporphyrin at the Phenyloctane-Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Interface. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Liu J, Chen T, Deng X, Wang D, Pei J, Wan LJ. Chiral Hierarchical Molecular Nanostructures on Two-Dimensional Surface by Controllable Trinary Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:21010-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,
and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,
and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Xin Deng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,
and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,
and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Jian Pei
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular
Engineering, Peking University, and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,
and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
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17
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Caterbow D, Künzel D, Mavros MG, Groß A, Landfester K, Ziener U. Septipyridines as conformationally controlled substitutes for inaccessible bis(terpyridine)-derived oligopyridines in two-dimensional self-assembly. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:405-415. [PMID: 22003448 PMCID: PMC3190612 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The position of the peripheral nitrogen atoms in bis(terpyridine)-derived oligopyridines (BTPs) has a strong impact on their self-assembly behavior at the liquid/HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) interface. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in these peripheral pyridine units show specific 2D structures for each BTP isomer. From nine possible constitutional isomers only four have been described in the literature. The synthesis and self-assembling behavior of an additional isomer is presented here, but the remaining four members of the series are synthetically inaccessible. The self-assembling properties of three of the missing four BTP isomers can be mimicked by making use of the energetically preferred N-C-C-N transoid conformation between 2,2'-bipyridine subunits in a new class of so-called septipyridines. The structures are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and a combination of force-field and first-principles electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Künzel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry
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18
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Shokeen M, Pressly ED, Hagooly A, Zheleznyak A, Ramos N, Fiamengo AL, Welch MJ, Hawker CJ, Anderson CJ. Evaluation of multivalent, functional polymeric nanoparticles for imaging applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:738-47. [PMID: 21275414 PMCID: PMC3043165 DOI: 10.1021/nn102278w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of multivalent, functional polymer nanoparticles with diagnostic/imaging units and targeting ligands for molecular targeting were synthesized with the loading of the chain-end-functionalized GRGDS peptide targeting sequence (model system based on integrin α(v)β(3)) ranging from 0 to 50%. Accurate structural and functional group control in these systems was achieved through a modular approach involving the use of multiple functionalized macromonomer/monomer units combined with living free radical polymerization. In cellulo results show an increase in uptake in α(v)β(3) integrin-positive U87MG glioblastoma cells with increasing RGD loading and a possible upper limit on the effectiveness of the number of RGD peptides for targeting α(v)β(3) integrin. Significantly, this increased targeting efficiency is coupled with in vivo biodistribution results, which show decreased blood circulation and increased liver uptake with increasing RGD loading. The results demonstrate the importance of controlling ligand loading in order to achieve optimal performance for therapeutic and imaging applications for multivalent nanoparticle-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univrsity
| | - Eric D. Pressly
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Aviv Hagooly
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univrsity
| | | | - Nicholas Ramos
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univrsity
| | | | - Michael J. Welch
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univrsity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington Univrsity
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Carolyn J. Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univrsity
- Department of Chemistry, Washington Univrsity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington Univrsity
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19
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Lee SL, Lin HA, Lin YH, Chen HH, Liao CT, Lin TL, Chu YC, Hsu HF, Chen CH, Lee JJ, Hung WY, Liu QY, Wu C. Gearing of Molecular Swirls: Columnar Packing of Nematogenic Hexakis(4-alkoxyphenylethynyl)benzene Derivatives. Chemistry 2011; 17:792-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Xu H, Wolffs M, Tomović Ž, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. A multivalent hexapod having 24 stereogenic centers: chirality and conformational dynamics in homochiral and heterochiral systems. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Mali KS, Lava K, Binnemans K, De Feyter S. Hydrogen Bonding Versus van der Waals Interactions: Competitive Influence of Noncovalent Interactions on 2D Self-Assembly at the Liquid-Solid Interface. Chemistry 2010; 16:14447-58. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Takami T, Ye T, Pathem BK, Arnold DP, Sugiura KI, Bian Y, Jiang J, Weiss PS. Manipulating double-decker molecules at the liquid-solid interface. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16460-6. [PMID: 21033714 DOI: 10.1021/ja105421k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to manipulate heteroleptic phthalocyaninato, naphthalocyaninato, and porphyrinato double-decker (DD) molecules at the liquid-solid interface between 1-phenyloctane solvent and graphite. We employed nanografting of phthalocyanines with eight octyl chains to place these molecules into a matrix of heteroleptic DD molecules; the overlayer structure is epitaxial on graphite. We have also used nanografting to place DD molecules in matrices of single-layer phthalocyanines with octyl chains. Rectangular scans with a STM at low bias voltage resulted in the removal of the adsorbed DD molecular layer and substituted the DD molecules with bilayer-stacked phthalocyanines from phenyloctane solution. Single heteroleptic DD molecules with lutetium sandwiched between naphthalocyanine and octaethylporphyrin were decomposed with voltage pulses from the probe tip; the top octaethylporphyrin ligand was removed, and the bottom naphthalocyanine ligand remained on the surface. A domain of decomposed molecules was formed within the DD molecular domain, and the boundary of the decomposed molecular domain self-cured to become rectangular. We demonstrated a molecular "sliding block puzzle" with cascades of DD molecules on the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Takami
- VRI, Inc., 4-13-13 Jingumae, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0001, Japan.
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Molecular Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Systems Observed by STM. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4252-4276. [PMID: 28883328 PMCID: PMC5445828 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 2D supramolecular architectures have been observed under various experimental conditions. The construction of these architectures arises from the balance between interactions at the medium-solid interface. This review summarizes molecular motion observed in 2D-supramolecular structures on surfaces using nanospace resolution STM. The observation of molecular motion on surfaces provides a visual understanding of intermolecular interactions, which are the major driving force behind supramolecular arrangement.
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Marie C, Silly F, Tortech L, Müllen K, Fichou D. Tuning the packing density of 2D supramolecular self-assemblies at the solid-liquid interface using variable temperature. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1288-92. [PMID: 20155970 DOI: 10.1021/nn901717k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) crystal engineering of molecular architectures on surfaces requires controlling various parameters related respectively to the substrate, the chemical structure of the molecules, and the environmental conditions. We investigate here the influence of temperature on the self-assembly of hexakis(n-dodecyl)-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C(12)) adsorbed on gold using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid/solid interface. We show that the packing density of 2D self-assembled HBC-C(12) can be precisely tuned by adjusting the substrate temperature. Increasing the temperature progressively over the 20-50 degrees C range induces three irreversible phase transitions and a 3-fold increase of the packing density from 0.111 to 0.356 molecule/nm(2). High-resolution STM images reveal that this 2D packing density increase arises from the stepwise desorption of the n-dodecyl chains from the gold surface. Such temperature-controlled irreversible phase transitions are thus a versatile tool that can then be used to adjust the packing density of highly ordered functional materials in view of applications in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Marie
- CEA, Nanostructures et Semi-Conducteurs Organiques, SPCSI, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Miao X, Xu L, Li Y, Li Z, Zhou J, Deng W. Tuning the packing density of host molecular self-assemblies at the solid–liquid interface using guest molecule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8830-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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